451:, the soft brome or soft chess, is an annual or biennial occurring in Europe, western North America, and northeastern North America. The culms are 10–70 cm (3.9–27.6 in) tall. The subspecies lacks auricles and the ligules are hyaline and smooth. The panicles are 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) long. The spikelets are cleistogamous. The lemmas are 8–11 mm (0.31–0.43 in) long. The apex of the ovary is pubescent. This subspecies is primarily a forage plant, and occurs in waste places and roadsides. The subspecies has a
44:
57:
493:, the lesser soft brome, occurs in West Europe and the western United States, in California and the Pacific coast of Canada. The culms are 2–16 cm (0.79–6.30 in) long. The panicles are 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) long and often consist of a single spikelet. The pubescent or glabrous lemmas are 6.5–7.5 mm (0.26–0.30 in) long, with bluntly angled margins. The awns can become
465:
is a tufted annual occurring in France, Italy, California, Idaho, and New Mexico. The culms are 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in) tall. The subspecies has a contracted panicle about 10 cm (3.9 in) long, with villous spikelets. The pubescent lemmas are 8–11 mm (0.31–0.43 in) long and
326:
are 1–2.6 mm (0.04–0.10 in) long and are glabrous or pubescent. The grey-green leaf blades are 2.2–18 cm (0.9–7.1 in) long and 1–5.3 mm (0.04–0.21 in) wide, with a pubescent adaxial surface and an abaxial surface pubescent with hairs about one quarter the length of those
406:
basin, and is now widely distributed across North
America, Europe, Africa, and Australia. It grows in waste areas, road verges, fields, grassy plains, and sandy beaches. The grass prefers drained or dry soils consisting of clay loam or sand, especially areas tending to be less fertile. The plant is
359:
are 7.5–9 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long and 1.9–2.5 mm (0.07–0.10 in) wide, with seven to nine visible, conspicuous nerves. The lemmas have hyaline margins 0.3–0.6 mm (0.012–0.024 in) broad. The apex is bifid and the cleft is 0.3–0.7 mm (0.012–0.028 in) deep. The awns
421:
There are very few herbicides that selectively control soft brome in wheat or barley. The management of this weed is mostly based on an integrated programme. This includes hygiene to minimise its introduction to the fields as well as cleaning the fence lines where the infestation is more severe. A
476:
occurs in Europe and sporadically throughout North
America. The culms are 10–70 cm (3.9–27.6 in) tall. The panicles are up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long. The typically glabrous lemmas are 6.5–8 mm (0.26–0.31 in) long. The awns are straight and erect. The subspecies can be
334:
are 2.5–14 cm (1.0–5.5 in) long and 1–4 cm (0.39–1.57 in) wide. The panicles can be dense or reduced to just one spikelet. The erect to ascending or lax branches of the panicle are scabrous or pubescent, each branch bearing one spikelet.
354:
are minutely to densely pubescent and the keels are serrated. The lower glumes are 5.2–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) long with three to five nerved, and the upper glumes are 6–8.5 mm (0.24–0.33 in) long and seven- to nine-nerved. The
441:, the least soft brome, is a rare annual that occurs in northwestern Europe. The grass is tufted and erect or decumbent. The spikelets are villous and the awns are spreading or twisted. This subspecies can be used for erosion control.
314:
measure 0.5–5 mm (0.02–0.20 in) wide at their base, and are minutely to densely pubescent, with hairs measuring up to 0.6 mm (0.02 in) long. The moderately to densely pilose
605:
Dastgheib F. & Poole N. (2010). Seed biology of brome grass weeds (Bromus diandrus and B. hordeaceus) and effects of land management, “New
Zealand Plant Protection” 63: 78-83
418:
can be a weed in cereal crops. It grows in wheat and spring barley crops competing and reducing their yield. The seeds can contaminate the crop seeds and lower seed quality.
426:
can be controlled with several herbicides in most other crops in the rotation. Growers in New
Zealand use stubble burning to reduce the seed input in the following crops.
287:, this species belongs to a group of closely related species, including some hybrids, which are difficult to tell apart. Some of the other species in this group include:
729:
1115:
539:
1190:
466:
have rounded margins. The scabrid awns are somewhat erect. The subspecies grows as a weed in cultivated areas, typically in dry soils but rarely in wetlands.
1040:
269:
in
Britain, where it can be found on roadsides, waste ground, meadows, and cultivated land. It is found throughout Europe and western Asia, and was
1141:
1066:
1275:
1226:
1418:
931:
383:. The only obvious distinguishing characteristic is the level of lemma nerve protrusion; the lemma nerves are raised and conspicuous in
1208:
766:
1408:
1403:
965:
926:
1413:
687:
655:
1360:
1102:
1324:
1254:
1146:
1177:
371:
It grows during winter and flowers from late spring onwards, maturing in the summer. The grass blooms in May and August.
1423:
1128:
867:
844:
645:
497:
when mature. The subspecies grows in waste areas and sandy soils or dunes. The subspecies has a diploid number of 28.
1329:
1288:
1195:
1293:
1398:
1231:
360:
are 4–7.6 mm (0.16–0.30 in) long, arising 0.4–1.2 mm (0.016–0.047 in) below the lemma. The
56:
1027:
1032:
1006:
1393:
1001:
882:
777:
615:
347:
43:
980:
872:
815:
746:
723:
183:
1071:
761:
707:
585:
1365:
1218:
939:
892:
350:
can be visible when the spikelet is mature and the spikelet has six to eleven florets. The subequal
1019:
1169:
1347:
1280:
1014:
918:
647:
CRC World
Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology
270:
207:
51:
1339:
1120:
1239:
900:
683:
651:
533:
283:
1244:
379:
319:
1094:
1388:
590:. Vol. 1. Fort Worth, Texas: Botanical Research Institute of Texas. pp. 335–337.
94:
1267:
1262:
756:
515:
479:
452:
361:
356:
307:. It can grow 7–110 cm (3–43 in) high, sometimes in tufts, sometimes singly.
241:
81:
993:
1382:
403:
311:
199:
107:
751:
1352:
483:
in its similar lemma form and characteristics. It grows in meadows and grasslands.
364:
are shorter than the lemmas, with glabrous backs and ciliate keels. The dark brown
343:
237:
1058:
905:
836:
1156:
849:
1316:
1182:
1164:
1079:
809:
318:
are mostly closed, with hairs 1.2 mm (0.047 in) long. The plant lacks
315:
120:
826:
494:
970:
800:
17:
1053:
988:
952:
1306:
1133:
1301:
1203:
859:
794:
339:
150:
1045:
913:
331:
304:
245:
140:
1084:
365:
323:
265:
160:
130:
1107:
771:
957:
351:
68:
327:
on the adaxial surface. The leaf margins are smooth or serrated.
944:
775:
377:
is closely related to and difficult to distinguish from
682:. Vol. 24. Oxford University Press. p. 232.
569:. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand. p. 362-3
342:
are 1.7–3 cm (0.67–1.18 in), including the
587:
Journal of the
Botanical Research Institute of Texas
516:"RBG Kew: GrassBase - Bromus hordeaceus Description"
784:
678:Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1993).
407:resistant to drought and temperature variations.
368:are 0.3–1.3 mm (0.012–0.051 in) long.
706:Angelo, R. and Boufford, David Edward (1998).
622:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
584:Botanical Research Institute of Texas (2007).
8:
728:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
708:"Atlas of the flora of New England: Poaceae"
273:into North and South America and Australia.
601:
599:
597:
538:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
772:
346:3–8 mm (0.12–0.31 in) long. The
303:The plant is pubescent entirely and lacks
42:
31:
248:). It is also known in North America as
680:Flora of North America: North of Mexico
673:
671:
669:
667:
579:
577:
575:
506:
721:
701:
699:
531:
244:species of grass in the grass family (
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
567:Flora of New Zealand, Vol. V, Grasses
387:while they are smooth and obscure in
289:B. thominii, B. lepidus, B. ferronii,
7:
1330:e0320d69-4d45-4eb5-a9f1-fe3f3c0d5c47
1219:a140ce1f-c199-459d-8219-e50d18f4e7b8
565:Edgar E. & Connor H.E. (2000).
1294:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30016331-2
718:. New England Botanical Club: 111.
25:
263:It is the most common species of
422:good crop rotation is useful as
55:
1:
644:Umberto Quattrocchi (2006).
322:. The membraneous and erose
310:The smooth, yellowish brown
1419:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
762:Forest Service Fire Ecology
1440:
650:. CRC Press. p. 375.
1409:Flora of Southern America
1404:Flora of Northern America
330:The grey-green to purple
213:
206:
189:
182:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
1414:Plants described in 1753
395:Distribution and habitat
747:Jepson Manual Treatment
556:. Penguin Books. 1978.
757:UCD IPM Weeds Gallery
338:The ovate-lanceolate
281:Previously known as
752:USDA Plants Profile
616:"Bromus hordeaceus"
1424:Grasses of Lebanon
175:B. hordeaceus
1376:
1375:
1240:Open Tree of Life
1209:Bromus~hordeaceus
1020:Bromus hordeaceus
932:Bromus_hordeaceus
893:bromus-hordeaceus
816:Bromus hordeaceus
786:Bromus hordeaceus
778:Taxon identifiers
487:Bromus hordeaceus
470:Bromus hordeaceus
459:Bromus hordeaceus
445:Bromus hordeaceus
435:Bromus hordeaceus
416:Bromus hordeaceus
402:is native to the
400:Bromus hordeaceus
375:Bromus hordeaceus
229:Bromus hordeaceus
225:
224:
220:
193:Bromus hordeaceus
36:Bromus hordeaceus
16:(Redirected from
1431:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1283:
1271:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1183:NBNSYS0000004689
1173:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1110:
1098:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1035:
1023:
1022:
1010:
1009:
997:
996:
984:
983:
974:
973:
961:
960:
948:
947:
935:
934:
922:
921:
909:
908:
896:
895:
886:
885:
876:
875:
863:
862:
853:
852:
840:
839:
830:
829:
820:
819:
818:
805:
804:
803:
773:
734:
733:
727:
719:
703:
694:
693:
675:
662:
661:
641:
624:
623:
612:
606:
603:
592:
591:
581:
570:
563:
557:
550:
544:
543:
537:
529:
527:
526:
511:
411:Invasive species
380:Bromus racemosus
218:
195:
60:
59:
46:
32:
27:Species of grass
21:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1399:Flora of Europe
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1154:MichiganFlora:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1000:
992:
987:
979:
977:
969:
964:
956:
951:
943:
938:
930:
925:
917:
912:
904:
899:
891:
889:
881:
879:
871:
866:
858:
856:
848:
843:
835:
833:
825:
823:
814:
813:
808:
799:
798:
793:
780:
743:
738:
737:
720:
705:
704:
697:
690:
677:
676:
665:
658:
643:
642:
627:
614:
613:
609:
604:
595:
583:
582:
573:
564:
560:
552:Hubbard, C. E.
551:
547:
530:
524:
522:
513:
512:
508:
503:
432:
413:
397:
301:
279:
202:
197:
191:
178:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1357:
1353:wfo-0000855692
1344:
1334:
1321:
1311:
1298:
1285:
1272:
1259:
1249:
1236:
1223:
1213:
1200:
1187:
1174:
1161:
1151:
1138:
1125:
1112:
1099:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1050:
1037:
1024:
1011:
998:
985:
975:
962:
949:
936:
923:
910:
897:
887:
877:
864:
854:
841:
831:
821:
806:
790:
788:
782:
781:
776:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
742:
741:External links
739:
736:
735:
695:
688:
663:
656:
625:
607:
593:
571:
558:
545:
505:
504:
502:
499:
480:Bromus lepidus
474:pseudothominii
453:diploid number
431:
428:
412:
409:
396:
393:
300:
297:
293:B. molliformis
278:
275:
223:
222:
211:
210:
204:
203:
198:
187:
186:
180:
179:
172:
170:
166:
165:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1436:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Flora of Asia
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
976:
972:
967:
963:
959:
954:
950:
946:
941:
937:
933:
928:
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
902:
898:
894:
888:
884:
878:
874:
869:
865:
861:
855:
851:
846:
842:
838:
832:
828:
822:
817:
811:
807:
802:
796:
792:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
768:
767:Photo gallery
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
740:
731:
725:
717:
713:
709:
702:
700:
696:
691:
689:9780195310719
685:
681:
674:
672:
670:
668:
664:
659:
657:9781420003222
653:
649:
648:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
626:
621:
617:
611:
608:
602:
600:
598:
594:
589:
588:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
562:
559:
555:
549:
546:
541:
535:
521:
517:
510:
507:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
482:
481:
477:mistaken for
475:
471:
467:
464:
460:
456:
455:of 14 or 28.
454:
450:
446:
442:
440:
436:
429:
427:
425:
424:B. hordeaceus
419:
417:
410:
408:
405:
404:Mediterranean
401:
394:
392:
390:
386:
385:B. hordeaceus
382:
381:
376:
372:
369:
367:
363:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
333:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
285:
276:
274:
272:
268:
267:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:
221:
217:
216:Bromus mollis
212:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
188:
185:
184:Binomial name
181:
177:
176:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:Tracheophytes
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
18:Bromus mollis
785:
724:cite journal
715:
711:
679:
646:
619:
610:
586:
566:
561:
553:
548:
523:. Retrieved
519:
509:
490:
486:
485:
478:
473:
469:
468:
462:
458:
457:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
433:
423:
420:
415:
414:
399:
398:
389:B. racemosus
388:
384:
378:
374:
373:
370:
337:
329:
316:leaf sheaths
309:
302:
292:
288:
282:
280:
264:
262:
257:
253:
249:
233:
228:
227:
226:
215:
214:
192:
190:
174:
173:
161:
114:
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
1165:NatureServe
1080:iNaturalist
810:Wikispecies
520:www.kew.org
463:molliformis
299:Description
147:Subfamily:
121:Commelinids
95:Angiosperms
1383:Categories
1337:WisFlora:
1268:kew-401143
1263:Plant List
1108:30016331-2
880:Calflora:
525:2018-02-27
501:References
495:divaricate
449:hordeaceus
430:Subspecies
271:introduced
258:soft chess
254:soft cheat
250:bull grass
234:soft brome
1054:GrassBase
1033:242416191
1007:242416191
989:FloraBase
890:Cal-IPC:
348:rachillae
340:spikelets
284:B. mollis
169:Species:
65:Kingdom:
1325:VicFlora
1314:VASCAN:
1307:25509397
1302:Tropicos
1204:NSWFlora
1170:2.158675
1121:10953911
1059:imp01633
927:eFloraSA
857:BioLib:
795:Wikidata
620:Calflora
534:cite web
514:kh02kg.
491:thominei
439:ferronii
332:panicles
320:auricles
305:rhizomes
277:Taxonomy
242:biennial
236:, is an
208:Synonyms
151:Pooideae
137:Family:
108:Monocots
1046:2703777
945:1115299
914:Ecocrop
801:Q159156
712:Rhodora
554:Grasses
489:subsp.
472:subsp.
461:subsp.
447:subsp.
437:subsp.
366:anthers
324:ligules
246:Poaceae
157:Genus:
141:Poaceae
127:Order:
69:Plantae
1389:Bromus
1366:993852
1276:PLANTS
1245:792747
1216:NZOR:
1147:501070
981:brohor
978:FEIS:
971:190361
873:120984
837:129099
834:APDB:
686:
654:
362:paleas
357:lemmas
352:glumes
266:Bromus
256:, and
238:annual
232:, the
162:Bromus
131:Poales
1361:WoRMS
1281:BRHO2
1252:PFI:
1227:NZPCN
1196:52147
1134:10026
1116:IRMNG
1092:IPA:
1085:52703
1015:FoAO2
966:EUNIS
958:BROMO
860:42495
850:67927
824:APA:
312:culms
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
1340:2792
1317:7459
1289:POWO
1255:7416
1232:3534
1191:NCBI
1157:2032
1142:ITIS
1103:IPNI
1095:5201
1072:7320
1067:GRIN
1041:GBIF
953:EPPO
919:3916
906:ND36
883:1202
868:BOLD
845:APNI
827:4707
730:link
684:ISBN
652:ISBN
540:link
344:awns
291:and
1348:WFO
1178:NBN
1129:ISC
1028:FoC
1002:FNA
994:250
940:EoL
901:CoL
716:100
240:or
1385::
1363::
1350::
1327::
1304::
1291::
1278::
1265::
1242::
1229::
1206::
1193::
1180::
1167::
1144::
1131::
1118::
1105::
1082::
1069::
1056::
1043::
1030::
1017::
1004::
991::
968::
955::
942::
929::
916::
903::
870::
847::
812::
797::
726:}}
722:{{
714:.
710:.
698:^
666:^
628:^
618:.
596:^
574:^
536:}}
532:{{
518:.
391:.
295:.
260:.
252:,
219:L.
200:L.
117::
104::
91::
78::
732:)
692:.
660:.
542:)
528:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
