133:
31:
114:; bacteria that take up the crystal violet dye stain are referred to as "gram-positive," those that take up the counterstain only are "gram-negative," and those that remain unstained are referred to as "atypical." Further classification includes their requirement for oxygen (i.e., aerobic or anaerobic),
140:
Empiric antibiotic therapy refers to the use of antibiotics to treat a suspected bacterial infection despite lack of a specific bacterial diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis of the species of bacteria often occurs through
149:
the culture specimen has been taken from the patient in order to preserve the bacteria in the specimen and ensure accurate diagnosis. Alternatively, some species may be identified through a urine or stool test.
173:
by attacking indiscriminately both the pathological and naturally occurring, beneficial or harmless bacteria found in the intestines, lungs and bladder. The destruction of the body's normal bacterial
177:
is thought to disrupt immunity, nutrition, and lead to a relative overgrowth in some bacteria or fungi. An overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms can lead to a secondary infection such as
187:("thrush"). This side-effect is more likely with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, given their greater potential to disrupt a larger variety of normal human flora. The use of
118:, or other chemical properties. The most commonly encountered groupings of bacteria include gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacilli, atypical bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria.
745:"A propensity score matched cohort study identifying an association of acne, but not oral antibiotic or isotretinoin use, with risk of incident inflammatory bowel disease"
98:, disease-causing bacteria have historically been classified by their microscopic appearance and chemical function. The morphology of the organism may be classified as
495:
35:
169:
There are an estimated 38 trillion microorganisms that colonize the human body. As a side-effect of therapy, antibiotics can change the body's normal
78:. Although powerful, broad-spectrum antibiotics pose specific risks, particularly the disruption of native, normal bacteria and the development of
800:
Thompson, Katherine G.; Rainer, Barbara M.; Antonescu, Corina; Florea, Liliana; Mongodin, Emmanuel F.; Kang, Sewon; Chien, Anna L. (2020-02-01).
621:
441:
411:
859:
Coon ER, Quinonez RA, Morgan DJ, Dhruva SS, Ho T, Money N, Schroeder AR (April 2019). "2018 Update on
Pediatric Medical Overuse: A Review".
94:
Antibiotics are often grouped by their ability to act on different bacterial groups. Although bacteria are biologically classified using
179:
110:(also known as "rods"), spiral-shaped or pleomorphic. Additional classification occurs through the organism's ability to take up the
471:
690:"Potential association between the oral tetracycline class of antimicrobials used to treat acne and inflammatory bowel disease"
310:
66:. These medications are used when a bacterial infection is suspected but the group of bacteria is unknown (also called
252:
71:
288:
204:
115:
79:
132:
273:
802:"Minocycline and Its Impact on Microbial Dysbiosis in the Skin and Gastrointestinal Tract of Acne Patients"
347:
45:
136:
Simplified diagram showing common disease-causing bacteria and the antibiotics which act against them.
957:
278:
323:
145:
of blood, sputum, or urine, and can be delayed by 24 to 72 hours. Antibiotics are generally given
884:
725:
489:
95:
196:
933:
876:
841:
823:
782:
764:
717:
709:
670:
617:
591:
540:
477:
467:
437:
407:
384:
164:
923:
915:
868:
831:
813:
772:
756:
701:
660:
650:
581:
571:
530:
522:
376:
70:) or when infection with multiple groups of bacteria is suspected. This is in contrast to a
743:
Taylor, Matthew T.; Margolis, David J.; Kwatra, Shawn G.; Barbieri, John S. (April 2023).
339:
298:
237:
127:
67:
17:
777:
744:
928:
903:
836:
801:
665:
638:
586:
559:
535:
510:
951:
872:
380:
282:
200:
192:
142:
59:
55:
888:
729:
462:
Kasper DL, Larry
Jameson J, Hauser SL, Loscalzo J, Fauci AS, Longo DL (2015-04-08).
34:
A colored electron microscopy image of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (
367:
Ory EM, Yow EM (July 1963). "The use and abuse of the broad spectrum antibiotics".
335:
327:
258:
241:
30:
919:
576:
639:"Effects of treatment with antimicrobial agents on the human colonic microflora"
303:
292:
263:
232:
227:
208:
188:
184:
103:
760:
343:
331:
247:
170:
111:
83:
51:
827:
768:
713:
688:
Margolis, David J.; Fanelli, Matthew; Hoffstad, Ole; Lewis, James D. (2010).
481:
818:
689:
316:
937:
880:
845:
786:
721:
674:
595:
544:
388:
560:"Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body"
526:
705:
267:
75:
63:
655:
107:
62:, or any antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing
220:
99:
211:
in acne vulgaris has been associated with skin and gut dysbiosis.
174:
29:
38:), a bacterium commonly targeted by broad-spectrum antibiotics
207:
irrespective of the use of antibiotics. Likewise, the use of
82:. An example of a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic is
637:
Rafii F, Sutherland JB, Cerniglia CE (December 2008).
74:, which is effective against only a specific group of
199:, although a later study indicated a link between
509:Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS (February 2011).
749:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
511:"General principles of antimicrobial therapy"
54:that acts on the two major bacterial groups,
8:
195:has been associated with increased risk of
494:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
464:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
927:
835:
817:
776:
664:
654:
643:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
616:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press.
585:
575:
534:
427:
425:
423:
694:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
607:
605:
436:(12th ed.). Churchill Livingstone.
131:
359:
902:McMullan BJ, Mostaghim M (June 2015).
487:
406:(17th ed.). F. A. Davis Co.
215:Examples of broad-spectrum antibiotics
27:Treatment for a wide range of bacteria
404:Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary
7:
457:
455:
453:
558:Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (2016).
25:
614:Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary
434:Drugs and Pharmacology for Nurses
873:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5550
381:10.1001/jama.1963.03060040057022
159:Disruption of normal microbiome
402:Clayton L. Thomas, ed. (1993).
1:
311:Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
920:10.18773/austprescr.2015.030
577:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533
112:Gram stain and counter-stain
466:(19th ed.). New York.
253:Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
974:
904:"Prescribing azithromycin"
761:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.01.014
162:
125:
122:Empiric antibiotic therapy
72:narrow-spectrum antibiotic
18:Broad-spectrum antibiotics
348:potentiated sulfonamides
289:Tetracycline-class drugs
180:Clostridioides difficile
80:antimicrobial resistance
819:10.5021/ad.2020.32.1.21
515:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
274:Piperacillin/tazobactam
330:, (in small animals);
137:
39:
908:Australian Prescriber
806:Annals of Dermatology
527:10.4065/mcp.2010.0639
135:
116:patterns of hemolysis
33:
706:10.1038/ajg.2010.303
432:Hopkins SJ (1997).
342:(in farm animals);
324:veterinary medicine
656:10.2147/tcrm.s4328
612:Martin EA (2003).
138:
40:
700:(12): 2610–2616.
623:978-0-19-860753-3
443:978-0-443-05249-1
413:978-0-8036-8313-6
171:microbial content
165:Antibiotic misuse
90:Bacterial targets
16:(Redirected from
965:
942:
941:
931:
899:
893:
892:
856:
850:
849:
839:
821:
797:
791:
790:
780:
740:
734:
733:
685:
679:
678:
668:
658:
634:
628:
627:
609:
600:
599:
589:
579:
555:
549:
548:
538:
506:
500:
499:
493:
485:
459:
448:
447:
429:
418:
417:
399:
393:
392:
364:
21:
973:
972:
968:
967:
966:
964:
963:
962:
948:
947:
946:
945:
901:
900:
896:
861:JAMA Pediatrics
858:
857:
853:
799:
798:
794:
742:
741:
737:
687:
686:
682:
636:
635:
631:
624:
611:
610:
603:
570:(8): e1002533.
557:
556:
552:
508:
507:
503:
486:
474:
461:
460:
451:
444:
431:
430:
421:
414:
401:
400:
396:
366:
365:
361:
356:
340:oxytetracycline
299:Chloramphenicol
238:Aminoglycosides
217:
197:Crohn's disease
183:("C. diff") or
167:
161:
156:
130:
128:Empiric therapy
124:
92:
68:empiric therapy
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
971:
969:
961:
960:
950:
949:
944:
943:
894:
867:(4): 379–384.
851:
792:
755:(4): 841–847.
735:
680:
649:(6): 1343–58.
629:
622:
601:
550:
501:
472:
449:
442:
419:
412:
394:
358:
357:
355:
352:
320:
319:
314:
307:
306:
301:
296:
286:
276:
271:
261:
256:
250:
245:
235:
230:
216:
213:
160:
157:
155:
152:
126:Main article:
123:
120:
91:
88:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
970:
959:
956:
955:
953:
939:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
852:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
793:
788:
784:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
681:
676:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
630:
625:
619:
615:
608:
606:
602:
597:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
551:
546:
542:
537:
532:
528:
524:
521:(2): 156–67.
520:
516:
512:
505:
502:
497:
491:
483:
479:
475:
473:9780071802154
469:
465:
458:
456:
454:
450:
445:
439:
435:
428:
426:
424:
420:
415:
409:
405:
398:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
363:
360:
353:
351:
350:(in horses).
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
318:
315:
312:
309:
308:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
290:
287:
284:
283:ciprofloxacin
280:
277:
275:
272:
269:
265:
262:
260:
257:
254:
251:
249:
246:
243:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
224:
222:
214:
212:
210:
206:
202:
201:acne vulgaris
198:
194:
193:acne vulgaris
190:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
166:
158:
153:
151:
148:
144:
134:
129:
121:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
89:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:Gram-negative
57:
56:Gram-positive
53:
49:
47:
37:
32:
19:
911:
907:
897:
864:
860:
854:
812:(1): 21–30.
809:
805:
795:
752:
748:
738:
697:
693:
683:
646:
642:
632:
613:
567:
564:PLOS Biology
563:
553:
518:
514:
504:
463:
433:
403:
397:
375:(4): 273–9.
372:
368:
362:
336:streptomycin
328:co-amoxiclav
321:
259:Azithromycin
242:streptomycin
240:(except for
218:
178:
168:
146:
139:
93:
43:
41:
958:Antibiotics
914:(3): 87–9.
304:Ticarcillin
293:sarecycline
264:Carbapenems
255:(Augmentin)
233:Minocycline
228:Doxycycline
209:minocycline
189:doxycycline
185:candidiasis
354:References
344:penicillin
332:penicillin
279:Quinolones
248:Ampicillin
163:See also:
104:diplococci
84:ampicillin
52:antibiotic
48:antibiotic
828:1013-9087
769:1097-6787
714:1572-0241
490:cite book
482:893557976
317:Ofloxacin
313:(Bactrim)
952:Category
938:26648627
889:73495617
881:30776069
846:33911705
787:36682724
778:10033360
730:20085592
722:20700115
675:19337440
596:27541692
545:21282489
389:13940450
291:(except
268:imipenem
96:taxonomy
76:bacteria
64:bacteria
46:spectrum
929:4653965
837:7992645
666:2643114
587:4991899
536:3031442
143:culture
108:bacilli
936:
926:
887:
879:
844:
834:
826:
785:
775:
767:
728:
720:
712:
673:
663:
620:
594:
584:
543:
533:
480:
470:
440:
410:
387:
334:&
281:(e.g.
266:(e.g.
221:humans
50:is an
44:broad-
885:S2CID
726:S2CID
175:flora
154:Risks
147:after
100:cocci
934:PMID
877:PMID
842:PMID
824:ISSN
783:PMID
765:ISSN
718:PMID
710:ISSN
671:PMID
618:ISBN
592:PMID
541:PMID
496:link
478:OCLC
468:ISBN
438:ISBN
408:ISBN
385:PMID
369:JAMA
346:and
338:and
203:and
58:and
36:MRSA
924:PMC
916:doi
869:doi
865:173
832:PMC
814:doi
773:PMC
757:doi
702:doi
698:105
661:PMC
651:doi
582:PMC
572:doi
531:PMC
523:doi
377:doi
373:185
322:In
219:In
205:IBS
191:in
954::
932:.
922:.
912:38
910:.
906:.
883:.
875:.
863:.
840:.
830:.
822:.
810:32
808:.
804:.
781:.
771:.
763:.
753:88
751:.
747:.
724:.
716:.
708:.
696:.
692:.
669:.
659:.
645:.
641:.
604:^
590:.
580:.
568:14
566:.
562:.
539:.
529:.
519:86
517:.
513:.
492:}}
488:{{
476:.
452:^
422:^
383:.
371:.
326:,
223::
106:,
102:,
86:.
42:A
940:.
918::
891:.
871::
848:.
816::
789:.
759::
732:.
704::
677:.
653::
647:4
626:.
598:.
574::
547:.
525::
498:)
484:.
446:.
416:.
391:.
379::
295:)
285:)
270:)
244:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
