British hardened field defences of World War II

1657:(ROFs) and depots were critical to the war effort and considered vulnerable to enemy ground attack so were often protected by pillboxes. In the case of the larger factories, the standard FW3 types were used, but at smaller sites a special type was used. These were small flat-roofed square pillboxes, usually with distinctive long narrow embrasures in at least three of their sides; the door was usually low and protected by a blast wall. In some cases, such as at Norton Fitzwarren in Somerset, an AA position accessed by a ladder was added to the top of the pillbox. In a few locations, the narrow embrasure was replaced by a more standard rifle embrasure, as the narrow embrasure would have been difficult to use as a firing position due to its position and size. The long narrow observation type embrasure suggests these pillboxes were mainly intended as guard posts or fire watching posts, but would have served as a defensive position in the event of an attack. They are usually about 8 ft square but there is some variation in size across the country, and could accommodate two or three men. This type of pillbox is probably the most at risk as former ROF sites are being redeveloped for housing and industry; approximately 30 still exist. 305: 1105: 1455: 1783: 2026: 58: 436: 2083: 1396: 1091:

pillboxes are large elongated octagons and have three faces with embrasures at the front and rear and two long side walls, each of which has two embrasures close to either end of the wall. One side has the entrance, which has an attached porch. The mirrored front and back embrasures were intended to allow fire in both directions so the pillbox could not be flanked or bypassed by troops that managed to penetrate inland. Internally there is a large anti-ricochet wall that runs the length of the chamber with a T section at the front end but not the rear. The majority of these pillboxes are inaccessible as the entrances are now buried in the seawall. 36 examples of this type remain extant.

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using shuttering of wood (usually planks, but sometimes plywood) and/or corrugated iron. Wood shuttering was removed, whereas corrugated iron was sometimes left in place. Construction often took advantage of whatever materials were available locally (for example, at the coast, beach sand and pebbles would be used) and this expedient use of local materials had the added advantage of aiding camouflage. The reinforced concrete used in construction was generally conventional making use of thin steel

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with the smallest having external wall lengths of approximately 3m and the largest at 4.5m; this variation may be a result of later thickening of the walls of some thin-walled pillboxes at airfields. They are generally fitted with Turnbull Mounts allowing the use of a wide range of weapons. The versions with an AA well have four embrasures and those without have five centrally placed in each face. The door in these variants is offset to accommodate the fifth embrasure.

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loopholes. It was described as being possibly the most dangerous, cheap and nasty of all the pillbox designs. Being quick to manufacture was its biggest asset: it was possible to turn out about 20 a day, the concrete being cured in about 24 hours, but few were actually built. The standard model lacked a roof: others had a roof made of timber and corrugated iron, and earth; extra protection was provided by the use of sandbags. Only 27 examples of this type remain.

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overhanging slab, while offering some protection from strafing, is liable to ricochet bullets from below into the embrasure, which is, in any case, wide giving inadequate protection. Given the strategic importance of the port of Dover, it is possible that these were among the first World War II pillboxes constructed and they may have pre-dated the FW3 designs, but there is no evidence for this. 24 examples of this type remain extant.

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when necessary by means of a hydraulic mechanism. The fort was manned by a crew of two with light machine guns. Access was provided by means of a hatch in the roof. The forts were prone to flooding and they were not sufficiently strong to bear the weight of the heavy aircraft developed during the war. 48 examples of this type remain extant but a number of these are no longer in their original locations.

92:. Having very few tanks or lorries to form such a reserve, Ironside formulated a plan to have a "coastal crust" of defended beaches, backed up by a network of "stop lines" which would limit any incursion, with localised defences for "vulnerable points" such as airfields. Work on these defences continued through the summer of 1940, until in late July, Ironside was replaced by Sir 288:

thick, although shellproof versions with walls around 40 inches (1.0 m) thick were also built such as the granite and concrete examples on the Cowie Line in Kincardineshire and along the upper Thames in Oxfordshire. Internally, there is a Y- or T-shaped anti-ricochet wall (the top of the Y/T nearest the entrance); the internal wall also helps support the roof.

96:. By then, there were more resources for mobile defence and work on fixed defences became a lower priority, especially the stop lines which Brooke disliked. In February 1941, British General Headquarters issued an order that no more pillboxes were to be constructed. By then, some 28,000 pillboxes had been constructed; about 25 per cent of these have survived. 473:), each having a single embrasure. The embrasures are suitable for rifles or light machine guns. Internally, there is a Y-shaped anti-ricochet wall (the top of the Y nearest the entrance); the internal wall also helps support the roof. The type 24 was always built to at least bullet-proof standard of 12 inches (30 cm) thick, but often was thicker. 361:

defence: a Bren or Lewis gun on a mounting. Usually, there is no ground level entrance: to get in one had to climb over the wall into the open section and then pass through a door to the covered section. The walls were 8 feet (2.4 m) wide by 16 feet (4.9 m) long and usually built to a bulletproof standard of 12 inches (30 cm) thick.

484:) thick. This thick-walled variant is sometimes called a Type 29 by pillbox researchers but this is not an official designation. In a variant on the Scottish Command Line, the entrance was moved from the long wall and the two rifle embrasures were increased in size to allow a Bren and Boys Anti-tank rifle to be mounted side by side. 19: 1868:, Isle of Wight; one at Plymstock quarry, converted into a blast shelter for quarrying (now relocated to Knightstone Tea Rooms at the former World War II RAF Harrowbeer Airfield, near Yelverton); one at Exmouth seafront, Devon (re-located from docks); one at Builth Wells war memorial, Wales; two on display at 191:

be as low as ground level, others were raised up to give a better view; those built into hillsides might lack embrasures on some walls; the entrance could be moved and its size varied as might be convenient and there may be additional walls to protect the entrance, a free standing blast wall or a steel door.

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The lozenge pillbox is found only in the North East of England. Lozenge pillboxes are an irregular hexagon in plan with the front and rear walls significantly longer than the others; this allows space for four forward-facing embrasures. The rear wall has two embrasures and an entrance. The four short

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The basic designs were adapted to local circumstances and available building materials such that, outwardly, two pillboxes of the same basic design could look quite different. The height of a pillbox could vary significantly according to local needs: some were half buried so that the embrasures might

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in 1985. Interest was stimulated, both public and professional, and local surveys were carried out. These surveys culminated in the Defence of Britain Project, which took place from 1995 to 2002, attempting to record all known military defence sites. From this and other surveys, it is estimated that

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or hillside to provide the lowest possible profile; others had soil piled up on the roof and sides. Camouflage paint schemes and camouflage netting would be used to help break up the outline. Use was made of local materials: concrete made with beach sand, a covering of beach pebbles, or stone from a

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The type 27 is one of the largest of the FW3 designs. It is octagonal in plan with walls between 9 ft 9 in and 11 ft 6 in (3.0–3.5 m). The outer walls are 36 inches (91 cm) thick and have embrasures suitable for rifles or light machine guns on each facet. It has a central well open to

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The type 26 is a simple square in plan, each wall being 10 feet (3 m) long. There is a door in one side and embrasures in each of the remaining three walls with, possibly, an additional embrasure next to the door. There are no internal walls. Occasionally, there are two embrasures in one of the

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in five of the sides and an entrance in the other. The embrasures are suitable for rifles or light machine guns. Some have a low entrance that allows an extra embrasure above. Each wall is about 6 feet (1.8 m) long and it was generally built to the bulletproof standard of 12 inches (30 cm)

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In May 1940, the directorate of Fortifications and Works (FW3) was set up at the War Office under the direction of Major-General G. B. O. Taylor. Its purpose was to provide a number of basic but effective pillbox designs that could be constructed by soldiers and local labour at appropriate defensive

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For many pillboxes, a new use has been found. The type 28s, being internally spacious and having a large rear entrance, are probably the most amenable to reuse and on farms, and in gardens they serve as cattle sheds and storage lockers. Other, more imaginative, pillbox applications recorded include

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Years after the war, memories faded and in the public mind it became popular to assume that the few pillboxes and other concrete objects that could easily be seen were all that was done to defend Britain; that their purpose was just to bolster morale and that there would have been no realistic hope

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Nearly 200 Allan Williams Turrets were made and installed, but salvaging of the metal after the war means that only 33 remain. Known survivors include: two at North Weald Redoubt, Essex; one on display at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford (recovered from an Essex village); one at Worbarrow Bay, near

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Pillbox formed by a metal turret, which could be rotated through a full 360 degrees, set above a steel and brick-lined pit. It was designed for a machine gun to be fired either through the front loophole which was further protected by shutters, or through the circular opening in the roof in a light

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Section posts are essentially hardened trench works. Constructed to bulletproof standard, occasionally without a roof, they are long and have a large number of embrasures. Shelves of wood or concrete are fitted below the embrasures in the principal direction. A specific sub-type of the section post

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as the front has three similarly angled faces approximately 2m long. However, the side walls are very short (~1m) and parallel to each other with no embrasures. The rear wall is approximately 5m long with two embrasures in the examples that are not partially buried. The entrance is in the centre of

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The Essex Lozenge is unique to the seawalls of that county. It is sometimes referred to as a through-the-wall pillbox as they penetrate the present sea wall. This is misleading, however, as the seawall was raised after the war, partially burying the pillboxes that originally sat on top of it. These

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The type 28A is an important and common variant – it is more common than the unmodified type 28. It is wider than the type 28 to allow for a side area for an infantry chamber, giving a forward-facing embrasure suitable for a rifle or light machine gun. This resolved the problem of the type 28 being

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The type 25 pillbox is the only FW3 design that is circular, with a diameter of 8 feet (2.4 m). The walls were just 12 inches (30 cm) thick with no internal walls. There were three embrasures suitable for rifles or light machine guns and a small entrance like a low window. This design was

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An unusual local variant of the Type 24 can be found along the River Wey in Surrey between Godalming and Albury. Known as a Mowlem Drum after the contractor that built them, these are Type 24s that have had circular external shuttering used to produce very thick walls. Internally they are identical

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In addition to receiving compensation, farmers whose land was used to build the structures were paid after the war to fill in ditches and trenches and to demolish pillboxes. Today, hardly anything remains of the anti-tank ditches, but at the time they must have been the most conspicuous of all the

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Some pillboxes were carefully constructed to resemble a quite different, innocent, structure: a haystack, a disused cottage, seaside kiosk, bus-stop shelter or railway signal box. It was not uncommon for pillboxes to be fitted with a dummy pitched roof to aid the deception. Some of these disguises

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The two embrasures are at approximately 80° to each other, giving an arc of fire of about 180° with no way to direct fire behind the pillbox. This design is frequently found on or near beaches – ideal for providing enfilading fire. There are two entrances with openings in the same direction as the

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The eared pillbox is, like the lozenge pillbox, found only in the North East of England and has an irregular hexagon plan. There are two large embrasures intended for medium machine guns. There is a bulge at the base of the wall below the embrasures that is thought to have accommodated the cooling

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The Cantilevered pillbox was designed and constructed by F C Construction for airfield defence. The cantilevered design allowed a 360° embrasure for all-round defence against air-landed troops at the expense of some protection. The central cross-shaped pillar acts as an anti-ricochet wall. Weapons

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On parts the GHQ line in Surrey, there are a number of pillboxes that are an infantry variant of the Type 28. These are the same size and shape as a Type 28 but have the main embrasure replaced with a Bren gun embrasure, Bren gun embrasures in the side walls and a rifle embrasure in the rear wall.

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Appearance also varied due to the building materials used, although all the FW3 designs are formed from reinforced concrete. Where brick was used as a shuttering, the bricks essentially formed a mould into which concrete was poured, the bricks being left in place. Otherwise, the pillbox was formed

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were available precast and factory produced to standard designs, but as these were in short supply some embrasures were improvised from brick or concrete paving. Embrasures were frequently fitted with a steel or concrete-asbestos shutter. From March 1941, some pillbox embrasures were fitted with a

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emplacement was unroofed, sometimes constructed of brick or concrete, but sometimes a simple revetted earthwork. Its defining characteristic is a central concrete pedestal with a stainless steel peg (rust-free even after more than 60 years). The pedestal was for a type of spigot mortar called the

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The need to defend airfields presented special problems. Airfields were large open areas where any above-ground structure would present a hazard to aircraft. One solution was the Pickett-Hamilton Fort; this was designed to be lowered to ground level while aircraft were operating, but to be raised

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The Ruck machine gun post (or Ruck pillbox) was designed by James Ruck and was made from prefabricated sections, paving slabs, sandbags and rammed earth. The Ruck machine gun post was relatively widely used in Lincolnshire and along the east coast of England, but is now extremely rare with just a

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Pentagonal pillboxes are only found at or near airfields so are almost certainly an Air Ministry design, although no drawings have been found to support this idea. They are regular pentagons in shape with a variant form having an added AAMG well at the rear. They also show some variation in size,

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A further, rare, variant is the type 28A twin, which has two main gun embrasures on adjacent walls giving two possible firing positions for the one main gun together with two adjacent infantry chambers. These are mainly concentrated in the Sulham valley, where attack could have come from both the

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The degree of protection offered by a pillbox varied considerably: the thickness of the walls and roof generally varied from just 12 in to 3 ft 6 in (0.3 to 1.1m) or more although the commercially produced designs were often much thinner. In March 1940, General Brooke carried out penetration

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Existing thick walls and heavy buildings provided a ready-made alternative to a pillbox and many were converted to defensive positions by the simple expedient of adding embrasures to them. Whatever might be lacking in protection was made up for by convenience and perfect camouflage. At Beaulieu,

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Along part of the Taunton stopline in Somerset, due to the shortage of material available, six pillboxes were coated with a mixture of cow manure and mud topped with straw as a form of natural concealment. Close to Axminster, a square pillbox was disguised as a Romany caravan. During the summer

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The numbers of each pillbox type cannot be known exactly because the Defence of Britain database is imperfect—admitting omissions, duplicates, misidentifications, etc'. Some commentators give the Type 22 as the most common, but the database gives the Type 24 as the most common. See Foot, 2006,

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The Dover Quad pillbox is a 13-foot (4.0 m) square pillbox with wide embrasures and an overhanging roof slab. This design is only found in the Dover area of England and is very often found at high commanding positions. In the view of some commentators, the Dover Quad is a poor design: the

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There were also designs for pillbox-like structures for various purposes, including light anti-aircraft positions, observation posts and searchlight positions to illuminate the shoreline. In addition, the Air Ministry provided designs of fortifications intended to protect airfields from troops

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The Norcon was a small circular pillbox named after the company that manufactured it as a private commercial venture. It was made from a concrete pipe 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter and 4 feet (1.2 m) high; the walls were 4 inches (10 cm) of non-reinforced concrete with several cut

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The type 23 pillbox is rectangular in plan – essentially two squares, one of which is roofed and the other open – with embrasures in each of the available sides of the covered section. The embrasures are suitable for rifles or light machine guns. The open section was for a light anti-aircraft

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As the years passed, erosion and modern construction destroyed many structures. At the coast, fortifications have tumbled into the sea or sunk into the sands on which they were built; yet other features have succumbed to road improvements or have been demolished to make way for other modern

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pillbox is essentially square in plan with the forward-facing corners chamfered. The walls are 14 feet (4.3 m) long and there is generally a freestanding blast wall covering the entrance on either the left or right side. The walls were constructed to shellproof standard of 36 inches

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and many others were employed to conceal defences. In built-up areas, pillboxes were disguised to look like a part of an adjacent building, carefully matched and provided with a roof to look as if they had always been there. In extreme cases, they were built inside existing buildings.

1575:. It varies from that type by having Bren embrasures in the three front faces and the entrance at the rear rather than one side, covered by a very thick blast wall. They are most commonly found in Essex and Suffolk along the main Eastern Command line and 64 examples remain extant. 1428:

but slightly larger; the walls are thin at 1 ft 6in. They are most commonly shuttered with concrete blocks and have two embrasures in the front face with one each in the other faces. Some have a covered porch protecting the entrance. 37 examples of this type remain extant.

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Today, it is very rare to find any part of Britain's defences other than those composed of concrete. Immediately after the war, there were more pressing matters to attend to than conserving the detritus of a battle that never happened. For decades, with the sole exception of

2266:. Pillboxes that are well dug-in and thick-walled are naturally damp and provide a stable thermal environment that is required by bats that would otherwise hibernate in caves. With a few minor modifications, suitable pillboxes can be converted to artificial caves for bats. 638:. This pillbox was also known as the 'Stent' after the company that produced the prefabricated components, Stent Precast Concrete Limited. On those examples where damage allows inspection of the construction, it seems that the concrete fill was not reinforced. 1320:, this type has become known as a Lincolnshire three-bay pillbox. It is essentially a modification of the FW3 type 23 having an open light anti-aircraft position in the centre and fully enclosed bays at either end. 44 examples of this type remain extant. 2245:

Extant wartime records were thought to be fairly poor, and nobody could be sure how many pillboxes and related hardened field defences had survived—or indeed, how many had been constructed in the first place. In the late 1970s, journalist

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anti-tank gun could easily penetrate up to 2 feet (60 cm) of reinforced concrete. Despite such results, the thick-walled pillboxes were designated as shell-proof, whereas the thinner-walled pillboxes were designated as bulletproof.

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landing or parachuting. These would not be expected to face heavy weapons so that the degree of protection was less and there was more emphasis on all-round visibility and sweeping fields of fire. Many of these were later reinforced.

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The type 23 is uncommon; 87 are recorded as being extant. A further variant exists in Lincolnshire consisting of a double-chambered type 23 with an access door with anti-aircraft gun mount and a chamber on either side, known as the

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The type 26 also had an important prefabricated variant, in which the shuttering – both inside and out – was provided by precast concrete slabs slotted into reinforced concrete posts. The shuttering was filled with concrete

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across an anti-tank ditch or at a bridge and in such positions the limited traverse of the gun creates no real disadvantage; whereas, the small size of the embrasure provides greater protection for the gun and its crew.

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Plan of a Type 22 thick walled version commonly found in Oxfordshire. Note that the rear wall is not thickened to save concrete and allow for the rear embrasure which gives this version the superficial appearance of a

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The turret had a garrison of two men or, if necessary three men, for whom there were folding seats inside. One man could rotate the cupola, which was on roller bearings and required 15 lb of force to move it.

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locations. In the following June and July, FW3 issued six basic designs for rifle and light machine gun, designated Type 22 to Type 27. In addition, there were designs for gun emplacements suitable for either the

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is referred to as drawing CRE 1094: this is effectively a thin-walled version of CRE 1113, with 1 ft 6in thick walls. These types are found mainly along the River Stour stop line, where 113 remain extant.

749:. The walls are about 20 by 19 feet (6.1 by 5.8 m) long, constructed to shell-proof specification at about 42 inches (107 cm) thick. There is a very large forward embrasure. It was designed to take a 2211:

The great majority of Britain's static defences have been destroyed, a process that started even before the end of the war. Ditches and trenches have been filled, loopholes repaired, wood and metal re-cycled.

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with a central AA well and 3 ft 6in walls. Documents in the National Archives refer to this type as drawing CRE 1113; a variant form of this type without the central AA well also exists. Another variant

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some 28,000 pillboxes and other hardened field fortifications were constructed in the United Kingdom, of which about 6,500 still survive. The project also resulted in the discovery of many relevant records.

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Hampshire, an existing dairy store was hardened for use as a fortification by thickening the walls and reducing the size of the windows to gunslits, retaining the original windows on the outside as a cover.

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walls each have a single embrasure. Internally, an anti-ricochet wall runs longitudinally. It was designed for infantry armed with rifles and/or light machine guns. 176 examples of this type remain extant.

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Pillbox Type FW3/27 built to shell proof standard. Note regular octagonal plan with central compartment with a slightly raised platform open to the sky for anti-aircraft weapon (grey) and heavily protected

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is the Seagull trench named for its W-shaped plan view like a seagull's wings. These are predominantly found at airfields. 21 examples of the Seagull trench and 26 examples of Section posts remain extant.

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Pillbox Type: Lincolnshire three-bay built to bulletproof standard. Note rectangular plan featuring two roofed fighting compartments and a central slightly raised platform for anti-aircraft weapon (grey).

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to a standard Type 24. Most are fully circular but some still have the flat rear wall of a normal Type 24 allowing the two rear embrasures to be present. There are 25 examples of this type still extant.

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The Type 22 is the second most common pillbox type with 1,347 recorded as being extant. It is easily confused with the common Type 24, which is an irregular hexagon, and the less common octagonal.

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Superficially, the type 28 resembles the smaller Vickers MMG emplacement, but the aperture is much larger and there is a very large rear entrance designed for ease of wheeling the gun in and out.

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The type 24 pillbox is an irregular hexagon in plan. The rear wall is the longest at about 14 feet (4.3 m); this has the entrance with an embrasure on either side. The other walls vary from

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The approximate numbers of extant pillboxes of each type are given based on data from the Defence of Britain database, records from County HERs and submissions to the UK Pillbox Study Group.

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Local commanders introduced modifications to the standard FW3 designs or introduced designs of their own, which were sometimes produced in some numbers and in other instances were completely

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designs suited to local conditions. Other designs were produced as commercial ventures. Finally, there were a small number of pillboxes that had been constructed in the first world war.

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The turret was designed by A.H. Williams in conjunction with Colonel V.T.R. Ford and Lieutenant Williamson. Williams was the managing director of the Rustproof Metal Windows Company in

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Pillbox Type: Eared. Note large embrasures with projecting boxes (grey) and small internal anti-ricochet wall. Also, two entrances, each facing in the same direction as the embrasures.

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months, a scarecrow "family" and a horse made of straw were dressed and suitably arranged around the caravan to visually disguise the fact that it was actually a manned pillbox.

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According to the manufacturer, four men could dig the position out and erect the turret ready for firing in two hours and remove it completely in 30 minutes. Cost about £125.

757:. The gun shield of the artillery piece would largely fill the aperture. There are usually embrasures suitable for rifles or light machine guns in each of the two side walls. 144:

Internally, pillboxes are generally cramped and spartan. Some internal concrete shelves and tables were provided to support weapons and some were whitewashed inside. Only the

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Vickers Machine Gun Post. Note approximately square plan with one large embrasure, a trapezoidal table (grey) and a free standing anti-ricochet wall protecting the entrance.

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were mounted on a tubular rail for 360° traverse. The type is also known as an F.C. Type, Mushroom Type or Oakington Type. There are 53 examples of this type still extant.

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Eastern Command commissioned a number of variant forms for their area of operation. The most common is known as the Eastern Command Type and is an infantry variant of the

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developments. For many of those that remain, neglect and the attentions of nature have achieved a degree of camouflage greater than that during the Second World War.

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walls. The embrasures are suitable for rifles or light machine guns. Walls are normally constructed to bulletproof standard at about 18 inches (46 cm) thick.

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with floor, walls and roof all mutually bonded. However, several instances are known where scrap metal had been used such as parts of an old bed or park railings.

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The type 28 is the largest of the FW3 designs and the only one with a specific anti-tank capability. It is almost square in plan, with the forward-facing corners

4090: 2228:—where the new fortifications were seen as a part of the building's history—there was never even a suggestion that anything should be deliberately conserved. 2118: 4180: 3012: 1782: 1454: 57: 2242:. However, what can be seen today are just the most visible and robust remains of a massive programme of fortification undertaken in a very short period. 1748:

handful of extant examples. Five Ruck machine gun post sites are recorded in the Defence of Britain database, only two of which are thought to be extant.

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Pillbox FW3/28A built to shell proof standard. Note rectangular plan with large embrasure and a separate rifle or light machine gun fighting compartment.

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WW2 People's War is an online archive of wartime memories contributed by members of the public and gathered by the BBC. The archive can be found at

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for ground defence. Weapon change requires selection of appropriate bracket. The army did not favour the design – most were installed at airfields.

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Vickers MMG emplacements of this exact type are uncommon; just over 75 are recorded as extant but there are many local variants of this basic type.

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designed for a 6Pdr. The main difference is that the dividing wall between the main gun chamber and the infantry chamber has been omitted.

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The Suffolk Square as its name suggests is unique to Suffolk. This is a square pillbox with walls of length 12 ft 6in similar to a

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Only five examples were thought to remain, all at former RAF Hornchurch, but two well-preserved examples were rediscovered in 2014 in

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The Tett turret was named after its inventor H. L. Tett and manufactured as a private commercial venture by Burbridge Builders Ltd of

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There were a wide variety of field gun emplacements; most resembled larger version of the Type 28 pillbox. Fifty or so remain extant.

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Detailed instructions were given for the careful concealment of pillboxes and other field defences and all pillboxes would have been

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table on which to mount the weapon's tripod. The other walls would each have an embrasure suitable for a rifle or light machine gun.

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Pillbox where some of the original brick shuttering and reinforced concrete has fallen away to reveal the internal network of rebars.

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that allowed it to be turned easily. The turret was set above a pit; in early designs, the pit was formed by a standard section of

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decided that vulnerable beaches needed to be fortified with pillboxes and anti-tank obstacles. This proposal was resisted by the

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The D Type pillbox is a type unique to Northumberland, the name coming from its D-shaped plan. Superficially it is similar to a

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The traverse of the gun was limited to about 60°. Generally, these pillboxes were positioned to fire along fixed lines, such as

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Pillbox type FW3/23. Note rectangular plan featuring a roofed fighting compartment and an open anti-aircraft compartment (grey).

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In some cases, the reinforced concrete roof was sculpted to make the distinctive form of a pillbox less obvious from the air.

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The type 28 and its variants are fairly common: there are 78 type 28s, 209 type 28As and 19 type 28 twins recorded as extant.

3967: 2236:

of resisting a German assault. Even the Home Guard came to be seen as something of a joke, as exemplified by the BBC sitcom

1794: 1272: 5492: 5342: 3807: 1976:

nearby cliff was not only a time saving measure but aided camouflage by helping the defences to merge into the background.

1375:

Pillbox Type: Dover Quad. Note square plan with wide embrasures. The extent of the overhanging roof shown as a dotted line.

5666: 3908: 2068: 424:

Pillbox Type FW3/24 built to shell proof standard. Note irregular hexagonal plan and Y-shaped internal anti-ricochet wall.

5330: 1708:

Norcon Pillbox. Note small size, circular plan and thin walls. The checked area represents additional sandbag protection.

5425: 5115: 4719: 1890: 754: 110: 2156: 1214: 342: 2301: 1815: 1799: 1490: 4335: 1582:

and has led to the misconception that there is a Hexagonal variant of that type. The pillbox is actually an enlarged

3177: 3109: 2974: 2906: 2818: 2750: 2216:

fortifications. A few remain, much humbled, as field drains or field boundaries, whereas others can be seen only as

1942:— effective against both tanks and personnel at ranges of about 100 and 500 yards (90 and 460 m) respectively. 4098: 2421: 4188: 1333: 776: 5556: 2459:

Photograph number H 5110, Pillbox interior (appears to be a Type 28 with a 6 lb gun) with a few creature comforts

77: 3020: 2185: 1925: 573: 5368: 992: 504: 1363: 859: 227: 3223: 1852:

Tyneham, Dorset; one at Seacombe, Dorset; one, above ground but missing its sliding doors, in the grounds of

2641: 1903: 1578:

The second type of common variant has been consistently misidentified by the Defence of Britain survey as a

933: 259:

Horizontal section of a bulletproof version at the level of the embrasures note the regular hexagonal shape.

180: 3760: 3205:, p. 16, Vickers Heavy Machine Gun Emplacement. NB other sources indicate 'medium machine gun emplacement'. 690: 76:

in May 1940 came the realisation that the United Kingdom was vulnerable to invasion. Late in May 1940, the

5006: 4069: 3308: 3155: 3087: 2952: 2884: 2796: 2728: 2619: 1988: 1869: 1811: 1654: 1553: 1007: 727: 3436: 4313: 2396: 1768: 1742: 1696: 1340: 1259:

the rear wall. 17 extant examples of this type have been identified from the Defence of Britain Survey.

806: 750: 701: 654: 603: 534: 412: 311: 253: 106: 3680: 476:

A thick-walled variant was introduced to a shellproof standard; it was larger externally and had walls

5320: 1595:

Another variant referred to is drawing CRE 1116. This is actually externally indistinguishable from a

1529: 625: 5169: 2247: 2205: 1823: 3862: 1636: 954: 905: 826: 88:, who favoured a mobile reserve to counter invasion, but shortly afterwards, he was replaced by Sir 1968: 1807: 1729: 1624: 1506: 878: 265: 1756: 942: 553:

made from reinforced concrete shuttered by corrugated iron; this gave the design the popular name

546:

Pillbox Type FW3/25, horizontal section at the level of the embrasures. Note simple circular plan.

161: 2296: 2285: 39: 882:(91 cm). There are no internal walls. There is a large embrasure and inside is a concrete, 382: 5438: 5299: 5285: 5271: 5257: 5243: 5222: 5177: 5146: 5127: 5101: 5082: 5054: 5033: 5014: 4992: 4973: 4933: 4907: 4888: 4857: 4836: 4805: 2280: 1857: 1670: 1461: 1411: 1046: 1039: 833: 403: 73: 61: 5048: 4851: 4771: 4032: 2048: 2032: 1992: 1914: 1677: 1402: 1066: 1054: 837: 641:

The type 26 is uncommon: 140 are recorded as extant, including the Stent prefabricated type.

554: 5546: 5219:

Silent Sentinels – A study of the fixed defences constructed in Norfolk during WWI and WWII

4690: 2686: 2259:

use as a pub cellar, a conversion to a ladies' toilet, and an open-air theatre box office.

2196: 1541: 5588: 5560: 5324: 4921: 4539: 4514: 3276: 2454: 2225: 2190: 2125: 2089: 1939: 1907: 1163: 788: 447: 5485: 5401: 5336: 4361: 3269: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 3467: 2143: 1950: 981: 5363: 4926: 2326: 2201: 1980: 1865: 1715: 1152: 173: 5352: 4463: 4358:"Brookmans Park Newsletter (example of a spigot mortar emplacement at Brookmans Park)" 5640: 4989:

Beaches, fields, streets, and hills ... the anti-invasion landscapes of England, 1940

2238: 1934: 1873: 1853: 1827: 697: 4661: 4591: 1019:

Pillbox Type Lozenge. Note stretched hexagonal plan with central anti-ricochet wall.

889:

They are frequently sited in pairs and were often dug in with overhead earth cover.

5581: 5498: 4871: 4257: 2524: 2275: 1861: 1787: 1737:. Horizontal embrasures on one side are partially buried. Note vertical embrasures. 1317: 1283: 1111: 85: 5377: 5011:

The Bodies On The Beach — Sealion, Shingle Street and the Burning Sea Myth of 1940

926: 491:

The type 24 is the most common type, with more than 1724 recorded as being extant.

4744: 2558: 113:(designated Type 28) and a design for a hardened medium machine gun emplacement. 5119: 4948: 3815: 1885: 1279: 93: 5347: 1120: 2374:, Chapter 5: Consolidation and (Over-) Elaboration: October 1940 to July 1941. 2217: 705: 584: 330: 5613: 5599: 3625: 1197:

system for the machine gun. Internally, there is a short anti-ricochet wall.

5254:

Defending Britain ... twentieth century military structures in the landscape

5079:

Defending Britain ... twentieth century military structures in the landscape

2093: 1819: 1497: 1236: 1221: 883: 841: 709: 284: 234: 132:

Turnbull mount: this was a metal frame that supported a medium machine gun.

128: 5570:

Stories and photographs of a fortified village on Britain's southern coast.

4713:"Protecting and managing underground sites for bats (pdf), see section 6.4" 1872:, Northampton; one at the former RAF Llandwrog near Caernarfon, and one at 1178: 4210: 5406: 4155: 2109: 1972: 1761: 1734: 850: 719: 525: 393: 5191: 1838: 1834: 1806:

anti-aircraft role. According to the manufacturer, it was suitable for

1159: 746: 660:

Horizontal section of octagonal version at the level of the embrasures.

511: 389: 5553: 5124:

Two Men in a Trench II: Uncovering the Secrets of British Battlefields

5534: 5505:

WW2 Coastal Defences Salthouse, Kelling & Weybourne North Norfolk

5379:

Attack on a Pillbox – news item featuring a British training exercise

5205:

Camouflage: Military Training Pamphlet No. 46. Part 2: Field Defences

4585: 4583: 1899: 1681: 988: 588: 515: 238: 196: 348:

Variant FW3/23 with 4 embrasures and an internal anti-ricochet wall.

18: 4211:"Rustproof Metal Window Co., Ltd. vs Inland Revenue Commissioners" 2195: 2184: 1949: 1924: 1889: 1793: 1781: 1755: 1728: 1344: 904: 624: 315: 119: 65: 56: 17: 4269: 2064: 1929:

Spigot mortar emplacement (reconstructed around extant pedestal)

1348: 459:

Type FW3/24 built by Mowlems using circular external Shuttering.

5582:

World War 2 Military Relics Trail around Skegness, Lincolnshire

5348:

English Heritage: Understanding & Recording Military Sites.

233:

Extant example of a bulletproof version at Curzon Bridges near

5432: 2263: 2137: 674:

the sky that could be used as a light anti-aircraft position.

5575:

The Defences of a Coastal Inlet, Sand-le-Mere, East Yorkshire

5458: 5068:

Newark, Tim (March 2007). "Now you see it... Now You Don't".

1733:

Extant example of a Ruck machine gun post at Lawyers' Creek,

3966:

Machine gun posts constructed from hollow concrete blocks –

2399:

rather than the older Hotchkiss 6 pdr, but this is in error.

2031:

Hooks for camouflage netting on a pillbox at Hancocks Farm,

1500:

in Essex, showing the huge blast wall covering the entrance.

336:

Standard FW3/23 with 3 embrasures and no anti-ricochet wall.

148:

provided a little space—sufficient for a few home comforts.

1417:

Suffolk Square Pillbox plan at the level of the embrasures.

1060:

The rear section of an Essex Lozenge near Burnham on Crouch

310:

Extant example of a FW3/23 variant at St Martin's Battery,

5652:

Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

4544:

H 3307 (photograph): pillbox disguised as a petrol station

3137:, pp. 18–19, Type 28 (FW3/22), Type 28A and Type 28A Twin. 53:

British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War

4288: 4286: 2019:

Coastal pillbox with camouflage paint scheme in July 1940

1201:

embrasures. Only 16 examples of this type remain extant.

1132:

Pentagonal pillboxes are only found at or near airfields.

441:

Example of a Mowlem Drum on the River Wey near Chilworth.

283:

The type 22 pillbox is a regular hexagon in plan with an

33:

were small fortified structures constructed as a part of

5240:

The Battlefields That Nearly Were. Defended England 1940

4338:(blog post). WW2 Defences – Suffolk blog. 27 August 2014 1902:. It comprised a revolving concrete turret mounted on a 557:

after the manufacturer of corrugated iron of that name.

124:

Soldiers relax inside a Type 28 pillbox in October 1940.

2517:"Image of damaged pillbox revealing use of scrap metal" 2161: 1822:

in either a ground defence or anti-aircraft role, or a

1676:

Extant example of Norcon Pillbox at Moreton Ford, near

5473:

Defending Chequers Bridge, Crookham Village, Hampshire

4853:

If Hitler Comes: Preparing for Invasion: Scotland 1940

4519:

H 3306 (photograph): pillbox disguised as a parked car

2262:

Some pillboxes have been converted to make roosts for

4181:"Images of extant Allan Williams Turret with its pit" 560:

The type 25 is rare: about 30 are recorded as extant.

4430:"Surrealist who tried to paint a whole nation green" 1496:

A rear view of an eastern Command Type pillbox near

1126:

Plan view of a pentagonal pillbox and its AA variant

3859:"Photographs of a Norcon pillbox by Martin Briscoe" 3460:"Auburn Sands, Coastal Crust Defences, Bridlington" 2250:began research on the topic, eventually publishing 1971:. Many were dug into the ground or inserted into a 794:

Type 28 Infantry variant on the GHQ line in Surrey.

4925: 2292:British anti-invasion preparations of World War II 2051:, London, disguised as a tourist information booth 1702:Horizontal section at the level of the embrasures. 1369:Horizontal section at the level of the embrasures. 1184:Horizontal section at the level of the embrasures. 1013:Horizontal section at the level of the embrasures. 865:Horizontal section at the level of the embrasures. 609:Horizontal section at the level of the embrasures. 540:Horizontal section at the level of the embrasures. 453:Horizontal section at the level of the embrasures. 418:Horizontal section at the level of the embrasures. 5414:Details of many specify sites throughout Britain. 1304:Horizontal section at the level of the embrasures 1072:Plan View of an Essex Lozenge at embrasure level. 733:Horizontal section at the level of the embrasures 183:, close-up. Scrap metal was used in construction. 1559:Eastern Command Type 22 (CRE 1113) variant plan. 1547:A CRE 1113 Type 22 variant at Burnham on Crouch. 629:Pillbox type FW3/26, prefabricated construction. 3628:. Walberswick – Coastal Defences of World War 2 2076:), carefully blended with the adjacent building 677:Type 27 is uncommon; 84 are recorded as extant. 31:British hardened field defences of World War II 5466:Defences at Breamore Mill, Downton, Hampshire. 5321:The German Threat to Britain in World War Two. 4156:The Allan Williams Steel Revolving Turret 1940 3246:"Vickers Medium Machine Gun (MMG) Emplacement" 1470:Examples of a Section Post and Seagull Trench. 5657:United Kingdom home front during World War II 3757:Anti-invasion Defences Suffolk – World War II 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 615:Pillbox Type FW3/26. Note simple square plan. 8: 5296:World War II Britain. History from Buildings 4683:"A Review of the Defence of Britain Project" 2683:"A Review of the Defence of Britain Project" 2441: 2112:built into the side of a seafront sweet shop 1572: 1220:A D type built into the bank of a road near 5382:(Newsreel). British Pathé. 10 February 1941 2189:Pillbox overturned and almost destroyed by 2134:Destruction, neglect, rediscovery and reuse 1535:Central well of hexagonal CRE 1113 variant. 1045:The front section of an Essex Lozenge near 366: 4576:Image of anti-tank cubes subsumed by sand. 2362:, Chapter 4: Crisis: June to October 1940. 1512:Eastern Command Variant pillbox plan view. 5233:Wartime Defences on the Basingstoke Canal 4821:The Allan Williams Steel Revolving Turret 3590:, p. 22, Regional Variations: Dover Quad. 3355:Seax Archeaology – Unlocking Essex's Past 832:Extant example at Poulters Bridge on the 764:vulnerable to a head-on infantry attack. 5662:World War II sites in the United Kingdom 5143:British Anti-Invasion Defences 1940–1945 4928:Invasion — Defending Britain from Attack 2579:design, having two stories in this case. 2480:"Two Storey & Tower Pillbox Designs" 2395:Some commentators make reference to the 2288:Home of the Combined Services Collection 5475:by Colin Alexander. Pillbox Study Group 5445:Eastern Devon around Seaton and Axmouth 5433:Defence of Cumbria in the 20th Century. 4540:"Imperial War Museum Collection Search" 4515:"Imperial War Museum Collection Search" 2455:"Imperial War Museum Collection Search" 2371: 2359: 2347: 2313: 2009: 1894:Surviving Tett Turret at RAF Hornchurch 1856:, Holt, Norfolk; one on the seawall at 510:Extant example at Sheephatch Lane near 5577:by Austin J Ruddy. Pillbox Study Group 3290:, p. 22, Regional Variations: Lozenge. 2854:The National Archives file WO 166/3443 2685:. pp. section 6.4. Archived from 1946:Loopholed walls and defended buildings 1460:World War II Seagull trench at former 1078:An Essex Lozenge at Burnham on Crouch 4639: 4415: 4382: 4292: 4167: 4056: 3836: 3587: 3550: 3418:, p. 22, Regional Variations: Earred. 3415: 3287: 3270:Mushroom Pillbox, Pillbox Study Group 3202: 3134: 3066: 2999: 2931: 2863: 2842: 2775: 2707: 2598: 2545: 2503: 2422:"Photograph of extant Turnbull mount" 2408: 2383: 2325:. Pillbox Study Group. Archived from 7: 5529:20th Century Defensive Structures... 5523:20th Century Defensive Structures... 5511:20th Century Defensive Structures... 5360:by E. S. Hardie. Pillbox Study Group 5358:Building Pillboxes: A Personal Story 5343:Pillboxes on BBC Inside Out website. 4615: 4563: 4403: 4019: 4007: 3924: 3538: 3002:, p. 17, The Pre-fabricated Pillbox. 1798:Cupola of an Allan Williams Turret, 5563:Home of the Combined Service Museum 5192:http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/ 4991:. Council for British Archaeology. 3812:The Council for British Archaeology 2092:, County Londonderry, disguised as 1786:Two extant Allan Williams Turrets, 1565:Detail of CRE 1113 Type 22 variant. 960:Cantilevered pillbox cross section. 5461:The Defence of East Sussex Project 5439:Defence of the port of Workington. 4772:"Creating a Pill-box fit for Bats" 4745:"Pillbox converted to bat retreat" 3944:. English Heritage. Archived from 35:British anti-invasion preparations 14: 5242:(Stroud: Tempus Publishing 2006) 5174:Pillboxes: A Study of UK Defences 4596:Pillboxes in the modern landscape 4336:"Tett Turrets – Docking, Norfolk" 3885:"Norcon Pillbox Type CP/6/40/111" 3728:"Type 22 Eastern Command Variant" 2252:Pillboxes: A Study of UK Defences 2155:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s 1910:4 feet (1.2 m) in diameter. 1642:Plan view of an ROF type pillbox. 5499:Western Command Stop Line No. 14 5282:Pillboxes of Britain and Ireland 5268:20th Century Defences in Britain 5098:Pillboxes of Britain and Ireland 4970:Invasion! Operation Sealion 1940 2142: 2124:Pillbox built into the ruins of 2117: 2101: 2081: 2056: 2040: 2024: 2012: 1695: 1669: 1635: 1630:ROF type pillbox at ROF Steeton. 1623: 1611: 1552: 1540: 1528: 1505: 1489: 1453: 1441: 1410: 1394: 1362: 1332: 1297: 1271: 1235: 1213: 1177: 1151: 1119: 1103: 1065: 1053: 1038: 1006: 980: 953: 941: 925: 858: 825: 787: 775: 726: 689: 653: 602: 572: 533: 503: 446: 434: 411: 381: 341: 329: 303: 264: 252: 226: 172: 160: 74:German invasion of Low Countries 4488:Chris Alder (8 December 2006). 4170:, p. 23, Allan Williams Turret. 4059:, p. 21, Pickett_Hamilton Fort. 3673:"Images of extant section post" 1985:Home Guard Manual of Camouflage 1648:Examples of ROF type pillboxes. 948:Cantilevered pillbox plan view. 82:Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces 37:. They were popularly known as 5493:C4 Time Team at Shooters Hill. 4878:. Sampson Low, Marston and Co. 4829:Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord 4394:Camouflage, 2007, Chapter III. 4306:"Images of extant Tett Turret" 2845:, p. 15, Thick Walled Type 24. 2778:, pp. 14–15, Type 24 (FW3/24). 1618:ROF Pillbox at Blakemore Hill. 1248:Northumberland D Type Pillbox. 1242:Plan View of a D type Pillbox. 597:. A part of the Coastal Crust. 43:, a reference to their shape. 1: 5647:20th-century forts in England 5298:(London:Franklin Watts 2006) 5030:British Home Defences 1940–45 2521:Robert Mallory's Bunkers Page 1725:Ruck machine gun post/pillbox 1518:Eastern Command Type Pillbox. 5402:Defence of Britain database. 4968:Evans, Martin Marix (2004). 4947:Denison, Simon (June 2002). 4662:"Defence of Britain Project" 4592:"Defence of Britain Project" 4464:"Defence of Britain Project" 3808:"Defence of Britain Project" 3541:, pp. 163–164, 168–169. 1655:The Royal Ordnance Factories 1596: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1425: 1255: 273: 145: 64:helps to build a pillbox at 23: 5497:Leeds and Liverpool Canal: 5452:Isle of Purbeck, Abbotsbury 5353:Churchill's mysterious map. 5207:(July 1941) The War Office. 5145:. Historic Military Press. 4804:. Historic Military Press. 4037:Defence of Britain database 2350:, Chapter 3: The May Panic. 2304:, former two-storey pillbox 2302:The Gatehouse at Bonds Mill 1800:Imperial War Museum Duxford 1760:A Pickett Hamilton Fort in 1433:Section post/Seagull trench 136:trials and recorded that a 5683: 5459:http://www.pillbox.org.uk/ 5160:White, John Baker (1955). 3069:, p. 17, Type 27 (FW3/27). 2934:, p. 16, Type 26 (FW3/26). 2866:, p. 15, Type 25 (FW3/25). 2710:, p. 14, Type 23 (FW3/23). 2601:, p. 13, Type 22 (FW3/22). 2159:, as it is poorly written. 2000:bordered on the fanciful. 1883: 1766: 1740: 1713: 782:Pillbox type FW3/28A twin. 50: 5614:54.00366000°N 2.5478556°W 5486:Dover and Western Heights 5426:WW2 Defences in Caithness 5235:Pillbox Study Group, 2009 4885:Under Sand, Ice & Sea 4883:Cameron, A Bryce (2000). 4800:Alexander, Colin (1999). 4490:"Somerset County Gazette" 4385:, p. 23, Loopholed Walls. 4256:Behind the war memorial, 1921:Spigot mortar emplacement 78:Chiefs of Staff Committee 5634:Centre of Great Britain 5373:. Channel 4 documentary. 5050:Pillboxes and Tank Traps 4850:Barclay, Gordon (2013). 3216:"Vickers MG Emplacement" 2559:"Heatons Bridge pillbox" 2168:may contain suggestions. 2153:may need to be rewritten 1481:Eastern Command variants 993:East Riding of Yorkshire 932:A Cantilever Pillbox at 5625:Centre of Great Britain 5619:54.00366000; -2.5478556 5554:Redoubt Fortress Museum 5480:Fortress Hertfordshire. 5047:Lowry, Bernard (2014). 5028:Lowry, Bernard (2004). 4887:. Trafford Publishing. 4770:Frank Greenway (1991). 4630:, Colin Alexander, 1999 4494:Pillbox gets a makeover 4233:"Allan Williams Turret" 4121:"Pickett-Hamilton Fort" 4070:"Pickett-Hamilton Fort" 4022:, pp. 150 and 152. 3938:"Ruck Machine Gun Post" 3515:"Northumberland D Type" 3013:"Prefabricated pillbox" 2442:Alanbrooke, War Diaries 1573:Vickers MMG emplacement 1205:Northumberland 'D' Type 934:London Southend Airport 896:Other hardened defences 817:Vickers MMG emplacement 751:2 pounder anti-tank gun 181:Gotham, Nottinghamshire 5517:WW2 Defences Weybourne 5141:Ruddy, Austin (2003). 5096:Osborne, Mike (2008). 5077:Osborne, Mike (2004). 5053:. Shire Publications. 4987:Foot, William (2006). 4779:Warwickshire Bat Group 4091:"Picket-Hamilton fort" 3814:. 2015. Archived from 3783:"ROF pillbox variants" 3753:"Eastern Command Line" 3553:, p. 14, Twin Type 23. 2444:, Entry 22 March 1940. 2208: 2193: 1989:Stanley William Hayter 1955: 1930: 1895: 1870:Sywell Aviation Museum 1802: 1791: 1764: 1738: 1448:Section post interior. 1263:Lincolnshire three-bay 1110:Pentagonal pillbox at 910: 901:Field gun emplacements 630: 367:Lincolnshire three bay 125: 100:Design and development 69: 27: 5100:. Tempus Publishing. 5081:. Tempus Publishing. 5032:. Osprey Publishing. 4902:Cox, Richard (1975). 4833:War Diaries 1939-1945 4819:anonymous (c. 1940). 3972:The National Archives 2397:Ordnance QF 6 pounder 2199: 2188: 1953: 1928: 1893: 1797: 1785: 1778:Allan Williams Turret 1769:Pickett-Hamilton fort 1759: 1752:Pickett-Hamilton fort 1743:Ruck machine gun post 1732: 1204: 909:Field gun emplacement 908: 702:Kennet and Avon Canal 628: 581:St Catherine's Chapel 123: 107:Ordnance QF 2 pounder 60: 21: 5667:Pillboxes (military) 5559:18 June 2011 at the 5541:Pillboxes in Surrey. 5428:By Andrew Guttridge. 5407:Pillbox study group. 4191:on 28 September 2007 4101:on 28 September 2007 3848:Osborne, 2004, p259. 3683:on 28 September 2007 3564:"Lincolnshire 3 Bay" 3439:on 28 September 2007 3392:"Pentagonal Pillbox" 3311:on 28 September 2007 3275:14 June 2009 at the 3226:on 28 September 2007 3158:on 28 September 2007 3090:on 28 September 2007 3023:on 28 September 2007 2955:on 28 September 2007 2887:on 28 September 2007 2799:on 28 September 2007 2731:on 28 September 2007 2622:on 28 September 2007 2527:on 30 September 2007 2329:on 26 September 2009 2206:Angle, Pembrokeshire 1824:Boys anti-tank rifle 1401:A Suffolk Square at 917:Cantilevered pillbox 579:Extant example near 388:Extant example near 5609: / 5587:29 May 2008 at the 5535:Somerset pillboxes. 5468:Pillbox Study Group 5370:The Real Dad's Army 5331:The Real Dad's Army 5013:. CD41 Publishing. 4953:British Archaeology 4693:on 23 November 2007 4237:Pillbox study group 4125:Pillbox study group 3988:Pillbox study group 3927:, pp. 154–155. 3889:Pillbox study group 3787:Pillbox study group 3732:Pillbox study group 3707:Pillbox study group 3652:Pillbox study group 3605:Pillbox study group 3568:Pillbox study group 3519:Pillbox study group 3494:Pillbox study group 3464:Pillbox study group 3396:Pillbox Study Group 3371:Pillbox study group 3335:Pillbox study group 3250:Pillbox study group 3182:Pillbox study group 3114:Pillbox study group 3047:Pillbox study group 2979:Pillbox study group 2911:Pillbox study group 2823:Pillbox study group 2755:Pillbox study group 2689:on 23 November 2007 2646:Pillbox study group 879:Vickers machine gun 22:Hexagonal pillbox ( 5364:Pillboxesuk.co.uk. 5337:Pillboxes for bats 5199:Official documents 5126:. Michael Joseph. 4949:"Fortress Britain" 4904:Operation Sea Lion 4876:Flame Over Britain 4794:General references 4566:, pp. 4, 516. 4468:Pillbox Camouflage 3184:. 23 December 2012 3116:. 23 December 2012 2981:. 23 December 2012 2913:. 23 December 2012 2757:. 23 December 2012 2648:. 23 December 2012 2297:Pillbox (military) 2286:Eastbourne Redoubt 2209: 2194: 2063:Extant pillbox at 1956: 1931: 1917:in North Norfolk. 1896: 1864:, Norfolk; two at 1860:, Norfolk; two at 1820:Lewis machine guns 1803: 1792: 1765: 1739: 1339:Extant example at 1278:Extant example in 1158:Extant example in 1095:Pentagonal pillbox 987:Extant example at 911: 755:Hotchkiss 6pdr gun 696:Extant example at 631: 126: 111:Hotchkiss 6pdr gun 70: 28: 5333:– TV Documentary. 5290:978-0-7524-4329-4 5248:978-0-7524-3849-8 5164:. Evans Brothers. 5133:978-0-7181-4594-1 5107:978-0-7524-4329-4 4872:Banks, Sir Donald 4863:978-1-84341-062-1 4835:. Phoenix Press. 4295:, pp. 21–22. 3865:on 1 January 2007 3763:on 24 August 2011 3458:Ruddy, J Austin. 3331:"Lozenge Pillbox" 3301:"Lozenge pillbox" 3178:"Type 28 Pillbox" 3148:"Type 28 pillbox" 3110:"Type 27 Pillbox" 3080:"Type 27 pillbox" 3043:"Pre-Fab Pillbox" 2975:"Type 26 Pillbox" 2945:"Type 26 pillbox" 2907:"Type 25 Pillbox" 2877:"Type 25 pillbox" 2819:"Type 24 Pillbox" 2789:"Type 24 pillbox" 2751:"Type 23 Pillbox" 2721:"Type 23 pillbox" 2642:"Type 22 Pillbox" 2612:"Type 22 pillbox" 2563:Wikimedia Commons 2281:Dymchurch Redoubt 2183: 2182: 2157:quality standards 1858:Cley next the Sea 1462:RAF Stoke Orchard 1047:Burnham on Crouch 834:Basingstoke Canal 404:Taunton Stop Line 210:FW3 pillbox types 62:Winston Churchill 5674: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5521:Northumberland: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5187: 5165: 5156: 5137: 5111: 5092: 5073: 5064: 5043: 5024: 5002: 4983: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4943: 4931: 4922:Cruickshank, Dan 4917: 4906:. Thornton Cox. 4898: 4879: 4867: 4846: 4824: 4815: 4783: 4782: 4776: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4724: 4718:. Archived from 4717: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4689:. Archived from 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4587: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4360:. Archived from 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4312:. Archived from 4302: 4296: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4270:"RAF Harrowbeer" 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4187:. Archived from 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4097:. Archived from 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3980: 3974: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3861:. Archived from 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3759:. Archived from 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3703:"Seagull Trench" 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3679:. Archived from 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3648:"Suffolk Square" 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3466:. Archived from 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3435:. Archived from 3429:"Earred pillbox" 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3363: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3307:. Archived from 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3222:. Archived from 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3154:. Archived from 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3086:. Archived from 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3019:. Archived from 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2951:. Archived from 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2883:. Archived from 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2795:. Archived from 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2727:. Archived from 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2679: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2618:. Archived from 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2565:. 2 October 2007 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2523:. Archived from 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2318: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2146: 2138: 2121: 2105: 2085: 2075: 2060: 2049:Trafalgar Square 2044: 2033:Crookham Village 2028: 2016: 1993:Julian Trevelyan 1954:A loopholed wall 1699: 1689: 1673: 1639: 1627: 1615: 1556: 1544: 1532: 1509: 1493: 1457: 1445: 1414: 1398: 1366: 1356: 1336: 1301: 1291: 1275: 1239: 1229: 1217: 1181: 1171: 1155: 1123: 1107: 1083: 1069: 1057: 1042: 1010: 1000: 984: 957: 945: 929: 862: 848: 838:Crookham Village 829: 802:south and west. 791: 779: 730: 717: 693: 657: 606: 596: 576: 537: 523: 507: 483: 479: 472: 468: 450: 438: 415: 401: 385: 345: 333: 323: 307: 268: 256: 246: 230: 176: 164: 139: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5637: 5636: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5589:Wayback Machine 5561:Wayback Machine 5478:Hertfordshire: 5385: 5383: 5376: 5325:Dan Cruickshank 5312: 5294:Stewart Ross – 5280:Mike Osborne – 5266:Mike Osborne – 5252:Mike Osborne – 5238:William Foot – 5214: 5212:Further reading 5201: 5184: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5140: 5134: 5114: 5108: 5095: 5089: 5076: 5067: 5061: 5046: 5040: 5027: 5021: 5005: 4999: 4986: 4980: 4967: 4958: 4956: 4946: 4940: 4920: 4914: 4901: 4895: 4882: 4870: 4864: 4856:. Birlinn Ltd. 4849: 4843: 4827: 4818: 4812: 4799: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4774: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4364:on 12 July 2015 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4316:on 17 July 2010 4304: 4303: 4299: 4291: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3948:on 18 July 2011 3936: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3490:"Eared Pillbox" 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3470:on 12 June 2007 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3367:"Essex Lozenge" 3365: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3277:Wayback Machine 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2681: 2680: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2575:– a pillbox of 2568: 2566: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2272: 2226:Pevensey Castle 2200:Gun Shelter on 2191:coastal erosion 2179: 2173: 2170: 2160: 2147: 2136: 2129: 2126:Pevensey Castle 2122: 2113: 2106: 2097: 2090:Downhill Strand 2086: 2077: 2071: 2061: 2052: 2045: 2036: 2029: 2020: 2017: 1983:(author of the 1965: 1948: 1940:Blacker Bombard 1923: 1888: 1882: 1780: 1771: 1754: 1745: 1727: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1685: 1674: 1663: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1605: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1483: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1435: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1388: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1341:Western Heights 1337: 1326: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1276: 1265: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1218: 1207: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1164:North Yorkshire 1156: 1145: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1097: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1032: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1003: 1002: 996: 985: 974: 972:Lozenge pillbox 965: 964: 963: 962: 961: 958: 950: 949: 946: 938: 937: 930: 919: 903: 898: 875: 874: 873: 872: 868: 867: 866: 863: 855: 854: 844: 830: 819: 807:enfilading fire 799: 798: 797: 796: 795: 792: 784: 783: 780: 743: 742: 741: 740: 736: 735: 734: 731: 723: 722: 713: 694: 683: 671: 670: 669: 668: 663: 662: 661: 658: 647: 619: 618: 617: 616: 612: 611: 610: 607: 599: 598: 592: 577: 566: 550: 549: 548: 547: 543: 542: 541: 538: 530: 529: 519: 508: 497: 481: 477: 470: 466: 463: 462: 461: 460: 456: 455: 454: 451: 443: 442: 439: 428: 427: 426: 425: 421: 420: 419: 416: 408: 407: 397: 386: 375: 358: 357: 356: 355: 351: 350: 349: 346: 338: 337: 334: 326: 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BBC website. 5311: 5310:External links 5308: 5307: 5306: 5292: 5278: 5264: 5250: 5236: 5229: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5188: 5182: 5176:. Leo Cooper. 5166: 5157: 5151: 5138: 5132: 5112: 5106: 5093: 5087: 5074: 5065: 5060:978-0747813569 5059: 5044: 5038: 5025: 5019: 5007:Hayward, James 5003: 4997: 4984: 4978: 4965: 4944: 4938: 4918: 4912: 4899: 4893: 4880: 4868: 4862: 4847: 4841: 4825: 4816: 4811:978-1901313048 4810: 4802:Ironsides Line 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4762: 4736: 4725:on 12 May 2012 4704: 4674: 4653: 4651:Denison, 2002. 4644: 4632: 4628:Ironsides Line 4620: 4608: 4590:William Foot. 4579: 4568: 4556: 4531: 4506: 4480: 4455: 4446: 4420: 4408: 4406:, p. 626. 4396: 4387: 4375: 4349: 4327: 4297: 4282: 4261: 4249: 4224: 4202: 4172: 4160: 4137: 4112: 4082: 4061: 4049: 4024: 4012: 4010:, p. 164. 4000: 3984:"Ruck Pillbox" 3975: 3959: 3929: 3917: 3909:Grid reference 3901: 3876: 3850: 3841: 3829: 3818:on 23 May 2015 3799: 3774: 3744: 3719: 3694: 3664: 3639: 3617: 3592: 3580: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3506: 3481: 3450: 3420: 3408: 3383: 3358: 3347: 3322: 3292: 3280: 3262: 3237: 3207: 3195: 3169: 3139: 3127: 3101: 3071: 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1551: 1550: 1546: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1503: 1495: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1469: 1468: 1459: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1416: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1386:Suffolk Square 1384: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1361: 1360: 1338: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1316:Found only in 1309: 1308: 1303: 1296: 1295: 1277: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1233: 1219: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1175: 1157: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1117: 1109: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1005: 1004: 986: 979: 978: 977: 976: 975: 973: 970: 959: 952: 951: 947: 940: 939: 931: 924: 923: 922: 921: 920: 918: 915: 902: 899: 897: 894: 870: 869: 864: 857: 856: 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