476:, these requests were no longer considered. However, a number of Malaysian BOCs continued their applications after this change in immigration policy and renounced their Malaysian citizenship after being given incorrect legal advice. Due to differences in how the governments recognise nationality renunciation, both the British and Malaysian governments consider this group of individuals nationals of the other country and refuse to give them any form of permanent status. Debate over ultimate responsibility for this group of BOCs (estimated to be 1,000–2,000 people) continues while they remain stateless without a territory that they have a guaranteed right to remain in.
498:. It is expected that BOCs will obtain citizenship in the country they reside in and that the number of active status holders will eventually dwindle until there are none. Almost all individuals with this status obtained it in 1983, when Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies without right of abode in the United Kingdom or ties to remaining British overseas territories were reclassified as British Overseas citizens. Due to the broad nature of the governing Acts that determine CUKC and BOC eligibility, there are a variety of circumstances in which an individual could have acquired BOC status. These include:
57:
465:
applicants waiting in excess of five years to receive a voucher to enter the UK. The system was abolished in 2002, when
Parliament granted remaining BOCs who held no other nationality the right to register as full British citizens. About 35,000 BOCs were estimated to have benefited from this provision at the time of the law's passage.
641:
ended the naturalisation of further direct descendants, eligible non-Catholic persons born before 1949 would have already become
British subjects. Those individuals would also be able to transmit British nationality to at least one further generation. Because such persons would not automatically have
464:
A "special quota voucher scheme" was introduced in 1968 to annually admit a small number of CUKCs (and later BOCs), along with their dependents, who held no other nationality and who were pressured to leave their countries of residence. Waiting times under the quota system were extremely long, with
606:
in 1963, CUKC status was not rescinded from individuals already holding
Malayan citizenship. Similarly, when Cyprus became independent in 1960, Cypriots who were not resident in Cyprus for the five years leading up to independence and were also living in another Commonwealth country would not have
1977:
Regulation (EU) No 2019/592 of 10 April 2019 amending
Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement, as regards the withdrawal of the United Kingdom
618:
ancestry did not acquire Yemeni citizenship and remained CUKCs. Likewise, Hong Kong residents lost BDTC status when that territory was transferred to China in 1997. Residents choosing to retain
British nationality were able to voluntarily register for British National (Overseas) status before the
447:
The creation of different
British nationality classes with disparities in United Kingdom residency rights drew criticism for creating what was seen as a two-tier system. The vast majority of people who were classified as British citizens in 1983 were white, while those assigned BDTC or BOC status
328:
This nationality gives its holders a limited set of rights when they are resident in the United
Kingdom, conferring eligibility to vote, to obtain citizenship under a simplified process, and to serve in public office or non-reserved government positions. As of 2024, about 10,000 BOCs hold valid
725:
and cannot pass citizenship to their children born outside of the UK. Remaining BOCs who do not hold and have not lost any other nationality on or after 4 July 2002 are entitled to register as
British citizens. As of 2024, there are about 10,000 people who continue to be BOCs and hold valid
399:
ordered colonial governments to hinder prospective migrants of colour by informing them of the difficulties they would face in finding housing accommodation and employment in
Britain, as well as confiscating passports from those who were deemed to have insufficient funds or determined to be
460:
policies and an increasingly discriminatory environment in the post-colonial countries against the Asian population caused many among them to seek migration to
Britain. While CUKCs without strong ties to the British Islands were already subject to immigration controls starting in 1962, the
701:
and local government. ILR status usually expires if an individual leaves the UK and remains abroad for over two years, but this limitation does not apply to BOCs. Prior to 2002, BOCs who entered the UK on a work permit were automatically given indefinite leave to remain.
752:
allowed these individuals to register as British citizens, after which statelessness was generally resolved for people who were solely BOCs. However, there remain circumstances in which BOCs are effectively stateless after 4 July 2002, including:
2649:
439:(BDTCs). Remaining CUKCs who were no longer associated with a British territory became British Overseas citizens. An estimated 1.5 million people were reclassified as BOCs in 1983, 1.3 million of whom also held another nationality.
2619:
2503:
272:
2778:
298:
2473:
2417:
2589:
1687:
1969:
Regulation (EU) No 2018/1806 of 14 November 2018 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that
653:, provided that an individual already possesses or intends to acquire another nationality. BOC status may also be deprived if it was fraudulently acquired. There is no path to restore BOC status once lost.
2057:
333:
with this status and enjoy consular protection when travelling abroad. However, BOCs who do not have the right to live in the UK nor the overseas territories and have no other citizenship are de facto
2443:
395:, and to moderate nationalist attitudes within the Commonwealth. Non-white immigrants were systemically discouraged from entering the UK, though there was no legal limitation to their migration. The
510:); connection in this context generally means having acquired CUKC status by birth or naturalisation in a qualified territory, or by birth to a father or grandfather who fulfilled those requirements
2533:
265:
2638:
2563:
1622:
1662:
721:
and had no other nationality on 3 February 1997 may also register for citizenship without UK residence requirements. Applicants who successfully register in this way become British citizens
2027:
2608:
2492:
582:
Several early independence acts did not remove CUKC status from certain citizens of newly independent states. In the former Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca, around one million
2907:
258:
1284:
2768:
661:
British Overseas citizens are exempted from obtaining a visa or entry certificate when visiting the United Kingdom for less than six months. They are eligible to apply for two-year
818:
2739:
502:
CUKCs connected with a former colony or protectorate who did not acquire that country's citizenship on independence (applicable particularly to some former colonies, such as
191:
2462:
2410:
423:
first had immigration controls officially imposed on them when entering the United Kingdom. As Britain withdrew from most of its remaining overseas possessions as part of
793:
British Overseas citizens are subject to immigration controls and have neither the right of abode or the right to work in the United Kingdom. BOCs are required to pay an
2806:
2582:
633:
in 1705 to avoid a reigning Catholic monarch. Because she was German, Parliament passed an Act to naturalise the Electress as an English subject, along with all of her
532:
persons who became citizens of a newly independent country, but remained CUKCs based on a connection to another colony which subsequently became independent before 1983
1691:
2833:
468:
Prior to 2002, British Overseas citizens from Malaysia had been able to petition for British citizenship after renouncing Malaysian citizenship. After passage of the
739:
241:
768:
a BOC is also a citizen of a country that only permits dual citizenship for minors and requires renunciation of all other nationalities before a certain age (e.g.
2043:
665:
and do not face annual quotas or sponsorship requirements. When travelling in other countries, they may seek British consular protection. BOCs are not considered
610:
In some cases, a former colony's new government only granted citizenship to members of the majority ethnic group. When Aden became part of the newly independent
749:
473:
2436:
2522:
1607:
2552:
1647:
1441:
196:
2013:
1366:
2716:
1995:
1959:
1939:
1919:
1899:
1489:
698:
431:, CUKCs were reclassified in 1983 into different nationality groups based on their ancestry, birthplace, and immigration status: CUKCs who had
1814:
1658:
1618:
469:
246:
186:
709:, after residing in the United Kingdom for more than five years and possessing ILR for more than one year. Registration confers citizenship
788:
436:
432:
149:
108:
33:
1531:
2882:
1585:
449:
360:
75:
2859:
2248:
814:
673:. These include exemption from registration with local police, voting eligibility in UK elections, and the ability to enlist in the
2668:
1402:
2902:
2675:
1810:
1581:
1485:
1437:
1398:
1362:
630:
412:
408:
231:
227:
2106:
2795:
678:
643:
2823:
2254:
2335:
1002:
765:). A Malaysian-BOC dual national applying for a BOC passport would consequently have their Malaysian citizenship deprived.
717:. Becoming a British citizen has no effect on BOC status; BOCs may also simultaneously be British citizens. BOCs who were
2385:
794:
638:
591:
428:
350:
346:
306:
217:
213:
166:
2368:
540:
113:
37:
1072:
694:
154:
2156:
427:, some former colonial subjects remained CUKCs despite the independence of their colonies. After passage of the
123:
2240:
2124:
798:
758:
620:
595:
522:
485:
404:
384:
368:
318:
294:
92:
71:
1427:
518:
448:
were predominantly Asian. The deprivation of full nationality rights was particularly distressful for the
1018:
713:, meaning that children born outside of the UK to those successfully registered will be British citizens
513:
persons who became citizens of a newly independent country, but remained CUKCs (applicable to the former
363:(CUKCs) initially held an automatic right to enter and live in the UK. This entitlement was given to all
321:. BOCs are subject to immigration control when entering the United Kingdom and do not have the automatic
2140:
757:
a BOC is also a citizen of a country that considers acquisition of a foreign passport to be grounds for
554:
544:
388:
1976:
1968:
1352:
821:
in other EU countries. They were, and continue to be, exempted from obtaining visas when visiting the
2828:
674:
670:
662:
587:
416:
314:
236:
139:
2701:
1475:
642:
the right of abode in the United Kingdom, some current claimants to British nationality through the
1800:
772:). A Japanese-BOC dual national would potentially have their Japanese citizenship revoked at age 22
599:
514:
1315:
2801:
2735:
2298:
2290:
2218:
2189:
1990:
1954:
1934:
1914:
1894:
718:
2769:"Hundreds of stateless people forced into hardship and exploitation in 'Windrush-style' scandal"
1712:
1339:
494:
and can only be transferred by descent if an individual born to a BOC parent would otherwise be
490:
Becoming a British Overseas citizen is generally not possible. The status cannot be acquired by
1523:
1146:
748:
stateless because they are deprived of entering the country that claims them as nationals. The
2244:
1280:
634:
626:
571:
536:
392:
1577:
2794:
2360:
2339:
2322:
2282:
2210:
2181:
2023:
727:
666:
330:
310:
222:
144:
56:
2273:(1999a). "The Kenyan Asians, British Politics, and the Commonwealth Immigrants Act, 1968".
2120:
400:
unemployable. Nevertheless, 500,000 of these new immigrants had settled in the UK by 1962.
2849:
2773:
2708:
682:
575:
564:
550:
420:
396:
364:
159:
97:
2334:
Low, Choo Chin (2017). Report on citizenship law : Malaysia and Singapore (Report).
2152:
1033:
17:
2102:
371:, as part of a wider initiative to preserve close relationships with the white-majority
2712:
2499:
2310:
2270:
2230:
2214:
2090:
2053:
1949:
1388:
706:
690:
650:
526:
507:
491:
461:
subdivision of nationality reinforced the idea that British identity depended on race.
457:
424:
356:
337:
as they are not guaranteed the right to enter the country of which they are nationals.
322:
302:
2353:"The Passage of the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act, a Case-Study of Backbench Power"
2313:(1999b). "The Politics of Citizenship in 1940s Britain: The British Nationality Act".
2136:
2896:
2302:
1985:
822:
777:
495:
453:
334:
2086:
623:
on that date and automatically became BOCs if they would have been made stateless.
2887:
1527:
2234:
2645:
2615:
2559:
2529:
2469:
1238:
1006:
611:
2824:"Naomi Osaka will soon be forced to choose whether to play for the US or Japan"
1648:"Guidance for candidates and agents: Part 1 of 6 – Can you stand for election?"
1608:"Guidance for candidates and agents: Part 1 of 6 – Can you stand for election?"
2286:
2115:
649:
British Overseas citizenship can be relinquished by a declaration made to the
2149:
The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte: Manjit Kaur
1690:. Electoral Commission for Northern Ireland. 2019. p. 10. Archived from
435:
became British citizens while those connected with a remaining colony became
2172:
Dixon, David (1983). "Thatcher's People: The British Nationality Act 1981".
1929:
1909:
1889:
1226:
1214:
1119:
957:
945:
583:
452:, many of whom migrated to Africa during colonial rule while working in the
376:
2326:
1724:
1074:
NH (Female BOCs, exceptionality, Art 8, para 317) British Overseas Citizens
2352:
817:. British Overseas citizens have never been EU citizens and did not enjoy
2854:
2700:
Director, Immigration and Nationality Policy Directorate (19 June 2002).
762:
603:
372:
1092:
2294:
2222:
2193:
2048:
2018:
686:
677:. British Overseas citizens are also eligible to serve in non-reserved
2702:"British Overseas citizens – Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Bill"
2411:
British National (Overseas) and British Dependent Territories Citizens
2343:
1316:
British National (Overseas) and British Dependent Territories Citizens
619:
handover. Individuals who were not ethnically Chinese did not acquire
557:
who made declarations to retain that status after independence in 1948
1805:
1480:
1432:
1393:
1357:
810:
380:
2639:
Nationality policy: renunciation of all types of British nationality
2364:
2185:
1748:
1736:
1340:
Nationality policy: renunciation of all types of British nationality
586:
were allowed to continue as CUKCs with Malayan citizenship when the
367:, which included CUKCs and citizens of independent countries in the
769:
615:
590:
became independent in 1957. Consequently, when Malaya merged with
567:
of an independent Commonwealth country on or after 28 October 1971
503:
456:. As former East African colonies gained independence, aggressive
1510:
1713:
United Kingdom Passports, Immigration Directorates' Instructions
563:
minor children who acquired CUKC by registration at the British
560:
women who acquired CUKC by marriage on or after 28 October 1971
1950:"Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002: Section 12"
705:
BOCs may become British citizens by registration, rather than
669:
when residing in the UK and are entitled to certain rights as
2083:
Chin and Another v Secretary of State for the Home Department
801:
benefits when residing in the UK for longer than six months.
1249:
1247:
1552:
1688:"Guide for Candidates and Agents: Local Council Elections"
1288:
1268:
543:
status and would otherwise have been stateless after the
1865:
1564:
1462:
1428:"Types of British nationality: British overseas citizen"
1327:
1253:
972:
873:
419:, when British subjects originating from outside of the
27:
Type of British national associated with former colonies
1838:
1285:
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
1986:"Representation of the People Act 1983: Section 4"
1088:
1086:
1084:
778:
Nick Xenophon § Constitutional eligibility (2017)
697:(ILR), they are eligible to stand for election to the
1185:
2553:
Guide NS: Confirmation of British nationality status
1239:
Guide NS: Confirmation of British nationality status
2674:. Immigration Directorates' Instructions (Report).
849:
1264:
1262:
2390:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
2386:"Nationality Aspects of the Hong Kong Settlement"
1019:"Disputed Citizenship Law in Effect in Britain",
2609:Historical background information on nationality
2133:Teh v Secretary of State for the Home Department
1227:Historical background information on nationality
1215:Historical background information on nationality
1210:
1208:
1206:
1148:Teh v Secretary of State for the Home Department
958:Historical background information on nationality
946:Historical background information on nationality
309:. Individuals with this form of nationality are
2908:Nationality law in British Overseas Territories
2796:"Disputed Citizenship Law in Effect in Britain"
2523:Guide B(OTA): Registration as a British citizen
2236:Citizenship and Immigration in Post-war Britain
1725:Guide B(OTA): Registration as a British citizen
1161:
813:on 31 January 2020, full British citizens were
811:United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union
740:Visa requirements for British Overseas citizens
242:British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983
1300:
984:
2201:Evans, J. M. (1972). "Immigration Act 1971".
1834:
1832:
968:
966:
325:there or in any British overseas territory.
266:
8:
1093:Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002
750:Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002
646:could receive British Overseas citizenship.
474:Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002
2099:NH and PV v Entry Clearance Officer, Mumbai
998:
996:
361:Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies
2044:"Nationality, Immigration And Asylum Bill"
1930:"British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1997"
1850:
1760:
1476:"UK visas and registering with the police"
1422:
1420:
1103:
1101:
1007:"Nationality, Immigration And Asylum Bill"
273:
259:
44:
1749:British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1997
1737:British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1997
403:Immigration from the colonies and other
297:, largely held by people connected with
103:(under the British Nationality Act 1981)
1048:
921:
909:
897:
885:
839:
744:BOCs who hold no other nationality are
355:From 1949 to 1983, all citizens of the
205:
177:
131:
84:
63:
47:
2357:Observatoire de la Société Britannique
1787:
1173:
1134:
437:British Dependent Territories citizens
2862:from the original on 15 December 2018
2781:from the original on 14 December 2019
2625:from the original on 29 December 2018
2595:from the original on 23 February 2019
2479:from the original on 23 February 2019
2423:from the original on 11 December 2018
2371:from the original on 13 February 2020
1817:from the original on 11 December 2018
1511:Representation of the People Act 1983
1389:"Youth Mobility Scheme visa (Tier 5)"
1197:
1060:
933:
861:
845:
843:
614:in 1967, individuals who were not of
470:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
407:countries was formally restricted by
293:) is a holder of a residual class of
247:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
109:British Overseas Territories citizens
7:
2836:from the original on 5 February 2019
2822:Steger, Isabella (28 January 2019).
2809:from the original on 19 October 2016
2449:from the original on 25 October 2018
1615:Local elections in England and Wales
1588:from the original on 7 February 2019
789:Right of abode in the United Kingdom
433:right of abode in the United Kingdom
34:British Overseas Territories citizen
2883:French people living outside France
2655:from the original on 8 January 2019
2509:from the original on 21 August 2018
1775:
1655:Local council elections in Scotland
1628:from the original on 2 January 2019
1492:from the original on 1 January 2019
1107:
1034:"UK to right 'immigration wrong'",
574:who have never been members of the
450:Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa
443:Debate over full citizenship rights
2539:from the original on 28 March 2019
2215:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x
1444:from the original on 10 March 2017
1405:from the original on 25 April 2017
301:who do not have close ties to the
178:Law relating to former territories
25:
2850:"UK to right 'immigration wrong'"
2722:from the original on 15 June 2019
2569:from the original on 27 July 2019
2315:Twentieth Century British History
2257:from the original on 29 June 2014
1668:from the original on 8 March 2017
1578:"How can I stand in an election?"
1534:from the original on 3 April 2019
1369:from the original on 2 April 2019
1121:Chin and Another v Home Secretary
2767:Bulman, May (8 September 2019).
2740:"Freedom of Information Request"
2676:Government of the United Kingdom
2087:[2017] UKUT 15 (IAC)
2060:from the original on 7 June 2020
2030:from the original on 7 June 2020
1811:Government of the United Kingdom
1582:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1486:Government of the United Kingdom
1438:Government of the United Kingdom
1399:Government of the United Kingdom
1363:Government of the United Kingdom
545:transfer of sovereignty to China
228:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962
55:
2493:Civil Service Nationality Rules
2107:Asylum and Immigration Tribunal
2049:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2019:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1801:"UK announces health surcharge"
1553:Civil Service Nationality Rules
1910:"British Nationality Act 1981"
1890:"British Nationality Act 1948"
819:freedom of movement for worker
644:Sophia Naturalization Act 1705
1:
2583:Hanover (Electress Sophia of)
2336:European University Institute
2153:[2001] EUECJ C-192/99
1353:"Check if you need a UK visa"
1269:Hanover (Electress Sophia of)
2437:British Nationality: Summary
1866:Regulation (EU) No 2018/1806
1565:British Nationality Act 1981
1463:British Nationality Act 1981
1328:British Nationality Act 1981
1254:British Nationality: Summary
973:British Nationality Act 1981
874:British Nationality Act 1948
795:immigration health surcharge
639:British Nationality Act 1948
429:British Nationality Act 1981
351:British Nationality Act 1981
347:British Nationality Act 1948
214:British Nationality Act 1948
167:British Overseas Territories
114:British Nationals (Overseas)
1839:Regulation (EU) No 2019/592
1621:. January 2019. p. 3.
541:British National (Overseas)
539:who failed to register for
359:held a common nationality.
38:British National (Overseas)
2924:
2669:"United Kingdom Passports"
2174:Journal of Law and Society
2103:[2006] UKIAT 00085
786:
775:
737:
695:indefinite leave to remain
631:English line of succession
483:
344:
155:Indefinite leave to remain
31:
2463:British overseas citizens
2287:10.1017/S0018246X9900864X
2157:European Court of Justice
1962:, 2002 c. 41 (s. 12)
1661:. April 2017. p. 3.
1186:British overseas citizens
711:otherwise than by descent
124:British protected persons
119:British Overseas citizens
18:British Overseas citizens
2384:White, Robin M. (1988).
2137:[2018] EWHC 1586
2123: (27 October 2017),
570:eligible descendants of
287:British Overseas citizen
32:Not to be confused with
2903:British nationality law
2745:. Letter to Timothy Lam
2241:Oxford University Press
1998:, 1983 c. 2 (s. 4)
850:FOI Letter on Passports
815:European Union citizens
799:National Health Service
759:citizenship deprivation
486:British nationality law
369:Commonwealth of Nations
299:former British colonies
72:British nationality law
48:British citizenship and
2275:The Historical Journal
2121:[2017] HCA 45
387:) and white-dominated
2351:McKay, James (2008).
2203:The Modern Law Review
2006:Parliamentary debates
1996:The National Archives
1960:The National Archives
1940:The National Archives
1920:The National Archives
1900:The National Archives
1229:, pp. 14–15, 17.
671:Commonwealth citizens
663:working holiday visas
657:Rights and privileges
535:BDTCs connected with
315:Commonwealth citizens
140:Commonwealth citizens
2738:(27 February 2024).
2327:10.1093/tcbh/10.1.67
2026:. 13 November 1972.
2014:"Malaysian Citizens"
1659:Electoral Commission
1619:Electoral Commission
1289:"Malaysian Citizens"
675:British Armed Forces
588:Federation of Malaya
480:Acquisition and loss
307:overseas territories
237:Immigration Act 1971
206:Relevant legislation
2648:. 30 January 2018.
2143:(England and Wales)
1306:, at para. 126–128.
1162:INPD Letter on BOCs
1051:, pp. 809–810.
936:, pp. 508–509.
719:Hong Kong residents
621:Chinese nationality
515:Straits Settlements
295:British nationality
85:Nationality classes
2805:. 2 January 1983.
2802:The New York Times
2736:HM Passport Office
2403:Government reports
2056:. 9 October 2002.
2052:. United Kingdom:
2022:. United Kingdom:
1991:legislation.gov.uk
1955:legislation.gov.uk
1935:legislation.gov.uk
1915:legislation.gov.uk
1895:legislation.gov.uk
1256:, at para. 14.5.5.
1021:The New York Times
681:posts, be granted
635:lineal descendants
629:was placed in the
607:lost CUKC status.
2502:. November 2007.
2155:, Case C-192/99,
1856:, at para. 19–27.
1813:. 27 March 2015.
1281:Alec Douglas-Home
1150:EWHC 1586 (Admin)
1110:, pp. 28–31.
1078:, at para. 14–15.
948:, pp. 16–17.
888:, pp. 76–77.
730:with the status.
728:British passports
689:, and sit in the
667:foreign nationals
627:Sophia of Hanover
572:Sophia of Hanover
393:Southern Rhodesia
331:British passports
311:British nationals
283:
282:
197:Thirteen Colonies
171:
145:British passports
105:
16:(Redirected from
2915:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2798:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2706:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2618:. 21 July 2017.
2613:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2472:. 14 July 2017.
2467:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2397:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2347:
2330:
2306:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2226:
2197:
2159:
2144:
2128:
2110:
2094:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2024:House of Commons
2000:
1999:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1944:
1943:
1924:
1923:
1904:
1903:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1000:
991:
982:
976:
970:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
699:House of Commons
551:British subjects
365:British subjects
319:British citizens
275:
268:
261:
223:Ireland Act 1949
163:
101:
98:British subjects
93:British citizens
59:
45:
21:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2893:
2892:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2858:. 5 July 2002.
2848:
2839:
2837:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2774:The Independent
2766:
2762:
2757:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2709:Beverley Hughes
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2678:. November 2004
2671:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2644:(Report). 3.0.
2641:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2614:(Report). 1.0.
2611:
2607:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2468:(Report). 1.0.
2465:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2365:10.4000/osb.433
2350:
2333:
2311:Hansen, Randall
2309:
2271:Hansen, Randall
2269:
2260:
2258:
2251:
2231:Hansen, Randall
2229:
2200:
2186:10.2307/1410230
2171:
2167:
2162:
2147:
2131:
2113:
2097:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1948:
1947:
1928:
1927:
1908:
1907:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:, pp. 4–5.
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1694:on 7 April 2019
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1299:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1082:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1001:
994:
990:, at para. 126.
983:
979:
971:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
868:
860:
856:
848:
841:
836:
831:
807:
791:
785:
780:
742:
736:
683:British honours
659:
637:. Although the
584:Straits Chinese
576:Catholic Church
565:high commission
553:connected with
488:
482:
445:
421:British Islands
397:Colonial Office
353:
343:
279:
201:
162:
160:Belonger status
100:
50:nationality law
49:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2846:
2819:
2791:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2732:
2713:Home Secretary
2696:
2694:
2693:Correspondence
2691:
2689:
2688:
2665:
2635:
2605:
2579:
2562:. March 2019.
2549:
2532:. March 2019.
2519:
2500:Cabinet Office
2489:
2459:
2433:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2381:
2348:
2331:
2307:
2281:(3): 809–834.
2267:
2249:
2227:
2209:(5): 508–524.
2198:
2180:(2): 161–180.
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2145:
2129:
2111:
2095:
2091:Upper Tribunal
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2054:House of Lords
2040:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1981:
1978:from the Union
1973:
1965:
1945:
1925:
1905:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1858:
1843:
1828:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1766:, at para. 17.
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1679:
1639:
1599:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1515:
1503:
1467:
1455:
1416:
1380:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1293:
1273:
1258:
1243:
1241:, pp. 7–8
1231:
1219:
1202:
1200:, p. 228.
1190:
1178:
1176:, p. 219.
1166:
1164:, at para. 19.
1154:
1152:, at para. 37.
1139:
1127:
1125:, at para. 17.
1112:
1097:
1080:
1065:
1063:, p. 162.
1053:
1041:
1026:
1011:
992:
977:
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
890:
878:
866:
854:
838:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
806:
805:European Union
803:
784:
783:United Kingdom
781:
774:
773:
766:
735:
732:
707:naturalisation
691:House of Lords
658:
655:
651:Home Secretary
580:
579:
568:
561:
558:
548:
547:on 1 July 1997
533:
530:
511:
492:naturalisation
481:
478:
458:Africanisation
444:
441:
425:decolonisation
357:British Empire
342:
339:
323:right of abode
303:United Kingdom
281:
280:
278:
277:
270:
263:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
234:
225:
220:
208:
207:
203:
202:
200:
199:
194:
189:
183:
180:
179:
175:
174:
173:
172:
157:
152:
150:Right of abode
147:
142:
134:
133:
129:
128:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
95:
87:
86:
82:
81:
80:
79:
66:
65:
61:
60:
52:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2920:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2792:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2760:News articles
2759:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2636:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2606:
2591:
2584:
2580:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2550:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2520:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2419:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2396:(1): 225–251.
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:(6): 89–108.
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2256:
2252:
2250:0-19-924054-X
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:"Nationality"
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:, p. 22.
1216:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:UKUT 15 (IAC)
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
987:
981:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
960:, p. 19.
959:
954:
951:
947:
942:
939:
935:
930:
927:
924:, p. 68.
923:
918:
915:
912:, p. 92.
911:
906:
903:
900:, p. 90.
899:
894:
891:
887:
882:
879:
875:
870:
867:
863:
858:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
833:
828:
826:
824:
823:Schengen Area
820:
816:
812:
804:
802:
800:
796:
790:
782:
779:
771:
767:
764:
760:
756:
755:
754:
751:
747:
741:
733:
731:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Civil Service
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
647:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
622:
617:
613:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:
528:
525:, as well as
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
500:
499:
497:
493:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
466:
462:
459:
455:
454:civil service
451:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
352:
348:
340:
338:
336:
332:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
257:
256:
254:
253:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
215:
212:
211:
210:
209:
204:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
182:
181:
176:
170:
168:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
130:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
83:
77:
73:
70:
69:
68:
67:
62:
58:
54:
53:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
2888:Swiss abroad
2864:. Retrieved
2853:
2838:. Retrieved
2827:
2811:. Retrieved
2800:
2783:. Retrieved
2772:
2747:. Retrieved
2724:. Retrieved
2707:. Letter to
2680:. Retrieved
2657:. Retrieved
2627:. Retrieved
2597:. Retrieved
2571:. Retrieved
2541:. Retrieved
2511:. Retrieved
2481:. Retrieved
2451:. Retrieved
2425:. Retrieved
2393:
2389:
2373:. Retrieved
2356:
2321:(1): 67–95.
2318:
2314:
2278:
2274:
2259:. Retrieved
2235:
2206:
2202:
2177:
2173:
2165:Publications
2148:
2132:
2114:
2098:
2082:
2062:. Retrieved
2047:
2032:. Retrieved
2017:
1989:
1953:
1942:, 1997 c. 20
1933:
1922:, 1981 c. 61
1913:
1902:, 1948 c. 56
1893:
1861:
1851:
1846:
1819:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
1783:
1778:, p. 2.
1771:
1761:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1727:, p. 4.
1720:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:the original
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1654:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1614:
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1572:
1560:
1555:, p. 5.
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1528:British Army
1518:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1479:
1470:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1431:
1407:. Retrieved
1392:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1356:
1347:
1342:, p. 7.
1335:
1323:
1318:, p. 7.
1311:
1301:
1296:
1276:
1271:, p. 1.
1234:
1222:
1193:
1188:, p. 4.
1181:
1169:
1157:
1147:
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2530:Home Office
2483:22 February
2470:Home Office
2453:28 February
2427:22 February
2261:21 February
2127:(Australia)
2034:22 February
1970:requirement
1881:Legislation
1788:Steger 2019
1567:Schedule 7.
1465:Section 50.
1448:20 February
1330:Article 29.
1291:, col. 25W.
1174:Hansen 2000
1135:Bulman 2019
1076:UKIAT 00085
1009:, col. 285.
1003:Lord Filkin
975:Section 26.
809:Before the
693:. If given
612:South Yemen
385:New Zealand
2897:Categories
2588:(Report).
2558:(Report).
2528:(Report).
2498:(Report).
2442:(Report).
2416:(Report).
2344:1814/45371
2141:High Court
2125:High Court
2116:Re Canavan
1751:Section 2.
1739:Section 1.
1302:Re Canavan
1198:White 1988
1061:Dixon 1983
986:Re Canavan
934:Evans 1972
876:Article 1.
862:McKay 2008
829:References
797:to access
787:See also:
776:See also:
738:See also:
723:by descent
715:by descent
685:, receive
484:See also:
409:Parliament
345:See also:
341:Background
317:, but not
2659:8 January
2303:154541606
1868:Annex II.
1821:8 January
1409:8 January
834:Citations
600:Singapore
537:Hong Kong
496:stateless
377:Australia
373:Dominions
335:stateless
187:Hong Kong
2877:See also
2860:Archived
2855:BBC News
2834:Archived
2807:Archived
2779:Archived
2717:Archived
2711:and the
2650:Archived
2620:Archived
2590:Archived
2564:Archived
2543:29 March
2534:Archived
2504:Archived
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2444:Archived
2418:Archived
2369:Archived
2255:Archived
2233:(2000).
2075:Case law
2058:Archived
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1815:Archived
1776:Low 2017
1764:C-192/99
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1623:Archived
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1367:Archived
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1036:BBC News
763:Malaysia
746:de facto
687:peerages
604:Malaysia
602:to form
472:and the
132:See also
2866:1 March
2840:4 March
2813:1 March
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2295:3020922
2223:1094478
2194:1410230
1876:Sources
1538:2 April
1496:2 April
1373:2 April
596:Sarawak
523:Malacca
305:or its
192:Ireland
76:History
2829:Quartz
2785:8 June
2749:8 July
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1806:gov.uk
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1481:gov.uk
1433:gov.uk
1394:gov.uk
1358:gov.uk
1304:HCA 45
988:HCA 45
761:(e.g.
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527:Cyprus
519:Penang
381:Canada
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411:from
2868:2019
2842:2019
2815:2019
2787:2020
2751:2024
2728:2019
2684:2019
2661:2019
2631:2020
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2575:2020
2545:2019
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2429:2019
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2109:(UK)
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616:Arab
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508:Aden
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413:1962
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