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the strikers by offering guidelines to occupy oneself, perhaps through "Do's for
Difficult Days" or through "Sports for the Masses". It further ensured that government claims of illegality and revolution were rebuffed by repeating messages and countering claims. These objectives were to be the only focus of the newspaper. The Publicity Committee refused the inclusion of general news as they did not want anything to detract from the defence of the strike. However, a small weather summary was inserted on the front page in the third issue.
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33:
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186:, and they obtained a dozen copies to be sent to London's Chief Commissioner. Printing was, however, allowed to continue. A more devious tactic developed on 7 May, when Churchill requisitioned the bulk of the supply of the Worker's newsprint. Such provocative action compelled the Publicity Committee to reduce the paper's size from eight pages to four. It continued in this format until the last issue was produced on 17 May.
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161:, attempted to diminish strike credibility and morale. With its launch, the Publicity Committee quickly appreciated the advantages of producing a newspaper: it enabled communication with the workers on strike, it afforded the General Council a powerful instrument of control over strike conduct and could combat any misleading messages published in the
199:
that the TUC publication was struggling to penetrate whole districts around the country. The rival government newspaper combated this problem through the acquirement of hundreds of lorries and cars, reinforced by the use of aircraft flying each night from
Northolt and Biggin Hill which circulated the paper in Yorkshire, Liverpool and Plymouth.
127:
daily national newspapers (most London national newspapers continued in truncated form, with many local newspapers also producing strike sheets. The TUC, therefore, did not initially anticipate the use of a newspaper and instead issued bulletins, through its Press and
Publicity Committee, containing brief news and instructions.
211:
production costs were also elevated because some involved demanded pay. Nevertheless, both provincial editions were launched. Manchester produced 50,000 copies on 10 May, doubling its output by 12 May - it distributed papers to the
Midlands, Yorkshire and the North West. Sunderland circulated 16,000 copies on 11 May.
275:
The committee's three publication objectives emanate in each edition of the newspaper. To maintain the morale of the strikers, articles exude optimism and confidence, commending the worker's "wonderful response", encouraging "All's Well". The paper persistently attempts to ensure calm and order among
202:
The
Publicity Committee decided to launch provincial editions to control the spread of strike news throughout the country. It was welcomed by strike committees in certain localities who urged the importance of improved publicity, strike information and a counter to virulent blackleg publications. The
169:
offices on Tudor Street in London were preferred for printing as the newspaper was forced to cease production during the strike, while
Hamilton Fyfe oversaw the editorship. The first issue therefore appeared just before midnight on 5 May, containing eight pages of strike news and information, costing
338:
was widely credited by contemporaries for its efficient production, neat appearance and moderate opinions. However it has been criticised for its tedious tone and the exclusion of general news. The way in which the
General Council controlled its newspaper therefore restricted its appeal: if they had
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increased, running 320,000 copies for the first issue, multiplying to a peak of 700,000 on 12 May. They were readily distributed and sold by wholesalers and newsagents. Distribution however became perhaps the greatest difficulty confronting the Press and
Publicity Committee. Early reports suggested
126:
On 3 May 1926, the TUC General
Council called a general strike in an unsuccessful attempt to force government action in the ongoing miners dispute over wages and worsening conditions. The printing press workers were among those withdrawn at the outset, effectively preventing the publication of most
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The
General Council does NOT challenge the Constitution. It is not seeking to substitute unconstitutional government. Nor is it desirous of undermining our Parliamentary institutions. The sole aim of the Council is to secure the miners a decent standard of life. The Council is engaged in an
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The transitory publication encountered problems from the very start. It caused considerable disquiet among the printers who feared it would be determined as strike-breaking, but objections were overcome after receiving an official letter from the General Council. Further difficulties arose when
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outside London were simply appearing too late. Furthermore, the use of local outlets assisted the Publicity Committee more than local strike organisations. The intention to widen circulation weakened the stance of the Typographical Associations and Unions around the country who considered it
206:
Publication was planned for Leicester, Manchester, Cardiff, Liverpool, Glasgow, Newcastle and other areas. However, the establishment of these centres never fully materialised as the General Council faced opposition from the printing unions, and were themselves wary of handing control of the
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Manchester and Newcastle were selected as the first locations for provincial production. Both faced opposition, forcing them to change printing locations: in Newcastle, production was relocated to a Sunderland printing shop because of local resentment surrounding food delivery permits. The
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was effectively carried out in South Wales, printed in Cardiff and Newport under the supervision of W. H. Stevenson from 10 May. They also intended to print the newspaper in Swansea, but this plight was abandoned because of objections from the local Typographical Association.
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was less inclined to prevarication, and possibly had the better of the polemical arguments as it successfully rejected government accusations by giving more reassurance to its readers. Every edition carried a boxed, bold message to deliberately counter government claims:
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As the strike neared its conclusion and production eventually ceased, the demand for local news outlets had not been satisfied as the Publicity Committee were still considering decentralisation to facilitate production in areas not penetrated - editions of the
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to engage the country's readership with little competition. The production of a government and TUC newspaper revealed how the situation had polarised, representing the strike division, with both attempting to appeal to the public through propagandist methods.
118:. The first of eleven issues was printed on 5 May and publication stopped on 17 May after the official cessation of the strike. The principal objective of the newspaper was to circulate information and maintain the strikers' morale throughout the stoppage.
144:, accompanied by his night editor, William Mellor, and General Manager, Robert Williams, approached the TUC General Council's Press and Publicity Committee to discuss the production of a newspaper to articulate the TUC's case. The decision to create the
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Such inflammatory accusations are widely discredited as great falsifications and provocations. However this stance changed during the course of the strike so that towards the end of the stoppage, the Gazette ceased proclamations of democracy in danger.
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peak production of 700,000 copies. Furthermore, most London national newspapers resumed production during the strike and although appeared in truncated form, most were powerfully opposed to the strike. Therefore, the TUC possessed only the
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could not effectively counter across the country because of distribution problems. The circulation figures confirm the Gazette's greater attraction as it posted circulation figures of 2.2 million on 12 May, compared to the
842:
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to counter all strike resistance. The use of radio broadcasting through the BBC, although restrained by the government, was more ruthless and effective in disseminating news and information to the public.
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created a newspaper that supported the strike, yet included general news, it might have been read by a wider audience. Instead it was read by those already convinced of the justice of the striker's cause.
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editorial policy remained consistent throughout the strike. Its content was controlled and censored by the Publicity Committee, illustrated by the constant presence of a representative at Fyfe's office.
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307:"rumours would poison the air, raise panics and disorders, inflame fears and passions together, and carry us all to depths which no sane man of any party or class would care even to contemplate."
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attacked the TUC leaders for an "Assault on Rights of the Nation" and the thread of possible revolutionary panic radiated in articles, detailing ominous predictions of ruin:
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The production of a newspaper was not initially favoured by the Publicity Committee. Suggestions were first made on the eve of the strike by the national officers of the
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Publicity Committee discouraged local printed bulletins, persistently worried that provocative material would emerge in the local sheets.
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offices was undertaken on 5 May. Policemen entered the building with a warrant to seize all copies of the 4 May edition of the
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was published until 15 May, when there was an unsuccessful attempt to deliver a copy of the British Worker from Manchester.
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however boasted a wider appeal as it could address the whole nation. Despite its intemperate tone and falsifications, the
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was, however, mostly reactionary, as Fyfe disclosed government plans to produce a publication called the
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702:, Issue 3 (7 May 1926), p. 1 This message appears in similar formats in issues 4, 5, 6, 8.
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134:. It was more seriously considered on the first day of the strike. The editor of the
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The general strike had forced the closure of most printing presses, allowing the
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was particularly influential in forming opinion outside London as the
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ministerial authority intervened in production. A police raid on the
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396:
Robertson, D. H., "A Narrative of the General Strike of 1926",
784:
Robertson, D. H. 'A Narrative of the General Strike of 1926'
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The Scottish TUC intended to create their own newspaper, the
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newspaper over to localities, fearing the insertion of rash.
698:"The General Council does not challenge the Constitution",
387:(London: Newspaper Publishers Association, 2006), p. 67.
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The General Strike: The Politics of Industrial Conflict
411:
The General Strike: The Politics of Industrial Conflict
325:
Industrial dispute. There is no Constitutional crisis.
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Political newspapers published in the United Kingdom
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711:"Political Notes: Labour Members and their Press",
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235:on Clydeside. The project was however slow, so the
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767:(London: Newspapers Publishers Association, 2006)
413:(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976), p. 168.
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194:As the strike continued, the production of the
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242:The plan to publish provincial issues of the
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1804:1926 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
813:Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
112:General Council of the Trades Union Congress
16:
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863:
843:
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400:Vol. 36, No. 143 (September 1926), p. 387.
37:Front Page of the first issue (5 May 1926)
31:
15:
1799:1926 establishments in the United Kingdom
487:"The British Worker and Paper Supplies",
439:(London: Journeyman Press, 1980), p. 241.
781:(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976)
685:"The British Gazette and its Objects",
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218:Front page of the first edition of the
426:(London: Cresset Press, 1957), p. 168.
132:Printing and Kindred Trades Federation
513:(London: Eyre Meuthen, 1975), p. 191.
7:
1814:Publications disestablished in 1926
598:"Wonderful Response to the Call",
116:1926 United Kingdom General Strike
14:
806:Complete digitised copies of the
795:(London: The Cresset Press, 1957)
788:Vol. 36, No. 143 (September 1926)
157:The cabinet newspaper, edited by
1763:
1762:
1589:Southern Daily Mail (Portsmouth)
1489:Jewish Post and Gazette (London)
853:newspapers of the United Kingdom
774:(London: Journeyman Press, 1980)
110:was a newspaper produced by the
22:
1752:Burney Collection of Newspapers
765:A History of the NPA: 1906-2006
385:A History of the NPA: 1906-2006
1809:Newspapers established in 1926
1640:Western Independent (Plymouth)
1:
811:, from the collection of the
689:, Issue 1 (5 May 1926), p. 1.
663:, Issue 3 (7 May 1926), p. 1.
641:, Issue 5 (8 May 1926), p. 2.
615:, Issue 6 (9 May 1926), p. 1.
602:, Issue 1 (5 May 1926), p. 2.
1676:Trewman's Exeter Flying Post
1549:Manchester Evening Chronicle
1474:Huddersfield Daily Chronicle
1479:Eastern Morning News (Hull)
1449:Darlington Evening Dispatch
1414:Birmingham Evening Despatch
1237:The Illustrated London News
676:Issue 2 (6 May 1926), p. 3.
628:Issue 2 (6 May 1926), p. 4.
624:"Do's for Difficult Days",
330:Legacy: success or failure?
1840:
1459:Edinburgh Evening Dispatch
1760:
1712:Edinburgh Evening Courant
1524:Liverpool Evening Express
1464:Evening Citizen (Glasgow)
1439:Chelmsford Evening Herald
1257:Shurey's Pictorial Budget
637:"Sports for the Masses",
30:
21:
1630:Sunday Pink (Manchester)
1559:Nottingham Daily Express
1121:The Sunday Correspondent
1081:Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper
959:Financier and Bullionist
114:for the duration of the
1635:Sunday Sentinel (Stoke)
1599:Surrey Daily Advertiser
1564:Nottingham Evening News
1554:Northern Whig (Belfast)
1393:The Westminster Gazette
1131:Sunday Evening Telegram
1609:Yorkshire Evening News
1509:Leicester Evening Mail
1454:Doncaster Evening Post
1398:Whitehall Evening Post
672:"The National Issue",
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309:
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1794:Trades Union Congress
1625:Sunday News (Belfast)
1494:Jewish Times (London)
1469:Hereford Evening News
1424:Bristol Evening World
1346:The Pall Mall Gazette
1076:Independent on Sunday
984:The Morning Chronicle
217:
58:Trades Union Congress
1604:Watford Evening Echo
1584:Shields Evening News
1519:Liverpool Daily Post
1504:Leicester Daily Post
1484:Glasgow Evening News
1434:Chatham Evening Post
1429:Burnley Evening Star
1252:Shurey's Illustrated
1101:The Planet on Sunday
786:The Economic Journal
715:(18 May 1926), p. 8.
398:The Economic Journal
1727:Scottish Daily News
1645:Yorkshire on Sunday
1594:Slough Evening Mail
1336:London Evening Post
1331:London Evening News
1326:Jewish Evening News
1267:The Weekly True Sun
491:(8 May 1926), p. 4.
190:Provincial editions
18:
1704:Caledonian Mercury
1574:Nottingham Mercury
1569:Nottingham Journal
1544:Luton Evening Post
1351:St James's Gazette
1141:Sunday Illustrated
1029:Sporting Chronicle
793:The General Strike
772:The General Strike
437:The General Strike
424:The General Strike
223:
98:320,000 to 700,000
84:Ceased publication
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1534:London Daily News
1529:Liverpool Mercury
1514:Liverpool Courier
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1247:Mark Lane Express
1091:News of the World
964:Greyhound Express
899:The Daily Courant
763:Griffiths, D. A.
733:Phillips, p. 179.
650:Phillips, p. 170.
580:Phillips, p. 175.
568:Phillips, p. 174.
552:Phillips, p. 173.
522:Phillips, p. 172.
500:Phillips, p. 177.
469:Phillips, p. 169.
448:Phillips, p. 168.
280:Competition with
256:strike-breaking.
159:Winston Churchill
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1116:Sunday Chronicle
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999:The Morning Post
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777:Phillips, G. A.
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1311:Evening Post
1306:Evening News
1222:The Examiner
1217:The European
1161:Sunday Today
1009:Morning Star
979:Jewish Times
939:Daily Sketch
924:Daily Herald
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1720:The New Day
1383:(1893–1906)
1375:(1888–1960)
1367:(1792–1876)
1359:(1788–1831)
1341:London Lite
1232:The Graphic
1207:Early Times
1071:Empire News
944:Daily Sport
791:Symons, J.
770:Morris, M.
659:"Weather",
422:Symons, J.
170:one penny.
94:Circulation
88:17 May 1926
1783:Categories
1499:Kent Today
1444:Daily Post
1294:newspapers
1262:The Sphere
1242:The Leader
934:Daily News
372:References
78:5 May 1926
1650:The Atlas
1321:The Globe
1014:New Daily
974:Indicator
713:The Times
489:The Times
48:newspaper
1769:Category
1659:Weeklies
1388:True Sun
1372:The Star
1356:The Star
1301:The Echo
1285:Regional
1175:Weeklies
1024:The Post
969:The Hour
860:National
851:Defunct
291:and the
54:Owner(s)
1745:Related
1737:(daily)
1618:Sundays
1407:Dailies
1380:The Sun
1364:The Sun
1212:The Era
1192:The Age
1064:Sundays
949:The Day
867:Dailies
348:Gazette
344:Gazette
301:Gazette
163:Gazette
122:History
75:Founded
1182:Action
1050:(2006)
1042:(1865)
360:'s
357:Worker
317:Worker
269:'s
266:Worker
184:Worker
180:Herald
176:Herald
165:. The
146:Worker
65:Editor
46:Daily
1689:Other
1055:Today
342:The
334:The
315:The
299:The
264:The
104:The
43:Type
1785::
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830:v
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