228:
42:
987:
975:
904:(protective third eyelids). The mouth has short, subtle furrows at the corners and contains 29–35 upper tooth rows and 29–33 lower tooth rows. The teeth are serrated with single narrow cusps; the upper teeth have a distinctive hooked shape and become more angled towards the corners of the jaw, while the lower teeth are upright. The upper teeth of adult males are longer, narrower, more curved, and more finely serrated than those of adult females and juveniles. The five pairs of
963:
86:
2923:
discern even by trained professionals. That said, this list must be used with caution because attacks involving easily identified species, such as white, tiger, sandtiger, hammerhead and nurse sharks, nearly always identify the attacking species, while cases involving difficult to identify species, such as requiem sharks of the genus
Carcharhinus, seldom correctly identify the attacker. Thus the list is skewed to readily identified species.
1381:
555:("tail"). The name "whaler" originated in the 19th century, applied by the crews of whaling vessels in the Pacific who saw large sharks of various species congregating around harpooned whale carcasses. This species may also be referred to as black-tipped whaler, cocktail shark or cocktail whaler, or New Zealand whaler, as well as by the shortened "bronze", "bronzie", or "cocktail". Günther originally referred to four
61:
947:
1553:; though species-specific data is unavailable, shark populations overall have been decimated in the region. The number of large adults have been too low to sustain targeted fisheries since the 1970s, and most of the current shark catch consists of small juveniles. Additional threats to this species include the
1061:
1367:
at 2.0–2.4 m (6.6–7.9 ft) long and an age of 13–19 years, while females mature at 2.3–2.5 m (7.5–8.2 ft) long and an age of 19–20 years. Females off
Australia mature at a comparable length of 2.5 m (8.2 ft), while females off Argentina mature at a slightly smaller length
1279:. The male bites the female as a prelude to mating. In the Southern Hemisphere, mating takes place from October to December (spring and early summer), when both sexes have migrated into offshore waters at higher latitudes. Birthing seems to occur from June to January, peaking in October and November.
927:
has a well-developed lower lobe and a deep ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe. This species is bronze to olive-gray above with a metallic sheen and sometimes a pink cast, darkening towards the fin tips and margins but not conspicuously so; the color fades quickly to a dull gray-brown after
1358:
of 12 months, though some data support the interpretation of a 15–21 month long gestation period instead. Females produce litters every other year, with the number of pups ranging from 7 to 24 and averaging 15 or 16. Females off
California and the Baja Peninsula tend to bear fewer young relative to
1282:
Female copper sharks make use of shallow inshore habitats, varying from stretches of open coast to more sheltered bays and inlets, as nurseries. These nurseries provide abundant food and reduce the likelihood of predation by larger members of the species. Known and suspected nursery areas occur off
466:
throughout its range, and utilized as food. The species population size is unknown, but the IUCN's Red List assesses the species as vulnerable because it is very susceptible to population depletion due to its low growth and reproductive rates and because its numbers are believed to have declined in
885:
Populations of copper sharks in both hemispheres perform seasonal migrations, in response to temperature changes, reproductive events, and/or prey availability; the movement patterns differ with sex and age. Adult females and juveniles spend winter in the subtropics and generally shift to higher
2922:
Positive identification of attacking sharks is very difficult since victims rarely make adequate observations of the attacker during the "heat" of the interaction. Tooth remains are seldom found in wounds and diagnostic characters for many requiem sharks (family
Carcharhinidae) are difficult to
1238:
Large numbers of copper sharks have been observed hunting together in a seemingly cooperative fashion. Small schooling fish are "herded" into a tight ball, whereupon each shark swims through in turn with its mouth open to feed. For groups of tuna and larger prey, the pursuing sharks may adopt a
2948:
A number of requiem sharks in the genus
Carcharhinus likely are involved in many more attacks than they are credited in this list and, if the list could reflect that reality, Carcharhinus bites would push such species as the sandtiger, hammerhead and nurse sharks towards the bottom of the
890:
for most of the year, except in late winter or spring when they also move into higher latitudes, in time to encounter and mate with post-partum females dispersing from the nurseries. During migrations, individual sharks have been recorded traveling up to 1,320 km (820 mi). It is
839:. The copper shark is common off parts of Argentina, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, and rare elsewhere; in many areas its range is ill-defined because of confusion with other species. The shark is one of the most commonly found in the waters of New Zealand.
882:. Juveniles inhabit inshore waters less than 30 m (98 ft) deep throughout the year, while adults tend to be found further offshore and regularly approach the coast only in spring and summer, when large aggregations can be readily observed in shallow water.
899:
The copper shark has a slender, streamlined body with a slightly arched profile just behind the head. The snout is rather long and pointed, with the nostrils preceded by low flaps of skin. The round, moderately large eyes are equipped with
392:. A large species reaching 3.3 m (11 ft) long, the copper shark is difficult to distinguish from other large requiem sharks. It is characterized by its narrow, hook-shaped upper teeth, lack of a prominent ridge between the
940:), but can be identified by its upper tooth shape, absent or weak interdorsal ridge, and lack of obvious fin markings. It reportedly reaches a maximum length of 3.3 m (11 ft) and weight of 305 kilograms (672 lb).
474:
infrequently, but the species places tenth in the number of unprovoked attacks on people. However, the actual number of recorded shark attacks is low – 15 non-fatal, unprovoked attacks and only one fatal unprovoked attack.
1006:
containing up to hundreds of individuals. Some aggregations seem to form for reproductive purposes, while others form to concentrations of food. This species may fall prey to larger sharks and killer whales. Known
1529:
off
Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, where fisheries are generally well-managed; the local copper shark population for each of those three countries is contained almost entirely within their respective
1504:
species most frequently caught by sport fishers and sustains a small, summer recreational fishery in northern North Island, that mainly captures pregnant and post-partum females and for the most part practices
1401:
topped the list, with 279 attacks.) Though large and powerful, the copper shark is not particularly aggressive towards humans unless in the presence of food. Copper Sharks have been known to harass and attack
1534:(EEZ). Reported catches by New Zealand have steadily declined from a peak of 40 tons in 1995/96 to 20 tons 2001/02, though it is uncertain whether this reflects a genuine decline or changing fishing habits.
1460:
Like many large, active sharks, this species adapts poorly to captivity; it tends to bump into the sides of its enclosure, and the resulting abrasions then become infected with often fatal consequences.
1521:(IUCN) has assessed the copper shark as vulnerable worldwide. While the global population is unknown, the long maturation time and low reproductive rate of this species render it highly susceptible to
919:
is tall, with a pointed apex and a concave trailing margin; its origin lies about even with the tips of the pectoral fins. The second dorsal fin is small and low, and positioned about opposite to the
530:, is of questionable taxonomic status as it was based solely on a set of now-destroyed jaws that may or may not have belonged to a copper shark. Modern authors have assigned this species to the genus
946:
483:
Because of its very patchy range, the copper shark has been scientifically described several times from different locales. The earliest valid description is presently considered to be
British
1452:
shark is responsible for the attack. Experts trying to confirm shark attacks by species warn that their statistics undercount the number of attacks by requiem sharks like the copper.
4170:
388:
to shallow bays and harbors, to offshore waters 100 m (330 ft) deep or more. Females are found apart from males for most of the year, and conduct seasonal
4165:
3984:
3025:
2297:
2052:"Preliminary list of the marine fishes and other vertebrate remains from the Late Pleistocene Palos Verdes Sand Formation at Costa Mesa, Orange County, California"
1393:
Copper sharks attack humans infrequently, but the species places tenth in the number of unprovoked attacks on people. During the tracking period through 2013, the
1518:
4023:
3001:
2626:
Heithaus, M.R. (January 2001). "Predator-prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order
Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review".
4160:
2732:
Lamberth, S.J. (November 2006). "White shark and other chondrichthyan interactions with the beach-seine (treknet) fishery in False Bay, South Africa".
4200:
4125:
2011:
4190:
3958:
3061:
1581:
1577:
1182:. Cephalopods and cartilaginous fishes become relatively more important food for sharks over 2 m (6.6 ft) long. Young sharks also consume
4150:
3997:
1953:"The phylogenetic relationships among requiem and hammerhead sharks: inferring phylogeny when thousands of equally most parsimonious trees result"
886:
latitudes as spring nears, with pregnant females also moving towards the coast to give birth in inshore nursery areas. Adult males remain in the
4205:
4135:
1433:. Three out of ten shark attacks in New Zealand are attributed to Copper sharks. Witnesses also attributed a fatal attack in September 2011 in
4059:
2716:
2256:
2228:
2198:
2160:
1935:
1861:
1823:
1785:
1698:
415:
that has been known to hunt in large groups, using their numbers to their advantage; however for most of the time they remain solitary. Off
4210:
4140:
1884:
4220:
4155:
3932:
928:
death. The underside is white, which extends onto the flanks as a prominent band. The copper shark is easily mistaken for other large
2833:
He spoke of the concern he held for his friends when he saw a large bronze whaler shark, assuming his wife was already safely ashore.
4215:
2975:
2127:
4195:
4095:
2886:
1359:
other parts of the world. The newborns measure 55–67 cm (22–26 in) long. The copper shark is among the slowest-growing
4185:
1239:"wing" formation to force their quarry closer together, with each shark targeting a particular fish and attacking in turn. In
1476:
actually takes mostly dusky sharks), South Africa, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Mexico, and China; it also contributes to the
4002:
986:
974:
2961:
Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2016).
1952:
1537:
In the eastern
Pacific, the copper shark is rare and little fishery information is available, leading to an assessment of
2962:
1496:
in
Namibia, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Mexico and California, predominantly by anglers but also by
3054:
2294:
1344:
85:
3906:
3880:
3858:
1235:
attract a multitude of predators, including several species of sharks, of which copper sharks are the most numerous.
4028:
3733:
3294:
3898:
3724:
3697:
3411:
1292:
4180:
3742:
792:
2118:
Roberts, Clive; Stewart, A. L.; Struthers, Carl D.; Barker, Jeremy; Kortet, Salme; Freeborn, Michelle (2015).
1573:
used to protect beaches in South Africa and Australia, and persecution by fish farmers in southern Australia.
2868:
2846:
2828:
727:
regional populations with little to no interchange between them. In the Atlantic, this shark occurs from the
4175:
3775:
3706:
3224:
3047:
2051:
1531:
1418:
962:
538:
3820:
3321:
2635:
2488:(Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from Australian sharks, and definition of the family Grillotiidae Dollfus, 1969"
1414:, where the species is common. (The species is commonly called bronze whalers in this part of the world.)
1003:
696:
451:
of 12 or perhaps as long as 21 months. It is extremely slow-growing, with males and females not reaching
4145:
4130:
3911:
3631:
3559:
3502:
1492:
and on pelagic longlines. The meat is sold for human consumption. The copper shark is also popular with
1394:
724:
200:
4100:
4038:
3867:
3715:
3484:
3420:
3357:
3233:
2799:
2741:
2563:
2479:
2396:(Trypanorhyncha: Lacistorhynchidae) with analysis of the systematic utility of scolex microtriches".
2318:
n. sp. (Cestoidea: Cathetocephalidae) from Australia, with a Proposal for Cathetocephalidea n. ord".
2087:(Chondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae) from southern Africa, with a review of some life history parameters"
1493:
901:
604:
463:
1417:
Fatal attacks attributed to the copper shark (bronze whaler) include the 2014 death of a swimmer in
227:
3799:
3790:
3339:
3034:
2640:
1558:
1554:
1196:
1147:
624:
50:
1667:
854:, diving to depths of 100 m (330 ft) or more. This species commonly enters very shallow
3466:
2757:
2460:
2413:
2374:
2335:
1993:
1550:
1469:
1398:
1304:
1215:
that had succumbed to fishing nets. The predominant prey of this species off South Africa is the
1155:
836:
607:
and returned inconclusive results: in 1982 Jack Garrick placed it by itself as a grouping within
459:
408:
240:
80:
65:
3872:
2558:
1434:
1064:
Southern African pilchard are the most important prey species of copper sharks off South Africa.
603:
The first efforts to determine the evolutionary relationships of the copper shark were based on
499:
3989:
3885:
2935:
2909:
1717:
4072:
3919:
3276:
3114:
2981:
2971:
2712:
2540:
2452:
2252:
2224:
2194:
2156:
2133:
2123:
1985:
1931:
1857:
1819:
1781:
1775:
1743:
1694:
1473:
1438:
1119:
1002:
Fast but active, the copper shark may be encountered alone, in pairs, or in loosely organized
847:
728:
487:
452:
217:
157:
1472:
for the copper shark exist off New Zealand, Australia (though the "bronze whaler fishery" of
356:. It is distributed in a number of separate populations in the northeastern and southwestern
4087:
4077:
3526:
3517:
3493:
3240:
2807:
2749:
2685:
2645:
2606:
2530:
2444:
2405:
2366:
2327:
2166:
2098:
1975:
1967:
1662:
1485:
1444:
One problem with counting attacks on humans is that the copper shark is so similar to other
1369:
1355:
1300:
1271:
connection through which the mother delivers nourishment. Adult females have one functional
828:
808:
800:
704:
612:
448:
4015:
4046:
3766:
3607:
3598:
3402:
3384:
3375:
3285:
3267:
3170:
3143:
3134:
3013:
2938:. International Shark Attack File Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
2912:. International Shark Attack File Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
2301:
1816:
Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
1562:
1506:
1364:
1296:
1216:
616:
511:
447:. Females bear litters of 7 to 24 pups every other year in coastal nursery areas, after a
424:
361:
1336:
870:, and also inhabits rocky areas and offshore islands. It is tolerant of low and changing
2803:
2745:
2670:"Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off Natal, South Africa. 6. The copper shark
2304:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on April 18, 2010.
1380:
1223:), which comprise 69–95% of its diet. Every winter, schools of copper sharks follow the
3679:
3550:
3330:
3312:
3161:
3102:
3096:
3071:
1971:
1542:
1538:
1328:
1208:
768:
760:
756:
736:
723:
waters, in temperatures above 12 °C (54 °F). It is widely distributed but as
676:
545:
389:
137:
127:
41:
1853:
4119:
4010:
3583:
3574:
3366:
3215:
3206:
3152:
2964:
Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016
1880:
1653:
1584:
but with the qualifiers "Conservation Dependent", "Data Poor" and "Secure Overseas".
1526:
1445:
1348:
1324:
1244:
1228:
1191:
660:
632:
507:
346:
167:
70:
3017:(Bronze Whaler, Cocktail Shark, Copper Shark, Narrowtooth Shark, New Zealand Whaler)
2761:
2535:
2510:
2417:
2272:
1997:
1644:
3475:
3258:
3188:
3179:
3125:
2464:
2378:
1489:
1449:
1403:
1332:
1308:
1284:
1175:
1135:
1069:
912:
764:
748:
584:
523:
471:
416:
177:
3924:
2812:
2783:
2357:
Pintner (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), parasitic in elasmobranch and teleost fishes".
1060:
2706:
2218:
3971:
3852:
3640:
3457:
3442:
3433:
3393:
3348:
3249:
2435:(Tetraphyllidea : Onchobothriidae) with descriptions of five new species".
1566:
1522:
1430:
1411:
1232:
1224:
1107:
933:
796:
672:
648:
640:
564:
420:
373:
3039:
2611:
2582:
2519:(Gunther, 1870) (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhinidae), in southern Brazilian waters"
1448:. Victims and witnesses are unlikely to correctly identify which type of genus
667:), but could not resolve their wider relationships with the rest of the genus.
3688:
3664:
3655:
3303:
2985:
2753:
2690:
2669:
2649:
2103:
2082:
1818:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 464–466.
1497:
1406:
in an attempt to steal catches. Copper sharks have bitten several swimmers in
1320:
1256:
1187:
1115:
1087:
1073:
924:
916:
887:
851:
832:
804:
752:
700:
684:
576:
560:
432:
400:
393:
3937:
3843:
2137:
1846:
17:
3757:
3622:
3541:
2170:
1570:
1546:
1422:
1407:
1288:
1240:
1183:
1151:
1131:
1127:
1099:
1095:
1046:
905:
875:
843:
784:
751:(where there may be two separate populations), with infrequent records from
740:
716:
588:
572:
484:
404:
385:
369:
350:
97:
2544:
2515:(Schmarda, 1861) (Hirudinea, Piscicolidae), parasitic on the whaler shark,
2456:
1989:
1643:
Huveneers, C.; Rigby, C.L.; Dicken, M.; Pacoureau, N.; Derrick, D. (2020).
1545:
species have been documented in the heavily-fished Gulf of California. Off
235:
Confirmed (dark blue) and suspected (light blue) range of the copper shark
4051:
3035:
Species Description of Carcharhinus brachyurus at www.shark-references.com
1480:
of other commercial fisheries across its range. This species is caught in
3945:
3837:
3090:
2431:
Caira, J.N.; C. Richmond & J. Swanson (October 2005). "A revision of
1980:
1893:
1268:
1260:
1167:
1103:
1012:
1008:
920:
871:
776:
720:
692:
656:
444:
440:
412:
381:
357:
353:
117:
2392:
Richmond, C.; J.N. Caira (May 1991). "Morphological investigations into
3963:
2409:
2370:
2339:
2153:
Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
2031:(Elasmobranchii; Carcharhinidae) from the Pliocene of Tuscany, Italy".
1481:
1477:
1426:
1212:
1201:
1179:
1171:
1159:
1143:
1111:
1091:
855:
812:
744:
732:
688:
680:
592:
556:
377:
365:
342:
3950:
2448:
2017:. The Life and Times of Long Dead Sharks. Retrieved on April 11, 2010.
615:
placed it in an informal "transitional group" that also contained the
3976:
3893:
3084:
3008:
1312:
1276:
1264:
1082:
867:
824:
788:
780:
668:
659:
study concluded that the closest relative of the copper shark is the
436:
107:
3814:
2331:
2122:. Vol. 2. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 100.
3108:
2970:. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 9.
1379:
1340:
1272:
1204:
1123:
1077:
1059:
1039:
952:
The copper shark can be difficult to distinguish from other large
879:
863:
816:
772:
715:
The copper shark is the only member of its genus largely found in
568:
147:
3029:
4064:
2845:
Leask, A.; K. Campbell & A. Koubaridis (February 27, 2013).
1316:
1139:
820:
3818:
3043:
2827:
Anna Leask; Kieran Campbell; Andrew Koubaridis (Feb 27, 2013).
2251:(second ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 254–255.
3020:
2027:
Marsili, S. (March 2007). "Revision of the teeth of the genus
1580:
has classified the copper shark as "Not Threatened" under the
859:
2353:
Beveridge, I.; R.A. Campbell (February 1993). "A revision of
587:
designated a 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long female caught off
2784:"Reproduction and seasonal occurrence of the copper shark,
915:
are large, pointed, and falcate (sickle-shaped). The first
2708:
Currents of Contrast: Life in Southern Africa's Two Oceans
1720:. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
1509:. A tag and release program is also practiced in Namibia.
891:
philopatric, returning to the same areas year after year.
1384:
The copper shark is often caught by recreational anglers.
1372:
is at least 30 years for males and 25 years for females.
923:. There is usually no ridge between the dorsal fins. The
671:
teeth from the copper shark have been recovered from the
3030:
Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
2782:
Lucifora, L.O.; R.C. Menni & A.H. Escalante (2005).
1745:
Catalogue of the Fishes in the British museum, Volume 8
1397:
attributed 20 attacks to the species. (In comparison,
1339:(Argentina) for southwestern Atlantic sharks, and off
1255:
Like other members of its family, the copper shark is
1068:
The copper shark feeds more towards the bottom of the
1839:
1837:
1835:
1525:. Regionally, the IUCN has listed this species under
2492:
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia
1780:. University of California Press. pp. 149–152.
583:). In the interests of taxonomic stability, in 1982
3827:
3788:
3755:
3677:
3653:
3620:
3596:
3572:
3539:
3515:
3455:
3431:
3123:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2242:
2240:
2220:
A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa
2083:"Preliminary estimates of age of the bronze whaler
2076:
2074:
2072:
1689:Compagno, L.J.V.; M. Dando & S. Fowler (2005).
1327:(Western Sahara) for northwest African sharks, off
1211:, though it has been known to scavenge (rarely) on
2191:Sharks & Rays: Elasmobranch Guide of the World
2155:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 164–169.
1845:
419:, this species associates closely with the annual
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
1307:(Japan) for northwestern Pacific sharks, off the
455:until 13–19 and 19–20 years of age respectively.
2583:"Occurrence and feeding of three shark species,
2033:Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia
1930:. Princeton University Press. pp. 319–320.
1693:. Princeton University Press. pp. 292–293.
1243:, South Africa, this species reportedly follows
2936:"ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark"
2910:"ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark"
2212:
2210:
1916:. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS Circ. 445: 1–194.
1718:"ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark"
2887:"Shark attack witness tells of mauling horror"
1519:International Union for Conservation of Nature
803:; there are also unconfirmed reports from the
3055:
1668:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T41741A2954522.en
518:). Thus, this shark was often referred to as
496:Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum
8:
2595:, on the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa"
2184:
2182:
2180:
2010:Heim, B. and J. Bourdon (January 27, 2009).
1912:Garrick, J.A.f. (1982). Sharks of the genus
795:but occasionally further north), and around
1561:of its coastal nurseries from development,
1500:and gillnetters. In New Zealand, it is the
522:in older literature. An even earlier name,
498:. The earliest name was once thought to be
3815:
3062:
3048:
3040:
2314:Schmidt, G.D.; I. Beveridge (June 1990). "
1875:
1873:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
226:
59:
40:
31:
4171:Southeastern South American coastal fauna
2811:
2689:
2639:
2610:
2534:
2102:
1979:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1777:Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California
1737:
1735:
1666:
2576:
2574:
2289:
2287:
2285:
1582:New Zealand Threat Classification System
1549:, the copper shark has been assessed as
1323:(Morocco) for Mediterranean sharks, off
510:associated with that name is actually a
2678:South African Journal of Marine Science
2599:South African Journal of Marine Science
2193:. IKAN-Unterwasserarchiv. p. 133.
2091:South African Journal of Marine Science
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1592:
1363:species: off South Africa, males reach
942:
380:regions. The species can be found from
4166:Fauna of the Baja California Peninsula
3026:Biological Profiles: Narrowtooth Shark
2295:Biological Profiles: Narrowtooth Shark
2223:(third ed.). Struik. p. 35.
1712:
1710:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
567:, which have since been lost, and two
411:, the copper shark is a fast-swimming
2478:Campbell, R.A.; I. Beveridge (1993).
1928:Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes
1541:. However, catch declines across all
1425:, and the 1976 death of a swimmer in
1267:, once depleted, is converted into a
7:
4039:3baab82d-b516-40ba-aaee-7b81c1d6f2da
842:Copper sharks can be found from the
443:connection formed from the depleted
431:). Like other requiem sharks, it is
1654:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1275:, on the right, and two functional
2788:, from north Patagonia, Argentina"
2559:"Carcharhinus brachyurus (Bronze)"
2151:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
1972:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1992.tb00073.x
364:, in the northwestern and eastern
25:
4161:Marine fish of Southern Australia
2885:Rickard, L. (September 5, 2011).
2734:African Journal of Marine Science
2668:Cliff, G.; S.F.J. Dudley (1992).
2247:Last, P.R.; J.D. Stevens (2009).
2081:Walter, J.P.; D.A. Ebert (1991).
1488:, and to a much lesser extent in
1368:of 2.2 m (7.2 ft). The
575:that were later discovered to be
4201:Near threatened biota of Oceania
4126:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1844:Ferrari, A.; A. Ferrari (2002).
1011:of the copper shark include the
985:
973:
961:
945:
84:
2873:A DECADE OF SHARK ATTACKS IN NZ
2536:10.1590/S0034-71082000000400024
1231:. The gathering of millions of
878:and the lower reaches of large
396:, and plain bronze coloration.
4151:Marine fish of Southern Africa
2792:ICES Journal of Marine Science
2523:Revista Brasileira de Biologia
2509:Soto, J.M.R. (November 2000).
506:, until it was found that the
376:, with scattered reports from
1:
4206:Near threatened biota of Asia
4136:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
2813:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.09.003
1311:for South Africa sharks, off
874:, and has been reported from
494:in the 1870 eighth volume of
4191:Taxa named by Albert Günther
3734:Australian sharpnose shark (
3295:Smoothtooth blacktip shark (
2249:Sharks and Rays of Australia
1748:. The Trustees. p. 369.
1351:for eastern Pacific sharks.
1347:(Mexico), and in and around
1343:and Guanape Cove (Peru), in
1291:for New Zealand sharks, off
707:(126,000–12,000 years ago).
266:Deng, Xiong & Zhan, 1981
3725:Caribbean sharpnose shark (
3698:Brazilian sharpnose shark (
3412:Australian blacktip shark (
2889:. The Sydney Morning Herald
2320:The Journal of Parasitology
2050:Long, D.J. (May 24, 1993).
1303:for Australian sharks, off
439:mainly nourished through a
4237:
4211:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
4141:Marine fish of New Zealand
3743:Atlantic sharpnose shark (
2612:10.2989/025776191784287808
1852:. Firefly Books. pp.
1742:Günther, A.C.L.G. (1870).
1578:Department of Conservation
1032:Phoreiobothrium robertsoni
932:species, particularly the
815:, it occurs from northern
559:: a stuffed specimen from
458:This species is valued by
287:Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
4221:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
4156:Marine fauna of East Asia
3776:Pacific spadenose shark (
3707:Pacific sharpnose shark (
3225:Pacific smalltail shark (
3079:
2754:10.2989/18142320609504222
2691:10.2989/02577619209504731
2650:10.1017/S0952836901000061
2316:Cathetocephalus australis
2217:Van der Elst, R. (1993).
2120:The fishes of New Zealand
2104:10.2989/02577619109504617
1926:Compagno, L.J.V. (1988).
1814:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
1227:from the Eastern Cape to
1217:southern African pilchard
1016:Cathetocephalus australis
425:southern African pilchard
246:
239:
234:
225:
206:
199:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
4216:Fish of the Indian Ocean
3322:Oceanic whitetip shark (
2513:Stibarobdella macrothela
2189:Hennemann, R.M. (2001).
1883:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1532:Exclusive Economic Zones
1354:Most sources estimate a
1072:than the top, consuming
1043:Stibarobdella macrothela
711:Distribution and habitat
423:, involving millions of
252:Moreno & Hoyos, 1983
4196:Near threatened animals
3899:carcharhinus-brachyurus
3886:Carcharhinus_brachyurus
3873:Carcharhinus_brachyurus
3859:Carcharhinus brachyurus
3829:Carcharhinus brachyurus
3632:Sicklefin lemon shark (
3560:Borneo broadfin shark (
3503:Irrawaddy river shark (
3015:Carcharhinus brachyurus
3003:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2786:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2711:. Struik. p. 122.
2672:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2585:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2517:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2437:Journal of Parasitology
2398:Systematic Parasitology
2359:Systematic Parasitology
2275:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2271:Bray, Dianne J. (2011)
2085:Carcharhinus brachyurus
2014:Carcharhinus brachyurus
1951:Naylor, G.J.P. (1992).
1887:Carcharhinus brachyurus
1647:Carcharhinus brachyurus
1419:Tathra, New South Wales
1036:Pseudogrillotia spratti
846:to slightly beyond the
767:, it is found from the
695:(5.3–2.6 Ma), and from
655:). Gavin Naylor's 1992
599:Phylogeny and evolution
330:Carcharhinus brachyurus
263:Carcharhinus remotoides
256:Carcharhinus improvisus
249:Carcharhinus acarenatus
210:Carcharhinus brachyurus
4186:Fish described in 1870
3716:Grey sharpnose shark (
3485:Northern river shark (
3358:Caribbean reef shark (
2831:. New Zealand Herald.
1385:
1345:Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay
1065:
1020:Dasyrhynchus pacificus
799:but not as far as the
464:recreational fisheries
435:, with the developing
270:Carcharhinus rochensis
3800:Whitetip reef shark (
3340:Blacktip reef shark (
2705:Pescak, T.P. (2005).
2394:Floriceps minacanthus
2279:. Fishes of Australia
1897:. April 2010 version.
1395:University of Florida
1383:
1287:from Waimea Inlet to
1225:"run" of the pilchard
1207:. It does not attack
1063:
1050:Otodistomum veliporum
1028:Floriceps minacanthus
902:nictitating membranes
492:Carcharias brachyurus
277:Carcharias brachyurus
3467:Borneo river shark (
2869:"Shark Victim Named"
2847:"Shark Victim Named"
2829:"Shark victim named"
2564:Animal Diversity Web
1774:Ebert, D.A. (2003).
1661:: e.T41741A2954522.
1494:recreational fishers
1470:Commercial fisheries
1184:scyphozoan jellyfish
1156:cartilaginous fishes
544:is derived from the
409:cartilaginous fishes
3277:Pondicherry shark (
3164:C. amblyrhynchoides
2804:2005ICJMS..62..107L
2746:2006AfJMS..28..723L
2581:Smale M.J. (1991).
1691:Sharks of the World
1441:to a copper shark.
1148:Cape horse mackerel
998:Biology and ecology
759:, and possibly the
625:blacktip reef shark
591:, New Zealand as a
470:Copper sharks only
284:Carcharias lamiella
51:Conservation status
3527:Daggernose shark (
3494:Speartooth shark (
3241:Whitecheek shark (
2628:Journal of Zoology
2410:10.1007/bf00010299
2371:10.1007/BF00009597
2300:2014-01-04 at the
1399:great white sharks
1386:
1376:Human interactions
1263:of the developing
1066:
837:Gulf of California
504:Carcharias remotus
399:Feeding mainly on
315:*ambiguous synonym
291:Carcharias remotus
192:C. brachyurus
4111:
4110:
4073:Open Tree of Life
3821:Taxon identifiers
3812:
3811:
3767:Spadenose shark (
3608:Whitenose shark (
3403:Spot-tail shark (
3385:Blackspot shark (
3376:Smalltail shark (
3286:Finetooth shark (
3268:Galapagos shark (
3171:Grey reef shark (
3146:C. albimarginatus
3144:Silvertip shark (
3135:Blacknose shark (
3115:Carcharhiniformes
2908:Burgess, George.
2718:978-1-77007-086-8
2449:10.1645/GE-3459.1
2258:978-0-674-03411-2
2230:978-1-86825-394-4
2200:978-3-925919-33-6
2162:978-1-77554-179-0
1937:978-0-691-08453-4
1863:978-1-55209-629-1
1825:978-92-5-101384-7
1787:978-0-520-23484-0
1700:978-0-691-12072-0
1569:, mortality from
1474:Western Australia
1439:Western Australia
1389:Attacks on humans
1247:fishing vessels.
1120:Australian salmon
908:are fairly long.
848:continental shelf
811:. In the eastern
729:Mediterranean Sea
593:new type specimen
563:and another from
339:narrowtooth shark
321:
320:
316:
310:
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
158:Carcharhiniformes
74:
16:(Redirected from
4228:
4104:
4103:
4091:
4090:
4081:
4080:
4068:
4067:
4055:
4054:
4042:
4041:
4032:
4031:
4019:
4018:
4006:
4005:
3993:
3992:
3980:
3979:
3967:
3966:
3954:
3953:
3941:
3940:
3928:
3927:
3915:
3914:
3902:
3901:
3889:
3888:
3876:
3875:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3816:
3778:S. macrorhynchos
3551:Broadfin shark (
3331:Hardnose shark (
3313:Blacktip shark (
3270:C. galapagenisis
3173:C. amblyrhynchos
3162:Graceful shark (
3064:
3057:
3050:
3041:
2990:
2989:
2969:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2779:
2766:
2765:
2740:(3–4): 723–727.
2729:
2723:
2722:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2665:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2480:"New species of
2475:
2469:
2468:
2443:(5): 1153–1174.
2428:
2422:
2421:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2311:
2305:
2291:
2280:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2024:
2018:
2012:Fossil species:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1983:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1851:
1841:
1830:
1829:
1811:
1792:
1791:
1771:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1640:
1576:The New Zealand
1486:bottom longlines
1370:maximum lifespan
1356:gestation period
1301:Port Phillip Bay
1295:, in and around
989:
977:
965:
949:
835:, including the
829:Point Conception
809:Gulf of Thailand
801:Kermadec Islands
787:(mostly between
705:Late Pleistocene
703:, dating to the
691:, dating to the
679:, dating to the
613:Leonard Compagno
611:, while in 1988
539:specific epithet
528:Galeolamna greyi
449:gestation period
349:found mostly in
314:
308:
305:Galeolamna greyi
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
258:
251:
230:
212:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
27:Species of shark
21:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4181:Vulnerable fish
4116:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4099:
4094:
4086:
4084:
4076:
4071:
4063:
4058:
4050:
4047:Observation.org
4045:
4037:
4035:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3988:
3983:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3936:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3910:
3905:
3897:
3892:
3884:
3879:
3871:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3823:
3813:
3808:
3784:
3751:
3673:
3649:
3643:N. brevirostris
3616:
3592:
3584:Sliteye shark (
3568:
3535:
3511:
3451:
3427:
3367:Sandbar shark (
3342:C. melanopterus
3261:C. fitzroyensis
3216:Nervous shark (
3207:Spinner shark (
3153:Bignose shark (
3119:
3075:
3068:
2998:
2993:
2978:
2967:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2781:
2780:
2769:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2593:Sphyrna zygaena
2580:
2579:
2572:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2511:"Marine leech,
2508:
2507:
2503:
2486:Pseudogrillotia
2477:
2476:
2472:
2433:Phoreiobothrium
2430:
2429:
2425:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2332:10.2307/3282661
2313:
2312:
2308:
2302:Wayback Machine
2292:
2283:
2273:Bronze Whaler,
2270:
2266:
2259:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2009:
2005:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1795:
1788:
1773:
1772:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1642:
1641:
1594:
1590:
1515:
1507:tag and release
1467:
1458:
1391:
1378:
1365:sexual maturity
1297:Gulf St Vincent
1259:, in which the
1253:
1221:Sardinops sagax
1124:Atlantic salmon
1058:
1000:
993:
990:
981:
978:
969:
966:
957:
950:
897:
783:, off southern
779:) and southern
713:
629:C. melanopterus
617:blacknose shark
601:
512:blacknose shark
500:Auguste Duméril
481:
429:Sardinops sagax
362:southern Africa
312:
303:
296:
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
254:
221:
214:
208:
195:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4234:
4232:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4176:Gulf of Guinea
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4118:
4117:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4092:
4082:
4069:
4056:
4043:
4033:
4020:
4007:
3994:
3981:
3968:
3955:
3942:
3929:
3916:
3903:
3890:
3877:
3864:
3849:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:R. terraenovae
3740:
3731:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3680:Rhizoprionodon
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:L. macrorhinus
3580:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:I. oxyrhynchus
3523:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3476:Ganges shark (
3473:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3259:Creek whaler (
3256:
3252:C. falciformis
3247:
3238:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3204:
3198:Copper shark (
3195:
3189:Borneo shark (
3186:
3182:C. amboinensis
3180:Pigeye shark (
3177:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3103:Elasmobranchii
3099:
3097:Chondrichthyes
3093:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3023:
3011:
3005:, Copper shark
2997:
2996:External links
2994:
2992:
2991:
2976:
2953:
2927:
2900:
2877:
2860:
2837:
2819:
2798:(1): 107–115.
2767:
2724:
2717:
2697:
2655:
2641:10.1.1.404.130
2618:
2570:
2550:
2529:(4): 713–714.
2501:
2470:
2423:
2384:
2365:(2): 129–157.
2345:
2326:(3): 337–339.
2306:
2281:
2277:(Günther 1870)
2264:
2257:
2236:
2229:
2206:
2199:
2176:
2161:
2143:
2128:
2110:
2068:
2042:
2019:
2003:
1966:(4): 295–318.
1943:
1936:
1918:
1900:
1881:Froese, Rainer
1869:
1862:
1831:
1824:
1793:
1786:
1751:
1731:
1706:
1699:
1681:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1539:Data Deficient
1514:
1511:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1446:requiem sharks
1390:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1329:Rio de Janeiro
1319:(France), and
1252:
1249:
1209:marine mammals
1160:dogfish sharks
1057:
1054:
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
984:
982:
979:
972:
970:
967:
960:
958:
951:
944:
896:
893:
769:East China Sea
761:Gulf of Mexico
757:Gulf of Guinea
737:Canary Islands
712:
709:
677:North Carolina
645:C. falciformis
600:
597:
551:("short") and
490:'s account of
488:Albert Günther
480:
477:
319:
318:
298:Eulamia ahenea
244:
243:
237:
236:
232:
231:
223:
222:
215:
204:
203:
197:
196:
189:
187:
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
168:Carcharhinidae
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
138:Elasmobranchii
135:
131:
130:
128:Chondrichthyes
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4233:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4114:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3769:S. laticaudus
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3641:Lemon shark (
3639:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3553:L. temminckii
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3478:G. gangeticus
3474:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3443:Tiger shark (
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3394:Night shark (
3392:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3349:Dusky shark (
3347:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3324:C. longimanus
3320:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3250:Silky shark (
3248:
3246:
3244:
3243:C. dussumieri
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3209:C. brevipinna
3205:
3203:
3201:
3200:C. brachyurus
3196:
3194:
3192:
3191:C. borneensis
3187:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3072:requiem shark
3065:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:IUCN Red List
3018:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2977:9781988514628
2973:
2966:
2965:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:. NZ Herald.
2870:
2864:
2861:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2502:
2498:(1–2): 37–46.
2497:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2129:9780994104168
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1981:2027.42/73088
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:shark and ray
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1527:Least Concern
1524:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:bottom trawls
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:spear fishers
1400:
1396:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1349:San Diego Bay
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:(Brazil) and
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:KwaZulu-Natal
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:electric rays
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
997:
988:
983:
976:
971:
964:
959:
955:
948:
943:
941:
939:
935:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:pectoral fins
909:
907:
903:
894:
892:
889:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:C. brevipinna
662:
661:spinner shark
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:nervous shark
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:type specimen
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
478:
476:
473:
472:attack humans
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:, and around
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:
348:
347:requiem shark
344:
340:
336:
335:bronze whaler
332:
331:
326:
317:
311:
306:
299:
294:Duméril, 1865
292:
285:
280:Günther, 1870
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
245:
242:
238:
233:
229:
224:
219:
213:
211:
205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
194:
193:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:Selachimorpha
146:
144:Subdivision:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Copper shark
33:
30:
19:
18:Bronze whaler
4146:Fish of Peru
4131:Carcharhinus
4113:
3828:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3718:R. oligolinx
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3689:Milk shark (
3678:
3666:
3665:Blue shark (
3654:
3642:
3634:N. acutidens
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3562:L. tephrodes
3561:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3518:Isogomphodon
3516:
3505:G. siamensis
3504:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3421:
3413:
3404:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3304:Bull shark (
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3137:C. acronotus
3136:
3126:Carcharhinus
3124:
3107:Subdivision
3014:
3002:
2963:
2956:
2947:
2940:. Retrieved
2930:
2921:
2914:. Retrieved
2903:
2893:September 5,
2891:. Retrieved
2880:
2872:
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2840:
2832:
2822:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2707:
2700:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2562:
2553:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2404:(1): 25–32.
2401:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2362:
2358:
2355:Dasyrhynchus
2354:
2348:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2274:
2267:
2248:
2219:
2190:
2152:
2146:
2119:
2113:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2065:(1–4): 9–13.
2062:
2058:
2045:
2036:
2032:
2029:Carcharhinus
2028:
2022:
2013:
2006:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1927:
1921:
1914:Carcharhinus
1913:
1892:
1886:
1847:
1815:
1776:
1744:
1722:. Retrieved
1690:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1658:
1652:
1646:
1575:
1536:
1516:
1513:Conservation
1502:Carcharhinus
1501:
1468:
1459:
1450:Carcharhinus
1443:
1416:
1392:
1361:Carcharhinus
1360:
1353:
1337:Bahía Blanca
1333:Buenos Aires
1309:Eastern Cape
1285:North Island
1281:
1254:
1251:Life history
1237:
1220:
1195:
1190:, including
1163:
1158:, including
1098:, including
1088:cuttlefishes
1081:
1076:, including
1070:water column
1067:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:D. talismani
1023:
1019:
1015:
1001:
954:Carcharhinus
953:
937:
930:Carcharhinus
929:
910:
898:
884:
858:, including
841:
765:Indo-Pacific
749:South Africa
719:rather than
714:
664:
652:
644:
636:
628:
621:C. acronotus
620:
609:Carcharhinus
608:
602:
585:Jack Garrick
580:
552:
548:
541:
536:
532:Carcharhinus
531:
527:
524:Richard Owen
519:
516:C. acronotus
515:
503:
495:
491:
482:
469:
467:some areas.
457:
428:
417:South Africa
407:, and other
398:
338:
334:
329:
328:
325:copper shark
324:
322:
313:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
273:Abella, 1972
269:
262:
255:
248:
247:
209:
207:
191:
190:
179:Carcharhinus
178:
29:
3972:iNaturalist
3853:Wikispecies
3709:R. longurio
3700:R. lalandii
3487:G. garricki
3469:G. fowlerae
3414:C. tilstoni
3396:C. signatus
3369:C. plumbeus
3351:C. obscurus
3315:C. limbatus
3279:C. hemiodon
2849:. NZ Herald
2684:: 663–674.
2589:C. obscurus
2039:(1): 79–95.
1567:aquaculture
1559:destruction
1555:degradation
1523:overfishing
1431:New Zealand
1412:New Zealand
1233:forage fish
1197:Callianassa
1192:mud shrimps
1188:crustaceans
1096:bony fishes
1074:cephalopods
992:Lower teeth
980:Upper teeth
938:C. obscurus
934:dusky shark
895:Description
823:, and from
797:New Zealand
775:(excluding
673:Pungo River
653:C. signatus
649:night shark
647:), and the
641:silky shark
577:bull sharks
565:New Zealand
421:sardine run
405:bony fishes
401:cephalopods
394:dorsal fins
384:rivers and
374:New Zealand
301:Stead, 1938
259:Smith, 1952
4120:Categories
3791:Triaenodon
3736:R. taylori
3727:R. porosus
3496:G. glyphis
3434:Galeocerdo
3422:C. tjutjot
3378:C. porosus
3333:C. macloti
3297:C. leiodon
3235:C. coatesi
3227:C. cerdale
3155:C. altimus
2986:1042901090
2674:(Günther)"
2293:Press, M.
2171:Q114871191
1960:Cladistics
1588:References
1571:shark nets
1551:Vulnerable
1498:bowfishers
1435:Bunker Bay
1325:Río de Oro
1321:Al Hoceima
1315:(Greece),
1257:viviparous
1132:sea breams
1104:flatfishes
1045:, and the
925:caudal fin
917:dorsal fin
906:gill slits
888:subtropics
872:salinities
852:open ocean
833:California
805:Seychelles
753:Mauritania
743:, and off
701:California
697:Costa Mesa
669:Fossilized
605:morphology
561:Antarctica
542:brachyurus
520:C. remotus
460:commercial
433:viviparous
390:migrations
378:equatorial
309:Owen, 1853
134:Subclass:
66:Vulnerable
3802:T. obesus
3758:Scoliodon
3691:R. acutus
3667:P. glauca
3623:Negaprion
3599:Nasolamia
3542:Lamiopsis
3445:G. cuvier
3405:C. sorrah
3387:C. sealei
3360:C. perezi
3306:C. leucas
3288:C. isodon
3218:C. cautus
3101:Subclass
2853:April 10,
2636:CiteSeerX
2634:: 53–68.
2605:: 31–42.
2482:Grillotia
2138:908128805
2097:: 37–44.
2059:PaleoBios
1563:pollution
1547:East Asia
1456:Captivity
1423:Australia
1408:Australia
1299:, and in
1289:Hawke Bay
1283:northern
1269:placental
1245:seine net
1241:False Bay
1180:sawfishes
1168:stingrays
1152:anchovies
1112:catfishes
1013:tapeworms
1009:parasites
876:estuaries
844:surf zone
785:Australia
763:. In the
741:Argentina
717:temperate
637:C. cautus
589:Whanganui
581:C. leucas
573:Australia
485:zoologist
441:placental
386:estuaries
370:Australia
354:latitudes
351:temperate
186:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
3990:10920245
3946:FishBase
3838:Wikidata
3656:Prionace
3610:N. velox
3109:Selachii
3091:Chordata
3085:Animalia
3083:Kingdom
3009:FishBase
2942:12 April
2916:12 April
2762:85727412
2545:11241973
2457:16419764
2418:39242285
2298:Archived
2167:Wikidata
1998:39697113
1990:34929961
1894:FishBase
1482:gillnets
1277:uteruses
1261:yolk sac
1213:dolphins
1144:sardines
1100:gurnards
921:anal fin
856:habitats
807:and the
777:Hokkaido
735:and the
725:disjunct
721:tropical
693:Pliocene
687:), from
683:(23–5.3
657:allozyme
557:syntypes
526:'s 1853
502:'s 1865
479:Taxonomy
453:maturity
445:yolk sac
413:predator
382:brackish
358:Atlantic
241:Synonyms
164:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
3964:2418173
3844:Q928469
3575:Loxodon
3458:Glyphis
3089:Phylum
3074:species
3070:Extant
2800:Bibcode
2742:Bibcode
2465:1738426
2379:6769785
2340:3282661
1854:164–165
1724:6 April
1484:and on
1478:bycatch
1465:Fishing
1427:Te Kaha
1305:Niigata
1202:penaeid
1166:spp.),
1164:Squalus
1128:mullets
1092:octopus
1086:spp.),
1056:Feeding
1004:schools
956:species
868:harbors
850:in the
813:Pacific
745:Namibia
733:Morocco
689:Tuscany
681:Miocene
639:), the
631:), the
623:), the
569:fetuses
549:brachys
437:embryos
366:Pacific
343:species
220:, 1870)
218:Günther
174:Genus:
154:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
4101:217341
4088:122885
4085:uBio:
4078:378279
4065:217341
4052:794803
4036:NZOR:
4029:671158
4003:160346
3938:124119
3894:ARKive
3113:Order
3095:Class
2984:
2974:
2760:
2715:
2638:
2543:
2463:
2455:
2416:
2377:
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2255:
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2169:
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2136:
2126:
1996:
1988:
1934:
1860:
1848:Sharks
1822:
1784:
1697:
1674:28 May
1565:, and
1313:Rhodes
1293:Albany
1265:embryo
1205:prawns
1200:) and
1178:, and
1172:skates
1154:; and
1150:, and
1136:smelts
1090:, and
1083:Loligo
1038:, the
1034:, and
880:rivers
866:, and
864:shoals
825:Mexico
789:Sydney
781:Russia
755:, the
739:, off
360:, off
4096:WoRMS
4016:41741
3985:IRMNG
3977:96750
3933:EUNIS
3912:12779
2968:(PDF)
2949:list.
2758:S2CID
2461:S2CID
2414:S2CID
2375:S2CID
2336:JSTOR
2055:(PDF)
1994:S2CID
1956:(PDF)
1341:Paita
1273:ovary
1140:tunas
1116:jacks
1108:hakes
1078:squid
1047:fluke
1040:leech
817:Chile
793:Perth
773:Japan
571:from
546:Greek
341:is a
337:, or
4060:OBIS
4024:NCBI
4011:IUCN
3998:ITIS
3959:GBIF
3925:R3MV
3907:BOLD
2982:OCLC
2972:ISBN
2944:2014
2918:2014
2895:2011
2855:2014
2713:ISBN
2591:and
2541:PMID
2484:and
2453:PMID
2253:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2134:OCLC
2124:ISBN
1986:PMID
1932:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1726:2014
1695:ISBN
1676:2023
1659:2020
1557:and
1517:The
1410:and
1335:and
1317:Nice
1186:and
1022:and
968:Jaws
911:The
860:bays
821:Peru
791:and
747:and
553:oura
537:The
462:and
372:and
323:The
3951:864
3920:CoL
3881:AFD
3868:ADW
3028:at
3019:at
3007:at
2808:doi
2750:doi
2686:doi
2646:doi
2632:253
2607:doi
2531:doi
2496:117
2445:doi
2406:doi
2367:doi
2328:doi
2099:doi
2037:113
1976:hdl
1968:doi
1663:doi
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771:to
731:to
699:in
675:in
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