580:
231:
377:
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bring in women and children when they cleared the country, but to leave them with the guerrillas. ... Viewed as a gesture to
Liberals, on the eve of the new session of Parliament at Westminster, it was a shrewd political move. It also made excellent military sense, as it greatly handicapped the guerrillas, now that the drives were in full swing. ... It was effective precisely because, contrary to the Liberals' convictions, it was less humane than bringing them into camps, though this was of no great concern to Kitchener.
598:
355:, in March of 1901 Lord Kitchener initiated plans to deter guerrillas in a series of systematic drives, organised like a sporting shoot, with success defined by a weekly 'bag' of killed, captured and wounded Boers, and sweep the country bare of everything that could give sustenance to the guerrillas including women and children. Large epidemics of diseases including measles, killed thousands, affecting children the most. It was the clearance of civilians—uprooting a nation—that came to dominate the last phases of the war.
523:
off criticism, in the end it confirmed everything that Emily
Hobhouse had said. Indeed, if anything the Commission's recommendations went even further. The Commission insisted that rations should be increased and that additional nurses be sent out immediately, and included a long list of other practical measures designed to improve conditions in the camp. Millicent Fawcett was quite blunt in expressing her opinion that much of the catastrophe was owed to a simple failure to observe elementary rules of
490:, the Conservative secretary of state for war, first defended the government's policy by arguing that the camps were purely "voluntary" and that the interned Boers were "contented and comfortable", but was somewhat undermined as he had no firm statistics to back up his argument, so when his "voluntary" argument proved untenable, he argued that all measures being taken were "military necessities" and stated that everything possible was being done to ensure satisfactory conditions in the camps.
621:. This was disingenuous as the countryside had by then been devastated under the "Scorched Earth" policy (the Fawcett Commission in December 1901 in its recommendations commented that: "to turn 100,000 people now being held in the concentration camps out on the veldt to take care of themselves would be cruelty") and now that the New Model counter insurgency tactics were in full swing, it made little sense to leave the Boer families by themselves in desperate conditions in the countryside.
507:
33:
388:" policy—including the systematic destruction of crops and the slaughtering or removal of livestock, the burning down of homesteads and farms—to prevent the Boers from resupplying themselves from a home base, many tens of thousands of men, women and children were forcibly moved into the camps. This was not the first appearance of internment camps, as the Spanish had used
359:
129:
305:
74:
538:"Improvements were much slower in coming to the black camps". It is thought that about 12 percent of black African inmates died (about 14,154) but the precise number of deaths of black Africans in concentration camps is unknown as little attempt was made to keep any records of the 107,000 black Africans who were interned.
450:
503:
August 1901, it was clear to government and opposition alike that Miss
Hobhouse's worst fears were being confirmed – 93,940 Boers and 24,457 black Africans were reported to be in "camps of refuge" and the crisis was becoming a catastrophe as the death rates appeared very high, especially among the children.
633:
No doubt the continued 'hullabaloo' at the death-rate in these concentration camps, and Milner's belated agreement to take over their administration, helped change
Kitchener's mind . ... By mid-December at any rate, Kitchener was already circulating all column commanders with instructions not to
403:
The camps were poorly administered from the outset and they became increasingly overcrowded when Lord
Kitchener's troops implemented the internment strategy on a vast scale. Conditions were terrible for the health of the internees, mainly due to neglect, poor hygiene and bad sanitation. The supply of
493:
Hobhouse published a report in June 1901 that contradicted
Brodrick's claim, and Lloyd George then openly accused the government of "a policy of extermination" directed against the Boer population. The same month Liberal opposition party leader Campbell-Bannerman took up the assault and answered the
551:
had served as a volunteer doctor in the
Langman Field Hospital at Bloemfontein between March and June 1900. In his widely distributed and translated pamphlet 'The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct' he justified both the reasonings behind the war and handling of the conflict itself. He also
534:
ordered Alfred Milner to ensure that "all possible steps are being taken to reduce the rate of mortality". The civil authority took over the running of the camps from
Kitchener and the British command and by February 1902 the annual death-rate in the concentration camps for white inmates dropped to
502:
Although the government had comfortably won the parliamentary debate by a margin of 252 to 149, it was stung by the criticism. Concerned by the escalating public outcry, it called on
Kitchener for a detailed report. In response, complete statistical returns from camps were sent out in July 1901. By
494:
rhetorical question "When is a war not a war?" with his own rhetorical answer "When it is carried on by methods of barbarism in South Africa", referring to those same camps and the policies that created them. The
Hobhouse report caused uproar both domestically and among the international community.
522:
and thus a government supporter and considered a safe pair of hands. Between August and December 1901, the Fawcett Commission conducted its own tour of the camps in South Africa. While it is probable that the British government expected the Commission to produce a report that could be used to fend
479:
for holiday in England but, unfortunately for both the camp internees and the British government, he had no time for Miss Hobhouse, regarding her as a Boer sympathiser and "trouble maker". On her return, Emily Hobhouse did much to publicise the distress of the camp inmates. She managed to speak to
342:
As the Boers used a 'guerrilla warfare' strategy, they lived off the land and used their farms as a source of food making their farms a key item in their many successes at the beginning of the war. When Kitchener realized that a traditional warfare style would not work against the Boers, he began
624:
It was according to one historian that "at Boer leader Louis Botha asserted that he had tried to send families to the British, but they had refused to receive them". Quoting a Boer commandant referring to Boer women and children made refugees by Britain's scorched-earth policy as saying, "Our
437:
government on the back of recent British victories against the Boers, public support quickly waned as it became apparent that the war would not be easy and further unease developed following reports filtering back to Britain concerning the treatment of Boer civilians by the British. Public and
399:
Eventually, there were a total of 45 tented camps which were built for Boer internees and 64 additional camps which were built for black Africans. The vast majority of Boers who remained in the local camps were women and children. Between 18,000 and 26,000 women and children perished in these
542:
The main decisions (or their absence) had been left to the soldiers, to whom the life or death of the 154,000 Boer and African civilians in the camps rated as an abysmally low priority. ... ten months after the subject had first been raised in Parliament ... ... the terrible
625:
families are in a pitiable condition and the enemy uses those families to force us to surrender ...and there is little doubt that that was indeed the intention of Kitchener when he had issued instructions that no more families were to be brought into the concentration camps ".
535:
6.9 percent and eventually to 2 percent. However, by then the damage had been done. A report after the war concluded that 27,927 Boers (of whom 24,074 were children under 16) had died in the camps. In all, about one in four (25 percent) of the Boer inmates, mostly children, died.
408:
were meagre and there was a two-tier allocation policy, whereby families of men who were still fighting were routinely given smaller rations than others. The inadequate shelter, poor diet, bad hygiene and overcrowding led to malnutrition and endemic contagious diseases such as
612:
However, to Lord Kitchener and British High Command "the life or death of the 154,000 Boer and African civilians in the camps rated as an abysmally low priority" against military objectives. As the Fawcett Commission was delivering its recommendations, Kitchener wrote to
552:
pointed out that over 14,000 British soldiers had died of disease during the conflict (as opposed to 8,000 killed in combat) and at the height of epidemics he was seeing 50–60 British soldiers dying each day in a single ill-equipped and overwhelmed military hospital.
543:
mortality figures were at last declining. In the interval, at least twenty thousand whites and twelve thousand coloured people had died in the concentration camps, the majority from epidemics of measles and typhoid that could have been avoided.
3136:
A Century of Postgraduate Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) Studies: Masters' and Doctoral Studies Completed at Universities in South Africa, in English-speaking Countries and on the European Continent, 1908–2008
467:, a delegate of the South African Women and Children's Distress Fund, visited some of the camps in the Orange Free State from January 1901, and in May 1901 she returned to England on board the ship, the
456:
campaigned for improvement to the appalling conditions of the concentration camps. She helped to alter public opinion and to force the government to improve conditions in the camps, resulting in the
560:
It has been argued that "this was not a deliberately genocidal policy; rather it was the result of disastrous lack of foresight and rank incompetence on part of the military". Scottish historian
207:
2517:
438:
political opposition to government policies in South Africa regarding Boer civilians was first expressed in Parliament in February 1901 in the form of an attack on the government by the
396:, but the Boer War concentration camp system was the first time that a whole nation had been systematically targeted, and the first in which some whole regions had been depopulated.
514:
The government responded to the growing clamour by appointing a commission. The Fawcett Commission, as it became known was, uniquely for its time, an all-woman affair headed by
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92:
46:
3201:
652:
is estimated to number around 40,000 by May of 1902, the majority of which were women and children. The total deaths in camps are officially calculated at 27,927 deaths.
601:
3216:
3191:
3181:
1909:
in concentration was recorded at 115,700. The total Black deaths in camps are officially calculated at a minimum of 14 154. 81% of the fatalities were children.
2494:"To fully reconcile The Boer War is to fully understand the 'Black' Concentration Camps by Peter Dickens (The Observation Post), | South African History Online"
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who professed to be suitably outraged but was disinclined to press the matter, as his party was split between the imperialists and the pro-Boer factions.
2809:
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579:
3000:
2958:
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52:
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to which the children were particularly vulnerable. Due to a shortage of modern medicine facilities and medical mistreatment, many internees died.
586:, as he then was styled, was one of the most controversial British generals in the war. Lord Kitchener took over control of British forces from
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150:
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defending his policy of sweeps, and emphasising that no new Boer families were being brought in unless they were in danger of facing
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2845:
186:
168:
110:
60:
3042:
3028:
3014:
2615:
Marks, S. (2015). The Concentration Camps of the Anglo-Boer War: A Social History. Journal of Southern African Studies, (5), 1133.
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230:
3176:
2440:
A personal copy of Millicent Fawcett's report, together with extensive photographs and inserts, is available for consultation at
3221:
3171:
1457:
587:
84:
3001:"Women and Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 | South African History Online"
2959:"Women and Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 | South African History Online"
2599:"Women and Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 | South African History Online"
1906:
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3196:
3099:
923:
626:
352:
2679:"Women and Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 | South African History Online"
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took command of the British forces and implemented some of the controversial tactics that led to a British victory.
2862:
564:
has also argued that "Kitchener no more desired the deaths of women and children in the camps than of the wounded
404:
all items was unreliable, partly because of the constant disruption of communication lines by the Boers. The food
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1817:
1263:
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597:
481:
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1667:
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2065:
2053:
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2011:
1999:
1987:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1931:
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718:
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389:
324:
1095:
1902:
1569:
1039:
863:
713:
376:
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
3127:
Methods of Barbarism: Roberts and Kitchener and Civilians in the Boer Republics January 1900 – May 1902
2972:
3043:"Black Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War 2, 1900-1902 | South African History Online"
3029:"Black Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War 2, 1900-1902 | South African History Online"
3015:"Black Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War 2, 1900-1902 | South African History Online"
2340:
1857:
695:
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1343:
843:
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2232:
2006:
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2470:"Black Concentration Camps during the Anglo–Boer War 2, 1900–1902 | South African History Online"
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443:
439:
370:
320:
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1994:
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3081:
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Somewhat higher figures for total deaths in the concentration camps are given some historians.
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1026:
990:
928:
908:
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754:
515:
457:
393:
328:
296:
3139:
2274:
2774:
2715:
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1972:
1475:
1131:
803:
519:
203:
17:
2116:
2060:
1862:
1802:
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1404:
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1100:
1080:
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970:
848:
828:
316:
222:
3065:
Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power
3060:
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and was responsible for expanding the British response to the Boers' guerrilla tactics.
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366:
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1421:
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1308:
1225:
1156:
1136:
1113:
888:
868:
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initiating plans that would later cause much controversy in the British public.
332:
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1649:
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985:
649:
618:
258:
2535:
202:"British concentration camps" redirects here. For detention camps during the
3104:
2810:"From the archive blog: 19 June 1901: The South African concentration camps"
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1439:
1283:
1243:
1207:
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565:
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358:
2973:"Second Anglo-Boer War - 1899 - 1902 | South African History Online"
1948:
1513:
1303:
1075:
1021:
903:
749:
2727:
2703:
648:
The exact number of incarcerated victims of the concentration camps for
433:, also known as the "Khaki election", had resulted in a victory for the
199:
Internment of civilians by the British in the 1899-1902 African conflict
1960:
1877:
1797:
1779:
731:
524:
414:
410:
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304:
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who despite being the leader of the women's suffrage movement was a
449:
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596:
578:
505:
448:
375:
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303:
2704:"Made in Birmingham: Lloyd George, Chamberlain, and the Boer War"
308:
2444:, Old Castle Street, London E1 7NT, archive reference 7MGF/E/1
572:, or of his own soldiers in the typhoid stricken hospitals of
122:
67:
26:
208:
List of British Detention Camps during the Mau Mau Uprising
140:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2518:"Herbert Kitchener: The taskmaster | National Army Museum"
384:
As Boer farms were destroyed by the British under their "
2542:, Duke University Press, pp. 683–685, 2003-12-31,
146:
475:, High Commissioner in South Africa, also boarded the
380:
Native Africans in the Bonkerspruit concentration camp
288:
280:
264:
252:
244:
215:
3103:
319:which lasted from 1899–1902, the British operated
3129:. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. p. 265.
2763:"Emily Hobhouse's Peace Mission, 1916 on JSTOR"
631:
540:
284:154,000 interned in British concentration camps
87:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
555:
8:
2808:Guardian Research Department (19 May 2011).
2665:
3207:Buildings and structures demolished in 1902
2714:(2). University of Hawai'i Press: 124–139.
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3202:Buildings and structures completed in 1900
2761:Crangle, John V; Baylen, Joseph O (1979).
1911:
654:
556:Kitchener's policy and the post-war debate
425:UK public opinion and political opposition
311:women and children in a concentration camp
212:
1458:Orange River Station (Hopetown/Doornbult)
530:In November 1901, the Colonial Secretary
187:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2945:
2933:
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2748:
2653:
2582:
2640:The Brunt of the War, and where it Fell
2624:
2569:The Brunt of the War, and where it Fell
2461:
2433:
3217:Military history of the United Kingdom
3192:1902 disestablishments in South Africa
3182:Internment camps of the British Empire
2987:"Engelse Concentratiekampen 1899-1902"
2593:
2591:
3080:(2nd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris.
3076:Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith (2013).
2909:
629:writes of Kitchener's policy U-turn,
400:concentration camps due to diseases.
7:
2863:"Hobhouse report on Second Boer War"
606:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
3187:1900 establishments in South Africa
3167:Second Boer War concentration camps
2840:. Haus Publishing. pp. 79–80.
608:, under whom Lord Kitchener served.
584:The 1st Baron Kitchener of Khartoum
216:Second Boer War concentration camps
25:
2861:Rettenmaier, David (2017-12-22).
1897:Black African concentration camps
42:This article has multiple issues.
1905:was signed, the total number of
229:
127:
72:
31:
2767:Journal of Contemporary History
2702:Rintala, Marvin (Spring 1988).
1771:February 1901 - September 1902
1715:September 1900 - November 1902
1353:September 1901 - December 1902
1273:February 1902 - September 1902
274:20,000 or more native Africans
50:or discuss these issues on the
3095:; a standard scholarly history
1543:November 1900 - November 1902
1217:September 1900 - January 1903
1197:February 1901 - December 1901
1067:December 1900 - February 1903
741:February 1901 - December 1902
723:February 1901 - December 1902
1:
3138:. African Sun Media. p.
1753:February 1901 - January 1903
1733:January 1901 - February 1901
1659:December 1900 - January 1903
1639:February 1900 - January 1903
1579:January 1902 - December 1902
1431:February 1901 - October 1902
1371:February 1901 - January 1903
1123:December 1900 - October 1902
1105:February 1902 - January 1903
1031:February 1901 - January 1903
1013:January 1901 - December 1902
687:January 1901 - November 1902
644:Afrikaner concentration camps
602:The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
1915:African concentration camps
1887:January 1901 - January 1903
1867:March 1902 - September 1902
1561:September 1900 - March 1903
1485:August 1900 - December 1902
1179:January 1901 - January 1903
1161:January 1901 - January 1903
1049:January 1901 - October 1902
2867:editions.covecollective.org
1847:January 1901 - August 1901
1467:April 1901 - November 1902
777:August 1900 - January 1903
639:List of concentration camps
365:, a Boer child, visited by
18:British concentration camps
3243:
3212:Ethnic cleansing in Africa
3110:. New York: Random House.
2779:10.1177/002200947901400409
1789:July 1901 - December 1902
1313:July 1901 - December 1902
975:October 1901 - April 1902
833:January 1902 - April 1902
795:January 1901 - March 1903
759:April 1901 - January 1902
705:July 1901 - December 1902
658:White concentration camps
480:the Liberal Party leader,
201:
1914:
1901:By May of 1902, when The
1697:April 902 - October 1902
1523:April 1902 - August 1902
1235:May 1901 - December 1902
1141:May 1902 - December 1902
995:November 1900 - May 1902
933:January 1901 - June 1901
893:March 1902 - August 1902
657:
228:
220:
2836:Hattersley, Roy (2006).
2666:Judd & Surridge 2013
2643:. Methuen & Company.
2637:Hobhouse, Emily (1902).
2572:. Methuen & Company.
2566:Hobhouse, Emily (1902).
1590:Pretoria Rest Camp (PTA)
1503:May 1901 - January 1903
1253:April 1901 - June? 1902
482:Henry Campbell-Bannerman
431:1900 UK general election
3177:Internment camps by war
3134:Wessels, André (2010).
3093:excerpt and text search
3078:The Boer War: A History
2751:, pp. 531–32, 536+
2548:10.2307/j.ctv1220psq.85
1827:March 1901 - July 1902
913:December 1900 - ?
351:According to historian
335:. In February of 1900,
3222:Racism in South Africa
3172:Second Boer War crimes
2536:"Methods of Barbarism"
2150:Van der Merwe Station
1938:Bezuidenhout's Valley
1619:March 1901 - May 1901
1449:May 1901 - March 1902
1333:October 1901 - ?
636:
609:
594:
545:
511:
498:The Fawcett Commission
461:
381:
373:
312:
149:by rewriting it in an
2720:10.1353/bio.2010.0580
2038:Groot Olifants River
1903:Treaty of Vereeniging
1668:Platrand (Standerton)
600:
591:The 1st Baron Roberts
582:
509:
452:
379:
361:
347:Scorched-earth policy
325:South Africa Republic
317:Second Anglo-Boer War
307:
3125:Spies, S.B. (1977).
2683:www.sahistory.org.za
2603:www.sahistory.org.za
2522:National Army Museum
2498:www.sahistory.org.za
2474:www.sahistory.org.za
1907:Black South Africans
268:Over 47,900 deaths:
2442:The Women's Library
1389:June 1901 - ?
1096:Jacobs Siding (DBN)
321:concentration camps
3227:Total institutions
3197:British war crimes
2948:, pp. 461–572
2838:Campbell-Bannerman
2738:– via JSTOR.
2540:Archives of Empire
2164:Transvaal Republic
2154:Transvaal Republic
2144:Transvaal Republic
2134:Transvaal Republic
2122:Transvaal Republic
2110:Transvaal Republic
2098:Transvaal Republic
2088:Transvaal Republic
2078:Transvaal Republic
2066:Transvaal Republic
2054:Transvaal Republic
2042:Transvaal Republic
2032:Transvaal Republic
2022:Transvaal Republic
2012:Transvaal Republic
2000:Transvaal Republic
1988:Transvaal Republic
1978:Transvaal Republic
1966:Transvaal Republic
1954:Transvaal Republic
1942:Transvaal Republic
1932:Transvaal Republic
1749:Transvaal Republic
1711:Transvaal Republic
1673:Transvaal Republic
1655:Transvaal Republic
1599:April 1901 - 1902
1595:Transvaal Republic
1575:Transvaal Republic
1570:Meintjieskop (PTA)
1557:Transvaal Republic
1499:Transvaal Republic
1445:Transvaal Republic
1367:Transvaal Republic
1289:Transvaal Republic
1231:Transvaal Republic
1175:Transvaal Republic
1119:Transvaal Republic
1063:Transvaal Republic
1009:Transvaal Republic
949:Transvaal Republic
853:May 1901 - ?
809:Transvaal Republic
737:Transvaal Republic
719:Transvaal Republic
701:Transvaal Republic
610:
595:
549:Arthur Conan Doyle
532:Joseph Chamberlain
512:
462:
458:Fawcett Commission
444:David Lloyd George
390:internment in Cuba
382:
374:
371:concentration camp
313:
239:concentration camp
151:encyclopedic style
138:is written like a
91:You can assist by
3149:978-1-920383-09-1
2425:
2424:
2366:Orange Free State
2356:Orange Free State
2352:Ventersburg Road
2346:Orange Free State
2334:Orange Free State
2324:Orange Free State
2312:Orange Free State
2300:Orange Free State
2290:Orange Free State
2280:Orange Free State
2268:Orange Free State
2258:Orange Free State
2248:Orange Free State
2238:Orange Free State
2226:Orange Free State
2214:Orange Free State
2204:Orange Free State
2194:Orange Free State
2184:Orange Free State
2174:Orange Free State
2140:Rietfontein West
1894:
1893:
1883:Orange Free State
1843:Orange Free State
1807:July 1901 - 1902
1767:Orange Free State
1729:Orange Free State
1635:Orange Free State
1615:Orange Free State
1463:Orange Free State
1427:Orange Free State
1249:Orange Free State
1213:Orange Free State
1114:Turffontein (JHB)
1027:Orange Free State
991:Orange Free State
929:Orange Free State
909:Orange Free State
791:Orange Free State
773:Orange Free State
755:Orange Free State
516:Millicent Fawcett
510:Millicent Fawcett
337:Herbert Kitchener
329:Orange Free State
302:
301:
297:Herbert Kitchener
197:
196:
189:
179:
178:
171:
121:
120:
113:
65:
16:(Redirected from
3234:
3153:
3130:
3121:
3109:
3100:Pakenham, Thomas
3091:
3072:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2989:. 28 April 2015.
2983:
2977:
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2580:
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2563:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2466:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2170:Allemans Siding
1973:Bronkhorstspruit
1912:
1476:Pietermaritzburg
804:Bronkhorstspruit
655:
615:St John Brodrick
520:Liberal Unionist
488:St John Brodrick
331:, Natal and the
233:
213:
204:Mau Mau Uprising
192:
185:
174:
167:
163:
160:
154:
131:
130:
123:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
76:
75:
68:
57:
35:
34:
27:
21:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3133:
3124:
3118:
3098:
3088:
3075:
3061:Ferguson, Niall
3059:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2998:
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2985:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2952:
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2920:
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2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2550:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2180:America Siding
2117:Olifantsfontein
2061:Klipriviersberg
1899:
1858:Wentworth (DBN)
672:Deaths (total)
646:
641:
627:Thomas Pakenham
558:
500:
427:
353:Thomas Pakenham
349:
295:, particularly
255:
240:
223:Second Boer War
211:
200:
193:
182:
181:
180:
175:
164:
158:
155:
147:help improve it
144:
132:
128:
117:
106:
100:
97:
90:
77:
73:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3240:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3131:
3122:
3116:
3096:
3087:978-1780765914
3086:
3073:
3071:. p. 235.
3055:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3034:
3020:
3006:
2992:
2978:
2964:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2924:, p. 250.
2914:
2912:, p. 265.
2902:
2890:
2888:, p. 235.
2878:
2853:
2846:
2828:
2800:
2773:(4): 731–744.
2753:
2741:
2694:
2670:
2668:, p. 195.
2658:
2656:, p. 505.
2646:
2629:
2617:
2608:
2587:
2585:, p. 493.
2575:
2558:
2527:
2509:
2485:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2446:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2390:
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2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
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2363:
2359:
2358:
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2337:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1838:Walerval Noord
1834:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:February 1901
1675:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1534:Port Elizabeth
1530:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1514:Pinetown (DBN)
1510:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1410:Never occupied
1407:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1344:Merebank (DBN)
1340:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1324:Matjiesfontein
1320:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1076:Isipingo (DBN)
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
988:
982:
981:
976:
973:
968:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
939:
934:
931:
926:
920:
919:
914:
911:
906:
900:
899:
894:
891:
886:
880:
879:
874:
871:
866:
860:
859:
854:
851:
846:
844:De Jagersdrift
840:
839:
834:
831:
826:
820:
819:
814:
811:
806:
800:
799:
796:
793:
788:
782:
781:
778:
775:
770:
764:
763:
760:
757:
752:
746:
745:
742:
739:
734:
728:
727:
724:
721:
716:
710:
709:
706:
703:
698:
692:
691:
688:
685:
680:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
660:
659:
645:
642:
640:
637:
562:Niall Ferguson
557:
554:
499:
496:
465:Emily Hobhouse
454:Emily Hobhouse
426:
423:
394:Ten Years' War
386:Scorched Earth
367:Emily Hobhouse
363:Lizzie van Zyl
348:
345:
300:
299:
293:British Empire
290:
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
276:
275:
272:
266:
262:
261:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
242:
241:
234:
226:
225:
218:
217:
198:
195:
194:
177:
176:
159:September 2024
135:
133:
126:
119:
118:
101:September 2024
80:
78:
71:
66:
40:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3239:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3117:0-394-42742-4
3113:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2946:Pakenham 1979
2942:
2939:
2936:, p. 524
2935:
2934:Pakenham 1979
2930:
2927:
2923:
2922:Ferguson 2002
2918:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2900:, p. 549
2899:
2898:Pakenham 1979
2894:
2891:
2887:
2886:Ferguson 2002
2882:
2879:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2847:1-904950-56-6
2843:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:Pakenham 1979
2745:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2654:Pakenham 1979
2650:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2630:
2627:, p. 32.
2626:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:Pakenham 1979
2579:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2559:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2394:Oranjerivier
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:Eensgevonden
2199:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:Greylingstad
2027:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:Frederikstad
2017:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Springfontein
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Potchefstroom
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
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873:October 1901
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81:This article
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3106:The Boer War
3105:
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2881:
2870:. Retrieved
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2837:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:The Guardian
2813:
2803:
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2686:. Retrieved
2682:
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2625:Wessels 2010
2620:
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2551:, retrieved
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2512:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:
2488:
2477:. Retrieved
2473:
2464:
2449:
2436:
2233:Honingspruit
2084:Natalspruit
2007:Elandsrivier
1900:
1870:
1863:Natal Colony
1850:
1830:
1810:
1803:Natal Colony
1762:Vredefortweg
1736:
1724:Viljoensdrif
1680:
1642:
1622:
1602:
1582:
1526:
1519:Natal Colony
1506:
1481:Natal Colony
1414:
1409:
1405:Natal Colony
1392:
1380:Modder River
1349:Natal Colony
1336:
1316:
1296:
1293:1900 - 1902
1276:
1269:Natal Colony
1256:
1200:
1193:Natal Colony
1144:
1101:Natal Colony
1085:
1081:Natal Colony
1045:Natal Colony
978:
971:Natal Colony
958:
953:
936:
916:
896:
876:
856:
849:Natal Colony
836:
829:Natal Colony
816:
768:Bloemfontein
678:Aliwal North
647:
632:
623:
611:
574:Bloemfontein
559:
546:
541:
537:
529:
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435:Conservative
428:
402:
398:
383:
350:
341:
314:
289:Perpetrators
271:27,927 Boers
237:Bloemfontein
183:
165:
156:
137:
107:
98:
85:copy editing
83:may require
82:
58:
51:
45:
44:Please help
41:
3069:Basic Books
2420:Cape Colony
2408:Cape Colony
2398:Cape Colony
2388:Cape Colony
2376:Cape Colony
2307:Thaba 'Nchu
2296:Serfontein
2264:Rietspruit
1984:Brugspruit
1871:undisclosed
1851:undisclosed
1831:undisclosed
1823:Cape Colony
1811:undisclosed
1785:Cape Colony
1737:undisclosed
1706:Vereeniging
1693:Cape Colony
1681:undisclosed
1643:undisclosed
1623:undisclosed
1603:undisclosed
1583:undisclosed
1539:Cape Colony
1527:undisclosed
1507:undisclosed
1494:Pietersburg
1422:Norvalspont
1393:undisclosed
1385:Cape Colony
1337:undisclosed
1329:Cape Colony
1317:undisclosed
1309:Cape Colony
1297:undisclosed
1277:undisclosed
1257:undisclosed
1226:Krugersdorp
1201:undisclosed
1157:Cape Colony
1145:undisclosed
1137:Cape Colony
1086:undisclosed
1058:Irene (PTA)
979:undisclosed
959:undisclosed
954:undisclosed
937:undisclosed
917:undisclosed
897:undisclosed
889:Cape Colony
884:East London
877:undisclosed
869:Cape Colony
857:undisclosed
837:undisclosed
817:undisclosed
683:Cape Colony
333:Cape Colony
315:During the
254:Attack type
3161:Categories
3054:References
2910:Spies 1977
2872:2023-10-07
2688:2023-10-07
2553:2023-12-28
2503:2021-09-01
2479:2021-09-01
2372:Boschhoek
2362:Wolwehoek
2330:Vet River
2244:Houtenbek
2221:Holfontein
2190:Boschrand
2094:Nelspruit
1995:Elandshoek
1650:Standerton
1400:Mooi River
1362:Middelburg
1170:Klerksdorp
1004:Heidelberg
986:Harrismith
650:Afrikaners
619:starvation
259:Internment
93:editing it
47:improve it
2795:159719565
2736:154239858
2708:Biography
2383:Kimberley
2319:Taaibosch
2286:Smaldeel
2129:Paardekop
2049:Koekemoer
1923:Location
1818:Warrenton
1744:Volksrust
1688:Uitenhage
1440:Nylstroom
1284:Lydenburg
1264:Ladysmith
1244:Ladybrand
1208:Kroonstad
1152:Kimberley
786:Brandfort
714:Barberton
666:Location
566:Dervishes
419:dysentery
248:1899-1902
53:talk page
3102:(1979).
3063:(2002).
2728:23539369
2415:Dryharts
2341:Virginia
2254:Koppies
2073:Meyerton
1949:Boksburg
1928:Bantjes
1304:Mafeking
1022:Heilbron
904:Edenburg
813:c. 1901
750:Bethulie
696:Balmoral
570:Omdurman
221:Part of
2404:Taungs
2275:Rooiwal
2210:Geneva
2160:Witkop
1961:Brakpan
1878:Winburg
1798:Vryheid
1780:Vryburg
864:Douglas
824:Colenso
732:Belfast
525:hygiene
415:typhoid
411:measles
406:rations
392:in the
323:in the
281:Victims
145:Please
3146:
3114:
3084:
2844:
2793:
2787:260184
2785:
2734:
2726:
1132:Kabusi
1040:Howick
966:Eshowe
944:Ermelo
669:Dates
568:after
265:Deaths
206:, see
2821:5 May
2791:S2CID
2783:JSTOR
2732:S2CID
2724:JSTOR
2428:Notes
2105:Nigel
1920:Name
1756:1009
1610:Reitz
1564:1085
1374:1621
1220:2000
1070:1179
798:1263
780:1695
762:1737
663:Name
477:Saxon
469:Saxon
3144:ISBN
3112:ISBN
3082:ISBN
2842:ISBN
2823:2021
1890:487
1792:251
1774:800
1718:156
1662:857
1488:213
1470:209
1452:525
1434:366
1356:471
1238:766
1182:786
1164:531
1126:716
1052:145
1034:602
1016:499
998:130
744:247
726:216
708:427
690:712
547:Sir
417:and
309:Boer
245:Date
2775:doi
2716:doi
2544:doi
1546:14
1415:N/A
1108:65
1090:22
576:."
442:MP
3163::
3142:.
3140:32
3067:.
2865:.
2812:.
2789:.
2781:.
2771:14
2769:.
2765:.
2730:.
2722:.
2712:11
2710:.
2706:.
2681:.
2601:.
2590:^
2538:,
2520:.
2496:.
2472:.
1700:9
604:,
527:.
471:.
446:.
413:,
327:,
56:.
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2546::
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190:)
184:(
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157:(
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114:)
108:(
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99:(
95:.
89:.
63:)
59:(
20:)
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