240:
20:
773:"Typologically, the swords from Nebra and Vreta belong to the Sögel blades, which copy the shape and decoration of Hajdúsámson-Apa swords Concerning the provenance of the swords, the area between the rivers Danube and Tisza in present-day Hungary and Romania has been suggested, as also the production in present Germany Vandkilde (1996:240) proposed that these swords and daggers of the Sögel and Wohlde type in southern Jutland could have been manufactured locally." Roland Schwab, Inga Ullén, Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich,
760:"the decorative lines on the sword blades that had initially been regarded as incrustations consisted of pure copper hammered into channels that had presumably already been produced in the casting process. Thus the swords are among the very few Early Bronze Age examples of a true inlay technique outside the Mediterranean world An interesting parallel to these has now been found in a sword from the parish of Vreta Kloster in Östergötland, Sweden." Roland Schwab, Inga Ullén, Christian-Heinrich Wunderlich,
330:
449:
200:(1961, 1963), the "Sandars typology". Types A and B ("tab-tang") are the earliest from about the 17th to 16th centuries, types C ("horned" swords) and D ("cross" swords) from the 15th century, types E and F ("T-hilt" swords) from the 13th and 12th. The 13th to 12th centuries also see a revival of the "horned" type, classified as types G and H. Type H swords are associated with the
221:
395:). Also unique for Chinese bronzes is the consistent use of high-tin bronze (17-21% tin), which is very hard and breaks under excess stress, whereas other cultures preferred lower tin bronze (usually 10%), which bends instead. China continued to make both iron and bronze swords longer than any other region; iron completely replaced bronze only in the early
292:, often showing characteristic spiral patterns. The early Nordic swords are also comparatively short; a specimen discovered in 1912 near Bragby, Uppland, Sweden, dated to about 1800 to 1500 BC, was just over 60 cm (24 in) long. This sword was, however, classified as of the Hajdúsámson-Apa type, and was presumably imported. The
84:
462:
Sword production in Japan has been attested since the early middle Yayoi period, approximately 300 BC. In northern Kyushu, the late 4th century B.C. (early mid-Yayoi period) saw the emergence of the Korean-style bronze culture, symbolized by bronze mirrors with fine linear design and bronze swords,
269:
background), and survived well into the Iron Age, with a life-span of about seven centuries, until the 6th century BC. During its lifetime the basic design was maintained, although the material changed from bronze to iron. Naue II swords were exported from Europe to the Aegean, and as far afield as
153:
These are weapons of a total length of 45–60 cm (18–24 in), which could be described as either short swords or long daggers. Some other similar swords have been found in Turkey, and are described by Thomas
Zimmermann. An exceptionally well-preserved example, similar in construction to the
165:
The sword remained extremely rare for another millennium, and became more widespread only with the closing of the 3rd millennium. The "swords" of this later period can still readily be interpreted as daggers, as with the copper specimen from Naxos (dated roughly 2800 to 2300 BC), with a length of
303:
in particular. The "carp's tongue sword" is a type of bronze sword that was common to
Western Europe during ca. the 9th to 8th centuries BC. The blade of the carp's tongue sword was wide and parallel for most of its length but the final third narrowed into a thin tip intended for thrusting. The
74:
or daggers. Before about 1400 BC swords remained mostly limited to the Aegean and southeastern Europe, but they became more widespread in the final centuries of the 2nd millennium BC, to
Central Europe and Britain, to the Near East, Central Asia, Northern India and to China.
391:(221 BC – 207 BC). Amongst the Warring States period swords, some unique technologies were used, such as casting high-tin edges over softer, lower-tin cores, or the application of diamond shaped patterns on the blade (see the
319:
The Bronze Age-style sword and construction methods died out at the end of the early Iron Age (Hallstatt D), around 600-500 BC, when swords were once again replaced by daggers in most of Europe. An exception is the
634:
304:
design was probably developed in north-western France, and combined the broad blade useful for slashing with a thinner, elongated tip suitable for thrusting. Its advantages saw its adoption across
536:
Frangipane, M. et.al. 2010: The collapse of the 4th millennium centralised system at
Arslantepe and the far-reaching changes in 3rd millennium societies. ORIGINI XXXIV, 2012: 237-260.
432:, where there are several varieties of hilt. These swords have been variously dated to periods between 1700-1400 BCE, but were probably used more extensively during 1200-600 BCE (
123:) was used as the primary material for edged cutting tools and weapons. Stone, however, is too brittle for long, thin implements such as swords. With the introduction of
170:"copper swords" of the period around 2300 reach a length up to 60 cm. The first weapons that can unambiguously be classified as swords are those found in
60:
From an early time the swords reached lengths in excess of 100 cm. The technology to produce blades of such lengths appears to have been developed in the
833:
South Asian
Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Held in Paris
512:
1053:
235:. Typologically, these swords are of the "Sögel" type, but their shape and decoration shows influence of the "Hajdúsámson-Apa" type found in Hungary.
904:
B. Hänsel, 'Frühe
Bronzeschwerter zwischen dem Karpatenbecken und dem Werra-Tal' in: Studia Antiquaria: Festschrift für Niels Bantelmann, 31–39.
299:
A typical variant for
European swords is the "leaf shaped" blade, which was most common in North-west Europe at the end of the Bronze Age, on the
865:
B. Athanassov, R. KrauĂź, V. SlavÄŤev, 'A Bronze Sword of the Aegean-Anatolian Type in the Museum of Varna, Bulgaria' in: Horejs and PavĂşk (eds.):
2422:
174:, dated to about 1700 BC, which reached lengths of more than 100 cm (39 in). These are the "type A" swords of the Aegean Bronze Age.
852:
FUJIO Shin’ichiro, A Proposal of the Pre-Bronze Age of the Yayoi Period: The Yayoi Period Before the
Appearance of Iron Tools, 2022, p. 284.
745:
720:
644:
357:
The "antenna sword", named for the pair of ornaments suggesting antennae on its hilt, is a type of the Late Bronze Age, continued in early
278:. Naue II swords could be as long as 85 cm (33 in), but most specimens fall into the 60–70 cm (24–28 in) in length.
990:
2427:
1017:
1002:
572:
840:
870:
428:
region of India, commonly made of copper and tin, but in some instances made of bronze. Diverse specimens have been discovered in
2407:
736:
Benzi, Marion (2002). "Anatolia and the
Eastern Aegean at the time of the Trojan War". In Franco Montanari, Paola Ascheri (ed.).
134:
was gradual, and in 2004 the first "swords" were claimed for the Early Bronze Age (c. 33rd to 31st centuries), based on finds at
1486:
1046:
414:
408:
68:
swords were typically not longer than 80 cm; weapons significantly shorter than 60 cm are variously categorized as
2437:
788:
A sword of Naue II type from Ugarit and the
Historical Significance of Italian type Weaponry in the Eastern Mediterranean
183:
253:
One of the most important, and longest-lasting, types of prehistoric European swords was the "Naue II" type, named for
1896:
296:
sword discovered in 1897 (dated 1600 to 1500 BC) has a blade length (the hilt is missing) of 46 cm (18 in).
139:
996:
516:
2417:
2392:
1991:
1070:
1039:
607:
433:
2412:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1066:
1031:
159:
309:
239:
19:
835:(December 1979) edited by J.E.van Lohuizen-de Leeuw. Brill Academic Publishers, Incorporated. Pages 106-118.
2442:
2432:
2397:
2329:
2255:
274:, beginning about 1200 BC, i.e. just a few decades before the final collapse of the palace cultures in the
1821:
1209:
1201:
329:
1792:
384:
167:
594:
2122:
1528:
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923:
Redating the "Philistine sword" at the British Museum : a case study in typology and technology.
712:
487:
61:
1811:
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1320:
1244:
275:
209:
189:
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by Marcella Frangipane, professor of prehistory and protohistory of the Near and Middle East at
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24:
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1967:
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208:) and Greece. Contemporary with types E to H is the so-called "Naue II" type, imported from
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143:
2147:
1014:
383:, from roughly 1200 BC. The technology for bronze swords reached its high point during the
196:(Middle to Late Aegean Bronze Age) swords are classified in types labeled A to H following
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1774:
1725:
1705:
1562:
1134:
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1021:
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893:
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Aššuwa and the Achaeans: the 'Mycenaean' Sword at Hattušas and its possible Implications.
1003:
From Rapier to Langsax: Sword Structure in the British Isles in the Bronze and Iron Ages
799:
Museum of National Antiquities (Statens Historiska Museum) inventory number SHM 10419.
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A. MĂĽller-Karpe, 'Anatolische Bronzeschwerter und SĂĽdosteuropa' In: C. Dobiat (ed.),
380:
313:
293:
197:
308:. In Britain, the metalwork in the south east derived its name from this sword: the
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1972:
1952:
1931:
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1214:
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70:
890:
The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons and Ornaments, of Great Britain and Ireland
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A sword from Vreta Kloster, and black patinated bronze in Early Bronze Age Europe
762:
A sword from Vreta Kloster, and black patinated bronze in Early Bronze Age Europe
2337:
2207:
1518:
1502:
1325:
1282:
1008:
909:
Die Schwerter in Griechenland (AuĂźerhalb der Peloponnes), Bulgarien und Albanien
567:. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East (Vol. 4). BRILL. pp. 52–53.
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127:, and subsequently bronze, knives could be made longer, leading to the sword.
65:
46:
685:
564:
The Domestication of Metals: The Rise of Complex Metal Industries in Anatolia
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2006:
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from Greece, the development of which continued for several more centuries.
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2011:
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Frangipane, "The 2002 Exploration Campaign at Arslantepe/Malatya" (2004)
261:" or "grip-tongue sword". It first appears in c. the 13th century BC in
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Omero tremila anni dopo: atti del Congresso di Genova, 6-8 luglio 2000
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2016:
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1715:
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608:"Student discovers 5,000-year-old sword hidden in Venetian monastery"
482:
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147:
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112:
50:
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166:
just below 36 cm (14 in), but individual specimens of the
142:. A cache of nine swords and daggers was found; they are made of an
918:, Marburger Studien zur Vor- und FrĂĽhgeschichte 16 (1994), 431-444.
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83:
2107:
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116:
82:
18:
2142:
1877:
1379:
1191:
1181:
425:
1035:
243:
Typical "Naue II" type "Griffzungenschwert" indicated by No. 4
64:, using alloys of copper and tin or arsenic, around 1700 BC.
956:
Die Schwerter in SĂĽddeutschland, Ă–sterreich und der Schweiz I
822:
Dennis William, The archaeology of Celtic art, 2007, p. 269.
777:, Journal of Nordic Archaeological Science 17, 27–35 (2010).
764:, Journal of Nordic Archaeological Science 17, 27–35 (2010).
810:"Antennae sword Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster"
379:
Sword production in China is attested from the Bronze Age
934:, Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004.
951:, American Journal of Archaeology 67 (1963), 117-153.
184:
Military of Mycenaean Greece § Offensive weapons
944:, American Journal of Archaeology 65 (1961), 17-29.
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1945:
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1820:
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1607:
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1372:
1363:
1296:
1243:
1200:
1133:
1112:
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925:, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7,3 (1988) 303-311.
413:Swords are found in archaeological findings of the
740:. Edizione di Storia e Letteratura. p. 384.
636:Tools of War: History of Weapons in Ancient Times
312:. Notable examples of this type were part of the
41:appeared from around the 17th century BC, in the
57:during the early part of the 1st millennium BC.
158:swords, was discovered in 2017 in the Venetian
452:Distribution of Weapon Shaped Bronzes in Japan
353:inv. nr. AUV-40315 and CORT-216, respectively)
1047:
8:
932:Swords and daggers in Late Bronze Age Canaan
899:Bronzene Griffzungenschwerter aus Bulgarien.
709:Swords and daggers in Late Bronze Age Canaan
662:"The First Aegean Swords and Their Ancestry"
257:who first described them and also known as "
146:. Among them, three swords were inlaid with
130:Thus, the development of the sword from the
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2197:
1996:
1901:
1749:
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1547:
1476:
1369:
1109:
1054:
1040:
1032:
974:, Prähistorische Bronzefunde IV.15 (2004).
942:The First Aegean Swords and their Ancestry
911:, Prähistorische Bronzefunde IV.12 (1993).
963:The early history of metallurgy in Europe
878:, Prähistorische Bronzefunde IV.8 (1991).
49:regions, as a further development of the
337:period (c. 10th century BC), found near
219:
1009:The Greek Age of Bronze: Swords/Daggers
958:Prähistorische Bronzefunde IV.2 (1971).
504:
790:, Aegean Archaeology 8, 2008, 111–136.
1015:Nordic swords, spirals and the Dorian
553:
551:
7:
901:Prähist. Zeitschr. 45, 1970, 26-41.
997:Reproductions of bronze age swords
14:
916:Festschrift fĂĽr Otto-Herman Frey
972:Die Schwerter in Ostdeutschland
666:American Journal of Archaeology
513:"Oldest Swords Found in Turkey"
224:Swords found together with the
415:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
409:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
1:
2423:Archaeological artefact types
1097:Straight swords (Double-edge)
885:Annual BSA 91, 1996, 137-151.
286:
229:
204:and were found in Anatolia (
28:
1496:Iron Age – Three Kingdom Era
867:Aegean and Balkan Prehistory
1092:Curved swords (Single-edge)
1087:Thrusting swords (Edgeless)
639:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
633:Ramsey, Syed (2016-05-12).
140:Sapienza University of Rome
2459:
949:Later Aegean Bronze Swords
455:
406:
372:
290: the 17th century BC
246:
181:
16:Historical style of weapon
2428:Ancient Near East weapons
1077:
993:by Dr Barry Molloy (2005)
876:Die Schwerter in Rumänien
463:dagger-axes, and spears.
434:Painted Grey Ware culture
103:; blade decorations with
1572:Heian – Kamakura periods
1005:by Niko Silvester (1995)
53:. They were replaced by
2408:Ancient European swords
2256:Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si
1629:Meiji period and beyond
1608:Muromachi – Edo periods
907:Imma Kilian-Dirlmeier,
707:Shalev, Sariel (2004).
660:Sandars, N. K. (1961).
23:Bronze Age swords from
1487:Liaoning bronze dagger
1210:Migration Period sword
1027:The Naue Type II Sword
786:R. Jung, M. Mehofer,
453:
354:
333:Antenna swords of the
244:
236:
108:
35:
1822:Post-classical period
1512:Goryeo and Joseon era
1480:Bronze Age – Gojoseon
1202:Post-classical period
991:The Bronze Age Rapier
985:bronze-age-swords.com
456:Further information:
451:
407:Further information:
385:Warring States period
373:Further information:
332:
310:Carp's Tongue complex
247:Further information:
242:
223:
182:Further information:
86:
22:
2438:Ancient art in metal
2157:Spanish colonization
1551:Yayoi – Nara periods
713:Franz Steiner Verlag
488:Yetholm-type shields
160:Monastery of Lazarus
144:arsenic-copper alloy
1870:Early modern period
1793:Parthian Long Sword
1699:Medieval and modern
1321:Basket-hilted sword
1245:Early modern period
276:Bronze Age collapse
210:Southeastern Europe
2217:Post-Classic stage
1850:Turko-Mongol Sabre
1298:Late modern period
1020:2016-03-04 at the
454:
365:and Italy region.
355:
259:Griffzungenschwert
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747:978-88-8498-059-5
722:978-3-515-08198-6
646:978-93-86019-80-6
559:Yener, K. Aslihan
473:Bronze Age Europe
393:Sword of Gou Jian
283:Nordic Bronze Age
249:Bronze Age Europe
115:, stone (such as
39:Bronze Age swords
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2418:European weapons
2393:Swords by period
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2240:Preah Khan Reach
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1997:
1968:Langgai Tinggang
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1760:Bronze Age sword
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515:. Archived from
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375:Bronze Age China
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281:Swords from the
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87:18th-century BC
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1726:Kayamkulam vaal
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1067:classifications
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1022:Wayback Machine
1011:(salimbeti.com)
987:(Neil Burridge)
981:
970:H. WĂĽstemann,
947:N. K. Sandars,
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843:(pp. 111-114).
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614:. 11 March 2020
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1143:Iron Age sword
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1135:Ancient period
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1103:
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1071:historical era
1069:by region and
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438:Iron Age India
404:
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339:Lake Neuchâtel
265:(or a general
263:Northern Italy
233: 1600 BC
226:Nebra sky disk
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1351:Sword bayonet
1349:
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1331:Hunting sword
1329:
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1082:Swordsmanship
1080:
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841:90-04-05996-2
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519:on 2017-02-17
518:
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376:
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327:
325:
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317:
315:
314:Isleham Hoard
311:
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302:
301:British Isles
297:
295:
294:Vreta Kloster
284:
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48:
44:
40:
26:
21:
2048:Dahong palay
1973:Parang Nabur
1953:Keris bahari
1905:Early period
1759:
1746:Central Asia
1336:Pistol sword
1220:Arming sword
1215:Viking sword
1119:
999:(1501bc.com)
971:
962:
955:
948:
941:
931:
922:
915:
908:
898:
889:
888:John Evans,
882:
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827:
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782:
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769:
761:
756:
737:
731:
708:
702:
672:(1): 17–29.
669:
665:
655:
635:
628:
616:. Retrieved
611:
602:
595:First Swords
590:
578:. Retrieved
563:
541:
532:
521:. Retrieved
517:the original
507:
461:
458:Yayoi period
412:
378:
361:of the East
356:
321:
318:
298:
285:appear from
280:
258:
252:
187:
172:Minoan Crete
164:
152:
129:
110:
97:Tell Balatah
79:Predecessors
71:short swords
69:
59:
38:
37:
2269:Mesoamerica
1992:Philippines
1946:Late period
1744:Western and
1519:Bonguk geom
1503:Hwandudaedo
1415:Ming – Qing
1326:Small sword
1283:Swiss degen
1063:Sword types
930:S. Shalev,
921:S. Shalev,
897:B. Hänsel,
874:T. Bader,
612:LiveScience
597:uni-kiel.de
478:HĂĄga Kurgan
397:Han dynasty
389:Qin dynasty
359:iron swords
335:Hallstatt B
255:Julius Naue
202:Sea Peoples
55:iron swords
32: 17th
2403:Bronze Age
2387:Categories
2283:Macuahuitl
2039:(Binangon)
1830:Arab sword
1753:Prehistory
1651:Shikomizue
1401:Hook sword
1263:Katzbalger
1253:Zweihänder
1113:Prehistory
881:E. Cline,
860:References
580:15 January
523:2015-11-12
347:Cortaillod
156:Arslantepe
136:Arslantepe
66:Bronze Age
34:century BC
2164:Balisword
2063:Ginunting
2007:Balasiong
2000:Classical
1897:Indonesia
1615:Wakizashi
1437:Yanmaodao
1406:Zhanmadao
1268:Cinquedea
1225:Longsword
1187:Rhomphaia
686:0002-9114
430:Fatehgarh
363:Hallstatt
343:Auvernier
194:Mycenaean
101:West Bank
43:Black Sea
2330:Mainland
2320:Acinaces
2249:Thailand
2233:Cambodia
2192:Mainland
2123:Sansibar
2083:Karambit
2073:Kampilan
2037:Binagong
2027:Batangas
2012:Bangkung
1840:Shamshir
1835:Scimitar
1788:Acinaces
1594:Nagamaki
1432:Changdao
1422:Liuyedao
1394:Medieval
1346:Spadroon
1235:Falchion
1230:Claymore
1172:Makhaira
1018:Archived
618:25 March
561:(2021).
467:See also
351:Laténium
267:Urnfield
206:Pergamon
168:Cycladic
121:obsidian
105:electrum
2343:Kaskara
2315:Khopesh
2179:Tenegre
2174:Hagibis
2138:Talibon
2133:Susuwat
2128:Sundang
2118:Sanduko
2098:Panabas
1963:Sundang
1958:Klewang
1883:Kindjal
1855:Yatagan
1807:Falcata
1765:Khopesh
1711:Kastane
1706:Firangi
1673:Ancient
1646:NinjatĹŤ
1589:Kodachi
1563:Tsurugi
1558:ChokutĹŤ
1524:Wungeom
1458:Miaodao
1373:Ancient
1341:Shashka
1316:Cutlass
1288:Colhona
1167:Falcata
1153:Gladius
1125:Khopesh
965:(1987)
198:Sandars
111:Before
93:Shechem
89:khopesh
2368:Takoba
2363:Billao
2358:Shotel
2353:Flyssa
2348:Nimcha
2301:Africa
2288:Macana
2113:Pinuti
2103:Parang
2093:Laring
2058:Gayang
2032:Bicuco
2022:Barong
2017:Banyal
1927:Balato
1922:Parang
1917:Niabor
1912:Mandau
1798:Xiphos
1721:Pulwar
1716:Talwar
1690:Aruval
1680:Khanda
1620:Katana
1584:ĹŚdachi
1446:Modern
1306:Rapier
1177:Spatha
1158:Xiphos
1106:Europe
892:(1881)
869:(2012)
839:
744:
719:
694:502497
692:
684:
643:
571:
483:Hassle
423:Yamuna
323:xiphos
272:Ugarit
216:Europe
190:Minoan
178:Aegean
148:silver
132:dagger
125:copper
113:bronze
107:inlays
62:Aegean
51:dagger
47:Aegean
2148:Wasay
2108:Pirah
2088:Lahot
2078:Kalis
2068:Gulok
2053:Garab
1937:Surik
1845:Kilij
1803:Kopis
1685:Urumi
1665:India
1641:IaitĹŤ
1636:GuntĹŤ
1599:TantĹŤ
1579:Tachi
1543:Japan
1472:Korea
1453:Dadao
1427:Wodao
1365:China
1311:Sabre
1273:Estoc
1163:Kopis
1148:Harpe
690:JSTOR
499:Notes
444:Japan
419:Ganga
403:India
369:China
341:(in
117:flint
2143:Utak
2043:Bolo
1932:Gari
1878:Qama
1731:Pata
1380:Jian
1192:Falx
1182:Sica
1065:and
837:ISBN
742:ISBN
717:ISBN
682:ISSN
641:ISBN
620:2020
582:2024
569:ISBN
426:Doab
387:and
345:and
192:and
188:The
119:and
45:and
2338:Ida
2208:Dha
1385:Dao
674:doi
440:).
99:),
2389::
940:,
711:.
688:.
680:.
670:65
668:.
664:.
610:.
550:^
436:,
399:.
349:;
316:.
287:c.
230:c.
228:,
212:.
162:.
150:.
91:,
29:c.
27:,
1805:/
1165:/
1055:e
1048:t
1041:v
812:.
750:.
725:.
696:.
676::
649:.
622:.
584:.
526:.
421:-
95:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
