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177:(copper and zinc) and bronzes of different metallic compositions, modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older artworks increasingly use the generalized term "copper alloy" instead of the names of individual alloys. This is done (at least in part) to prevent database searches from failing merely because of errors or disagreements in the naming of historic copper alloys.
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1836:. The tone ring is a heavy (usually 3 lb; 1.4 kg) folded or arched metal ring attached to a thick wood rim, over which a skin, or most often, a plastic membrane (or head) is stretched – it is the bell bronze that gives the banjo a crisp powerful lower register and clear bell-like treble register.
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era
Hebrews are not thought to have had the capability to manufacture zinc (needed to make brass) and so it is likely that 'nehoshet' refers to copper and its alloys with tin, now called bronze. In the King James Version, there is no use of the word 'bronze' and 'nehoshet' was translated as 'brass'.
1010:
properties. It was not only the most expensive building of its time — $ 36 million — but it was the first building in the world with floor-to-ceiling glass walls. Mies van der Rohe achieved the crisp edges that were custom-made with specific detailing by
General Bronze and "even the screws that hold
845:
owing to its combination of toughness and resistance to salt water corrosion. Bronze is still commonly used in ship propellers and submerged bearings. In the 20th century, silicon was introduced as the primary alloying element, creating an alloy with wide application in industry and the major form
689:
is bronze containing a mixture of copper, zinc, tin, lead, nickel, iron, antimony, arsenic and an unusually large amount of silver – between 22.5% in the base and 5.76% in the pan below the candle. The proportions of this mixture suggest that the candlestick was made from a hoard of old coins. The
805:
The melting point of bronze varies depending on the ratio of the alloy components and is about 950 °C (1,742 °F). Bronze is usually nonmagnetic, but certain alloys containing iron or nickel may have magnetic properties. Typically bronze oxidizes only superficially; once a copper oxide
708:
In the Bronze Age, two forms of bronze were commonly used: "classic bronze", about 10% tin, was used in casting; and "mild bronze", about 6% tin, was hammered from ingots to make sheets. Bladed weapons were mostly cast from classic bronze, while helmets and armor were hammered from mild bronze.
1825:. The earliest bronze archeological finds in Indonesia date from 1–2 BC, including flat plates probably suspended and struck by a wooden or bone mallet. Ancient bronze drums from Thailand and Vietnam date back 2,000 years. Bronze bells from Thailand and Cambodia date back to 3600 BC.
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Before it became possible to produce glass with acceptably flat surfaces, bronze was a standard material for mirrors. Bronze was used for this purpose in many parts of the world, probably based on independent discoveries. Bronze mirrors survive from the
Egyptian
1744:
1035:. Common bronze alloys have the unusual and desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mould. Then, as the bronze cools, it shrinks a little, making it easier to separate from the mould. The
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as the main alloying ingredient. They are commonly used in architectural applications. Plastic bronze contains a significant quantity of lead, which makes for improved plasticity, and was possibly used by the ancient Greeks in ship construction.
1294:
850:. Sculptors may prefer silicon bronze because of the ready availability of silicon bronze brazing rod, which allows color-matched repair of defects in castings. Aluminum is also used for the structural metal aluminum bronze. Bronze parts are
1882:" are known in contemporary times for being awarded for third place in sporting competitions and other events. The term is now often used for third place even when no actual bronze medal is awarded. The usage in part arose from the trio of
881:, where iron cannonballs would otherwise stick in the barrel. It is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings, automobile transmission pilot bearings, and similar fittings, and is particularly common in the bearings of small
1938:
Modern translations use 'bronze'. Bronze (nehoshet) was used widely in the
Tabernacle for items such as the bronze altar (Exodus Ch.27), bronze laver (Exodus Ch.30), utensils, and mirror (Exodus Ch.38). It was mentioned in the account of
1502:
632:
reduced the shipping of tin around the
Mediterranean and from Britain, limiting supplies and raising prices. As the art of working in iron improved, iron became cheaper and improved in quality. As later cultures advanced from
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833:
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1449:
53:
2972:"Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain Restored by National Gallery of Art in Honor of 75th Anniversary with a Major Grant from Richard King Mellon Foundation —Monumental Bronze Fountain Operational on March 17—"
2185:
Thornton, C.; Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C.; Liezers, M.; Young, S.M.M. (2002). "On pins and needles: tracing the evolution of copper-based alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS analysis of Common-place items".
1521:
1442:
mantel clock (pendule de cheminée); 1757–1760; gilded and patinated bronze, oak veneered with ebony, white enamel with black numerals, and other materials; 48.3 × 69.9 × 27.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of
1002:-tinted glass building. The building looks like a "squarish 38-story tower clad in a restrained curtain wall of metal and glass." "Bronze was selected because of its color, both before and after aging, its
604:, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources, the case is clear. These were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings.
1483:
French
Neoclassical mantel clock ("Pendule Uranie"); 1764–1770; case: patinated bronze and gilded bronze, Dial: white enamel, movement: brass and steel; 71.1 × 52.1 × 26.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of
929:
and similar material for bearings. Aluminum bronze is hard and wear-resistant, and is used for bearings and machine tool ways. The
Doehler Die Casting Co. of Toledo, Ohio were known for the production of
1471:
Pair of
Chinese vases with French Rococo mounts; the vases: early 18th century, the mounts: 1760–70; hard-paste porcelain with gilt-bronze mounts; 32.4 x 16.5 x 12.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
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including pillars, capitals, stands, wheels, bowls, and plates, some of which were highly decorative (see I Kings 7:13-47). Bronze was also widely used as battle armor and helmet, as in the battle of
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1236:
1715:
had come into use, and
Western glass mirrors had largely taken over, bronze mirrors were still being made in Japan and elsewhere in the eighteenth century, and are still made on a small scale in
3020:"Out of all of our monumental projects, spread over two lifetimes, the Supreme Court doors are the only work that we ever signed – that's how important they were." – JOHN DONNELLY, JR., Sculptor
779:
may be slightly less dense. Bronze is a better conductor of heat and electricity than most steels. The cost of copper-base alloys is generally higher than that of steels but lower than that of
798:
of pure copper, low-friction properties of bearing bronze (bronze that has a high lead content— 6–8%), resonant qualities of bell bronze (20% tin, 80% copper), and resistance to corrosion by
1777:, which is roughly 20% tin, 80% copper, with traces of silver, or the tougher B8 bronze made from 8% tin and 92% copper. As the tin content in a bell or cymbal rises, the timbre drops.
1058:
and medieval periods. Many of the most famous Greek bronze sculptures are known through Roman copies in marble, which were more likely to survive. In India, bronze sculptures from the
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841:
Bronze, or bronze-like alloys and mixtures, were used for coins over a longer period. Bronze was especially suitable for use in boat and ship fittings prior to the wide employment of
649:. Steel is stronger and harder than bronze and holds a sharper edge longer. Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day.
698:
2858:
Indian bronze masterpieces: the great tradition: specially published for the
Festival of India, Asharani Mathur, Sonya Singh, Festival of India, Brijbasi Printers, Dec 1, 1988
1653:
in Washington, DC. Another example of the massive, ornate design projects of bronze, and attributed to General Bronze/Roman Bronze Works were the massive bronze doors to the
600:
and an indicator of social status. In Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes (illustrated above), are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With
1942:
holding up a bronze snake on a pole in Numbers Ch.21. In First Kings, it is mentioned that Hiram was very skilled in working with bronze, and he made many furnishings for
685:
and blades. Historical "bronzes" are highly variable in composition, as most metalworkers probably used whatever scrap was on hand; the metal of the 12th-century English
2481:"The Belgammel Ram, a Hellenistic-Roman BronzeProembolionFound off the Coast of Libya: test analysis of function, date and metallurgy, with a digital reference archive"
1403:
French or South Netherlandish Medieval caldron; 13th or 14th century; bronze and wrought iron; height: 37.5 cm, diameter: 34.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
558:
Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the alloying process could be more easily controlled, and the resulting alloy was stronger and easier to cast. Also,
1796:, and guitar. Bronze strings are commonly reserved on pianoforte for the lower pitch tones, as they possess a superior sustain quality to that of high-tensile steel.
1133:—more often ceremonial vessels but including some figurine examples. Bronze continues into modern times as one of the materials of choice for monumental statuary.
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than steel or iron and are more readily produced from their constituent metals. They are generally about 10 percent denser than steel, although alloys using
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sculpture of Buddha offering protection; late 6th–early 7th century; copper alloy; height: 47 cm, width: 15.6 cm, diameter: 14.3 cm; from
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starting about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times.
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from phosphor bronze (3.5 to 10% tin and up to 1% phosphorus content). Bell bronze/B20 is used to make the tone rings of many professional model
1249:
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has a composition of Si: 2.80–3.80%, Mn: 0.50–1.30%, Fe: 0.80% max., Zn: 1.50% max., Pb: 0.05% max., Cu: balance. Other bronze alloys include
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BC (~3500 BC), and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the
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Pair of mounted vases (vase à monter); 1765–70; soft-paste porcelain and French gilt bronze; 28.9 x 17.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
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in the United Kingdom, one ancient site in Thailand and one in Iran), so serious bronze work has always involved trade with other regions.
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1426:; gilt bronze; dimensions of the first: 52.7 x 48.3 x 26.7 cm, of the second: 45.1 x 49.1 x 24.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
3306:
1910:. At the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1900 other prizes were given rather than medals.
1043:(704–681 BC) claims to have been the first to cast monumental bronze statues (of up to 30 tonnes) using two-part moulds instead of the
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1215:; 713–664 BC; bronze, precious-metal leaf; height: 7.6 cm, width: 3.2 cm, depth: 3.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects that were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze
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and other durable tools to be used in explosive atmospheres or in the presence of flammable vapors. Bronze is used to make
135:. These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as
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Bronze has also been used in coins; most "copper" coins are actually bronze, with about 4 percent tin and 1 percent zinc.
584:
had a major influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a major source of tin was the British deposits of ore in
196:
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than cast iron. Copper and its alloys have a huge variety of uses that reflect their versatile physical, mechanical, and
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used bronze to create intricate statues via the lost-wax casting method with ornate detailing depicting the deities of
44:
1980:
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810:. This can be seen on statues from the Hellenistic period. If copper chlorides are formed, a corrosion-mode called "
596:. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artifacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a
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Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain, situated at the apex of the Federal Triangle complex in downtown Washington, DC
2011:
1990:
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tripod base for a thymiaterion (incense burner); 475-450 BC; bronze; height: 11 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
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found in modern Germany. This was the top tool of the period, and also seems to have been used as a store of value.
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1515:; 1787; bronze; 143.5 x 39.1 x 50.5 cm, height of the pedestal: 86.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
925:
are often made of bronze for its friction properties. It can be impregnated with oil to make the proprietary
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2783:"SEAGRAM'S PLANS PLAZA TOWER IN NEW YORK and Mies van der Rohe designs his first skyscraper office building"
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strings. Unlike steel, bronze struck against a hard surface will not generate sparks, so it (along with
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2644:"Resources: Standards & Properties – Copper & Copper Alloy Microstructures: Aluminum Bronzes"
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885:. Phosphor bronze is particularly suited to precision-grade bearings and springs. It is also used in
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3000:
2618:"Resources: Standards & Properties – Copper & Copper Alloy Microstructures: Phosphor Bronze"
2500:
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made of copper, zinc, tin, and lead, and traditionally golden brown in color. This was made for the
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221:(Beijing). This ding's name is based on the inscription in the bronze interior wall, which reads
2709:
2092:
Kahane, Henry; Kahane, Renée (1981). "Byzantium's Impact on the West: The Linguistic Evidence".
1606:
958:
990:." The Seagram Building was the first time that an entire building was sheathed in bronze. The
921:. Phosphor bronze is used for ships' propellers, musical instruments, and electrical contacts.
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sleeping; 3rd–2nd century BC; bronze; 41.9 × 35.6 × 85.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
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Modern commercial bronze (90% copper and 10% zinc) and architectural bronze (57% copper, 3%
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2429:"CDA UNS Standard Designations for Wrought and Cast Copper and Copper Alloys: Introduction"
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1094:. The art form survives to this day, with many silpis, craftsmen, working in the areas of
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firedogs; 1760–1770; gilt bronze; height (each): 41.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
2714:(1st ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 105–106.
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from the 16th to 18th centuries. Annealed bronze continues to be made in the Himalayas
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The largest and most ornate bronze fountain known to be cast in the world was by the
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such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone and copper ("
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of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4–5% tin are used to make coins, springs,
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of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together (exceptions include
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806:(eventually becoming copper carbonate) layer is formed, the underlying metal is
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became the major non-copper ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC.
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come from a Yahya Culture (Period V 3800-3400 BCE) site, at Tal-i-Iblis on the
73:
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2363:. Thermec 2000. Las Vegas, Nevada: U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from
2140:(in German). Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. p. 1657.
2027:
2021:
1960:
1929:
There are over 125 references to bronze ('nehoshet'), which appears to be the
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491:
490:, and were smelted from native arsenical copper and copper-arsenides, such as
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163:
155:
124:
120:
2682:
Woldman’s Engineering Alloys, 9th Edition 1936, American Society for Metals,
2120:
Berthelot, M.P.E. (1888). "Sur le nom du bronze chez les alchimistes grecs".
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The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced
2782:
2578:
Alavudeen, A.; Venkateshwaran, N.; Winowlin Jappes, J. T. (1 January 2006).
2509:
2222:"Expedition Magazine | The Early Bronze Age of Iran as Seen from Tepe Yahya"
1914:
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in 1952. The material used for the fountain, known as statuary bronze, is a
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716:, 40% zinc) are more properly regarded as brass alloys because they contain
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2358:"Ancient Blacksmiths, the Iron Age, Damascus Steels, and Modern Metallurgy"
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2008:, the first office building in the world to use extruded bronze on a facade
1874:
As with coins, bronze has been used in the manufacture of various types of
669:
There are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88%
447:
Roman bronze nails with magical signs and inscriptions, 3rd-4th century AD.
17:
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2138:
Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs
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3038:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 106.
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2247:"Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago"
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are made from bronze, which gives a desirable balance of durability and
154:
in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the
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3222:"Nehoshet: Copper, Bronze or Brass? Which are Plausible in the Tanakh?"
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1036:
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Bronzes of various metallurgical properties are widely used in struck
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or from naturally or artificially mixed ores of those metals, forming
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Hoard) have been found. Indian Hindu artisans from the period of the
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2024:(Tungum), a bronze alloy of copper, aluminium, nickel, tin, and zinc
1906:, the era of heroes. It was first adopted for a sports event at the
1711:
mirrors followed the same pattern. Although other materials such as
520:), and believed to have been smelted from a natural tin-copper ore,
64:
3093:
Jewelry – Metalwork 1991 Survey: Visions – Concepts – Communication
2555:. The Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology Classroom. Archived from
994:
fabricated 3,200,000 pounds (1,600 tons) of bronze at its plant in
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Bronze statues were regarded as the highest form of sculpture in
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Industrial products of the Bunting Brass and Bronze Company, 1912
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Suspended Music: Chime-Bells in the Culture of Bronze Age China
2819:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. Publishers. p. 17.
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573:
569:
471:") predecessors. Initially, bronze was made out of copper and
100:
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2896:
Behind the Scenes of Tiffany Glassmaking: the Nash Notebooks
2157:. London: Maney Publishing, for the Institute of Materials.
1807:, cymbals, and other idiophones from Asia. Examples include
1276:; 305–30 BC; solid cast of bronze; 4.8 × 10.3 cm;
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2291:"Metallurgy and Ecological Change in the Ancient Near East"
1855:(1438). The legend reads, in Greek: "John the Palaiologos,
30:
This article is about the metal alloy. For other uses, see
3068:
Metals technic: a collection of techniques for metalsmiths
1913:
Bronze is the normal material for the related form of the
998:. The Seagram Building is a 38-story, 516-foot bronze-and-
3279:
Viking Bronze – Ancient and Early Medieval bronze casting
2829:
for a translation of his inscription see the appendix in
2770:
Seagram Building Marks Apex Of Mies van der Rohe's Career
1933:
word used for copper and any of its alloys. However, the
986:
is the "iconic glass box sheathed in bronze, designed by
501:
The earliest tin-copper-alloy artifact has been dated to
1703:
were making bronze mirrors in the sixth century BC, and
786:
Bronzes are typically ductile alloys, considerably less
645:
powered by water), blacksmiths also learned how to make
1117:; in Europe, Grecian bronzes typically of figures from
103:
and often with the addition of other metals (including
2921:"A Chronology of Louis C. Tiffany and Tiffany Studios"
1011:
in the fixed glass-plate windows were made of brass."
2245:
Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo (December 2013).
1917:, normally a rectangular work of art with a scene in
1629:
by Gilbert Donnelly Sr. and his son John Donnelly Jr.
1155:
artwork; 2400–1900 BC; bronze; height: 10.8 cm;
82:
Various examples of bronze artwork throughout history
3255:"Lost Wax, Found Bronze": lost-wax casting explained
264:
4206:
4149:
4071:
3842:
3779:
3718:
3680:
3673:
3633:
3535:
3489:
3482:
3322:
2899:(1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. pp. 2–10.
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2266:
Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations
1105:In antiquity other cultures also produced works of
934:, a high tensile corrosion resistant bronze alloy.
873:against dissimilar metals, making it important for
562:, metallic tin and the fumes from tin refining are
2581:A Textbook of Engineering Materials and Metallurgy
1950:in I Samuel 17:5-6;38 (also see II Chron. 12:10).
1780:Bronze is also used for the windings of steel and
701:is sometimes described as bronze and sometimes as
273:
3262:"Flash animation of the lost-wax casting process"
2553:"Bronze Disease, Archaeologies of the Greek Past"
2063:"British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy""
2049:China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization
1599:," and used bronze in their artisan work for his
628:after a serious disruption of the tin trade: the
162:and India is conventionally dated to the mid-4th
2180:
2178:
1803:around the world, notably bells, singing bowls,
1758:in the form of a high tin bronze alloy known as
1627:US Supreme Court Building's massive bronze doors
826:Bronze weight with an inscribed imperial order,
699:Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège
2873:The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art
2760:. No. November 10, 1957. pp. 313, 320
173:Because historical artworks were often made of
1902:, where youth lasted a hundred years; and the
407:
401:
383:
377:
3300:
3061:
3059:
2488:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1773:. Several types of bronze are used, commonly
1189:; bronze: height with handles: 25.4 cm;
392:
358:
352:
346:
330:
324:
245:
222:
158:. The beginning of the Bronze Age in western
8:
2893:Eidelberg, Martin; McClelland, Nany (2001).
2670:"Doehler-Jarvis Company Collection, MSS-202"
630:population migrations of around 1200–1100 BC
3677:
3486:
3307:
3293:
3285:
3168:"What Is Bronze? | National Bell Festival"
1849:Medal of the Emperor John VIII Palaiologos
1109:using bronze. For example: in Africa, the
2499:
1814:, temple bells of many sizes and shapes,
814:" will eventually completely destroy it.
397:from "bir" (one) "birinç" (primary), and
317:), reputed for its bronze; or originally:
1890:and bronze to represent the first three
1692:(2040–1750 BC), and China from at least
694:are in fact brass, and the 12th-century
539:(Iran) and some ancient sites in China,
482:The earliest known arsenic-copper-alloy
2327:Cramer, Clayton E. (10 December 1995).
2154:A History of Metallurgy, Second Edition
2039:
1135:
612:Though bronze is generally harder than
435:Hoard of bronze socketed axes from the
2646:. Copper Development Association Inc.
2620:. Copper Development Association Inc.
2435:from the original on 24 September 2013
2409:from the original on 11 September 2013
2268:. London: Athlone Press. p. 169.
1585:Tiffany Glass Studios, made famous by
582:Tin sources and trade in ancient times
527:Other early examples date to the late
3146:. New York: Hal Leonard. p. 13.
2356:Sherby, O. D.; Wadsworth, J. (2000).
1898:, when men lived among the gods; the
1248:; 460-450 BC; bronze; height: 2.1 m;
244:(1511), itself borrowed from Italian
7:
3220:Meschel, Susan V. (2 October 2017).
1762:, which is typically about 23% tin.
1655:United States Supreme Court Building
1589:commonly referred to his product as
794:. Some common examples are the high
119:) and sometimes non-metals, such as
3010:. Washington, DC: The Supreme Court
2073:from the original on 18 August 2014
2051:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
913:for woodworking applications where
359:
331:
2950:Amon Carter Museum of American Art
2751:"Building is Designer's Testament"
1754:Bronze is the preferred metal for
1647:Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain
1031:Bronze is widely used for casting
25:
3032:Von Falkenhausen, Lothar (1993).
2598:from the original on 10 June 2016
2584:. Firewall Media. pp. 136–.
2188:Journal of Archaeological Science
1851:during his visit to Florence, by
3052:from the original on 2016-05-26.
2527:from the original on 2016-08-28.
2253:from the original on 2014-02-05.
1971:Bronze and brass ornamental work
1552:
1520:
1501:
1489:
1476:
1464:
1448:
1431:
1408:
1396:
1370:
1335:
1312:
1293:
1261:
1235:
1220:
1198:
1168:
1138:
1125:, Chinese ritual bronzes of the
808:protected from further corrosion
72:
63:
52:
43:
3202:from the original on 2016-07-30
2650:from the original on 2013-12-05
2624:from the original on 2015-12-08
2315:Smithells Metals Reference Book
1986:Dezincification resistant brass
1733:Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng
99:, commonly with about 12–12.5%
2249:. Antiquity Publications Ltd.
1828:Some companies are now making
1268:Ancient Egyptian statuette of
1250:National Archaeological Museum
588:, which were traded as far as
293:, 11th century), perhaps from
259:(13th century, transcribed in
209:
200:
1:
1693:
1420:
1330:); Metropolitan Museum of Art
1183:
502:
235:(1730–1740) is borrowed from
3144:Siminoff's Luthiers Glossary
2817:A Concise History of Bronzes
1921:, for a collectors' market.
295:
283:
274:
3251:(archived 16 December 2006)
3142:Siminoff, Roger H. (2008).
2541:. ASTM International. 2015.
2479:Adams, Jonathan R. (2012).
2329:"What Caused The Iron Age?"
1981:Chinese bronze inscriptions
661:Bronze bell with a visible
402:
378:
353:
347:
325:
227:, meaning 'Queen Mother Wu'
223:
4329:
2392:. Reed Library, Australia.
2094:Illinois Classical Studies
2012:General Bronze Corporation
1991:French Empire mantel clock
1680:
1673:bronze mirror, 120-80 BC,
1639:General Bronze Corporation
1568:, bronze sculpture, 1937,
1389:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1191:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1024:
1018:
992:General Bronze Corporation
954:General Bronze Corporation
951:
941:
802:of several bronze alloys.
320:in its earliest form from
301:
289:
217:ever found; 1300–1046 BC;
29:
4313:Coinage metals and alloys
4244:
2264:Potts, Daniel T. (1997).
2047:Thorp, Robert L. (2013).
620:of 60–258 vs. 30–80, the
408:
384:
3281:(archived 16 April 2016)
3266:James Peniston Sculpture
3091:LaPlantz, David (1991).
1894:in Greek mythology: the
1765:Nearly all professional
1737:Spring and Autumn period
1540:bronze sculpture, 1934,
1365:, late 11th–12th century
219:National Museum of China
95:consisting primarily of
3809:Nickel silver (alpacca)
3196:Encyclopædia Britannica
3066:McCreight, Tim (1992).
2976:National Gallery of Art
2815:Savage, George (1968).
2510:10.1111/1095-9270.12001
2390:Copper, Silver and Gold
2298:Backdirt: Annual Review
2151:Tylecote, R.F. (1992).
2136:Lokotsch, Karl (1927).
1278:Cleveland Museum of Art
1072:Brahma from Mirpur-Khas
854:and typically used for
796:electrical conductivity
560:unlike those of arsenic
373:, from which also came
240:
32:Bronze (disambiguation)
27:Alloy of copper and tin
3257:(archived 23 May 2009)
3226:Jewish Bible Quarterly
2539:ASTM B124 / B124M – 15
2208:10.1006/jasc.2002.0809
1868:
1751:
1740:
1678:
1630:
1614:
1613:table lamp with bronze
1187: 13th century BC
971:
838:
830:
687:Gloucester Candlestick
677:consists of the alpha
666:
602:Chinese ritual bronzes
448:
440:
393:
278:, back-formation from
265:
246:
228:
4150:Other natural objects
2711:Manhattan Skyscrapers
2388:Knapp, Brian. (1996)
2317:, 8th Edition, ch. 22
1996:List of copper alloys
1847:
1746:
1730:
1668:
1625:
1609:
1078:) and later periods (
996:Garden City, New York
961:
860:electrical connectors
846:used in contemporary
836:
825:
660:
641:(typically made with
446:
434:
215:Chinese ritual bronze
188:
152:archaeological period
3625:Wire wrapped jewelry
3605:Repoussé and chasing
3070:. Brynmorgen Press.
2946:"Roman Bronze Works"
2124:(in French): 294–98.
1908:1904 Summer Olympics
1878:for centuries, and "
1786:stringed instruments
1669:Decorated back of a
1419:firedogs (chenets);
1006:resistance, and its
938:Architectural bronze
869:Bronze also has low
735:, manganese bronze,
4167:Ebonite (vulcanite)
3198:(Online ed.).
2790:Architectural Forum
2708:Nash, Eric (1999).
2559:on 26 February 2015
2226:Expedition Magazine
2200:2002JArSc..29.1451T
2122:Revue archéologique
1925:Biblical references
1823:musical instruments
1821:, and other bronze
1784:strings of various
1723:Musical instruments
1657:in Washington, DC.
1618:Fountains and doors
1513:Jean-Antoine Houdon
966:viewed from across
792:chemical properties
551:(Afghanistan), and
3512:Jewellery designer
3001:"The Bronze Doors"
2796:(4): 9. April 1955
2758:The New York Times
1869:
1752:
1741:
1679:
1635:Roman Bronze Works
1631:
1615:
1570:Rockefeller Center
1542:Rockefeller Center
1345:with his consorts
972:
948:Roman Bronze Works
897:) is used to make
839:
831:
667:
608:Transition to iron
465:building materials
449:
441:
229:
4285:
4284:
4202:
4201:
4072:Organic gemstones
3669:
3668:
3123:on 11 August 2014
3045:978-0-520-07378-4
2869:"Tiffany Studios"
2845:978-0-19-966226-5
2832:Dalley, Stephanie
2688:978-0-87170-691-1
2591:978-81-7008-957-5
2336:claytoncramer.com
2275:978-0-48593-001-6
2164:978-1-902653-79-2
1948:David and Goliath
1699:. In Europe, the
1245:Artemision Bronze
1178:tripod cauldron (
1076:Sultanganj Buddha
1052:Ancient Greek art
1033:bronze sculptures
988:Mies van der Rohe
529:4th millennium BC
254:bell metal, brass
16:(Redirected from
4320:
3729:Britannia silver
3678:
3487:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3286:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3192:"bronze | alloy"
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3119:. Archived from
3113:
3107:
3106:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3005:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2978:. Washington, DC
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2787:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2755:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2705:
2690:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2503:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2455:"plastic bronze"
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2338:. Archived from
2333:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2289:Kaufman, Brett.
2286:
2280:
2279:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2167:. Archived from
2148:
2142:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2006:Seagram Building
1944:Solomon's Temple
1840:Coins and medals
1698:
1695:
1651:Federal Triangle
1643:quaternary alloy
1587:Louis C. Tiffany
1556:
1524:
1505:
1493:
1480:
1468:
1452:
1435:
1425:
1422:
1412:
1400:
1374:
1339:
1316:
1297:
1265:
1239:
1224:
1206:Ancient Egyptian
1202:
1188:
1185:
1172:
1142:
1115:Kingdom of Benin
1021:Bronze sculpture
976:Seagram Building
964:Seagram Building
944:Seagram Building
895:beryllium copper
877:prior to modern
741:arsenical bronze
729:aluminium bronze
726:
725:
624:gave way to the
618:Vickers hardness
507:
504:
421:
418:
415:
412:), also meaning
411:
410:
405:
396:
387:
386:
381:
372:
369:
366:
362:
361:
356:
350:
344:
341:
338:
334:
333:
328:
316:
313:
308:
304:
303:
298:
292:
291:
286:
277:
268:
258:
255:
252:
249:
243:
226:
213:), the heaviest
211:
202:
76:
67:
56:
47:
21:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4240:
4198:
4187:Spondylus shell
4145:
4067:
3838:
3824:Stainless steel
3775:
3759:Sterling silver
3719:Precious metal
3714:
3682:Precious metals
3665:
3629:
3531:
3478:
3318:
3313:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3245:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3117:"www.sax.co.uk"
3115:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3095:. S. LaPlantz.
3090:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3046:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3013:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2981:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2952:. Carter Museum
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2925:Tiffany Studios
2919:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2749:Ennis, Thomas.
2748:
2747:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2707:
2706:
2693:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2501:10.1.1.738.4024
2483:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2403:"Copper alloys"
2401:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2194:(12): 1451–60.
2184:
2183:
2176:
2165:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
1956:
1927:
1867:of the Romans".
1842:
1725:
1696:
1685:
1663:
1620:
1583:
1576:
1557:
1548:
1525:
1516:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1469:
1460:
1455:Pair of French
1453:
1444:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1415:Pair of French
1413:
1404:
1401:
1392:
1391:, New York City
1375:
1366:
1340:
1331:
1317:
1308:
1298:
1289:
1266:
1257:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1208:statuette of a
1203:
1194:
1193:(New York City)
1186:
1173:
1164:
1157:National Museum
1143:
1119:Greek mythology
1074:, Akota Hoard,
1045:lost-wax method
1029:
1023:
1017:
956:
950:
942:Main articles:
940:
917:would discolor
883:electric motors
843:stainless steel
820:
761:
733:phosphor bronze
723:
722:
655:
610:
592:in the eastern
505:
488:Iranian plateau
429:
419:
416:
413:
370:
367:
364:
342:
339:
336:
314:
309:
306:
280:Byzantine Greek
269:) from either:
256:
253:
250:
183:
86:
85:
84:
83:
79:
78:
77:
69:
68:
59:
58:
57:
49:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4326:
4324:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4248:Related topics
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4086:
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4073:
4069:
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4066:
4065:
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4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
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3796:
3791:
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3783:
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3768:
3767:
3766:
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1690:Middle Kingdom
1681:Main article:
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1019:Main article:
1016:
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970:at 52nd Street
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816:
812:bronze disease
783:-base alloys.
769:melting points
760:
757:
749:bismuth bronze
745:speculum metal
724:Silicon bronze
679:solid solution
654:
651:
609:
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598:store of value
506: 4650 BC
477:arsenic bronze
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2370:on 2007-06-26
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1972:
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1966:Bell founding
1964:
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1951:
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1935:Old Testament
1932:
1924:
1922:
1920:
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1911:
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1897:
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1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:bronze medals
1877:
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1748:Singing bowls
1745:
1738:
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1729:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697: 550 BC
1691:
1684:
1683:Bronze mirror
1676:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1601:Tiffany lamps
1598:
1597:
1596:Tiffany glass
1592:
1591:favrile glass
1588:
1580:
1575:
1574:New York City
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1555:
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1310:
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1301:Ancient Greek
1296:
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789:
784:
782:
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766:
763:Copper-based
758:
756:
754:
753:cymbal alloys
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
719:
715:
710:
706:
704:
700:
697:
693:
692:Benin Bronzes
690:13th-century
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:and 12% tin.
672:
664:
659:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
607:
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594:Mediterranean
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510:Vinča culture
499:
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237:Middle French
234:
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198:
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193:
187:
180:
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176:
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145:machinability
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114:
110:
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102:
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94:
90:
75:
66:
55:
46:
37:
33:
19:
4277:Wearable art
4272:Phaleristics
4267:Metalworking
4172:Gutta-percha
3948:Lapis lazuli
3793:
3734:Colored gold
3615:Stonesetting
3269:. Retrieved
3249:Bronze bells
3229:. Retrieved
3225:
3215:
3204:. Retrieved
3195:
3186:
3175:. Retrieved
3171:
3162:
3143:
3137:
3127:18 September
3125:. Retrieved
3121:the original
3111:
3092:
3086:
3067:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3012:. Retrieved
3007:
2995:
2987:
2980:. Retrieved
2975:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2949:
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2924:
2915:
2895:
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2872:
2863:
2854:
2835:
2825:
2816:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2793:
2789:
2777:
2769:
2762:. Retrieved
2757:
2725:. Retrieved
2710:
2678:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2580:
2573:
2563:14 September
2561:. Retrieved
2557:the original
2547:
2538:
2533:
2494:(1): 60–75.
2491:
2487:
2474:
2462:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2439:14 September
2437:. Retrieved
2423:
2413:14 September
2411:. Retrieved
2397:
2389:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2365:the original
2351:
2340:the original
2335:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2284:
2265:
2259:
2240:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:
2216:
2191:
2187:
2169:the original
2153:
2146:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2114:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2077:14 September
2075:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:
2048:
2042:
2017:Tiffany lamp
1928:
1912:
1873:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1827:
1798:
1788:such as the
1779:
1764:
1753:
1739:(476–221 BC)
1686:
1632:
1594:
1584:
1559:
1527:
1508:
1440:Neoclassical
1382:
1243:
1148:Dancing Girl
1146:
1131:Zhou dynasty
1111:bronze heads
1104:
1084:Chola empire
1064:Chausa hoard
1056:Late Antique
1049:
1030:
973:
868:
840:
804:
785:
762:
711:
707:
675:Alpha bronze
674:
668:
643:trip hammers
635:wrought iron
614:wrought iron
611:
568:
557:
526:
500:
481:
469:Chalcolithic
450:
232:
230:
210:Hòumǔwù dǐng
208:
191:
172:
149:
88:
87:
36:
4214:Art jewelry
4038:Tiger's eye
3943:Labradorite
3893:Chrysocolla
3888:Chrysoberyl
3804:Mokume-gane
3781:Base metals
3553:centrifugal
3522:Silversmith
3397:Ferronnière
3347:Belt buckle
3342:Belly chain
3014:23 December
2982:23 December
2956:23 December
2930:17 December
2878:17 December
2800:21 December
2764:17 December
2727:16 December
2134:Originally
2118:Originally
1892:Ages of Man
1794:harpsichord
1790:double bass
1457:Chinoiserie
1424: 1750
1041:Sennacherib
984:Park Avenue
968:Park Avenue
911:bronze wool
879:tolerancing
828:Qin dynasty
767:have lower
663:crystallite
653:Composition
639:forged iron
637:to machine-
553:Mesopotamia
322:Old Persian
18:Bronze coin
4308:Tin alloys
4292:Categories
4048:Tourmaline
3993:Prasiolite
3868:Aventurine
3739:Crown gold
3641:Draw plate
3590:Metal clay
3527:Watchmaker
3517:Lapidarist
3502:Clockmaker
3377:Collar pin
3372:Chatelaine
3271:2008-11-03
3206:2016-07-21
3177:2024-07-04
2231:2024-04-24
2100:(2): 395.
2035:References
2028:Yoruba art
2022:UNS C69100
1961:Art object
1904:Bronze Age
1900:Silver age
1896:Golden Age
1864:autokrator
1830:saxophones
1801:idiophones
1775:B20 bronze
1760:bell metal
1675:St Keverne
1566:Lee Lawrie
1529:Prometheus
1381:Statue of
1359:Tamil Nadu
1351:Satyabhama
1326:(probably
1303:statue of
1096:Swamimalai
1088:Tamil Nadu
1025:See also:
1015:Sculptures
952:See also:
915:steel wool
759:Properties
737:bell metal
696:Romanesque
665:structure.
622:Bronze Age
545:Tepe Sialk
492:algodonite
437:Bronze Age
302:Βρεντήσιον
296:Brentḗsion
290:βροντησίον
284:brontēsíon
164:millennium
156:Bronze Age
127:, such as
125:metalloids
121:phosphorus
4194:Toadstone
4131:Operculum
4058:Variscite
4053:Turquoise
4033:Tanzanite
3968:Moonstone
3963:Marcasite
3958:Malachite
3883:Carnelian
3858:Amazonite
3845:gemstones
3819:Pinchbeck
3764:Argentium
3754:Shibuichi
3695:Palladium
3674:Materials
3610:Soldering
3600:Polishing
3575:Engraving
3570:Enameling
3536:Processes
3507:Goldsmith
3442:Tie chain
3417:Neck ring
3407:Lapel pin
3316:Jewellery
3231:24 August
2654:24 August
2628:24 August
2496:CiteSeerX
2464:24 August
2374:24 August
1915:plaquette
1853:Pisanello
1792:, piano,
1719:, India.
1701:Etruscans
1677:, England
1282:Cleveland
1161:New Delhi
1123:east Asia
1070:periods (
1008:extrusion
1004:corrosion
858:, clips,
590:Phoenicia
564:not toxic
496:domeykite
484:artifacts
345:, modern
231:The word
181:Etymology
141:ductility
109:manganese
105:aluminium
4262:Gemology
4236:Fineness
4227:(purity)
4162:Bog-wood
4109:Precious
4089:Ammolite
4028:Sunstone
4018:Sodalite
4013:Sapphire
3973:Obsidian
3913:Fluorite
3903:Diopside
3863:Amethyst
3843:Mineral
3834:Tungsten
3829:Titanium
3744:Electrum
3700:Platinum
3585:Kazaziye
3580:Filigree
3558:lost-wax
3457:Toe ring
3447:Tie clip
3422:Pectoral
3412:Necklace
3387:Cufflink
3362:Bracelet
3357:Bolo tie
3337:Barrette
3200:Archived
3050:Archived
2834:(2013).
2648:Archived
2622:Archived
2596:Archived
2522:Archived
2518:39339094
2433:Archived
2407:Archived
2251:Archived
2106:23062525
2071:Archived
1976:Bronzing
1954:See also
1858:basileus
1816:Javanese
1536:classic
1384:Nataraja
1228:Etruscan
1163:, India)
1153:Harappan
1107:high art
1092:Hinduism
1037:Assyrian
923:Bearings
907:wrenches
871:friction
856:bearings
848:statuary
800:seawater
773:aluminum
683:turbines
626:Iron Age
586:Cornwall
578:Cornwall
555:(Iraq).
549:Mundigak
547:(Iran),
543:(Iran),
541:Luristan
522:stannite
512:site in
399:Armenian
375:Georgian
311:Brindisi
275:bróntion
266:bronzium
190:Houmuwu
168:Iron Age
137:strength
4257:Fashion
4231:Finding
4079:Abalone
3988:Peridot
3953:Larimar
3938:Kyanite
3923:Howlite
3908:Emerald
3898:Diamond
3771:Tumbaga
3749:Shakudō
3705:Rhodium
3656:Mandrel
3595:Plating
3548:Casting
3543:Carving
3452:Tie pin
3427:Pendant
3402:Genital
3392:Earring
2838:. OUP.
2602:25 June
2196:Bibcode
1819:gamelan
1809:Tibetan
1767:cymbals
1661:Mirrors
1611:Tiffany
1438:French
1387:at the
1377:Bronze
1347:Rukmini
1343:Krishna
1213:pharaoh
1210:Kushite
1113:of the
1100:Chennai
1060:Kushana
932:Brastil
903:mallets
899:hammers
875:cannons
864:springs
788:brittle
777:silicon
616:, with
514:Pločnik
508:, in a
473:arsenic
457:weapons
427:History
390:Turkish
224:Hòumǔwù
197:Chinese
175:brasses
160:Eurasia
133:silicon
129:arsenic
4298:Bronze
4221:(mass)
4157:Bezoar
4063:Zircon
4023:Spinel
3998:Quartz
3933:Jasper
3918:Garnet
3814:Pewter
3799:Copper
3794:Bronze
3721:alloys
3710:Silver
3661:Pliers
3651:Hammer
3563:vacuum
3490:People
3483:Making
3467:pocket
3367:Brooch
3332:Anklet
3150:
3099:
3074:
3042:
2903:
2842:
2718:
2686:
2588:
2516:
2498:
2459:The 💕
2272:
2161:
2104:
2001:Ormolu
1931:Hebrew
1919:relief
1888:silver
1876:medals
1834:banjos
1771:timbre
1717:Kerala
1671:Celtic
1538:gilded
1509:Winter
1417:Rococo
1355:Garuda
1254:Athens
1176:Ritual
1066:) and
1027:Ormolu
927:Oilite
887:guitar
781:nickel
765:alloys
751:, and
671:copper
518:Serbia
463:, and
417:bronze
394:pirinç
385:ბრინჯი
379:brinǯi
368:copper
354:piring
351:) and
348:berenj
326:birinj
247:bronzo
241:bronze
233:bronze
207::
205:pinyin
199::
113:nickel
97:copper
91:is an
89:Bronze
4225:Carat
4219:Carat
4207:Terms
4182:Shell
4136:Pearl
4126:Nacre
4116:Ivory
4104:Black
4099:Coral
4094:Copal
4084:Amber
4043:Topaz
4002:smoky
3873:Beryl
3853:Agate
3789:Brass
3634:Tools
3472:strap
3462:Watch
3437:Tiara
3382:Crown
3352:Bindi
3324:Forms
3004:(PDF)
2786:(PDF)
2754:(PDF)
2525:(PDF)
2514:S2CID
2484:(PDF)
2368:(PDF)
2361:(PDF)
2343:(PDF)
2332:(PDF)
2304:: 86.
2294:(PDF)
2102:JSTOR
1940:Moses
1805:gongs
1782:nylon
1756:bells
1709:Roman
1705:Greek
1581:Lamps
1561:Atlas
1511:; by
1379:Chola
1363:India
1328:Bihar
1324:India
1320:Gupta
1288:, US)
1274:Horus
1151:, an
1127:Shang
1121:; in
1080:Hansi
1068:Gupta
1039:king
1000:topaz
891:piano
852:tough
703:brass
647:steel
633:hand-
533:Egypt
461:armor
453:tools
409:բրինձ
403:brinj
340:brass
143:, or
123:, or
115:, or
93:alloy
4177:Hair
4008:Ruby
3983:Opal
3978:Onyx
3928:Jade
3690:Gold
3646:File
3432:Ring
3233:2022
3148:ISBN
3129:2014
3097:ISBN
3072:ISBN
3040:ISBN
3016:2023
2984:2023
2958:2023
2932:2023
2901:ISBN
2880:2023
2840:ISBN
2802:2023
2766:2023
2729:2023
2716:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2656:2022
2630:2022
2604:2013
2586:ISBN
2565:2014
2466:2022
2441:2014
2415:2014
2376:2022
2302:2011
2270:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2079:2014
1884:gold
1861:and
1707:and
1637:and
1593:or "
1349:and
1305:Eros
1286:Ohio
1272:and
1270:Isis
1242:The
1180:ding
1145:The
1129:and
1098:and
974:The
962:The
946:and
889:and
862:and
818:Uses
718:zinc
714:lead
574:Ores
537:Susa
494:and
360:پرنگ
332:برنج
201:后母戊鼎
192:ding
150:The
117:zinc
4121:Jet
3877:red
2794:102
2506:doi
2204:doi
1649:in
1564:by
1484:Art
1443:Art
1182:);
1086:in
982:'s
978:on
919:oak
775:or
570:Tin
531:in
388:),
329:, (
263:as
131:or
101:tin
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