822:
430:
663:
or might not be provided on arrival in port dependent on the budget held by the Chief
Steward which was spent only with the permission of the Master who was there to ensure the success and profit of each voyage. Seamen lived in dark, confined, damp, poorly ventilated and often rusty dormitory accommodation with wooden board bunks three or more high, without running water and lacking heating. Each man might be provided one or two blankets at best and was expected to bring his own "donkey's breakfast" – a sack cloth bag containing straw which was to serve as a mattress. In the pre-war years, seamen competed to sign on aboard vessels owned by shipping lines which were known as "good feeders" due to their staple diets being superior while others would be avoided for providing poor food. One, (Hogarth & Sons of Glasgow), being commonly referred to as "Hungry Hogarth's" by seamen.
1745:
1729:
than that of the enemy, the
Captain gave orders to abandon ship. A signal to this effect was made to the enemy, but the raider continued shelling, and holed many of the lifeboats. He sank the ship by gunfire and made off. During the action the Ship's Doctor, with perfect calm, attended to the wounded and dying. She continued her good work after the company had taken to the lifeboats and, by her efforts, saved many lives. The Third Officer was in charge of a lifeboat certified to hold fifty-eight people but which carried eighty-four. She was put before the wind, since she was otherwise unmanageable and, after a memorable voyage of twenty-two days, during which five Europeans and thirty-nine Indians died, a landfall was made. It was due to the courage, resolution and good seamanship of the Third Officer that the survivors reached safety.
259:
Merchant Navy were given this choice, the reality was that the Royal Navy was desperately short of men, and discouraged leaving the
Merchant Navy; once sailors had signed a T124x agreement, the Royal Navy could move them to any ship, give them Royal Navy training, and use their services under the white ensign. In addition, existing Merchant Navy members did not know how dangerous service would be at this time. Once they signed a T124x agreement, they had no choice but to continue to serve. The losses of shipping vessels and their crews in 1940 and 1941 neared a peak, with 779 ships sunk and 16,654 seamen killed or missing, approximately 49 per cent of all British merchant sailors. Fortunately for Great Britain, the great majority of seamen continued to take the risk, and the nation's war supplies and food continued to arrive.
766:
450:
754:
655:
916:), reported 34,018 deaths aboard British registered vessels or ashore abroad. He divided this total into 27,790 who died by enemy action and 6,228 who died by other causes (including those aboard ships which disappeared or died as the result of ships being sunk by friendly sea mines or being lost overboard in storms). He advised adjustments to his war deaths figure to 28,230, but did not account for an estimated 4,537 men missing aboard small vessels in the Far East. Up to the end of 1945, the Ministry of Pensions knew of 1,078 merchant seamen who had died ashore "at home" from wounds, the effects of exposure while awaiting rescue in open boats and so on. In reply to a question in the
263:
924:, cited 30,189 deaths by enemy action and it was acknowledged that 5,264 seamen were still listed as missing, this was to update a previously quoted total of 30,248 killed and 4,654 missing. Writing in 1968, Vice-Admiral Schofield quoted an estimate of 32,952 deaths of British merchant seamen from enemy action, and Gabe Thomas, former "Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen" in his own book stated the casualty total was 32,076 dead by enemy action, he stated that was a 27 per cent casualty rate. A count of the Merchant Navy casualties who are commemorated by the "CWGC", gives the figures below and a total of 36,749 dead.
574:
560:
1760:
the three men partly submerged it. After drifting for four days they sighted a vessel and
Elliott drew its attention by using a tobacco tin as a heliograph. It proved to be the submarine which had sunk the ship. The Commander gave the three men provisions, some of which were washed off the same night. Five days passed and one man died. The two survivors were attacked night and day by sharks, who tried to sweep them off with their tails. After twelve days afloat they were rescued. Elliott's succour of his shipmate when the ship sank, and his great fortitude and endurance were matched by his indomitable spirit.
1202:
536:
82:
1082:
of wounded or exhausted survivors did not manage this and died in the sea which could be covered in thick oil, which was sometimes burning. Survivors of ships sunk in Arctic waters did not fare as well as those in the North
Atlantic. Lifeboats were often up-turned in heavy seas and had to be righted before survivors could get inside them. Some had a sail, others would merely drift with the ocean currents. Some survivors were rescued within hours, some were adrift for many weeks and some boats or rafts packed with survivors were never seen again.
1062:
1001:
289:
487:
1039:
213:
442:
at which port he had to report ready to return to sea. Some 40 per cent of seamen were accepted by companies for "continuous employment" and their time at sea and time on leave were administered by their company. The remaining 60 per cent were governed by the "Pool" and retained the right to reject a ship if it did not suit them, and to reject a second ship if that also did not suit them before having no option but to take the third offer. Pools were also set up in
983:
947:
611:
67:
1382:
1679:, Officer of the Order of the British Empire – sometimes awarded following incidents of gallantry by Masters, Chief Engineers or senior mates or after service on many voyages in which attacks were suffered by bombers, motor torpedo boats, U-boats or mines, sustaining survivors during long periods in life boats or even for service while prisoners of war such as the awards to Chief Engineer William Falconer and Second Mate Alan McIntyre of the MV.
1086:
366:
1020:
619:
the furnaces beneath the boilers to keep up a head of steam. The
Trimmers were the men who spent their lives in the ship's bunkers (the hold which held the coal) and were responsible for loading barrows of coal with which they ran across planks of wood to the stokehold to maintain the piles of coal beside the men feeding the furnaces. They had to keep the level of coal within the bunkers trimmed (level) to prevent the ship becoming unstable.
965:
438:
examined and they might be engaged if they were considered to be efficient and not a known trouble maker. A seaman would then "sign on" by signing the ship's
Articles of Agreement, his name appeared on the list of crew for the ship, on each row across the large page, it recorded the man's name, his rating for that engagement, his rate of pay, the name of his previous ship, his home address and his signature at the end of the row.
839:
901:
790:
582:
of personality or by using his fists. Able Seamen were the ship's seamen with sea-going experience, the highest-ranking amongst them were the "quarter masters" who stood watches on the bridge to steer the ship. the most junior were "ordinary seamen" who as yet lacked experience and the lowest were the "deck boys" who were typically fourteen- or fifteen-year-old lads learning to be seamen.
881:
1714:
731:
715:
707:
869:
672:
821:
631:
reporting to him was a Chief Cook (senior Petty
Officer status), with his Assistants and a Galley Boy, one of his assistants was usually a baker. On a long voyage, food became the centre of attention for the crew and a cook unable to produce food which was considered acceptable would very quickly become seriously unpopular.
897:. Unlike the Armed Services in which every wartime death by whatever means was recorded and commemorated, the seamen of the Merchant Navy could only be remembered if their death could be proven to be attributable to enemy action. 36,749 members of the Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleet are commemorated and could be counted.
1759:
The ship was torpedoed at night and sank within sixteen minutes. Elliott, who had four ribs broken, went down with her but soon came to the surface where he saw a float with a man on it. He then helped another member of the crew to reach it. The float was not intended for sitting on and the weight of
1701:
was seen to sink while the survivors were being taken aboard the raider. They were later landed at
Bordeaux and taken to a prisoner of war camp in Germany. The master displayed great courage and determination in the face of heavy odds. He did not abandon his ship until she was completely crippled and
688:
There was very little class consciousness at sea, particularly aboard general cargo ("tramp") steamers although the degree of regimentation necessary for maintenance of discipline amongst large crews and the adoption of naval-like uniforms aboard ocean liners did sometimes attract officers and others
630:
The larger the ship, the larger the catering department. Aboard a general cargo ship all matters of victualling/catering from food, cleaning of officer's cabins and supplies of food and drink were managed by a Chief
Steward. He would usually have two or three Assistant Stewards reporting to him. Also
618:
The Black gang, were the men who handled the coal and spent their working lives coated in coal dust as most ships were coal burning steamers. They were normally divided into two groups, the Firemen and the Trimmers. The Firemen were the men who stood watches in the stokehold feeding tons of coal into
581:
The ship's carpenter and boatswain (bosun) were the senior deck ratings and both were typically men of very considerable sea-going experience and personality. The boatswain's mates were also experienced seamen trusted by the boatswain and mates to be able to keep the deck crew in hand either by force
522:
He was employed by the shipping company who owned the ship and was responsible to the company for every aspect of the ship, the profitable trading of the ship, the cargo, the crew and the success or failure of the voyage. Masters with a proven track record often remained with a company for many years
475:
Ship's crews were highly compartmentalized and the different departments had little to do with each other and would not normally mix. They lived in different parts of the ship and ate apart. The only inter-departmental mixing was in the "Saloon" where the master, the mates, the chief engineer and the
270:
Until May 1941, merchant seamen sailing aboard British vessels that were attacked and sunk by enemy action received no pay from the moment the ship capsized. Many seaman fortunate enough to survive sinkings spent days or weeks in open lifeboats hoping for rescue; despite the brutal conditions sailors
1696:
drove off the aeroplane and so badly damaged it that it sank before it could be recovered by the raider. The enemy continued the chase and closed steadily. A shell hit the vessel and set fire to the hold, while a second salvo registered hits on the bridge. The attack continued but the master did not
1081:
Following the sinking of a ship, merchant seamen hoped to get out of the water into lifeboats or onto life rafts (the construction of which was similar to several wooden pallets joined) and to await rescue; they lived from any supply of biscuits and fresh water which had been prepared. Large numbers
773:
A review of a typical crew sailing aboard a typical British coal burning general cargo steamer in May 1940 revealed:- The deck officers came from northern Scotland, South Wales, Portsmouth and Liverpool. The engineer officers were from Jarrow, Hull, Liverpool and the Netherlands. The engineroom crew
697:
Frequently certificated officers, both deck and engineering, built careers within specific shipping companies and only sailed aboard ships owned by that company. They were often able to progress on the basis of being requested by a master who had just gained his own command. Sometimes senior ratings
662:
Food were usually coarse and poor as refrigeration was not usually available aboard ship for crew provisions. Any frozen food available was from an ice-box and after the ice melted salt meat from brine tubs and butter from tins provided much of the staple diet. Fresh eggs, fruit and vegetables might
552:
The first mate (also called a chief officer on ocean liners) had considerable experience at sea, usually held a Master Mariner's certificate and was gaining experience to allow him to seek employment as a master. He was responsible to the master for the cargo, ensuring everything was properly stowed
468:
A refrigerated cargo liner, such as a diesel motor vessel trading between South America and England carrying a relatively small number of passengers, but also a refrigerated cargo such as meat, would additionally require a "Ship's Surgeon" and "Refrigeration Engineers" and could have a crew of 60 to
464:
The largest ocean liners serving as troopships during World War II could have a crew of up to 700 men and women to cater for the thousands of soldiers being carried aboard. It would also have electricians, an on-board hospital, a laundry, masters-at-arms to maintain order, a barber's shop and so on.
441:
After the foundation of the Ministry of War Transport and the introduction of the Merchant Navy Reserve Pool continuity of employment was ensured and this served as a clearing house for available labour. On leaving a ship, a seaman was told how much leave he was entitled to take and on what date and
381:
to act as armed merchant cruisers (AMCs), after having basic armament fitted. As these ships already had experienced crews, the merchant seamen were asked to sign a T.124 agreement to serve alongside the Royal Navy in naval uniform as members of Naval Auxiliary Personnel subject to naval discipline.
126:
serving as a troopship between Australia and England and on their next engagement they might be sailing in a 400-ton coastal collier delivering coal from the collieries of the north-east of England to London's power stations on the Thames Estuary. His engagement aboard ship might be for two or three
1411:
Merchant seamen (including women) who performed acts of great bravery were sometimes eligible for Naval gallantry awards but only received DSOs, DSCs or DSMs on occasions when they were involved in joint operations with the Royal Navy such as major amphibious landings (such as: North Africa, Sicily
1229:
Alfred Fry, a merchant seaman, an attempt was made to set the ship on fire and take her over. It was defeated in a gun battle and the Germans retained control. The merchant seamen involved were charged with "Mutiny" by German authorities, many received long prison sentences and Fry was sentenced to
1175:
Very few merchant seamen were taken prisoner aboard German or Italian submarines due to the limited space available. Occasionally the ship's master or an officer might be taken aboard and would be sent to a prisoner of war camp when the U-boat returned to its base on the coast of occupied France or
859:
and then surfaced to attack the sinking ship with gunfire, destroying her radio room, she sank with the loss of 118 lives (including women and children). Amongst the dead were 19 of her crew, including 5 females, stewardesses and a 15-year-old Bell Boy, and a 65-year-old Watchman. They continued to
829:
Merchant ships were quickly fitted with defensive armament and their crews trained to use the World War I surplus 12-pounder, Hotchkiss or Lewis machine guns and even .303 Lee Enfield rifles. Gunnery courses were held regularly in the major ports such as Liverpool, Bristol and Newcastle, with Naval
726:
If the seaman held a Discharge Book (a Continuous Certificate of Discharge) which was effectively an ongoing record of their career at sea, the same details would be entered into that book. Seamen hoped to receive a VG/VG rating which indicated "very good" in both capacities because sometimes lower
722:
When a seaman paid off at the end of their engagement they would receive in addition to their pay, a detailed payslip showing hours worked at basic and overtime rates and monies paid in subs during the voyage or while in port. There was a Discharge Slip which specified the name of the ship on which
598:
had to hold a First Class Certificate in Steam and would have had considerable sea-going experience, he was responsible for the main and subsidiary machinery. Reporting to him was a second engineer who would always hold a First Class Certificate in Steam and would be gaining the experience required
96:
which kept the United Kingdom supplied with raw materials, arms, ammunition, fuel, food and all of the necessities of a nation at war throughout World War II — literally enabling the country to defend itself. In doing this, they sustained a considerably greater casualty rate than almost every other
1728:
both "received MBE's", the published citation stating: The ship was sailing alone when she was approached by a raider, which opened fire at long range. She replied with her defensive armament but a shell put her main gun out of action and she suffered heavy structural damage. As her speed was less
888:
remain afloat for several days, a ship with a cargo of bulk iron ore would usually sink in less than 60 seconds as water quickly flooded the cargo holds. Sometimes there might be time to launch the ship's boats, but other times seamen could be struggling to survive in the water trying to hang onto
606:
The senior engineroom ratings were the donkeyman and the greaser (petty officers), in addition to heading the "black gang", (engine room ratings), the former was responsible for the ship's auxiliary power and for maintenance of cargo handling derricks, the latter ensured correct lubrication of all
109:
Merchant seamen are civilians who elect to work at sea. Their working practices in 1939 had changed little in hundreds of years. They "signed on" to sail aboard a ship for a voyage or succession of voyages and after being "paid off" at the end of that time were free to either sign on for a further
1691:
was sailing independently in the Indian Ocean when it was found that she was being shadowed by a German raider. During the hours of darkness the vessel put on all possible speed in an endeavour to escape but early next morning she was spotted and attacked by an aeroplane from the raider. Its fire
761:
The majority of seamen manning ships of the British Merchant Navy were British. However, in a 1938 survey, it was found that 27 per cent were either from India or China and another 5 per cent were British domiciled Arabs, Indians, Chinese, West Africans or West Indians mainly resident in major UK
602:
There were third engineers, fourth engineers and so on, the number of them depending on the size of the vessel. All would usually have completed an apprenticeship ashore in heavy engineering, often in power stations or similar and after going to sea would have gained a Second Class Certificate in
543:
The crew of any ship was arranged by a department system. Under the first mate, the Deck Department handled the ship and its cargo, under the first engineer; the Engineroom Department provided the power and managed the engines and the chief steward managed the catering, the provisions and ran the
305:
Traditionally it was a very open society, almost free of distinctions of class, race, religion, age or colour. The mixture of nationalities making the atmosphere similar to a "Foreign Legion". Some were sailing under aliases to escape family problems, legal issues or simply because they wished to
301:
The British Merchant Navy was the largest in the world and required more crew than Great Britain had merchant seamen, as a result large numbers of Indian, Chinese and West African seamen were engaged to crew ships which regularly traded from Great Britain to ports in those areas. Additionally men
279:
In May 1941, "Emergency Work (Merchant Navy) Order, Notice No. M198" was passed by the British Parliament in recognition of the desperate situation facing Great Britain. Under this new order, a Merchant Navy Reserve Pool was established, which was to ensure that available seamen were allocated to
1431:
awards often presented for diligent work in the office by conscientious civil servants or the altruism of members of charitable organizations. It was recognized in Parliament that insufficient recognition was available for the seamen of the Merchant Navy and raised unsuccessfully in the House of
684:
and it was not unusual for a former Deck Boy to become a master. In order to obtain a Second Mate's certificate (known as a "ticket"), a seaman would have had to have gained several years sea-time experience either as an Apprentice (a Cadet) or as an Able Seaman, no matter what his background or
220:
1. The British Merchant Navy of World War II, previously known as the "Merchant Service" or "Mercantile Marine" comprised the merchant shipping registered in Great Britain and independently operated by British commercial shipping companies. Those vessels carried cargo to and from the country and
100:
The office of the Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen calculated that 144,000 merchant seamen were serving aboard British registered merchant ships at the outbreak of World War II and that up to 185,000 men served in the Merchant Navy during the war. 36,749 seamen were lost to enemy action,
1241:
in Germany. Sir William Elderton, in his report for the Ministry of War Transport on 25 November 1946, recorded that 4,633 merchant seamen of Britain and the Commonwealth were captured and held prisoner in the European theatre, One prisoner of war, First Radio Officer Walter Skett, was shot and
1057:
are commemorated separately amongst the Armed Forces casualties. At least 182 South Africans and 72 (possibly up to 146) New Zealanders died, probably being counted within the British Merchant Navy total in the same way that the Chinese dead are. Potentially there are up to 6,228 more Merchant
639:
The pay of merchant seamen was poor when compared to the pay received by a factory worker or building site worker ashore. A primary factor was the long working hours of the merchant seaman who had a basic working week of 64 hours before overtime compared with the working week of 44 hours in the
1209:
Most of the merchant seamen taken prisoner were seized by German "Raiders"- heavily armed merchant ships disguised as neutral or friendly vessels which would capture Allied merchant vessels and seize their cargo for the Axis powers. Vessels might be converted to prison ships to accommodate the
258:
From the outbreak of war in September 1939, individual seamen could decide if they wished to sail and risk attack by German forces, or in the face of extremely high losses, if they wished to change their occupation to work ashore or otherwise enlist in the Armed Forces. Although sailors in the
1785:
Some seamen received multiple Commendations, for example Captain E.G.B. Martin, O.B.E. of the Merchant Navy who had ships sunk beneath him on three occasions before he was lost and received the award three times, on 23 October 1942, 27 August 1943, and finally Posthumously on 22 June 1945, in
437:
In the Shipping Federation the Chief Mates and Engineers of ships seeking crews would call to have the names and destinations of their ships chalked on large, wall-mounted blackboards along with their requirement for men. Available seamen seeking engagement would be appraised, their paperwork
320:
Traditionally, women sailed as "merchant seamen" aboard ocean liners and larger passenger carrying vessels, usually as chief stewardesses, stewardesses or assistant stewardesses but also working in the laundries and in nursing (as nursing sisters), in child care roles and as assistants in the
585:
Ships often carried apprentices who were indentured to the shipping company for a period of four years to learn the trade of seaman with a view to becoming mates. Unlike midshipmen in the Royal Navy, the apprentice worked with the able Seamen, messing with them and sleeping in the seamens'
229:
adopted the title "Master of the Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets" in 1928. In World War II the title Merchant Navy came into normal usage and with Royal approval, a small silver buttonhole badge was produced for the non-uniformed merchant seamen from January 1940 bearing the letters "MN".
1118:. German U-boats and Italian submarines which sank the ships, frequently surfaced to provide assistance to survivors. The submariners would right up-turned life boats, provide food and drink and often give the best course to steer to land. Some U-boat commanders, such as Wilhelm Schulz of
1245:
Just as with Armed Forces prisoners, merchant seamen did attempt to escape and at least one, Arthur H (Dick) Bird MBE, got home from Germany via Sweden. Others broke out from their prison camps, on journeys to or from hospitals, or from railways while being transported between camps.
1351:. However the U-boat was sunk in action shortly afterwards and as such nothing could be proven. A substantial number of documented cases of U-boat men aiding survivors are however proven and are clearly reported in Admiralty files (Adm 199 series at the National Archives, London).
249:
and the Ministry of Transport, bringing responsibility for both shipping and land transport to a single department, and easing problems of co-ordination of transport in wartime. From this point onwards the "MoWT" decided upon the route sailed and the cargo carried by every ship.
101:
5,720 were taken prisoner and 4,707 were wounded, totaling 47,176 casualties, a minimum casualty rate of over 25 per cent. Mr Gabe Thomas, the former Registrar General of Shipping and Seaman (Great Britain) stated that "27 per cent of merchant seamen died through enemy action".
738:
A seaman taking his final discharge from the Merchant Navy at the end of the war was not released until approval could be gained unless it was a discharge due to him being unfit to sail any longer. A large number of seamen continued to sail as it was their usual occupation.
1789:
Recognizing the inadequate recognition of the bravery of merchant seamen the London-based shipping insurers Lloyd's of London, privately produced a decoration for gallantry which became known as Lloyds War Medal for Bravery and quickly became a very highly respected award.
472:
The majority of the British Merchant Navy comprised coal burning general cargo steamers trading deep sea (across the globe) and had a crew of 40 to 50. A diesel-engined motor tanker averaged a crew of 44 and a small coastal collier might only have a crew of a
1454:
since he was a civilian. Mason brought his tanker to Malta burning, due to leaking fuel, after being torpedoed by an Italian submarine which blew a hole 28 feet by 24 feet in her hull, after being bombed by Italian and German bombers, including the infamous
526:
It was normal for a master to take his wife to sea with him if they decided that the voyage included ports which she wished to visit. At sea his word was absolute law and would be enforced by the first mate, boatswain (bosun) and boatswain's mates.
1354:
In the Far East it was not at all unusual for merchant seamen who survived ships which had been sunk by submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy to be machine-gunned in the water, some Japanese submarines such as I-37 made a practice of this. See
679:
Based on their own experience, abilities and hard work, any Able Seaman was eligible to progress from the most junior rating to firstly take the examination for a Second Mate's certificate, then after sufficient sea-time, a First Mate and finally
544:
ship's cook and his assistants and stewards. In wartime every ocean going ship had a "radio officer" and sometimes he had assistants; but in wartime the need to maintain a constant radio watch necessitated three radio officers instead of one.
876:
Once torpedoed, merchant ships behaved very differently, a tanker carrying high octane aviation fuel might explode into flame, spreading a film of burning fuel across the sea all around the ship as it sank, a ship loaded with timber might
786:, a West Indian, a Chinese and a Liverpudlian. The chief steward was from Cardiff; the cook and two galley boys were from Liverpool. The oldest member of the crew was the 55-year-old cook and the youngest was the 15-year-old galley boy.
321:
on-board shops until the reduction in passenger traffic removed all but a tiny number. Approaching 50 died when their ships were attacked and sunk during World War II. One example was Lily (or Lillie) Ann Green, a stewardess awarded a
271:
faced in lifeboats, this time was regarded as "non-working time," and the seaman was not paid; the reasoning given being that their employer, in the shipping company who had owned the lost vessel, no longer required their services.
1755:
ships, manning machine-guns against enemy attacks, helping to free trapped shipmates as ships sank beneath them or for bravery in lifeboats after their ships were sunk. An example is the award to Edward Gordon Elliott, Seaman.
860:
serve in every corner of the world throughout the war, some returning to sea even after having ships sunk beneath them on multiple occasions. The author John Slader survived three sinkings and was not unusual amongst seamen.
494:
During the war, many ships were armed with old artillery pieces and small arms; later, light 20 mm cannon. These weapons were variously manned by trained merchant seamen of the crew, or pensioned-off gunlayers of the
1341:) to machine gun wreckage and survivors in the water. A trial took place post-war – the commander and his officers were shot. This is the only proven instance. One other instance was believed to have happened, involving
284:
seamen to continue to serve for the duration of the war, they were guaranteed a wage for that period including time spent in lifeboats or in captivity and it provided for two days paid leave earned per month served.
1672:
under sustained air attack with his ship loaded with refugees and delivered them to safety. Sadly, on a later voyage in 1942, he and his lifeboat full of crew and passengers disappeared at sea after the ship was
698:
such as Carpenters, Boatswains, Quarter Masters, Donkeymen and particularly Chief Stewards also preferred this career path and like their officers could even remain aboard a favoured ship for a decade or more.
1362:
for the fate of the crew although even after a determined effort to kill survivors 38 seamen managed to stay alive for 37 more days in open boats until they were rescued. I-37 did the same after sinking the
723:
they had served, the rating in which they sailed (e-g-., Able Seaman or Fireman) and the dates of their service aboard. It also gave indication of their ability at work and their conduct during that period.
892:
It is difficult to estimate the total number of merchant seamen who lost their lives during World War II because the government of the time did not grant them the automatic right of commemoration by the
1320:
Despite wartime propaganda which fostered the concept of German U-boats surfacing to machine gun helpless survivors, building a myth, this was not correct. On the occasion of the sinking of the Greek
1692:
carried away the main wireless aerial as well as the emergency aerial. The raider appeared on the horizon and a running chase ensued, whilst the enemy aircraft continued its attack. Gunfire from the
3803:
414:
Traditionally merchant seamen were administered from a Mercantile Marine Office; the local port office of the Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen. Such offices existed in major Ports such as
3793:
727:
rates such as G-Good or Sat-Satisfactory would be given or even a D-Declined and lower ratings, might affect their prospects when next seeking work aboard a choice vessel sailing a choice route.
797:
Records show that men from all British Commonwealth countries and most Scandinavian, Baltic and European countries served aboard British registered vessels and until the December 1941 attack on
570:
Depending upon the size of the vessel it might have a fourth mate, fifth mate, and so on. The largest ocean liners could have senior and junior levels of each rate of mate as far as 10th mate.
429:
3788:
507:
Maritime Regiment. These vessels were known as DEMS (defensively equipped merchant ships). Gunners varied in number with the armament and could be as few as one or two or as many as 30 men.
1709:– Member of the Order of the British Empire. Awarded for similar incidents to the OBE above but to more junior mates, engineers and radio officers. First Radio Officer Arthur H, (Dick)
1392:
On other occasions in the Far East, survivors were brought aboard the Japanese submarine or warship to be shot or beheaded by sword. Following the sinking of the British merchant ship
3798:
1744:
3783:
377:
In the early war years Britain desperately needed fast convoy escorts and lacked the number of warships to fulfil this role. Several ocean liners were "taken up from trade" by the
748:
302:
from Commonwealth countries sailed aboard British ships as did many others from Scandinavia, the Netherlands and most other countries of the world, including Germany and Japan.
1721:
Bird escaped from Milag prison camp and got home from Germany via Sweden. He was awarded an "MBE". Third Officer William McVicar and Ship's Surgeon Dr. Adeline Nancy Miller of
1771:. Many merchant seamen received the King's Commendation for Brave Conduct for their gallantry in action, for example John Morrison Ruthven, Chief Refrigeration Engineer, SS
1176:
Norway. Several captured merchant seamen were killed as prisoners of war aboard U-boats, when they were sunk by Allied anti-submarine escorts. Captain F H Fenn of the SS.
765:
137:
The youngest merchant seamen were invariably "Boy" ratings, Deck Boys, Galley Boys, Mess Room Boys, Stewards Boys or Cabin Boys and were typically 14 or 15 years of age.
603:
Steam. Ocean liners might have senior and junior rates such as junior seventh engineer or senior ninth engineer, depending upon the number of officers carried aboard.
519:
certificate, also known as an Ordinary Certificate in Steam and some even held an Extra Master's certificate, which signified additional qualification in navigation.
449:
160:
Frequent cases of family members sailing together occurred but this had tragic results when ships were sunk; for example three members of the Attard family from
112:
Merchant seamen were professional seamen sailing in a wide range of roles from the youngest "Boy" rating learning his chosen profession through to the qualified
1580:
1552:
523:
and could expect to become wealthy. As new ships were added to a company's fleet a successful and favoured master could expect it to be assigned as "his".
333:. Maud Elizabeth Stean of the Canadian Merchant Navy, who died on 14 August 1944, aged 28, and one or two women sailed as "engineer officers". For example
1103:
sailed 1,500 miles to make land. During 23 days adrift 44 of the survivors died from wounds and exposure to the weather. Two merchant seamen survivors of
476:
radio officers would eat and socialize. The engineer officers who numbered three or more ate in their own messroom. The carpenter and boatswain, who held
1697:
abandon ship until the vessel was burning furiously. Whilst abandonment was taking place, the raider continued to fire, causing further casualties. The
1450:
which is awarded for acts of greatest bravery "not in the face of the enemy" and "away from the frontline." Capt. Mason could not have been awarded the
753:
654:
238:
1093:
Some convoys were accompanied by "Rescue Ships" which literally steamed with the convoy to stop and rescue surviving merchant seamen from the water.
556:
The second mate (second officer) reporting to the first mate usually held a First Mate certificate and sometimes also a Master Mariner's certificate.
221:
those of the Commonwealth to sustain its war effort. Following the heroism and hardships endured by seamen of the "Mercantile Marine" in World War I
2149:
1249:
In the Far East, any merchant seamen held by the Japanese in prison camps fared as poorly as the other prisoners of war, particularly those held at
322:
718:
Merchant Navy Seaman's Discharge Book showing his service aboard several vessels until he died of injuries received in the sinking of his last ship
3808:
130:
Merchant Seamen aboard British registered vessels during World War II were both male and female and might be registered with the British, Indian,
567:
The third mate reported to the more senior mates and would usually hold a Second Mate's certificate and be studying for his first mate's ticket.
3768:
917:
262:
3764:
3755:
3715:
1114:
was rescued after 133 days adrift, the record however was 135 days, by two torpedoed Indian seamen, Mohamed Aftab and Thakur Miah of the SS.
1768:
110:
engagement if they were required, or to take unpaid "leave" before "signing on" aboard another ship or otherwise to settle and work ashore.
426:, Cardiff and Liverpool. The "MMO" was managed by a Mercantile Superintendent of the Civil Service and his team of clerks and messengers.
483:
The average age of a seaman aboard a British registered vessel in 1938 was about 36 years, and by 1945 it was down to about 32 years old.
1781:
Commendation in February 1944 for remaining aboard his torpedoed ship trying to rescue trapped seamen, he was lost with the trapped men.
586:
accommodation. Some ship's carried a storekeeper who was an experienced older able seaman who controlled the issue of the ships stores.
329:
was torpedoed and sunk off West Africa in 1942. A small number of women sailed as radio officers, including the radio officer of the SS
894:
830:
and Royal Marine instructors and certificates awarded to those seamen who completed them and so were able to return fire if attacked.
312:
It was not unusual for men to have no fixed abode and to live in "Seamen's Hostels" in port for a week or two before their next trip.
309:
Many seamen came from British port towns and cities and followed their fathers and uncles to sea, often sailing with family members.
3734:
3696:
3501:
3277:
1147:) which had broadcast on open radio frequencies for assistance and was flying Red Cross flags after rescuing survivors of the liner
226:
234:
640:
building industry then or 47 hours in the engineering industry. In 1943 the seaman's basic working week was reduced to 56 hours.
573:
559:
3425:
3370:
3351:
3332:
3296:
1201:
535:
81:
2908:
3813:
3660:
3641:
3596:
3577:
3558:
3539:
3520:
3482:
3463:
3444:
3389:
553:
and discharged at the correct port. He supervised the more junior mates in the navigation, handling and running of the ship.
3751:
2856:
3171:
1193:
1138:
1119:
393:
199:
97:
branch of the armed services and suffered great hardship. Seamen were aged from fourteen through to their late seventies.
3689:
Beyond the Call of Duty. The Loss of British Commonwealth Mercantile and Service Women at Sea during the Second World War
1924:
1129:
847:
152:
1403:
Several trials were held post-war and any of the Japanese Naval officers who had survived were tried for their crimes.
1865:
1647:
1532:
1428:
1233:
The 4,900 Merchant seamen taken prisoner by the Germans were generally held at a prisoner of war camp known as MILAG (
346:
176:
went down. Although sailing aboard different ships was not a failsafe solution, three sons of the Metcalf family from
2919:
1432:
Commons on 8 September, 29 September and 7 October 1942 for the institution of a Merchant Navy Cross for Gallantry.
710:
Light blue wartime economy issue Merchant Navy Seaman's Discharge Book beside a dark blue covered pre-war issue type
1805:
1221:; their crews numbering 327 merchant seamen and several Royal Navy seamen. They were held prisoner aboard the SS.
1210:
merchant seamen captured aboard the seized vessels or they might be sailed by a German prize crew to a home port.
1061:
1504:
913:
242:
55:
1137:
Assistance to survivors reduced dramatically after the bombing attack by a USN B-24 maritime patrol aircraft on
2793:
1993:
1971:
1853:
1799:
1261:
1982:
462:
The crew of a ship varied in direct relation to its size and handling requirements and the role of the vessel.
288:
2704:
1396:
in March 1944, prisoners were taken by the Japanese Navy who beheaded 69 of them in what became known as the
2726:
1110:
survived for 70 days in an open boat before rescue, and merchant seaman Poon Lim, sole survivor of the SS.
622:
Some ships carried Engineroom Storekeepers, experienced older ratings who controlled the issues of stores.
2109:
1683:
for great bravery while held by the Japanese. An OBE was awarded to Alfred Hill, Master of the "Mandasor".
1620:
1494:
1342:
1328:
1158:
1152:
486:
131:
2715:
2499:
1841:
1662:
1610:
1125:
127:
weeks or for twelve months or more away from England depending upon the work the ship was to carry out.
2488:
2024:
2004:
1702:
sinking, thereby depriving the raider of stores and provisions which were badly needed by the Germans.
1337:'incident', three or four members of the U-boat crew did follow the order of the submarine commander (
1749:
1737:
1600:
643:
246:
2844:
2804:
2468:
2582:
1889:
1847:
1722:
1590:
1356:
1097:
212:
3243:
3223:
3203:
3183:
3083:
3054:
3034:
3014:
2985:
2825:
2756:
2121:
2090:
1657:
for long periods in command during multiple convoys or evacuation operations such as Selwyn Capon
810:
3248:
3228:
3208:
3188:
3157:
3152:
3128:
3123:
3108:
3103:
3088:
3059:
3039:
3019:
2990:
2830:
2761:
2126:
2095:
1467:
1421:
1144:
192:
610:
480:
status, ate separately. The deck crew ate together and the engine-room crew ate by themselves.
191:
The oldest known serving merchant seamen were in their seventies, Chief Cook Santan Martins of
66:
3730:
3711:
3692:
3675:
3656:
3637:
3611:
3592:
3573:
3554:
3535:
3516:
3497:
3478:
3459:
3440:
3421:
3404:
3385:
3366:
3347:
3328:
3311:
3292:
3273:
1835:
1381:
1338:
853:
382:
Approaching 10,000 seamen, mostly reluctantly signed for a period of service up to 12 months,
334:
846:
Merchant seamen were dying within nine hours of the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939 when
1811:
1164:
1085:
365:
350:
185:
2403:
1456:
116:(locally referred to as the captain), all were merchant seamen regardless of role or rank.
3767:, catalogue details for the official file detailing the award of the GC to Mason, held by
1877:
1054:
769:
A merchant seaman learns to use a machine-gun on a gunnery course in Liverpool, April 1942
504:
477:
338:
1257:
or in the Japanese homeland where deaths due to disease or starvation were not unusual.
838:
3759:
1859:
1651:
1451:
1440:
1397:
1104:
982:
946:
921:
681:
595:
516:
386:
120:
119:
On one engagement a seaman could be a member of the crew of the 81,000-ton ocean liner
113:
1446:
transporting vital fuel to besieged Malta in Operation Pedestal was recognized with a
1096:
Lifeboats not rescued might make voyages of considerable distances. One lifeboat from
1053:
The deaths of 2,713 Naval and DEMS gunners and 1,222 gunners of the Maritime Regiment
900:
3777:
3708:
Passage to Destiny. The Sinking of the SS Khedive Ismail in the Sea War against Japan
1895:
1823:
1215:
Antonis, British Union, Africa Star, Eurylochus, Duquesa, Stanpark, Zamzam, Barneveld
775:
500:
419:
222:
93:
37:
1786:
addition to an Order of the British Empire (Officer) Civil Division on 2 June 1944.
1740:. Virtually all BEMs were awarded to seamen for considerable bravery fighting fires.
1883:
1829:
1817:
1562:
1484:
1447:
1436:
1427:
At other times seamen might receive one of the grades of the Civil Division of the
1386:
806:
798:
399:
789:
685:
educational qualifications, either route involved living and working with seamen.
2860:
1871:
1372:
1226:
423:
1264:, and RN personnel were held prisoner in West- and North Africa. MN crew of SS
1242:
killed by a German camp guard while attempting to escape from his prison camp.
880:
406:
was lost but had bought sufficient time for the convoy to escape annihilation.
607:
necessary parts of the engines and keeping the Firemen and Trimmers in order.
496:
378:
177:
3679:
642:
Considerable resentment was felt by seamen after learning that seamen of the
245:
to control transportation policy and resources. It was formed by merging the
1713:
1669:
1321:
354:
181:
145:
1273:
1230:
death, although badly beaten and with his health broken, he did survive.
801:
there were Japanese seamen amongst crews, several of whom were killed in
443:
172:
was lost, three Roberts brothers also perished on 23 June 1941 when the
3615:
3408:
3315:
1269:
730:
714:
706:
415:
141:
868:
671:
385:
One of the AMCs mainly crewed by large numbers of merchant seamen was
1277:
1250:
1238:
802:
503:
who had signed on as members of the crew and later by members of the
1462:, during which they shot down a Stuka which crashed on the deck of
778:. The deck crew consisted of UK resident Indians, one man was from
392:, which fought a tragically unequal battle with the German cruiser
134:, Australian or New Zealand Merchant navies, or the Fishing Fleet.
1743:
1712:
1459:
1417:
1413:
1380:
1260:
British merchant seamen, and Fleet Air Arm pilots and navigators,
1200:
1084:
1060:
964:
899:
879:
867:
837:
820:
788:
779:
764:
752:
729:
713:
705:
670:
653:
609:
572:
558:
534:
485:
448:
428:
364:
287:
261:
211:
165:
80:
65:
3727:
The Forgotten Tragedy. The Story of the Sinking of HMT Lancastria
1466:, being machine gunned by enemy aircraft and attacked by Italian
515:
The master of a ship, locally referred to as the captain, held a
433:
Mates and Engineers in the Merchant Navy Club in Piccadilly, 1942
1254:
783:
266:
A merchant seaman in the London "Red Ensign" Seamen's Home, 1942
161:
912:
In March 1946 Sir William Elderton (statistical advisor to the
658:
Deck Boy at work on a ship in a convoy bound for Russia in 1943
1658:
1542:
1522:
805:
attacks serving beside British colleagues, and others such as
353:
for her services when the ship was attacked and bombed by the
1304:
were held at El Kef, North Africa, plus other survivors from
233:
The Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) was a department of the
1886:– Japanese – prisoner in Germany 1940–45, later movie actor.
446:, Canada and New York City, USA for seamen resident abroad.
2668:
Herzog (1970) p. 55–56, p. 96–99, p. 105–106
198:
was aged 79 when he was killed in action in her sinking by
3363:
Survivors: British Merchant Seamen in the Second World War
757:
A merchant seaman from Aden in 1943. Note MN lapel badge
734:
Final Discharge from the Merchant Navy after war service
373:
camouflaged and converted into an armed merchant cruiser
1472:
1151:
and towing a chain of lifeboats towards land aided by
539:
The master stands beside a quarter master at the wheel
151:
aged 14 and 15 years respectively when it was sunk by
1412:
and D-Day.), or vital convoys such as Arctic Convoys
1213:
Following the capture by German raiders of the ships
825:
A crew practising with a 12-pounder anti-aircraft gun
749:
Compulsory repatriation of undesirable Chinese seamen
3804:
Military history of South Africa during World War II
1650:– awarded to Senior Masters of ocean liners such as
1639:
Summary table of awards (at right) per John Slader.
453:
Merchant seamen in a Seamen's Club in New York, 1942
3794:
Military history of New Zealand during World War II
762:ports such as Cardiff, Liverpool or South Shields.
225:coined the title Merchant Navy in recognition. The
61:
51:
43:
33:
25:
20:
1435:In one peculiar case the great bravery of Captain
1205:The liberation of Merchant Navy prisoners at Milag
809:were captured and interned with British seamen at
3789:Military history of Australia during World War II
2909:"The Emperor's Irish Slaves" – Shooting survivors
1769:King's Commendation for Brave Conduct (1916–1952)
1188:when it was sunk and Captain G H Moss of the SS.
1134:, were recognized for several humanitarian acts.
577:Trimmers deliver coal to firemen in the stokehold
85:Propaganda poster; note the "MN" buttonhole badge
2920:Japanese War Crimes at Sea – the Ascot massacre
1898:– Merchant seaman author of "My Name is Frank".
793:Merchant Navy gunnery certificate, Canada, 1943
689:who were more comfortable in that environment.
180:were lost, three sons of the Nicol family from
3799:Military history of Canada during World War II
3023:(Supplement). 11 September 1942. p. 4017.
1925:BBC website = WW2 People's War – Merchant Navy
1371:. Other examples were the fate of the crew of
884:Condolence Letter to the mother of a MN seaman
3784:Military history of India during World War II
2994:(Supplement). 8 September 1942. p. 3911.
852:torpedoed the passenger carrying ocean liner
8:
3192:(Supplement). 23 October 1942. p. 4652.
3161:(Supplement). 18 February 1944. p. 905.
3112:(Supplement). 13 February 1942. p. 757.
3063:(Supplement). 26 October 1945. p. 5280.
2765:(Supplement). 7 December 1945. p. 6022.
3212:(Supplement). 27 August 1943. p. 3867.
3132:(Supplement). 16 January 1942. p. 326.
872:Certificate of Death – Merchant Navy – 1942
2099:(Supplement). 26 March 1943. p. 1478.
1915:Commonwealth War Graves Commission records
1280:. Crews of several other ships, including
1225:to be transported back to Germany. Led by
1058:Seamen who died but are not commemorated.
926:
144:, were killed sailing together aboard the
3232:(Supplement). 22 June 1945. p. 3333.
3043:(Supplement). 27 June 1947. p. 3010.
2583:NZ History – NZ Merchant Navy casualties.
1237:) inside Sandbostel Internment Camp near
563:The "black gang" at work in the stokehold
3252:(Supplement). 2 June 1944. p. 2669.
3092:(Supplement). 7 July 1944. p. 3233.
2834:(Supplement). 7 July 1944. p. 3233.
2404:ScottishShipManagement – Hungry Hogarths
2130:(Supplement). 8 July 1941. p. 3964.
1089:Seamen in a lifeboat about to be rescued
675:Merchant Navy 2nd Mate Certificate, 1943
1908:
1288:were held in West Africa. Crews of HMS
254:Merchant seamen at war, 1939 – May 1941
21:British Merchant Seamen of World War II
1347:after it had sunk the fishing trawler
1180:, and Captain D. MacCallum of the SS.
599:to permit him to seek a chief's post.
17:
3756:Honourable Company of Master Mariners
3532:MILAG: Merchant Navy prisoners of war
2966:Hansard, 29 September 1942, p.671-672
646:earned more than double their wages.
323:King's Commendation for Brave Conduct
140:Two brothers, Ken and Ray Lewis from
7:
3589:Life Line – The Merchant Navy at War
2930:Edwards (1991), "Blood and Bushido"
2881:Edwards (1991), "Blood and Bushido"
1268:, plus a token prize crew, held in
774:were mainly South Shields resident
184:and three of the Stiff family from
168:died on 15 September 1941 when the
2957:Hansard, 8 September 1942, p.25-26
2546:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
2025:CWGC details – S Martins (aged 79)
2015:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
895:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
47:Transportation of men and material
14:
1994:CWGC details – RL Lewis (aged 15)
1983:CWGC details – KJ Lewis (aged 14)
1972:CWGC details – WC Hills (aged 14)
1892:DSO, DSC – journalist and author.
1844:– recipient of the Victoria Cross
1808:– recipient of the Victoria Cross
842:A torpedoed merchant ship sinking
2975:Hansard, 7 October 1942, p.11-12
1037:
1018:
999:
981:
963:
945:
490:A ship's master with his sextant
92:crewed the ships of the British
70:The British Merchant Navy Ensign
3572:. Self Publishing Association.
3401:Death & Donkey's Breakfasts
3272:. Manchester University Press.
2150:CBC News – HMS Jervis Bay story
2005:CWGC details – Roberts brothers
1838:– recipient of the George Cross
1820:– recipient of the George Cross
275:Emergency Work Order – May 1941
3809:British people of World War II
977:MN – Naval Auxiliary Personnel
908:explodes after being torpedoed
1:
3456:Under Hazardous Circumstances
3073:Bird (1995), "Farewell Milag"
2815:Bird (1995), "Farewell Milag"
1306:Rodney Star, Empire Guillomot
1171:Prisoners of War and Escapers
351:Lloyd's War Medal for Bravery
3653:Heroes of the Fourth Service
3287:Middlebrook, Martin (1977).
1333:in what became known as the
325:for her bravery when the SS
280:ships which needed crew, it
3758:who hold Mason's GC aboard
3725:Crabb, Brian James (2002).
3706:Crabb, Brian James (2015).
3687:Crabb, Brian James (2006).
2890:Bridgland (2002), p.103-111
2845:Wireless College – WL Skett
2110:CWGC details – Lily A Green
1648:Order of the British Empire
1581:Distinguished Service Medal
1553:Distinguished Service Cross
1533:Distinguished Service Order
1429:Order of the British Empire
782:. There were also one from
614:An engineer officer at work
3830:
3632:Mulligan, Timothy (1999).
3172:CWGC details – EGB Martin
2805:WirelessCollege – WL Skett
2716:CWGC details – D MacCallum
2677:Mulligan (1999), p.196-213
2367:Hope (1982), p.15 and p.76
1814:– "The Man from Timbuctoo"
1298:Empire Pelican, Parracombe
746:
650:Living conditions and food
237:formed on 1 May 1941 when
3634:Neither Sharks Nor Wolves
3623:Schofield, Brian (1968).
3568:Edwards, Bernard (1991).
3534:. Milag PoW Association.
3270:The Merchant Seamen's War
2939:Elphick (1999), p.181–195
2695:Bridgland (2002), p.63-90
2686:Elphick (1999), p.144-150
2659:Bennett (1999), p.159-162
2650:Elphick (1999), p.158-159
2555:Bennett (1999), p.209-213
2489:CWGC details – J Marshall
2469:CWGC details Nabao Tanabe
2160:Linskey (1992), p.143-145
2071:Bennett (1999), p.204-205
1856:BEM, Lloyds Medal – actor
1850:– New Zealand personality
1235:Marine Internierten Lager
920:the then Prime Minister,
914:Ministry of War Transport
361:Naval Auxiliary personnel
297:Merchant seamen 1939–1945
292:A veteran merchant seaman
243:Minister of War Transport
56:Ministry of War Transport
3549:Bridgland, Tony (2002).
3458:. Naval & Military.
3454:Scarlett, R. J. (1992).
3306:Hurd, Archibald (1943).
2948:Sibley (1999), p.105-118
2784:Thomas (1995), p.viii-ix
2746:Thomas (1995), p.272-282
2500:CWGC details – C Fordyce
1184:, were both lost aboard
1033:Australian Merchant Navy
3587:Elphick, Peter (1999).
3308:Britain's Merchant Navy
2899:Bridgland (2002), p.146
2794:CWGC details – WL Skett
2641:Elphick (1999), p.37-44
2564:Schofield (1968), p.xix
2423:Linskey (1992), p.80-81
2331:Peppitt (2000), p.12-13
2322:Linskey (1999), p.37-41
2277:Peppitt (2000), p.12-12
1862:– father of John Lennon
1794:Notable merchant seamen
1717:MBE George VI with case
743:Nationalities of seamen
216:A merchant ship in 1943
3651:Pearce, Frank (1996).
3636:. Chatham Publishing.
3591:. Chatham Publishing.
3435:Linskey, Bill (1999).
3420:. A. Lane Publishing.
3416:Sibley, David (1997).
2727:CWGC details – GH Moss
2705:CWGC details – FH Fenn
2519:Slader (1994), various
2510:Slader (1998), p.20-21
2414:Foss (1992), p.104-105
2053:Slader (1988), various
1826:– Irish Movie Director
1752:
1718:
1495:Empire Gallantry Medal
1389:
1206:
1090:
1073:
995:Canadian Merchant Navy
909:
885:
873:
843:
826:
794:
770:
758:
735:
719:
711:
676:
659:
615:
590:Engineering Department
578:
564:
540:
510:
491:
454:
434:
410:Engagement aboard ship
374:
293:
267:
217:
86:
71:
3814:British Merchant Navy
3769:The National Archives
3670:Herzog, Bodo (1970).
3606:Batten, John (1947).
3530:Thomas, Gabe (1995).
3515:. Literatours Books.
3511:Bird, Arthur (1995).
3477:. Chaffcutter Books.
3380:Hope, Ronald (1982).
3361:Bennett, G H (1999).
3342:Slader, John (1994).
3325:The Red Duster at War
3323:Slader, John (1988).
3142:Scarlett (1992), p.33
2775:Thomas (1995), p.viii
2632:Bennett (1999), p.163
2593:Bennett (1999), p.298
2358:Lane (1990), p. 22-23
1842:Richard Been Stannard
1747:
1716:
1611:Mention in Despatches
1384:
1204:
1126:Karl-Friedrich Merten
1088:
1064:
941:British Merchant Navy
903:
889:any floating debris.
883:
871:
841:
824:
792:
768:
756:
733:
717:
709:
674:
657:
635:Working hours and pay
613:
576:
562:
538:
489:
452:
432:
368:
345:, who was awarded an
291:
265:
215:
84:
69:
3627:. William Blackwood.
3608:Dirty Little Collier
3492:Foss, Denis (1992).
3473:Peppit, Tom (2000).
3004:Slader (1988), p.305
2737:Dyer (1988), p.16-17
2623:Foss (1992), p.27–28
2537:Linskey (1992), p.96
2528:Foss (1992), p.25-26
2450:Lane (1990), p.23-24
2441:Linskey (1992), p.52
2385:Linskey (1992), p.55
2340:Peppitt (2000), p.13
2304:Hope (1982), p.13-18
2259:Lane (1990), p.32-33
2196:Lane (1990), p.24-25
2169:Linskey (1992), p.84
2140:Lane (1990), p.21-22
2080:Lane (1990), p.31-32
2044:Linskey (1992), p.75
1953:Hope (1982), various
1832:– Artist and painter
1750:British Empire Medal
1738:British Empire Medal
1668:who put to sea from
1601:British Empire Medal
1065:Survivors of the SS.
959:Indian Merchant Navy
644:U.S. Merchant Marine
457:
247:Ministry of Shipping
3403:. D & E Books.
3268:Lane, Tony (1990).
2573:Thomas (1995), p.ix
1944:Thomas (1995), p.ix
1935:Slader (1988), p.16
1890:Mark Arnold-Forster
1880:– Boxer and artist.
1848:Robert Arthur Owens
1646:, Commander of the
1621:King's Commendation
1591:Sea Gallantry Medal
1468:motor torpedo boats
1327:(13 March 1944) by
1198:when she was sunk.
626:Catering department
418:, Leith, Newcastle/
3437:No Longer Required
3418:The Behar Massacre
3399:Dyer, Jim (1988).
3382:The Seaman's World
3344:The Fourth Service
3327:. William Kimber.
3249:The London Gazette
3229:The London Gazette
3209:The London Gazette
3189:The London Gazette
3158:The London Gazette
3129:The London Gazette
3109:The London Gazette
3089:The London Gazette
3060:The London Gazette
3040:The London Gazette
3020:The London Gazette
2991:The London Gazette
2831:The London Gazette
2762:The London Gazette
2611:Schofield (1968),
2127:The London Gazette
2096:The London Gazette
1753:
1719:
1661:the Master of the
1422:Operation Pedestal
1390:
1207:
1192:, was lost aboard
1145:Werner Hartenstein
1091:
1074:
910:
886:
874:
844:
827:
795:
771:
759:
736:
720:
712:
677:
660:
616:
579:
565:
541:
492:
455:
435:
375:
294:
268:
235:British Government
218:
204:in December 1940.
87:
72:
3752:Treasures webpage
3717:978-1-907730-41-2
3672:U-boats in Action
3570:Blood and Bushido
3291:. Penguin Books.
2602:Dyer (1988), p.54
2479:Dyer (1988), p.43
2459:Lane (1990), p.24
2432:Foss (1992), p.12
2394:Dyer (1988), p.41
2376:Dyer (1988), p.25
2349:Hurd (1943), p.67
2313:Hurd (1943), p.67
2295:Hurd (1943), p.67
2286:Hurd (1943), p.67
2268:Foss (1992), p.26
2250:Hurd (1943), p.67
2241:Hurd (1943), p.67
2232:Hurd (1943), p.67
2223:Lane (1990), p.24
2214:Lane (1990), p.36
2205:Lane (1990), p.24
2187:Lane (1990), p.31
2178:Foss (1992), p.91
2062:Lane (1990), p.31
2035:Lane (1990), p.22
1868:– BBC broadcaster
1637:
1636:
1339:Heinz-Wilhelm Eck
1051:
1050:
864:Killed or missing
335:Victoria Drummond
306:begin new lives.
208:The Merchant Navy
76:
75:
3821:
3740:
3721:
3702:
3683:
3666:
3647:
3628:
3625:The Rescue Ships
3619:
3602:
3583:
3564:
3545:
3526:
3507:
3488:
3469:
3450:
3439:. Pisces Press.
3431:
3412:
3395:
3376:
3357:
3338:
3319:
3310:. Odhams Press.
3302:
3283:
3254:
3253:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2859:. Archived from
2853:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2613:The Rescue Ships
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1962:Dyer (1988), p.3
1960:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1854:Frederick Treves
1812:Peter de Neumann
1806:Thomas Wilkinson
1775:, was awarded a
1473:
1359:British Chivalry
1219:Canadian Cruiser
1165:Laconia Incident
1043:
1041:
1040:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1005:
1003:
1002:
986:
985:
968:
967:
950:
949:
927:
918:House of Commons
817:Gunnery training
186:Barry, Glamorgan
18:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3774:
3773:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3724:
3718:
3705:
3699:
3686:
3669:
3663:
3655:. Robert Hale.
3650:
3644:
3631:
3622:
3605:
3599:
3586:
3580:
3567:
3561:
3548:
3542:
3529:
3523:
3510:
3504:
3496:. Linden Hall.
3491:
3485:
3472:
3466:
3453:
3447:
3434:
3428:
3415:
3398:
3392:
3379:
3373:
3360:
3354:
3346:. Robert Hale.
3341:
3335:
3322:
3305:
3299:
3286:
3280:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3222:
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3197:
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3146:
3141:
3137:
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3117:
3102:
3101:
3097:
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3077:
3072:
3068:
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3048:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2863:on 4 March 2016
2855:
2854:
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2824:
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2725:
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2714:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2694:
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2676:
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2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2536:
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2527:
2523:
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2509:
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2422:
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2413:
2409:
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2398:
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2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1878:Markey Robinson
1800:Chick Henderson
1796:
1761:
1730:
1703:
1409:
1318:
1302:Empire Defender
1173:
1079:
1055:Royal Artillery
1038:
1036:
1019:
1017:
1000:
998:
980:
962:
944:
866:
836:
819:
780:Burma (Myanmar)
751:
745:
704:
695:
669:
652:
641:
637:
628:
592:
550:
548:Deck Department
533:
517:Master Mariners
513:
505:Royal Artillery
478:Warrant Officer
474:
463:
460:
412:
363:
339:Second Engineer
318:
299:
277:
256:
227:Prince of Wales
210:
111:
107:
105:Merchant Seamen
90:Merchant seamen
79:
12:
11:
5:
3827:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3762:
3760:HQS Wellington
3747:
3746:External links
3744:
3742:
3741:
3735:
3729:. Shaun Tyas.
3722:
3716:
3710:. Shaun Tyas.
3703:
3697:
3691:. Shaun Tyas.
3684:
3667:
3661:
3648:
3642:
3629:
3620:
3610:. Hutchinson.
3603:
3597:
3584:
3578:
3565:
3559:
3553:. Leo Cooper.
3546:
3540:
3527:
3521:
3513:Farewell Milag
3508:
3502:
3489:
3483:
3470:
3464:
3451:
3445:
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3413:
3396:
3390:
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3135:
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3046:
3026:
3006:
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2977:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2912:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2857:"Walter Skett"
2848:
2837:
2817:
2808:
2797:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2719:
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2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2142:
2133:
2113:
2102:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2017:
2008:
1997:
1986:
1975:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1860:Freddie Lennon
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1773:Clan Macarthur
1758:
1742:
1741:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1635:
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1510:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1452:Victoria Cross
1424:Malta Convoy.
1408:
1405:
1398:Behar massacre
1317:
1314:
1182:Baron Dechmont
1172:
1169:
1116:Fort Longueuil
1078:
1075:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
996:
992:
991:
988:
978:
974:
973:
970:
960:
956:
955:
952:
942:
938:
937:
934:
931:
922:Clement Attlee
865:
862:
835:
832:
818:
815:
744:
741:
703:
700:
694:
691:
682:Master Mariner
668:
665:
651:
648:
636:
633:
627:
624:
596:Chief Engineer
591:
588:
549:
546:
532:
529:
512:
509:
459:
456:
411:
408:
398:in defence of
395:Admiral Scheer
371:Worcestershire
362:
359:
331:Viggo Hansteen
327:Andalucia Star
317:
314:
298:
295:
276:
273:
255:
252:
241:was appointed
209:
206:
114:Master Mariner
106:
103:
77:
74:
73:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
35:
31:
30:
29:United Kingdom
27:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3826:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3736:1-900289-50-4
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3698:1-900289-66-0
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:. Ian Allan.
3673:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
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3604:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3551:Waves of Hate
3547:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3503:9780948747113
3499:
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3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:. Hambledon.
3364:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3279:0-7190-2397-1
3275:
3271:
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2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1896:Frank Laskier
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1866:James Redmond
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:Kevin McClory
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:Commendations
1763:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1046:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1014:Fishing Fleet
1013:
1012:
1008:
997:
994:
993:
989:
984:
979:
976:
975:
971:
966:
961:
958:
957:
953:
948:
943:
940:
939:
935:
932:
929:
928:
925:
923:
919:
915:
907:
902:
898:
896:
890:
882:
878:
870:
863:
861:
858:
857:
851:
850:
840:
833:
831:
823:
816:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
767:
763:
755:
750:
742:
740:
732:
728:
724:
716:
708:
701:
699:
692:
690:
686:
683:
673:
666:
664:
656:
649:
647:
645:
634:
632:
625:
623:
620:
612:
608:
604:
600:
597:
589:
587:
583:
575:
571:
568:
561:
557:
554:
547:
545:
537:
530:
528:
524:
520:
518:
511:Ship's master
508:
506:
502:
501:Royal Marines
498:
488:
484:
481:
479:
470:
466:
458:A ship's crew
451:
447:
445:
439:
431:
427:
425:
421:
420:South Shields
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
396:
391:
390:
383:
380:
372:
367:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
315:
313:
310:
307:
303:
296:
290:
286:
283:
274:
272:
264:
260:
253:
251:
248:
244:
240:
239:Lord Leathers
236:
231:
228:
224:
223:King George V
214:
207:
205:
203:
202:
197:
196:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
155:
150:
149:
143:
138:
135:
133:
128:
125:
124:
117:
115:
104:
102:
98:
95:
94:Merchant Navy
91:
83:
78:Military unit
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
38:Merchant Navy
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
16:
3726:
3707:
3688:
3671:
3652:
3633:
3624:
3607:
3588:
3569:
3550:
3531:
3512:
3494:Shoot A Line
3493:
3474:
3455:
3436:
3417:
3400:
3381:
3362:
3343:
3324:
3307:
3288:
3269:
3261:Bibliography
3247:
3238:
3227:
3218:
3207:
3198:
3187:
3178:
3167:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3127:
3118:
3107:
3098:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3058:
3049:
3038:
3029:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2915:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:the original
2851:
2840:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2800:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2722:
2711:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2495:
2484:
2475:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2145:
2136:
2125:
2116:
2105:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2020:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1920:
1911:
1884:Kenji Takaki
1836:Thomas Kelly
1830:Lucian Freud
1818:Dudley Mason
1788:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1754:
1733:
1724:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1664:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1563:George Medal
1505:Albert Medal
1485:George Cross
1463:
1448:George Cross
1442:
1437:Dudley Mason
1434:
1426:
1410:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1387:George Cross
1374:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:Tweed, Samso
1281:
1265:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1080:
1070:
1066:
1052:
911:
905:
891:
887:
875:
855:
848:
845:
834:Under attack
828:
811:Marlag-Milag
807:Kenji Takaki
799:Pearl Harbor
796:
776:Somali Arabs
772:
760:
737:
725:
721:
696:
687:
678:
661:
638:
629:
621:
617:
605:
601:
593:
584:
580:
569:
566:
555:
551:
542:
525:
521:
514:
493:
482:
471:
467:
461:
440:
436:
413:
403:
400:Convoy HX 84
394:
388:
384:
376:
370:
369:Ocean liner
342:
330:
326:
319:
316:Women at sea
311:
308:
304:
300:
281:
278:
269:
257:
232:
219:
200:
194:
190:
173:
169:
159:
153:
147:
139:
136:
129:
122:
118:
108:
99:
89:
88:
52:Part of
15:
3427:1-897666136
3372:1-852851821
3353:0-709048483
3334:0-718306791
3298:0-713909277
3244:"No. 36547"
3224:"No. 37149"
3204:"No. 36151"
3184:"No. 35760"
3153:"No. 36391"
3124:"No. 35421"
3104:"No. 35457"
3084:"No. 36601"
3055:"No. 37328"
3035:"No. 38003"
3015:"No. 35705"
2986:"No. 35695"
2826:"No. 36601"
2757:"No. 37383"
2122:"No. 35214"
2091:"No. 35959"
1872:Dudley Pope
1665:Empire Star
1349:Noreen Mary
1286:Delftshaven
1227:Able Seaman
1107:Anglo Saxon
1077:Time adrift
693:Company men
667:Progression
531:Departments
424:Southampton
3778:Categories
3662:0709058799
3643:1861761198
3616:B004WZL9DQ
3598:1861761007
3579:185421134X
3560:0850528224
3541:0952549808
3522:0951347519
3484:0953242226
3465:0948130490
3446:0953728501
3409:B000ZPHVIY
3391:0245538933
3384:. Harrap.
3316:B004ALCBV6
2867:17 October
1903:References
1778:Posthumous
1654:Queen Mary
1514:Knighthood
1316:War crimes
1290:Manchester
1163:. See the
747:See also:
497:Royal Navy
422:, London,
404:Jervis Bay
389:Jervis Bay
379:Royal Navy
188:all died.
178:Sunderland
174:SS Arakaka
170:SS Newbury
123:Queen Mary
3680:560938442
1725:Britannia
1670:Singapore
1652:RMS
1296:, and SS
1112:Benlomond
1100:Britannia
906:Waimarama
702:Paperwork
387:HMS
355:Luftwaffe
182:Edinburgh
121:RMS
3475:The Crew
1874:– Author
1802:– singer
1723:SS
1699:Mandasor
1694:Mandasor
1689:Mandasor
1663:MV
1441:SS
1420:and the
1375:Tjisalak
1373:SS
1357:SS
1322:SS
1274:Timbuktu
1223:Portland
1178:Yorkwood
1105:SS
1098:SS
1067:Merisaar
904:The SS.
854:SS
444:Montreal
282:required
195:Calabria
193:SS
146:SS
132:Canadian
3765:T 350/2
3754:of the
1687:The SS
1681:Hauraki
1479:Number
1310:Laconia
1270:Conakry
1149:Laconia
1143:(under
954:26,543
936:Deaths
856:Athenia
416:Glasgow
142:Cardiff
26:Country
3733:
3714:
3695:
3678:
3659:
3640:
3614:
3595:
3576:
3557:
3538:
3519:
3500:
3481:
3462:
3443:
3424:
3407:
3388:
3369:
3350:
3331:
3314:
3295:
3289:Convoy
3276:
1633:8,449
1625:2,568
1605:1,717
1575:1,291
1547:1,077
1407:Awards
1369:Ascot"
1367:and SS
1365:Sutlej
1335:Peleus
1324:Peleus
1308:, and
1300:, and
1294:Havock
1292:, HMS
1278:Kankan
1266:Criton
1251:Penang
1239:Bremen
1190:St Usk
1042:
1023:
1009:1,271
1004:
990:1,495
972:6,114
933:Nation
803:U-boat
473:dozen.
349:and a
343:Bonita
341:of SS
148:Fiscus
62:Colors
34:Branch
1673:sunk.
1630:TOTAL
1476:Award
1460:Stuka
1457:JU 87
1418:PQ 18
1414:PQ 17
1394:Behar
1344:U-247
1330:U-852
1195:U-161
1186:U-507
1160:U-507
1154:U-506
1140:U-156
1121:U-124
1069:with
469:160.
201:U-103
166:Malta
3731:ISBN
3712:ISBN
3693:ISBN
3676:OCLC
3657:ISBN
3638:ISBN
3612:ASIN
3593:ISBN
3574:ISBN
3555:ISBN
3536:ISBN
3517:ISBN
3498:ISBN
3479:ISBN
3460:ISBN
3441:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3405:ASIN
3386:ISBN
3367:ISBN
3348:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3312:ASIN
3293:ISBN
3274:ISBN
2869:2015
1748:The
1615:994
1585:421
1557:213
1464:Ohio
1443:Ohio
1416:and
1385:The
1284:and
1276:and
1262:RCAF
1255:Java
1217:and
1157:and
1131:U-68
1124:and
1071:U-99
1047:441
1028:878
849:U-30
784:Fiji
594:The
162:Gozo
154:U-99
44:Role
1734:BEM
1707:MBE
1677:OBE
1659:OBE
1644:CBE
1595:24
1572:MBE
1567:49
1543:OBE
1537:18
1527:50
1523:CBE
1517:10
1509:11
1470:.
1439:of
1363:MV.
1128:of
1044:AUS
1025:GBR
1006:CAN
987:GBR
969:IND
951:GBR
499:or
347:MBE
3780::
3246:.
3226:.
3206:.
3186:.
3155:.
3126:.
3106:.
3086:.
3057:.
3037:.
3017:.
2988:.
2828:.
2759:.
2124:.
2093:.
1767:,
1736:,
1499:1
1489:5
1400:.
1378:.
1312:.
1272:,
1253:,
1167:.
930:MN
813:.
402:.
357:.
337:,
164:,
157:.
3739:.
3720:.
3701:.
3682:.
3665:.
3646:.
3618:.
3601:.
3582:.
3563:.
3544:.
3525:.
3506:.
3487:.
3468:.
3449:.
3430:.
3411:.
3394:.
3375:.
3356:.
3337:.
3318:.
3301:.
3282:.
2871:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.