1245:- similarly, the British Virgin Islands takes an extremely restrictive position in relation to immigration. Even birth in the country is not sufficient to grant belongers status (unless the person is born to parents who are themselves belongers). It is possible to be naturalised after a period of long residence, but it is rare to be naturalised after less than 25 years, and often much longer. The British Virgin Islands government has announced as policy that it will only naturalise 25 new belongers each year. Laws in the British Virgin Islands openly discriminate against non-belongers. For example, stamp duty on the purchase of land is 4% for belongers and 12% for non-belongers.
43:
1263:. The unfortunate result of this is a patchwork quilt of rules of regulations that are extremely complex to follow, even for experienced practitioners and judges. Some of the laws reflect bilateral agreements with specific countries, some relate to specific times of crime, and some have generic application. Unfortunately a raft of conflicting international agreements, initiatives and treaties with conflicting standards and aims, any kind of rationalisation or consolidation seems wholly improbable.
465:
694:
611:
770:, 2004 was incorporated, and for a year it was possible to incorporate a company under any of the three acts. However, from 1 January 2006 it was no longer possible to incorporate under the International Business Companies Act (which was subsequently repealed), and from 1 January 2008 it will no longer be possible to incorporate under the Companies Act, leaving the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004 as the sole corporate statute.
3388:
1033:. Despite the strong professed protection of human rights and equal treatment, the constitution expressly preserves the right to discriminate against non-belongers in relation to taxation and employment. The constitution also calls for the formation of a number of committees to promote the constitutional development on the territory, most of which have never been formed.
1398:(known under previous constitutions as the Legislative Council of the British Virgin Islands, often still abbreviated locally to "LegCo"), and is headed by the Monarch. The Legislative Council consists of 13 elected members; nine tied to electoral districts, and four "at large" seats. Belonger status is a requirement to be elected to the Legislative Council.
1459:, and the principal statute dealing with the profession is the Legal Profession Act 2015. However the legislation has been fraught with difficulties and has already been amended by three times. Further, key appointments under the legislation - including the appointment of a disciplinary tribunal, have still not been made.
540:, but there was little enthusiasm for that, and so eventually the 1967 Constitution was promulgated. The 1967 Constitution was eventually replaced by a revised and updated Constitution in 1976, and the 1976 Constitution was amended at various points, and then in turn superseded in 2007 by the current form.
1036:
Pursuant to a "letter of entrustment" dated 13 June 2007 the
British government has devolved wide discretion to the government of the territory to manage its own external affairs, and adds that the British government would give "sympathetic consideration" for requests to take action on other matters.
1754:
Chapter 7 provides for, amongst others, a public service commission, a teaching service commission, a judicial and legal services commission, and a police service commission. Elsewhere the constitution provides for a human rights commission (section 34) and an advisory committee for the prerogative
637:
Periodically, the statutes of the
British Virgin Islands are consolidated and issued as the Revised Laws of the Virgin Islands. This was most recently done in 1991. In such revisions, all laws are given a specific chapter number (usually abbreviated to "Cap."). Hence the Limitation Act is usually
528:
the legislature was restored in 1950, and permanent self-government was devolved in 1967. The main purpose of the 1950 Constitution was to re-devolve power back to the reformed
Legislative Council in the British Virgin Islands from the Governor of the Leeward Islands. Historically it is regarded a
447:
of the United
Kingdom. Although the local legislature and courts are independent from the United Kingdom, the British government deals with most international relations on behalf of the territory, although authority has been delegated to the territory to negotiate on its own behalf in certain areas
472:
The early legal history of the
British Virgin Islands is somewhat hampered by the fact that in the days of colonisation, it was often unclear who controlled the islands. The islands were first settled in modern times by the Dutch, but in 1628 the English crown granted patents for the settlement of
523:
In 1867 the territory obtained its first ever written constitution in the form of the
Constitution Ordinance, which abolished the previous legislative assembly and provided for a new legislative council. However, abolition of slavery and a collapse in sugar prices in the 19th century lead to the
1702:
Stamp Act (Cap 202). Stamp duty actually operates in relation to most transactions in the
Territory, but then it is excluded where the document relates to or is entered into by a company, except for in the situations mentioned. Contracts entered into between individuals may still be subject to
511:
was appointed as Chief
Justice, although he did not arrive until 1778, due to political maneuvering in the territory. Having arrived, the legislature eventually got rid of Suckling by declining to pass the Court Bill. The first law ever to be passed by a local legislature in the British Virgin
1117:
In international terms family law is relatively underdeveloped in the
British Virgin Islands. Levels of maintenance payments are fixed by out of date statutory provisions which mean that levels of support after divorce or separation are derisorily low. Unmarried fathers have relatively little
1133:
in the
British Virgin Islands has only ever undergone spasmodic and periodic reform. The principal legislation dealing with property rights is the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act (Cap 220), which is based on much earlier English legislation. Tacit recognition that this legislation needs
515:
But the Governor-General refused to assent to any bills until a Court Bill was passed. Bills passed by the Legislative Assembly needed to be approved by the Governor-General in Antigua, and early legislation was often vetoed. Laws could also still be passed by the Legislative Assembly of the
503:
The Legislative Assembly first sat on 27 January 1774, however, it took a full further decade for a constitutional framework to be settled. Part of the problem was that the islands were so thinly populated, it was almost impossible to constitute the organs of government.
1834:"Whilst the British Virgin Islands legislature has taken every effort to maintain modern and commercially efficient laws relating to companies, financial services and insolvency, unfortunately the same cannot be said with respect to the treatment of the law of property."
638:
cited as the Limitation Act (Cap 43). Legislation passed after 1991 is usually referred to by year, so the Merchant Shipping Act is usually referred to as the Merchant Shipping Act, 2001, but may be referred to in long form as the Merchant Shipping Act (No 13 of 2001).
887:
A substantial body of British Virgin Islands law is dedicated to the regulation of what are collectively referred to as financial services. This broadly means offshore business which requires specific regulation. The key statutes dealing with financial services are:
1251:- because of its position as an offshore financial centre, the British Virgin Islands has regulatory responsibilities which are out of all proportion with its size or economy. The result has been a raft of legislation designed to investigate and curb unlawful
663:
However, orders-in-council are also sometimes used by the United Kingdom government to push through measures which are unpopular locally, and would be difficult to pass using the normal democratic process. Recent examples of this include the abolition of the
717:
date from the nineteenth century, but still operate effectively. Some legislation needs updating. The Conveyancing and Law of Property Act (Cap 220) dates from 1961, and still contains provisions clarifying when a wife may hold property in her own name.
1009:
The British Virgin Islands is currently organised under its fourth constitution, promulgated in 2007, which represents a sizeable turnover given that the first was only obtained in 1950. The most recent constitution came into effect fully after the
1077:. Although it was generally regarded as desirable to consolidate all of the criminal laws into a single source, some criticisms have been made at the "warts and all" approach taken to common law offences. For example, in relation to the law of
1236:
requires either a work permit or an exemption; local employers are prohibited from employing foreigners where there is a suitably qualified local person. Labour law in the territory is codified into a single statute, the Labour Code,
516:
Leeward Islands under a quasi-federal system, and these applied to all of the British territories in the Leeward Islands. However, the Governor-General used this veto force the Virgin Islands to pass legislation establishing a court.
734:
are protected and preserved by legislation in the territory, and in other areas, new entrants to the markets are carefully scrutinised, and may be barred from entering where they might provide competition for local businesses.
496:. Some of these laws are still in force in the British Virgin Islands, such as the Common Law (Declaration of Application) Act (Cap 13), which dates from 1705. Doubts as to the validity of those statutes were removed by the
669:
1427:
circuit. Unusually for its size, the British Virgin Islands has two permanent judges. The British Virgin Islands hosts the Commercial Court of the East Caribbean Supreme Court, which was opened on 9 April 2009. Justice
1302:
are virtually unknown. The territory has been described as “generally free of human rights abuses” and its government has been characterised as taking “a strong and proactive approach to the protection of human rights.”
165:
1149:
of the islands was completed in 1972, and the new system was almost fully implemented by 1974. Non-residents wishing to purchase property in the British Virgin Islands must obtain a Non-Belongers Land Holding License.
481:, but later evinced an intention to return the islands to the Dutch. They later resiled from this position and in 1698 the British government took the view that the territory was a British possession (see generally:
592:
That the Common Law of England, as far as it stands unaltered by any writen Laws of these Islands, or some of them, confirmed by Your Majesty ... is in force in each of these your Majesty's Leeward Charibee
753:
codes in the world. Up until 1984 all incorporations in the British Virgin Islands were made under the Companies Act (Cap 285), which was originally passed in 1885. In 1984, the territory incorporated the
519:
Eventually the Court Bill was passed in 1783 together with a Bill validating titles as a form of compromise. Nonetheless, it took some time to obtain a Chief Justice whose appointment could be confirmed.
357:
1084:
Generally speaking, most serious criminal offences in the jurisdiction are dealt with under the same principles as the original English common law, and specific English Victorian statutes (such as the
652:
are a form of promulgated legislation issued by the British Government. Usually they deal with routine matters which it would be impractical to burden the local legislature with, such as implementing
1921:
512:
Islands concerned punishments for runaway slaves. The second provided a mechanism for settling longstanding boundary disputes. Both no doubt reflected the concerns of the islands free inhabitants.
601:
In all matters in which there was formerly or is any conflict or variance between the rules of equity and the rules of common law with reference to the same matter the rules of equity shall prevail.
309:
641:
On several occasions since 1991 there has been discussion of producing a new revised set of the laws of the Virgin Islands, and in 2014 legislation was passed to facilitate the process.
1174:
and equity is derived directly from English law, but has been modified by legislation to reflect the position of the territory as an offshore financial centre. The usual features for
245:
909:
656:
resolutions into law. Various other highly technical aspects of legislation are dealt with by way of Order in Council; for example, all of the jurisdiction's laws relating to
350:
2995:, physiographically not part of the Lucayan Archipelago, Antilles, Caribbean Sea nor North American continental nor South American continental islands. It is grouped with the
839:), but modified in certain specific regards in relation to the jurisdiction's role as an offshore centre. The Insolvency Act is "predicated heavily towards the protection of
263:
488:
It was not until 1773 that the British Virgin Islands actually had its own legislature. Prior to that date laws were extended to the territory by the legislature of the
1346:
174:
1314:.” This form of discrimination is expressly preserved in the BVI constitution, which excludes non-belongers from the full scope of its non-discrimination protections.
800:. Some of these developments were a little advanced even for the offshore market, and have taken some time to bed down. The Act has now been copied wholesale by the
3581:
1583:
1395:
1389:
844:
623:
343:
320:
160:
3576:
1575:
1350:
1232:- the British Virgin Islands labour law has been entirely designed around protecting the local workforce from outside competition. Any person who does not have
3028:
1011:
105:
1864:
524:
virtual economic ruin of the islands, and although the legislature limped along for some time, it was eventually formally dissolved in 1901. After the famous
1928:
1050:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
424:, the laws of the British Virgin Islands are based upon very old English laws, and can cause some difficulty in modern times. Other areas of law, such as
3571:
1579:
1273:
1107:
1004:
56:
2618:
2091:
1652:
A licence to operate any kind of business is required under the Business, Professions and Trade Licences Act (Cap 200), although exceptions apply for
1601:
1221:
304:
634:
as the King's representative in the territory, but a refusal to grant Royal Assent has never yet occurred in the jurisdiction during the modern era.
773:
The BVI Business Companies Act is based largely on New Zealand company law, but has been modified to include many of the characteristic features of
3276:
2391:
1436:
1432:
was sworn in, and after initially sitting in temporary accommodation, the new Commercial Court building was officially opened on 4 November 2009.
1407:
1202:
1197:
280:
206:
191:
1635:
For example, the British Virgin Islands Electricity Corporation Act (Cap 277) confers a statutory monopoly on the generation of electricity; the
1587:
1444:
1338:
921:
631:
33:
3309:
1342:
1328:
778:
705:, including insolvency law, is relatively well developed in the British Virgin Islands. New legislation has been introduced to try to foster
525:
482:
142:
1138:
over shares in a British Virgin Islands company, the parties may completely exclude the effect of the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act.
1134:
updating is found in the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004, which (to assist structured finance transactions) provides that in relation to a
3422:
1456:
1085:
1074:
755:
299:
831:
is regulated by the Insolvency Act, 2003 and the Insolvency Rules, 2005 in the British Virgin Islands. The act is broadly based upon the
2734:
2727:
474:
3332:
1534:
744:
1081:, the code provides that a man cannot be guilty of raping his wife, even though this has not been the rule at common law since 1991.
3337:
3021:
1848:
1805:
1777:
1678:
1345:(referred to under former constitutions as the Executive Council, often still abbreviated locally to "ExCo"). This consists of the
1574:
Law Revision Act, 2014. Concerns have been expressed in relation to the statute as it also purports to confer direct power on the
2435:
2896:
1187:
2787:
2455:
1424:
653:
497:
436:. A large body of the laws of the British Virgin Islands consists of the common law, which continually updates itself through
429:
548:
In international terms, probably the most significant event which occurred in the territory's legal history was the trial and
3407:
3246:
3151:
2759:
2534:
2357:
1295:
1058:
759:
93:
81:
2514:
3417:
3091:
2884:
2428:
2228:
2084:
1636:
1439:. Unusually, the British Virgin Islands is one of the relatively few jurisdictions in the region which is opposed to the
808:
537:
130:
3271:
2586:
2054:
3014:
1021:
The British Virgin Islands constitution focuses heavily on a distinct cultural identity, contains commitments to uphold
330:
2645:
2144:
1095:
was abolished for murder in 1991 (controversially), and was subsequently also removed for the last remaining offences (
3432:
3251:
2127:
529:
holding measure; a part of the process that eventually led to the more fundamental constitutional government in 1967.
2766:
2132:
2059:
1998:
2965:
are not part of the volcanic Windward Islands arc, although sometimes grouped with them culturally and politically.
2781:
2750:
2571:
2112:
1868:
863:
transactions. It also contains specific "safe harbour" provisions relating to vulnerable transactions (principally
3402:
2948:
2697:
2406:
2139:
2117:
1440:
767:
533:
3141:
2827:
2706:
2348:
2331:
42:
3586:
3448:
3412:
3377:
3302:
3206:
2493:
2417:
2185:
2174:
804:, and it remains to be seen if the act becomes as widely copied as the old International Business Companies Act.
774:
397:
110:
3156:
3051:
2553:
2275:
2258:
2247:
2122:
3503:
3161:
2713:
2375:
2077:
872:
2600:
3241:
2843:
2720:
2325:
2295:
1118:
statutory protection in relation to paternal rights. Illegitimate children have no right to inherit upon an
3453:
2678:
2632:
2625:
2154:
1733:
are subject to a passenger tax; passengers flying in and out of the Territory are subject to an airport tax.
489:
169:
3261:
2337:
2202:
2026:
1605:
3357:
3256:
2877:
2442:
2318:
2302:
1639:(West Indies) Limited Telephones Act (Cap 168) (now partially repealed) conferred a statutory monopoly on
864:
393:
3266:
2658:
2611:
2364:
2165:
3146:
3096:
2944:
2861:
2807:
2529:
2288:
1417:
797:
478:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3076:
2903:
2802:
2523:
2311:
2281:
2220:
1413:
1049:
is almost entirely based upon English common law. The British Virgin Islands has no equivalent of the
3216:
3131:
3106:
2817:
2812:
1447:
has always expressed a strong disinclination to abandon a right of final appeal to the Privy Council.
3542:
3362:
3347:
3342:
3295:
3116:
3086:
3037:
2911:
2836:
2691:
2503:
860:
553:
252:
3211:
3196:
3121:
3101:
2850:
2665:
2508:
2478:
2471:
2196:
1435:
Appeals from the High Court lie to the Eastern Caribbean Court of Appeal. Final appeal lies to the
1353:
and four other ministers. The Governor normally attends and presides over meetings of the Cabinet.
3066:
2976:
2968:
2686:
1467:
1260:
1054:
836:
832:
782:
444:
3186:
2870:
2464:
3493:
3427:
3236:
3056:
2958:
2580:
2209:
1908:
1640:
876:
792:). It has also adopted some slightly novel and radical steps, such as abolishing the concept of
549:
437:
1840:
1797:
1769:
1670:
1015:
464:
1907:
Such as the Proceeds of Criminal Conduct Act, 1997 and the general power of the court to grant
693:
3367:
1844:
1801:
1773:
1674:
1599:
Caribbean Territories (Criminal Law) Order, 2000. Media comment on the development was mixed.
1530:
1524:
1470:, although that is a voluntary association and does not of itself have any power to regulate.
1283:
1183:
1135:
935:
868:
673:
610:
425:
1509:
Many of the local residents were heavily indebted, and feared that a court would allow their
730:
to speak of. In fact, the position is actually the reverse. A number of specific statutory
3498:
3483:
3468:
3352:
1498:
1463:
1429:
1334:
1256:
840:
714:
649:
433:
135:
3508:
3372:
3181:
3061:
2940:
2548:
2269:
1311:
1241:
1233:
951:
947:
727:
508:
409:
294:
17:
3191:
2989:
2796:
2003:
1479:
1369:
the terms and conditions of service of persons holding or acting in public offices; and
1307:
1175:
702:
657:
453:
1412:
Low level disputes and petty crimes in the British Virgin Islands are resolved in the
709:
in the jurisdiction. Other legislation is slightly variable; legislation relating to
3565:
3478:
3136:
3126:
3071:
2996:
2890:
2740:
1653:
1179:
1142:
1092:
852:
793:
758:, which provided a sophisticated and updated legal structure in which to incorporate
750:
677:
665:
401:
178:
3518:
3488:
3111:
2233:
1279:
1130:
1070:
1022:
856:
627:
578:
98:
3387:
2064:
3528:
3523:
3318:
3081:
2952:
2936:
2191:
1730:
1333:
Under the British Virgin Islands constitution, executive power is vested in the
1291:
1252:
1216:
1026:
975:
958:
828:
801:
710:
383:
86:
1745:
The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007 (Statutory Instrument 2007 No. 1678)
3549:
3513:
1145:
in the early 1970s, which considerably simplified domestic conveyancing. The
964:
931:
824:
820:
706:
697:
Commercial law is given major emphasis by the territory's legislative process.
574:
421:
405:
375:
3463:
3458:
2101:
1824:
1356:
The constitution reserves certain key functions to the Governor, including:
1287:
1228:
1171:
1119:
992:
943:
763:
597:
The Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (Virgin Islands) Act (Cap 80) provides:
417:
413:
2933:
are parts of transregional sovereign states or non-sovereign dependencies.
835:
of the United Kingdom (without the changes brought into effect by the UK's
1703:
stamp duty in the usual way if the document is brought into the Territory.
1073:
of the territory was consolidated into a single piece of legislation, the
420:
and other related matters. However, in a number of areas of law, such as
2980:
1510:
1146:
1046:
991:
The British Virgin Islands generally appears on most lists of recognised
981:
939:
927:
786:
731:
560:; the only time a British subject was ever executed for killing a slave.
1889:
Such as the Mutual Legal Assistance (United States of America) Act, 1990
1380:, and certain other specific prerogative powers under the constitution.
934:
in the British Virgin Islands, the effective rate is zero. There is no
670:
Caribbean Territories (Abolition of Death Penalty for Murder) Order 1991
3006:
2985:
2069:
1299:
1100:
848:
619:
582:
493:
379:
1482:
for the purposes of reviewing and revising the laws of the territory.
908:
Financial services in the British Virgin Islands are regulated by the
2992:
2972:
2962:
1722:
1377:
1096:
1282:
are broadly respected in the British Virgin Islands. Repression of
967:, which usually only applies to transfers of land, and transfers of
536:
was abolished in 1956 the British Virgin Islands would join the new
452:). The British Virgin Islands does not have a separate vote at the
2999:
region, but occasionally also with the Caribbean region culturally.
1360:
external affairs, subject to certain specifically excluded matters;
1206:
2 All ER 492 was an appeal from the British Virgin Islands courts.
588:
The Common Law (Declaration of Application) Act (Cap 13) provides:
1466:. Most resident lawyers in the Territory are also members of the
968:
692:
609:
557:
463:
396:
tends to be a combination of the very old and the very new. As a
1141:
In relation to real estate, the British Virgin Islands adopted a
1726:
1159:
1078:
3291:
3010:
2073:
1565:
Virgin Islands (Constitution) Order, 1976 (SI No 2145 of 1976).
1178:
are all empowered by statute in the territory - non-charitable
811:
in the British Virgin Islands under the Partnership Act, 1996.
3287:
1556:
Virgin Islands (Constitution) Order, 1967 (SI No 471 of 1967).
1030:
954:. The only real tax burdens imposed in the jurisdiction are:
389:
749:
The British Virgin Islands has one of the most sophisticated
1729:
within the Territory must be assessed with 10¢ cheque duty;
400:, the territory has extremely modern statutes dealing with
1999:"Long-Awaited Legal Profession Act To Undergo Fine-Tuning"
1578:
to amend primary legislation, but under article 79 of the
1306:
However, the laws in the British Virgin Islands do openly
1018:, had already called for a further constitutional review.
1341:. The constitution also provides for the composition of
1462:
The legal profession in the British Virgin Islands is a
626:
in the British Virgin Islands. Statutes are subject to
1394:
The British Virgin Islands legislature consists of the
2060:
Legal Guides to British Virgin Islands commercial law
2055:
BVI Financial Services Commission legislation library
477:. The British expelled the Dutch in 1672 during the
1867:. BVI Property Guide. September 2009. Archived from
440:
in the territory and in other common law countries.
3441:
3395:
3325:
3170:
3044:
2860:
2826:
2780:
2749:
2677:
2644:
2599:
2570:
2492:
2454:
2416:
2405:
2374:
2347:
2257:
2246:
2219:
2173:
2164:
2153:
2027:"Still no body to vet, punish lawyers a year later"
428:, are essentially regulated externally through the
2951:constituents but subsumed with the country of the
1602:"Island Sun - Local News - British Virgin Islands"
726:In the British Virgin Islands, there is almost no
532:The British Government had hoped that after the
1898:Such as the Drug Trafficking Offences Act, 1992
1396:House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands
1390:House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands
1310:against people who do not hold what is called “
599:
590:
1656:, licensed banks and other financial services.
1416:. More serious matters are dealt with in the
1366:internal security, including the Police Force;
987:Various minor ancillary taxes and permit fees.
581:are extended to the British Virgin Islands by
3303:
3022:
2085:
1626:Such as the Electronic Transactions Act, 2001
1523:Ian Henry and Susan Dickson (21 March 2011).
351:
8:
1376:The Governor retains a prerogative power of
1051:Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
892:Securities and Investment Business Act, 2010
1478:The British Virgin Islands has a dedicated
1170:The British Virgin Islands law relating to
1057:. Similarly there is no equivalent to the
3310:
3296:
3288:
3029:
3015:
3007:
2823:
2674:
2451:
2413:
2344:
2254:
2216:
2170:
2161:
2092:
2078:
2070:
2065:Constitution of the British Virgin Islands
1423:The British Virgin Islands is part of the
1274:Human rights in the British Virgin Islands
1224:is regulated by the Arbitration Act, 2013.
1162:is largely based upon English common law.
1108:Human rights in the British Virgin Islands
1005:Constitution of the British Virgin Islands
473:what is now the British Virgin Islands to
358:
344:
28:
1455:The legal profession is regulated by the
1222:Arbitration in the British Virgin Islands
926:The British Virgin Islands has almost no
843:' rights". The legislation includes the
614:Revised Laws of the Virgin Islands, 1991
2939:that with the ABC islands comprise the
1741:
1739:
1490:
1408:Judiciary of the British Virgin Islands
1203:T Choithram International SA v Pagarani
449:
319:
279:
190:
31:
3582:Politics of the British Virgin Islands
1445:British Virgin Islands Bar Association
922:Taxation in the British Virgin Islands
904:Financing and Money Services Act, 2009
34:Politics of the British Virgin Islands
3577:Economy of the British Virgin Islands
1837:British Virgin Islands Commercial Law
1794:British Virgin Islands Commercial Law
1766:British Virgin Islands Commercial Law
1667:British Virgin Islands Commercial Law
1329:Cabinet of the British Virgin Islands
1086:Offences Against the Person Act, 1861
1029:, and professes a national belief in
483:History of the British Virgin Islands
7:
1457:Virgin Islands General Legal Council
1363:defence, including the armed forces;
1014:. By 2010 the Premier at the time,
756:International Business Companies Act
300:British Overseas Territories citizen
895:Banks and Trust Companies Act, 1990
961:on employees within the territory.
777:(such as removing restrictions on
745:British Virgin Islands company law
25:
3572:Law of the British Virgin Islands
1372:the administration of the courts.
1200:decision on "imperfect gifts" in
930:. Although there is technically
910:BVI Financial Services Commission
762:, and was widely copied by other
398:leading offshore financial centre
372:law of the British Virgin Islands
3386:
3152:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2535:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1712:Land and House Tax Act (Cap 207)
1526:British Overseas Territories Law
760:international business companies
660:are promulgated in this manner.
468:The Virgin Islands Supreme Court
443:The British Virgin Islands is a
41:
2515:Carriacou and Petite Martinique
1988:Article 62 of the Constitution.
1979:Article 43 of the Constitution.
1970:Article 60 of the Constitution.
1961:Article 49 of the Constitution.
1952:Article 47 of the Constitution.
1586:and requires the assent of the
1425:Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
1193:and widened investment powers.
875:) on an insolvency, to protect
654:United Nations Security Council
498:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865
430:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
1582:this power is reserved to the
1059:Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
912:(usually abbreviated to FSC).
809:limited liability partnerships
1:
538:Federation of the West Indies
3277:United States Virgin Islands
2358:Collectivity of Saint Martin
1922:"Caribbean Development Bank"
1337:, and exercised through the
971:in companies which own land.
901:Company Management Act, 1990
807:It is also possible to form
668:for murder in 1991 with the
382:, and is based heavily upon
3433:Courts of England and Wales
1529:. Bloomsbury. p. 348.
1143:Torrens registration system
1069:In 1997, almost all of the
3603:
2619:San Andrés and Providencia
1441:Caribbean Court of Justice
1405:
1387:
1326:
1271:
1105:
1002:
919:
775:offshore financial centres
768:BVI Business Companies Act
742:
534:Leeward Islands Federation
18:British Virgin Islands law
3537:
3384:
3252:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2924:
2108:
873:voidable floating charges
3272:Turks and Caicos Islands
2587:Turks and Caicos Islands
1190:Bartlett v Barclays Bank
281:Administrative divisions
175:Leader of the Opposition
1693:Payroll Taxes Act, 2004
1210:Other legal disciplines
1158:British Virgin Islands
1045:British Virgin Islands
865:undervalue transactions
684:Specific legal subjects
170:Corine George-Massicote
3474:British Virgin Islands
3202:British Virgin Islands
3038:Law of North America
2385:British Virgin Islands
2145:West Indies Federation
1865:"Land Holding License"
1499:Amelioration Act, 1798
796:and rules relating to
698:
615:
603:
595:
573:Principles of English
469:
394:British Virgin Islands
3142:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2935:These three form the
2735:South Caribbean Coast
2728:North Caribbean Coast
2332:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2128:Caribbean Netherlands
1843:. 2012. p. 195.
1800:. 2012. p. 128.
1497:An example being the
1053:, and applies strict
1012:2007 general election
696:
613:
569:Common law and equity
479:Third Anglo-Dutch War
467:
2977:Disputed territories
2969:Disputed territories
2767:Venezuelan Caribbean
2436:Federal Dependencies
2133:Netherlands Antilles
1772:. 2012. p. 15.
1673:. 2012. para 7.004.
1286:, interference with
1186:, abrogation of the
819:The law relating to
779:financial assistance
701:Generally speaking,
556:for the murder of a
554:Arthur William Hodge
374:is a combination of
3157:Trinidad and Tobago
3052:Antigua and Barbuda
2963:continental islands
2760:Colombian Caribbean
2554:Trinidad and Tobago
2392:U.S. Virgin Islands
2276:Antigua and Barbuda
2113:British West Indies
2033:. 21 September 2016
1909:Anton Piller orders
1871:on 6 September 2009
1841:Sweet & Maxwell
1798:Sweet & Maxwell
1770:Sweet & Maxwell
1671:Sweet & Maxwell
1468:BVI Bar Association
1430:Edward Bannister QC
1278:In practice, basic
1261:terrorist financing
1075:Criminal Code, 1997
1055:privity of contract
898:Insurance Act, 2008
851:laws to facilitate
837:Enterprise Act 2002
833:Insolvency Act 1986
783:thin capitalisation
445:dependent territory
264:National Democratic
3338:Administrative law
3092:Dominican Republic
2885:Venezuelan Guayana
2229:Dominican Republic
2140:French West Indies
2118:Danish West Indies
2007:. 15 November 2014
1641:telecommunications
1637:Cable and Wireless
1414:magistrates' court
1318:Legal institutions
1249:Investigatory laws
1184:perpetuity periods
1061:in the territory.
999:Constitutional law
883:Financial services
877:structured finance
869:unfair preferences
699:
622:are passed by the
616:
470:
450:Constitutional law
438:judicial precedent
3559:
3558:
3285:
3284:
3174:other territories
3004:
3003:
2997:Northern American
2959:Physiographically
2920:
2919:
2828:Yucatán Peninsula
2776:
2775:
2595:
2594:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2543:
2542:
2488:
2487:
2429:Insular Venezuela
2401:
2400:
2242:
2241:
1934:on 20 August 2018
1721:For example, all
1584:House of Assembly
1284:freedom of speech
1166:Trusts and equity
1136:security interest
936:capital gains tax
841:secured creditors
785:, and permitting
715:bills of exchange
674:decriminalisation
650:Orders in Council
645:Orders in Council
624:House of Assembly
448:(see below under
426:international law
368:
367:
321:Foreign relations
310:Visa requirements
246:Political parties
161:House of Assembly
16:(Redirected from
3594:
3587:Offshore finance
3454:Northern Ireland
3396:Further subjects
3390:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3242:Saint Barthélemy
3172:Dependencies and
3045:Sovereign states
3031:
3024:
3017:
3008:
2979:administered by
2971:administered by
2897:Guayana Esequiba
2824:
2675:
2452:
2414:
2345:
2326:Saint Barthélemy
2255:
2217:
2171:
2162:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1927:. Archived from
1926:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1839:(2nd ed.).
1832:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1796:(2nd ed.).
1790:
1784:
1783:
1768:(2nd ed.).
1762:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1669:(2nd ed.).
1663:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1604:. Archived from
1597:
1591:
1576:Attorney General
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1520:
1514:
1513:direct recourse.
1507:
1501:
1495:
1464:fused profession
1451:Legal profession
1351:Attorney General
1296:arbitrary arrest
1257:money laundering
1147:Cadastral survey
766:. In 2004, the
434:Order in Council
360:
353:
346:
136:Natalio Wheatley
45:
29:
21:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3533:
3509:Anglo-Saxon law
3442:Related systems
3437:
3423:Civil procedure
3408:Competition law
3391:
3382:
3373:Retained EU law
3333:UK Constitution
3321:
3316:
3286:
3281:
3175:
3173:
3166:
3040:
3035:
3005:
3000:
2988:is an isolated
2947:are not direct
2943:, of which the
2941:Dutch Caribbean
2929:Territories in
2916:
2856:
2822:
2786:
2783:
2772:
2745:
2679:Central America
2673:
2649:
2647:
2640:
2633:Serranilla Bank
2626:Bajo Nuevo Bank
2602:
2591:
2573:
2558:
2539:
2495:
2484:
2450:
2419:
2408:
2397:
2370:
2343:
2260:
2249:
2238:
2215:
2176:
2156:
2149:
2123:Dutch Caribbean
2104:
2098:
2051:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1654:trust companies
1651:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1608:on 13 July 2011
1600:
1598:
1594:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1476:
1453:
1410:
1404:
1392:
1386:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1312:belonger status
1276:
1270:
1242:Immigration law
1234:belonger status
1212:
1176:offshore trusts
1168:
1156:
1128:
1115:
1110:
1067:
1043:
1007:
1001:
952:inheritance tax
948:value added tax
924:
918:
885:
817:
747:
741:
728:competition law
724:
722:Competition law
691:
686:
647:
608:
571:
566:
546:
509:George Suckling
490:Leeward Islands
475:Lord Willoughby
462:
364:
335:
331:Other countries
315:
314:
295:Belonger status
290:
275:
274:
269:
268:
265:
258:
257:
254:
240:
201:
186:
185:
156:
148:
147:
126:
118:
117:
106:Deputy Governor
77:
69:
68:
59:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3600:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:Commercial law
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3262:Sint Eustatius
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Cayman Islands
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2993:oceanic island
2990:North Atlantic
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2654:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2615:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2424:
2422:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2378:
2376:Virgin Islands
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2338:Sint Eustatius
2334:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2203:Navassa Island
2199:
2194:
2189:
2186:Cayman Islands
2181:
2179:
2168:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2049:External links
2047:
2045:
2044:
2018:
2004:The Island Sun
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1913:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1856:
1849:
1827:
1813:
1806:
1785:
1778:
1757:
1747:
1735:
1714:
1705:
1695:
1686:
1679:
1658:
1645:
1628:
1619:
1592:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1536:978-1849460194
1535:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:Law Commission
1475:
1472:
1452:
1449:
1406:Main article:
1403:
1400:
1388:Main article:
1385:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1327:Main article:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1272:Main article:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1246:
1238:
1225:
1211:
1208:
1180:purpose trusts
1167:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1127:
1124:
1114:
1111:
1066:
1063:
1042:
1039:
1003:Main article:
1000:
997:
989:
988:
985:
984:and house tax.
979:
972:
962:
920:Main article:
917:
914:
906:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
884:
881:
879:transactions.
816:
815:Insolvency law
813:
743:Main article:
740:
737:
723:
720:
703:commercial law
690:
689:Commercial law
687:
685:
682:
658:civil aviation
646:
643:
607:
604:
570:
567:
565:
564:Sources of law
562:
545:
542:
461:
458:
454:United Nations
366:
365:
363:
362:
355:
348:
340:
337:
336:
334:
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324:
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316:
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253:Virgin Islands
251:
250:
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241:
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228:
223:
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90:
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67:
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60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
46:
38:
37:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3599:
3588:
3585:
3583:
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3570:
3569:
3567:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
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3539:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:United States
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
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3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:Core subjects
3324:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3162:United States
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3009:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
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2960:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2913:
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1093:death penalty
1089:
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678:homosexuality
675:
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666:death penalty
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460:Legal history
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3348:Contract law
3343:Criminal law
3267:Sint Maarten
3247:Saint Martin
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1595:
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1552:
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1525:
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1461:
1454:
1434:
1422:
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1308:discriminate
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1196:The leading
1195:
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1140:
1131:Property law
1129:
1126:Property law
1116:
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1071:criminal law
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1065:Criminal law
1047:contract law
1044:
1041:Contract law
1035:
1023:human rights
1020:
1016:Ralph O'Neal
1008:
990:
925:
907:
886:
857:credit event
818:
806:
788:
772:
748:
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518:
514:
506:
502:
487:
471:
442:
388:
371:
369:
111:David Archer
99:Daniel Pruce
63:
57:Constitution
26:
3529:Hue and cry
3524:Bloody Code
3494:New Zealand
3403:Company law
3319:English law
3237:Puerto Rico
3147:Saint Lucia
3097:El Salvador
2953:Netherlands
2945:BES islands
2937:SSS islands
2862:The Guianas
2808:El Salvador
2698:Bay Islands
2648:continental
2612:Aves Island
2574:Archipelago
2530:Saint Lucia
2456:ABC islands
2296:Les Saintes
2289:La DĂ©sirade
2210:Puerto Rico
2100:Law of the
2037:21 February
2011:21 February
1938:15 December
1875:9 September
1731:cruise ship
1725:drawn on a
1384:Legislature
1343:the Cabinet
1292:rule of law
1253:tax evasion
1217:Arbitration
1182:, extended
1103:) in 2001.
1027:rule of law
976:import duty
959:Payroll tax
861:derivatives
829:liquidation
802:Isle of Man
751:company law
739:Company law
711:arbitration
606:Legislation
410:banking law
402:company law
384:English law
289:Citizenship
266:Party (NDP)
255:Party (VIP)
155:Legislative
87:Charles III
3566:Categories
3514:Common law
3428:Family law
3413:Labour law
3232:Montserrat
3227:Martinique
3222:Guadeloupe
3077:Costa Rica
2904:Tigri Area
2803:Costa Rica
2524:Martinique
2312:Montserrat
2282:Guadeloupe
2221:Hispaniola
1612:19 January
1474:Law reform
1418:high court
1229:Labour law
1113:Family law
1106:See also:
993:tax havens
965:Stamp duty
932:income tax
825:bankruptcy
821:insolvency
764:tax havens
732:monopolies
707:e-commerce
672:, and the
593:Islands...
575:common law
422:family law
406:insolvency
376:common law
3499:Singapore
3484:Hong Kong
3469:Australia
3368:Trust law
3217:Greenland
3132:Nicaragua
3107:Guatemala
2818:Nicaragua
2813:Guatemala
2784:groupings
2646:Caribbean
2601:Caribbean
2409:Caribbean
2102:Caribbean
1823:1 AC 599
1755:of mercy.
1511:creditors
1486:Footnotes
1402:Judiciary
1323:Executive
1288:democracy
1120:intestacy
944:sales tax
789:in specie
680:in 2000.
550:execution
418:insurance
414:trust law
214:General:
207:elections
200:Elections
192:Judiciary
125:Executive
82:Sovereign
3543:Category
3459:Scotland
3378:Case law
3353:Tort law
3182:Anguilla
3117:Honduras
3087:Dominica
3062:Barbados
2981:Colombia
2961:, these
2912:Suriname
2837:Campeche
2692:Honduras
2549:Barbados
2504:Dominica
2494:Windward
2420:Antilles
2407:Southern
2270:Anguilla
2250:Antilles
2177:Antilles
2166:Antilles
2031:BVI News
1588:Governor
1339:Governor
1188:rule in
1160:tort law
1025:and the
982:Land tax
974:Customs
940:gift tax
928:taxation
632:Governor
620:statutes
507:In 1776
305:Passport
94:Governor
76:Monarchy
3449:UK-wide
3358:Privacy
3212:Curaçao
3197:Bonaire
3192:Bermuda
3122:Jamaica
3102:Grenada
3057:Bahamas
2986:Bermuda
2949:Kingdom
2931:italics
2851:Yucatán
2797:Bermuda
2666:Cozumel
2581:Bahamas
2572:Lucayan
2509:Grenada
2496:Islands
2479:Curaçao
2472:Bonaire
2418:Leeward
2261:Islands
2259:Leeward
2197:Jamaica
2175:Greater
1723:cheques
1542:22 June
1443:. The
1347:Premier
1335:Monarch
1300:torture
1290:or the
1101:treason
916:Tax law
855:upon a
853:set-off
849:netting
630:by the
583:statute
494:Antigua
392:in the
380:statute
205:Recent
166:Speaker
143:Cabinet
131:Premier
3550:Portal
3519:Equity
3479:Canada
3137:Panama
3127:Mexico
3072:Canada
3067:Belize
2973:Guyana
2891:Guyana
2741:Panama
2707:Izabal
2687:Belize
2547:
2248:Lesser
2157:Indies
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1821:R v. R
1804:
1776:
1677:
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1378:pardon
1349:, the
1294:, and
1172:trusts
1097:piracy
969:shares
847:model
618:Local
579:equity
3489:India
3464:Wales
3187:Aruba
3112:Haiti
2927:N.B.:
2871:Amapá
2844:Petén
2782:Wider
2714:LimĂłn
2465:Aruba
2234:Haiti
1932:(PDF)
1925:(PDF)
1237:2010.
558:slave
3257:Saba
3082:Cuba
2650:zone
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2192:Cuba
2155:West
2039:2017
2013:2017
1940:2012
1877:2009
1845:ISBN
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1727:bank
1675:ISBN
1614:2011
1544:2015
1531:ISBN
1298:and
1259:and
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1099:and
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