231:
and object relations..."a certain kind of rapprochement of the two traditions" in which object relations had certainly the greater part to play, (despite the
Lacanian grumble that 'crossing one with the other in varying quantities...is no substitute for Lacan's "return to Freud"'). As a result, it is
163:
For Eric Rayner, 'what characterises the
British Independents' – 'there are about 130 paid up members now; some are explicitly close to the Kleinians, others incline to the Contemporary Freudians' – is that 'most owe ideas to both sides; and probably all follow approaches from their forebears in the
245:
of the benefits of 'draw on several theoretical models, reflecting the pluralism in the field today', as well as of the way 'the therapist's personality places a personal stamp on the therapy conducted' – thereby strengthening the
Independent Group's awareness that the therapist, 'to encompass the
116:
was arguably 'for many years the most prominent member of the
Independent Group in the British Psycho-Analytical Society, and as such in complete opposition to both classical analysis and Kleinian theory...but he consistently denied that he was its leader'. Certainly, among the Independents, 'the
240:
Because of their theoretical open-mindedness, 'one of the criticisms levelled at the independent psychoanalysts in the
British Society is that they are said to be "woolly minded"'. Alternatively, because 'Independents do not offer a general explanatory scheme...they have been called "terminally
164:
original
British Society, not to mention other theorists as well...The Independents have many differences of opinion about theory and technique, but they share a basic attitude in common. This is to evaluate and respect ideas for their use and truth value – no matter from whence they come'.
99:
From that beginning, 'the buffer group of
Independents, notably Donald Winnicott, began to make original contributions of their own and to mark a distinctive character for the group'. Alongside the Kleinians the "Middle Group" represented 'the other division of psychoanalysts who use
207:
Gradually, however, their influence entered the mainstream. 'British object relations theory influenced North
American psychoanalysis over the last thirty years' of the twentieth century to an ever-increasing degree, beginning with figures like
224:, and others) who predate and foreshadow the Kohut and the Kernberg groups' were a major influence upon them, (openly acknowledged or not), so that for example arguably 'Kohut offers essentially the same program... Winnicott and Balint'.
172:
The influence of the
British object relations school has been widespread and increasing in the psychoanalytic world. Initially, it might prove more attractive to the analytic maverick. Thus for example
35:
perspective, which argued that the primary motivation of the child is object-seeking rather than drive gratification'. The 'Independent group...is strongly associated with the concept of
623:
51:, 'the British Psycho-Analytical Society divided into several sets of followers – eventually three sets in one'. On the one side, were the followers of
117:
four
British psychoanalysts who by their writing and teaching have had the biggest influence on psychoanalysis...are Ronald Fairbairn, Michael Balint,
628:
246:
diversity of clinical phenomena that will be encountered...cannot afford to be too monogamously wedded to one particular theory'.
105:
28:
232:
at least arguable that 'Object relations theory...has become the organising set of ideas in modern psychoanalysis worldwide'.
402:
197:
Lacan: 'Winnicott glimpsed the transitional object. That is what Lacan sums up, condenses, justifies and constructs with
242:
48:
59:, and 'in between, as a kind of buffer zone, were the British group who came to be known as "Independents" –
101:
178:
157:
186:
72:
36:
254:
141:
133:
528:
153:
64:
220:. 'The English object-relations people (D. W. Winnicott, W. R. D. Fairbairn, Michael Balint,
190:
189:, introduced by D. W. Winnicott, which is a key-point for the explanation of the genesis of
137:
76:
68:
121:, and Donald Winnicott....Related ideas have been developed and applied by such writers as
126:
113:
88:
228:
145:
84:
617:
221:
217:
209:
198:
182:
177:
for his part considered that 'Fairbairn is one of the best heuristic bridges between
122:
83:, who moved away from the Kleinian group'. Subsequently, 'some new refugees, notably
80:
52:
39:
as well as with a seemingly pragmatic, anti-theoretical attitude to psychoanalysis'.
149:
60:
193:'; and his followers argued that the Middle Group's object relations led directly
406:
213:
118:
174:
56:
349:
John Hunter Padel, "Freudianism: Later Developments", in Richard L. Gregory,
533:
Understanding dissidence and controversy in the history of psychoanalysis
227:
Thereafter the late twentieth century saw a 'remarkable confluence of...
109:
132:'Contemporary publications for the Independent Group include those of
527:
Jill Savage Scharff, "The British Object Relations Theorists" in
601:
The British School of Psychoanalysis: the Independent Tradition
403:"Eric Rayner, "The British Independents: A Brief History"
241:
open-minded"'. There is, however, growing recognition in
27:
represents one of the three distinct sub-schools of the
462:
Jacques-Alain Miller, "Microscopia" in Jacques Lacan,
104:', and for some 'has formed the central core of the
390:The Challenge for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy
148:'. Others known through their writings include '
608:The Independent Mind in British Psychoanalysis
8:
286:Winnicott and the Psychoanalytic Tradition
490:Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession
364:A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis
264:
273:Long-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
31:, and 'developed what is known as the
16:Formative British psychoanalysis group
168:Influence of the British independents
108:...interprets in terms of either the
7:
477:Attachment theory and psychoanalysis
438:What Do You Say After You Say Hello?
624:Mental health in the United Kingdom
112:or the pre-Oedipal relationship'.
91:, became prominent Independents'.
14:
546:Further Learning from the Patient
351:The Oxford Companion to the Mind
106:British Psychoanalytical Society
29:British Psychoanalytical Society
25:Middle Group of British analysts
185:paid tribute to 'the notion of
181:and psychoanalysis'. Similarly
366:(London 1995) p. 197 and p. 80
1:
492:(London 1988) p. 5 and p. 136
160:, Roger Kennedy, Rob Hale'.
243:psychodynamic psychotherapy
47:In the wake of the wartime
645:
559:The Analyst's Preconscious
388:S. De Schill/S. Lebowici,
629:Neopsychoanalytic schools
299:Introducing Melanie Klein
297:Richard Appignanesi ed.,
102:"object-relations" theory
49:Controversial Discussions
55:, on the other those of
427:Raynor, "Brief History"
301:(Cambridge 2006) p. 120
179:transactional analysis
466:(London 1990) p. xxxi
453:(London 1996) p. 250
440:(London 1975) p. 134
353:(Oxford 1987) p. 272
288:(London 2007) p. 144
561:(London 1996) p. 25
557:Victoria Hamilton,
548:(London 1997) p. 14
451:Ecrits: A Selection
409:on 17 November 2010
275:(London 2010) p. 12
187:transitional object
73:Ella Freeman Sharpe
37:countertransference
33:British independent
544:Patrick Casement,
529:Martin S. Bergmann
255:Good enough parent
134:Christopher Bollas
362:Charles Rycroft,
284:Lesley Caldwell,
271:Glen C. Gabbard,
154:Neville Symington
75:, and eventually
65:Marjorie Brierley
636:
599:Gregorio Kohon,
588:
581:
575:
568:
562:
555:
549:
542:
536:
525:
519:
512:
506:
499:
493:
486:
480:
479:(2001) Chapter 8
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460:
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441:
434:
428:
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418:
416:
414:
405:. Archived from
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360:
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347:
341:
334:
328:
321:
315:
308:
302:
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289:
282:
276:
269:
138:Patrick Casement
77:Donald Winnicott
69:Ronald Fairbairn
644:
643:
639:
638:
637:
635:
634:
633:
614:
613:
596:
594:Further reading
591:
582:
578:
569:
565:
556:
552:
543:
539:
526:
522:
513:
509:
500:
496:
488:Janet Malcolm,
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483:
474:
470:
461:
457:
449:Jacques Lacan,
448:
444:
435:
431:
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309:
305:
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279:
270:
266:
262:
252:
238:
170:
127:Charles Rycroft
114:D. W. Winnicott
97:
89:Michael Foulkes
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
642:
640:
632:
631:
626:
616:
615:
612:
611:
604:
595:
592:
590:
589:
576:
563:
550:
537:
520:
507:
505:p. xxviii–xxix
494:
481:
475:Peter Fonagy,
468:
455:
442:
429:
420:
394:
381:
368:
355:
342:
329:
316:
303:
290:
277:
263:
261:
258:
251:
248:
237:
234:
229:ego psychology
169:
166:
158:Gregorio Kohon
146:Harold Stewart
96:
93:
85:Michael Balint
44:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
641:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
619:
610:(London 1990)
609:
605:
603:(London 1986)
602:
598:
597:
593:
586:
580:
577:
573:
572:Psychotherapy
567:
564:
560:
554:
551:
547:
541:
538:
535:(2004) p. 194
534:
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395:
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382:
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369:
365:
359:
356:
352:
346:
343:
339:
336:Appignanesi,
333:
330:
326:
320:
317:
313:
310:Appignanesi,
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304:
300:
294:
291:
287:
281:
278:
274:
268:
265:
259:
257:
256:
249:
247:
244:
235:
233:
230:
225:
223:
222:Harry Guntrip
219:
218:Otto Kernberg
215:
211:
210:Arnold Modell
205:
203:
202:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
167:
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139:
135:
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128:
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123:Marion Milner
120:
115:
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107:
103:
94:
92:
90:
86:
82:
81:Paula Heimann
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:Melanie Klein
50:
42:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
607:
600:
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579:
571:
566:
558:
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545:
540:
532:
523:
515:
510:
502:
497:
489:
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476:
471:
463:
458:
450:
445:
437:
436:Eric Berne,
432:
423:
411:. Retrieved
407:the original
397:
392:(1999) p. 17
389:
384:
376:
371:
363:
358:
350:
345:
337:
332:
324:
323:Appignanesi
319:
311:
306:
298:
293:
285:
280:
272:
267:
253:
239:
226:
206:
200:
194:
171:
162:
150:Nina Coltart
131:
98:
61:Sylvia Payne
46:
32:
24:
20:
18:
606:E. Rayner,
214:Heinz Kohut
142:Eric Rayner
119:John Bowlby
95:Development
21:Independent
618:Categories
583:Casement,
516:Television
464:Television
260:References
175:Eric Berne
57:Anna Freud
570:Gabbard,
501:Rycroft,
413:4 January
236:Criticism
191:fetishism
585:Learning
503:Critical
379:p. 272-3
250:See also
514:Miller
375:Padel,
199:object
110:Oedipal
43:Origins
587:p. 168
340:p. 157
327:p. 121
314:p. 121
574:p. ix
338:Klein
325:Klein
312:Klein
183:Lacan
518:xxxi
415:2011
377:Mind
216:and
144:and
125:and
87:and
79:and
71:and
19:The
204:'.
156:...
129:'.
23:or
620::
531:,
212:,
195:to
152:,
140:,
136:,
67:,
63:,
417:.
201:a
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