782:"Vicente Marcano (in Spanish) Quote from Google translate: "New theory about the phenomenon of fermentation": "See also the bromeliad (for Annana Bromelia L.) pineapple, which is responsible for many phenomena of fermentation of the fruit. This finding, while not making Marcano, was actually made by him, as later confirmed by Dr. RH Chittenden, of Yale University, who argues that "the bromeliad was discovered by a Venezuelan scholar named Vicente Marcano.""
688:
While there have been studies which positively correlated the use of bromelain with reduction of symptom severity in osteoarthritis, "he majority of the studies have methodological issues that make it difficult to draw definite conclusions", as none definitively established efficacy, recommended
684:
Bromelain has not been scientifically proven to be effective in treating any other diseases and it has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration for the treatment of any disorder. In the United States, the passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA, 1994)
583:
After an hour at 50 °C (122 °F), 83% of the enzyme remains, while at 40 °C (104 °F), practically 100% remains. The proteolytic activity of concentrated bromelain solutions remains relatively stable for at least 1 week at room temperature, and multiple freeze-thaw cycles or
515:
Pineapples have a long tradition as a medicinal plant among the natives of South and
Central America. The first isolation of bromelain was recorded by the Venezuelan chemist Vicente Marcano in 1891 by
1040:
Walker AF, Bundy R, Hicks SM, Middleton RW (2002). "Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults".
571:
from the peel, stem, leaves or waste of the pineapple plant after processing the fruit for juice or other purposes. The starting material is blended and pressed through a filter to obtain a
750:
431:
248:
527:
and Frank
Sherman Meara, investigated the matter more completely, and called it 'bromelin'. Later, the term 'bromelain' was introduced and originally applied to any
620:
in the cooking process. Some prepared meat products, such as meatballs and commercially available marinades, include pineapple and/or pineapple-derived ingredients.
450:
267:
1366:
467:
Bromelain extract is a mixture of protein-digesting (proteolytic) enzymes and several other substances in smaller quantities. The proteolytic enzymes are
919:
757:
951:
Hale, Laura P.; Greer, Paula K.; Trinh, Chau T.; James, Cindy L. (2005). "Proteinase activity and stability of natural bromelain preparations".
662:
1733:
443:
260:
1359:
696:, and papain) has been investigated in Europe to evaluate the efficacy in breast, colorectal, and plasmacytoma cancer patients.
516:
410:
227:
386:
203:
1889:
575:
liquid containing the soluble bromelain enzyme. Further processing includes purification and concentration of the enzyme.
2017:
1517:
1512:
1352:
1225:
Guo, R.; Canter, P.H.; Ernst, E. (2006), "Herbal medicines for the treatment of rhinosinusitis: A systematic review",
617:
1075:
Hale LP, Greer PK, Trinh CT, James CL (2005). "Proteinase activity and stability of natural bromelain preparations".
1874:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1386:
623:
Although the quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, specific
404:
221:
68:
1884:
1838:
1781:
1383:
1338:
656:
520:
501:
489:
297:
114:
391:
208:
1786:
1577:
636:
1165:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 20 April 2016
624:
568:
547:
sp.), but the stem is the most common commercial source, presumably because usable quantities are readily
455:
272:
685:
allows the sale of bromelain-containing dietary supplements even though efficacy has not been confirmed.
379:
196:
2022:
1807:
1726:
934:
64:
1879:
751:"European Public Assessment Report: NexoBrid, concentrate of proteolytic enzymes enriched in bromelain"
692:
Systemic enzyme therapy (consisting of combinations of proteolytic enzymes such as bromelain, trypsin,
56:, or it may refer to a combination of those enzymes along with other compounds produced in an extract.
131:
314:
407:
224:
1843:
1670:
331:
309:
148:
126:
1269:"Efficacy of Extrinsic Stain Removal by Novel Dentifrice Containing Papain and Bromelain Extracts"
2012:
1776:
1250:
864:
72:
1379:
1300:
1242:
1207:
1141:
1092:
1057:
1022:
968:
856:
796:
524:
398:
215:
34:, although it exists in all parts of the fresh plant and fruit. The extract has a history of
1822:
1817:
1791:
1719:
1690:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1344:
1290:
1280:
1234:
1197:
1131:
1123:
1084:
1049:
1012:
1004:
960:
900:
848:
367:
184:
1537:
1329:
1325:
1869:
1853:
1766:
801:): together with some observations on the composition and proteolytic action of the juice"
700:
497:
343:
160:
39:
920:"Effect of Temperature on the Stability of Fruit Bromelain from Smooth Cayenne Pineapple"
667:
A concentrate of proteolytic enzymes enriched in bromelain is approved in Europe for the
302:
119:
1907:
1848:
1295:
1268:
1186:"Proteolytic enzyme therapy in evidence-based complementary oncology: fact of fiction?"
1017:
992:
723:
704:
485:
426:
243:
1334:
1136:
1111:
2006:
1812:
1771:
888:
836:
86:
60:
35:
1254:
1761:
1629:
1625:
781:
693:
532:
53:
1238:
868:
612:
Cooked or canned pineapple does not have a tenderizing effect, as the enzymes are
63:
and research models for its possible efficacy against diseases, the only approved
1088:
964:
1985:
1920:
1756:
1700:
1695:
1665:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
708:
668:
602:
572:
1053:
1680:
1494:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1008:
993:"Efficacy of reverse micellar extracted fruit bromelain in meat tenderization"
904:
852:
837:"Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies"
478:
475:
468:
27:
1285:
1202:
1185:
714:
Bromelain is also claimed as a tooth plaque removal enhancer in toothpastes.
1959:
1933:
1685:
1592:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
644:
31:
1304:
1246:
1211:
1145:
1112:"Bromelain as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis: a Review of Clinical Studies"
1096:
1061:
1026:
972:
860:
1127:
559:
Produced mainly in parts of the world where pineapples are grown, such as
1675:
1375:
1162:
689:
dosage, long term safety, or adverse interaction with other medications.
677:
640:
613:
606:
564:
560:
528:
504:
492:
472:
355:
172:
77:
46:
1504:
1395:
548:
374:
191:
1972:
1742:
1552:
1484:
1479:
1321:
728:
632:
598:
438:
350:
338:
326:
255:
167:
155:
143:
49:
23:
1324:
online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: Stem
Bromelain:
584:
exposure to the digestive enzyme trypsin have little effect on it.
1946:
1527:
605:. Bromelain is sold in a powdered form, which is combined with a
601:, bromelain is one of the most popular proteases to use for meat
672:
628:
362:
179:
90:
82:
1715:
1348:
889:"Pineapple wastes: A potential source for bromelain extraction"
835:
Arshad ZI, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad K, Loke SP (2014).
795:
Chittenden, R H; Elliott P Joslin; Frank
Sherman Meara (1892).
85:. There is no other established application for bromelain as a
805:
Transactions of the
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
1110:
Brien S, Lewith G, Walker A, Hicks SM, Middleton D (2004).
1711:
797:"On the ferments contained in the juice of the pineapple (
756:. European Medicines Agency. December 2012. Archived from
543:
Bromelain is present in all parts of the pineapple plant (
991:
Chaurasiya RS, Sakhare PZ, Bhaskar N, Hebbar HU (2015).
481:
is required for function. The two main enzymes are:
1898:
1862:
1831:
1800:
1749:
1658:
1591:
1503:
1472:
1394:
449:
437:
425:
420:
397:
385:
373:
361:
349:
337:
325:
320:
308:
296:
291:
286:
266:
254:
242:
237:
214:
202:
190:
178:
166:
154:
142:
137:
125:
113:
108:
103:
38:use. As a culinary ingredient, it may be used as a
1267:Chakravarthy, P.K.; Acharya, S. (October 2012).
45:The term "bromelain" may refer to either of two
609:, or directly sprinkled on the uncooked meat.
1727:
1360:
784:. Pioneers of Venezuela, PDVSA-Intevep. 1997.
631:and industrial processing, including uses in
8:
887:Ketnawaa S, Chaiwutb P, Rawdkuen S (2012).
1734:
1720:
1712:
1367:
1353:
1345:
745:
743:
417:
234:
81:used to remove dead tissue in severe skin
1337:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1294:
1284:
1201:
1135:
1016:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
471:proteases; a free sulfhydryl group of a
67:for bromelain was issued in 2012 by the
52:extracted from the plants of the family
16:Class of enzymes derived from pineapples
739:
1157:
1155:
986:
984:
982:
283:
100:
918:Jutamongkon R, Charoenrein S (2010).
882:
880:
878:
7:
1227:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
663:Proteases (medical and related uses)
627:can yield sufficient quantities for
551:after the fruit has been harvested.
531:from any member of the plant family
671:(removal of dead tissue) of severe
1116:Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
927:Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science
14:
699:Bromelain may be effective as an
519:the fruit of pineapple. In 1892,
953:International Immunopharmacology
59:Although tested in a variety of
893:Food and Bioproducts Processing
703:in relieving symptoms of acute
593:Meat tenderizing and other uses
1:
1239:10.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1254
707:in patients not treated with
1273:Journal of Young Pharmacists
1089:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.12.007
965:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.12.007
675:wounds under the trade name
2039:
1054:10.1078/094471102321621269
660:
654:
1890:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
1009:10.1007/s13197-014-1454-z
905:10.1016/j.fbp.2011.12.006
853:10.1007/s00253-014-5889-y
841:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
416:
233:
69:European Medicines Agency
26:extract derived from the
1782:Diffusion-limited enzyme
1339:Medical Subject Headings
1286:10.4103/0975-1483.104368
1203:10.1177/1534735408327251
657:Bromelain (pharmacology)
521:Russell Henry Chittenden
933:: 943–8. Archived from
651:Potential medical uses
1875:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
1808:Allosteric regulation
579:Temperature stability
1885:Lineweaver–Burk plot
65:clinical application
2018:Dietary supplements
1671:Cancer procoagulant
1128:10.1093/ecam/neh035
1077:Int Immunopharmacol
1844:Enzyme superfamily
1777:Enzyme promiscuity
1380:cysteine proteases
1328:, Fruit Bromelain:
1190:Integr Cancer Ther
997:J Food Sci Technol
97:Extract components
73:topical medication
2000:
1999:
1709:
1708:
525:Elliott P. Joslin
465:
464:
461:
460:
380:metabolic pathway
282:
281:
278:
277:
197:metabolic pathway
2030:
1880:Hanes–Woolf plot
1823:Enzyme activator
1818:Enzyme inhibitor
1792:Enzyme catalysis
1736:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1691:3C-like protease
1369:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1184:Beuth J (2008).
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1020:
988:
977:
976:
948:
942:
941:
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915:
909:
908:
884:
873:
872:
832:
813:
812:
792:
786:
785:
778:
772:
771:
769:
768:
762:
755:
747:
418:
284:
235:
101:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1908:Oxidoreductases
1894:
1870:Enzyme kinetics
1858:
1854:List of enzymes
1827:
1796:
1767:Catalytic triad
1745:
1740:
1710:
1705:
1654:
1587:
1499:
1468:
1390:
1373:
1317:
1312:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1039:
1038:
1034:
990:
989:
980:
950:
949:
945:
937:
922:
917:
916:
912:
886:
885:
876:
847:(17): 7283–97.
834:
833:
816:
799:Ananassa sativa
794:
793:
789:
780:
779:
775:
766:
764:
760:
753:
749:
748:
741:
737:
720:
701:adjunct therapy
665:
659:
653:
647:manufacturing.
595:
590:
581:
567:, bromelain is
557:
541:
513:
498:Fruit bromelain
287:Fruit bromelain
99:
40:meat tenderizer
17:
12:
11:
5:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
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1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1832:Classification
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1316:
1315:External links
1313:
1311:
1310:
1279:(4): 245–249.
1259:
1233:(4): 496–506,
1217:
1196:(4): 311–316.
1176:
1151:
1102:
1067:
1032:
1003:(6): 3870–80.
978:
943:
940:on 2014-11-29.
910:
874:
814:
787:
773:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
726:
724:Phytochemicals
719:
716:
705:rhinosinusitis
655:Main article:
652:
649:
639:of cut fruit,
594:
591:
589:
586:
580:
577:
556:
553:
540:
537:
523:, assisted by
512:
509:
508:
507:
495:
486:Stem bromelain
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
447:
446:
441:
435:
434:
429:
423:
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402:
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104:Stem bromelain
98:
95:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2035:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
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1849:Enzyme family
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Cooperativity
1811:
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1806:
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1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Oxyanion hole
1770:
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1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:Fruit-derived
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
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1427:
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1422:
1420:
1417:
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1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:(4): 783–93.
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Phytomedicine
1036:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
985:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
959:(4): 783–93.
958:
954:
947:
944:
936:
932:
928:
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914:
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899:(3): 385–91.
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763:on 2018-06-17
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637:anti-browning
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356:NiceZyme view
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96:
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87:nutraceutical
84:
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61:folk medicine
57:
55:
51:
48:
43:
41:
37:
36:folk medicine
33:
29:
25:
21:
2023:Bromeliaceae
1986:Translocases
1983:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1931:
1921:Transferases
1918:
1905:
1762:Binding site
1489:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1122:(3): 251–7.
1119:
1115:
1105:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1048:(8): 681–6.
1045:
1041:
1035:
1000:
996:
956:
952:
946:
935:the original
930:
926:
913:
896:
892:
844:
840:
808:
804:
798:
790:
776:
765:. Retrieved
758:the original
713:
698:
694:chymotrypsin
691:
687:
683:
676:
666:
622:
611:
596:
582:
558:
544:
542:
533:Bromeliaceae
514:
466:
344:BRENDA entry
161:BRENDA entry
76:
58:
54:Bromeliaceae
44:
19:
18:
1757:Active site
1701:Gingipain K
1696:Gingipain R
1666:Clostripain
1163:"Bromelain"
709:antibiotics
669:debridement
614:heat-labile
603:tenderizing
597:Along with
573:supernatant
549:extractable
332:IntEnz view
292:Identifiers
149:IntEnz view
132:37189-34-7
109:Identifiers
2007:Categories
1960:Isomerases
1934:Hydrolases
1801:Regulation
1681:Autophagin
1495:Actinidain
1464:Caspase 14
1459:Caspase 13
1454:Caspase 12
1449:Caspase 10
1335:Bromelains
811:: 281–308.
767:2015-03-28
735:References
661:See also:
625:extraction
555:Production
517:fermenting
479:side chain
476:amino acid
469:sulfhydryl
401:structures
368:KEGG entry
315:9001-00-7
218:structures
185:KEGG entry
32:pineapples
2013:EC 3.4.22
1839:EC number
1686:Cruzipain
1593:Cathepsin
1490:Bromelain
1444:Caspase 9
1439:Caspase 8
1434:Caspase 7
1429:Caspase 6
1424:Caspase 5
1419:Caspase 4
1414:Caspase 3
1409:Caspase 2
1404:Caspase 1
1376:Proteases
645:cosmetics
618:denatured
569:extracted
505:3.4.22.33
493:3.4.22.32
321:Databases
303:3.4.22.33
138:Databases
120:3.4.22.32
20:Bromelain
1863:Kinetics
1787:Cofactor
1750:Activity
1676:Separase
1305:23493413
1255:42625009
1247:17011407
1212:19116226
1169:24 April
1146:15841258
1097:15710346
1062:12587686
1027:26028772
973:15710346
861:24965557
718:See also
678:NexoBrid
641:textiles
629:domestic
607:marinade
565:Malaysia
561:Thailand
529:protease
473:cysteine
456:proteins
444:articles
432:articles
405:RCSB PDB
273:proteins
261:articles
249:articles
222:RCSB PDB
78:NexoBrid
47:protease
1973:Ligases
1743:Enzymes
1505:Calpain
1396:Caspase
1330:C01.028
1326:C01.005
1296:3573376
1018:4444899
539:Sources
511:History
392:profile
375:MetaCyc
310:CAS no.
209:profile
192:MetaCyc
127:CAS no.
75:called
50:enzymes
1947:Lyases
1583:CAPNS2
1578:CAPNS1
1573:CAPN14
1568:CAPN13
1563:CAPN12
1558:CAPN11
1553:CAPN10
1485:Ficain
1480:Papain
1387:3.4.22
1341:(MeSH)
1322:MEROPS
1303:
1293:
1253:
1245:
1210:
1144:
1137:538506
1134:
1095:
1060:
1025:
1015:
971:
869:824024
867:
859:
729:Papain
633:baking
599:papain
545:Ananas
439:PubMed
421:Search
411:PDBsum
351:ExPASy
339:BRENDA
327:IntEnz
298:EC no.
256:PubMed
238:Search
228:PDBsum
168:ExPASy
156:BRENDA
144:IntEnz
115:EC no.
71:for a
24:enzyme
22:is an
1899:Types
1659:Other
1548:CAPN9
1543:CAPN8
1538:CAPN7
1533:CAPN6
1528:CAPN5
1523:CAPN3
1518:CAPN2
1513:CAPN1
1251:S2CID
938:(PDF)
923:(PDF)
865:S2CID
761:(PDF)
754:(PDF)
387:PRIAM
204:PRIAM
83:burns
28:stems
1991:list
1984:EC7
1978:list
1971:EC6
1965:list
1958:EC5
1952:list
1945:EC4
1939:list
1932:EC3
1926:list
1919:EC2
1913:list
1906:EC1
1320:The
1301:PMID
1243:PMID
1208:PMID
1171:2016
1142:PMID
1093:PMID
1058:PMID
1023:PMID
969:PMID
857:PMID
673:burn
643:and
616:and
588:Uses
451:NCBI
408:PDBe
363:KEGG
268:NCBI
225:PDBe
180:KEGG
91:drug
1291:PMC
1281:doi
1235:doi
1231:135
1198:doi
1132:PMC
1124:doi
1085:doi
1050:doi
1013:PMC
1005:doi
961:doi
901:doi
849:doi
563:or
427:PMC
399:PDB
244:PMC
216:PDB
89:or
30:of
2009::
1630:L2
1626:L1
1384:EC
1378::
1299:.
1289:.
1275:.
1271:.
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1241:,
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1192:.
1188:.
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1130:.
1118:.
1114:.
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1011:.
1001:52
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967:.
955:.
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925:.
897:90
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891:.
877:^
863:.
855:.
845:98
843:.
839:.
817:^
807:.
803:.
742:^
711:.
681:.
635:,
535:.
502:EC
500:–
490:EC
488:–
93:.
42:.
1993:)
1989:(
1980:)
1976:(
1967:)
1963:(
1954:)
1950:(
1941:)
1937:(
1928:)
1924:(
1915:)
1911:(
1735:e
1728:t
1721:v
1650:Z
1645:W
1640:S
1635:O
1628:/
1621:K
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1382:(
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1277:4
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1200::
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1120:1
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1087::
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1052::
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1007::
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963::
957:5
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903::
871:.
851::
809:8
770:.
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