Broadcast relay station - Knowledge (XXG)

1257:. Other networks and individual churches affiliated with Calvary Chapel have also submitted multiple applications for translators. Not all translators can be fed by satellites; only those in the non-commercial portion of the FM band (88.1 to 91.9 MHz) can be "satellators". All other translators must be directly fed off the air, except for "fill-in" facilities in a primary station's service contour. Translators may feed other translators, so it is possible to create small chains of translators fed from one distant station; if one translator failed, the network beyond the failed translator would go dark. The number of 2003 applications overwhelmed the FCC, which issued an emergency hold order on new translator applications until those already received were processed. The rules change sparked a series of lawsuits known as 1061:, are normally assigned TV call signs like other full-power stations. These "satellite stations" do not have numbered call signs, and must operate in the same manner as other full-power broadcasters. This simulcasting is generally not regulated by the FCC, except when a station owner seeks an exemption from requirements such as restrictions on owning several full-service stations in the same market, limits on overlap in coverage area between commonly-owned stations, or requirements that each full-service station have a local studio and a skeleton staff capable of originating programming locally. These exemptions are normally justified on the basis of economic hardship, where a rural location unable to support a full-service originating station may be able to sustain a full-power re-broadcaster. Some stations (such as 44: 1118:

in June 2009. The FCC defines "TV satellite stations" as "full-power broadcast stations authorized under Part 73 of the Commission's rules to re-transmit all or part of the programming of a parent station that is typically commonly owned". Since most satellite stations operate in small or sparsely-populated areas with an insufficient economic base to support full-service operations, many received FCC authorization on a case-by-case basis to

3290: 3300: 1308:) have relay transmitters which allow each service to be broadcast as widely as possible. The ABC and SBS allow community-based relay transmitters to rebroadcast radio or television in areas which would otherwise have no service. Commercial radio broadcasters normally have relay transmitters only if local geography (such as mountains) prevents them from broadcasting to their entire market. 3279: 3310: 1027:

K263AF). An X after the number in these call signs does not indicate an experimental broadcasting license (as it may in other services), since all 26 letters are used in the sequence. When the sequence is exhausted, another letter is added. This has already happened for translator on channels 7 and 13 in K territory; what is now

1363:. Terrestrially, the scenario is similar to Europe's; the systems are considered national networks, and are a collection of relay stations maintained by a government-funded authority. In Japan and the Philippines, television stations are owned and operated by networks or are affiliates owned by other media companies. 193:(DTS or DTx) uses several medium-power stations (usually digital) on the same frequency to cover a broadcast area, rather than one high-power station with repeaters on a different frequency. Although digital television stations are technically capable of sharing a channel, this is more difficult with the 1333:), the only difference between these sub-markets in practice is news service and local advertising. Except in major cities, all major television broadcasters use the same network of transmitters (which may have dozens of relay stations in each market). As a result, some areas have had trouble beginning 1270:

Since "satcasting" translators are only permitted on the non-commercial part of the spectrum (where LPFM stations do not exist), they do not threaten the ability of LPFM licensees to expand their facilities. Non-satcasting translators may be a problem for LPFM stations; if an LPFM station is "bumped"

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LPFM licenses are normally issued to non-commercial educational entities (such as schools or municipalities), and are subject to requirements precluding several commonly-owned stations; this is not true of translators. A non-commercial translator with no local or educational content can occupy space

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Low-power television stations are not required to simulcast a digital signal, nor were they required to cease analog operation in June 2009 like full-power stations. Full-power stations used for simulcasting another station were (like other full-service TV broadcasters) required to convert to digital

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By law, full-service local broadcasters are the primary occupants of the FM broadcast band; LPFM and translators are secondary occupants, with theoretically-equal status. In practice, frequencies assigned to translators become unavailable to new LPFM stations or existing stations wishing to upgrade.

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FM translator stations may use sequential numbered call signs consisting of K or W followed by a three-digit number (201 through 300, corresponding to 88.1 to 107.9 MHz), followed by a pair of sequentially-assigned letters. The format is similar to that used by numbered television translators,

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if the translators are in the reserved band. Translators in the commercial band may only be fed by a direct on-air signal from another FM station (or translator). Non-fill-in commercial-band translators may not be fed by satellite, according to FCC rule 74.1231(b). All stations may use any means to

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blocks the signal. Boosters may only be owned by the primary station; translators outside a primary station's service contour cannot be owned by (or receive financial support from) the primary station. Most translators operate by receiving the main station's on-air signal with a directional antenna

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for each channel; the first stations on a channel are AA, AB, AC and so on). Television channels have two digits, from 02 to 36 (formerly 02 to 83; 02 to 69 and 02 to 51); FM radio channels are numbered from 200 (87.9 MHz) to 300 (107.9 MHz), one every 0.2 MHz (for example, W42BD or

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Most broadcasters outside North America, portions of South America, and Japan maintain a national network, and use relay transmitters to provide service to a region (or nation). Compared with other types of relays, the transmitter network is often created and maintained by an independent authority

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would have stringent synchronization requirements, requiring each transmitter to receive its signal from a central source for broadcast at a GPS-synchronized time. A DTS does not use broadcast repeaters in the conventional sense, since they cannot receive a signal from a main terrestrial broadcast

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Proposed rules would revise the procedures by which nonprofit groups may apply for translators (prohibiting more than a certain number of translator applications to be owned by any one entity), and the FCC modified its channel requirements for LPFM broadcasters to free channel space. REC Networks

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In its simplest form, a broadcast translator is a facility created to receive a terrestrial broadcast over the air on one frequency and rebroadcast the same (or substantially identical) signal on another frequency. These stations are used in television and radio to cover areas (such as valleys or

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By 2011, remaining LPTV broadcasters on UHF channels 52 through 69 were forced onto lower channels. Many transmitters on the original UHF 70–83 translator band had to move twice; channels 70–83 were lost to mobile phones in 1983, followed by channels 52–69 between 2009 and 2011. Many low-power

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were expected to have problems deploying equipment for a digital uplink. Although many translators continued analog broadcasts and a minority transitioned to digital, some rural communities expected to find all local translator signals gone as a result of the originating stations' transition.

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Although no digital television mandates were forced on existing low-power television stations, Congress passed legislation in 2008 funding low-power stations which went digital by the conversion date or shortly thereafter. Some low-power stations were forced to change frequency to accommodate

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Low-power radio re-broadcasters may have a call sign consisting of VF followed by four numbers; a call sign of this type may also denote a low-power station which originates its own programming. Some stations licensed under the CRTC's experimental-broadcasting guidelines, a special class of

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stations are assigned calls with -CA and -CD suffixes. Digital stations which use numbers receive a -D suffix, such as W42BD-D. All are despite the fact that most of the full-power digital television stations had their -DT (originally -HD) suffixes dropped by the FCC before -D and -LD were

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Because most radio and television systems in Europe are national networks, the radio or television system in some countries can be considered a collection of relay stations in which each broadcaster uses a transmitter network (developed by the public broadcaster or maintained through a

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A television re-broadcaster may sell local or regional advertising for broadcast only on the local transmitter. Rarely, they may air limited programming distinct from their parent station. Some "semi-satellites" broadcast local newscasts or separate news segments in part of a newscast.

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A television re-broadcaster often sells local (or regional) advertising for broadcast only on the local transmitter, and may air a limited amount of programming distinct from its parent station. Some "semi-satellites" broadcast local news or separate news segments during part of the

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translators were also directly affected by a parent station's conversion to digital television. Translators which received an analog over-the-air signal from a full-service television station for rebroadcast needed to convert their receiving equipment, like individual viewers used

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Transmitters in small markets with one (or no) originating stations were, in most cases, not required to convert to digital even if operating at full power. Transmitters broadcasting on UHF channels 52–69 were required to vacate the channels by August 31, 2011; some (such as a

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in the non-commercial segment (below 92 MHz) of the FM broadcast band. During the narrow FCC filing windows for new applicants, applications for broadcast translators from the same (or related) entities can request every locally-available frequency in several communities.

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networks. A state or province establishes an educational station and extends it with several full-power transmitters to cover the entire jurisdiction, with no capability for local-programming origination. In the U.S., such regional networks are member stations of the national

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stations. Any non-commercial station, even one with no local or educational content, can apply for an unlimited number of translators to be fed by any means (including satellite). All take spectrum from local LPFM stations or rebroadcasters of local full-service stations.

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Numbered broadcast translators which are moved to another frequency are normally issued new call signs to reflect the updated channel assignment. This is not true of displaced translators using another frequency temporarily under a special technical authority. Although

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The numbers are usually applied sequentially, beginning with "1", and denote the chronological order in which the station's rebroadcast transmitters began operation. Some broadcasters may use a system in which the number is the transmitter's broadcast channel, such as

2011: 1266:

LPFM advocates allege that the proliferation of translators poses difficulties for non-translator station operators (particularly LPFM license applicants), who say that they cannot get stations on the air because translators occupy available channels in an area.

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An LPFM broadcaster is required to generate local content; if there are several applicants for a frequency, those who agree to originate eight (or more) hours a day of local programming are favored. Translators are not required to originate anything

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Since the early-1990s market aggregation, each television broadcaster uses multiple relays to provide consistent service throughout Australia's large markets. Although each market is subdivided due to the legacy of previous commercial broadcasters

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In most parts of Asia, satellite is the preferred method of national signal coverage. Exceptions include Singapore (which bans civilian ownership of satellite receivers) and Malaysia, which only allows civilian ownership of receivers provided by

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Relay stations are most commonly established and operated by the same organisations responsible for the originating stations they repeat. Depending on technical and regulatory restrictions, relays may also be set up by unrelated organisations.

970:. Licenses are automatically renewed with that of the parent station and do not require separate applications, although the renewal may be challenged with a petition to deny. FM booster stations are given the full call sign (including an -FM 712:

network includes 128 stations (the most in Mexico), and Azteca's networks have 88 and 91 stations. The stations may insert local advertising. Azteca's stations in larger cities may include local news and a limited amount of regional content;

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Relays which broadcast within (or near) the parent station's coverage area on the same channel (or frequency) are known in the U.S. as booster stations. Signals from the stations may interfere with each other without careful antenna design.

533:. Re-broadcasters of this type are numbered sequentially in the order they were licensed by the CRTC, and their call signs are unrelated to the parent station or other re-broadcasters. Although the next number in the sequence (CH2650 in 808:

Ten to 15 FM shadow channels exist, and they are required to be co-channel with the stations they re-transmit. Quintana Roo has the most FM shadow channels (seven), about half the national total. Three more FM shadows are authorized:

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or VEK565). Other stations in this license class have been assigned conventional Cxxx call signs. Former re-broadcasters have occasionally been converted to originating stations, retaining their former call sign; examples include

2015: 926:(104.1 FM) HD2 digital subchannel for analogue rebroadcast from the WNNK tower site on 95.3. It is legally an FM repeater of an FM station, although each signal would be heard with unique content by users with analogue 766:(SPR), has 26 stations (16 operational); most are digital. The SPR transmitters are almost exclusively in cities where the IPN never built stations, and carry Canal Once as one of the five educational networks in the 614:

A broadcaster is limited to two stations on one band in a market, but a possible means to obtain a third FM signal in-market is to use a re-broadcaster of the AM station to move the signal to low-power FM. In Sarnia,

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is another alternative, although this may cause the same channel to appear several times in a receiver – once for each relay station – and require the user to tune to the best one (which may change due to

1448: 507:) is an example; the station was converted in 2011 to vacate an out-of-core analogue channel (UHF 53), and retains CICO-TV-53's former analogue UHF television call-sign numbering as a surviving TVO repeater. 1246:

A 2003 FCC licensing window for new translator applications resulted in over 13,000 applications. Due to the number of license applications, LPFM advocates called it the Great Translator Invasion.

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The maximum power for an LPFM station (10 or 100 watts, depending on station class) is less than that of the largest FM broadcast translators (250 watts), limiting the reach of the LPFM signal.

492:. A broadcaster cannot mix the numbering systems under a single call sign; the transmitters are numbered sequentially or by their analogue channel. If sequential numbering reaches 99 (such as 441: 1150:

had to be changed. Twenty-three percent of the 4,000 licensed translators received a $ 1,000 federal-government subsidy for a portion of the additional equipment. Many other translators went

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Numbered translator stations (a format such as W70ZZ) are typically low-power repeaters – often 100 watts (or less) on FM and 1,000 watts (or less) on television. The former translator band,

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Like a TV station, a radio re-broadcaster may have a distinct call sign or use the call sign of the originating station followed by a numeric suffix. The numeric suffix is always sequential.

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with different programming from the main analogue channel, and a translator may broadcast programming from the originating station's HD2 subchannel as the translator's main analogue signal.

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of a television or radio station beyond the primary signal's original coverage or improves service in the original coverage area. The stations may be (but are not usually) used to create a

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and the translator was moved to channel 65. On the rare occasion that a station moves back to its original channel, it receives its old call sign (which is not reused by another station).

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CBC and Radio-Canada owned-and-operated re-transmitters were shut down on August 1, 2012, along with most TVOntario transmitters (which often were located at Radio-Canada sites) and some

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station has a re-broadcaster on the FM band, the numeric suffix falls between the four-letter call sign and the FM suffix; CKSB-1-FM is an FM re-broadcaster of the AM station

480:, Ontario). The latter type officially includes the television station's -TV suffix between the call sign and the number, although it is often omitted from media directories. 1131: 950:

stations are allowed. Non-commercial stations may broadcast in the commercial portion of the band. Unlike commercial stations, they can relay programming to translators via

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Commercial stations may own their translators (or boosters) when the translator (or booster) is in the parent station's primary service contour; they can only fill in where

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Most television stations in Mexico are operated as repeaters of the networks they broadcast. Translator stations in Mexico are given call signs beginning with XE and XH.

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rural villages) which are not adequately covered by a station's main signal. They can also be used to expand market coverage by duplicating programming on another band.

1784: 359:; its programming has long been identical or differed only in local news and advertising. A financially weak privately owned broadcaster in a small market can become a 1452: 1982: 1185:

signal became a 100 kW digital broadcast on channel 17, and there is no longer a channel 9 signal to feed the repeater. Translators in remote locations with no

1046:, was originally occupied primarily by low-powered translators. The combination of low power and high frequency limited broadcast range. The band was reallocated to 537:) is a re-broadcaster of CHAN, this is because CH2649 and CH2650 were licensed simultaneously; the following number, CH2651, is a re-broadcaster (also in Anzac) of 2113: 249:

another station. Relay stations in name only, they are generally licensed like any other station. Although this is unregulated in the U.S. and widely permitted in

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transmitter for rebroadcast; to do so would introduce a re-transmission delay destroying the required synchronization, causing interference between transmitters.

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Maximum power is 250 watts ERP for a translator, and 20 percent of the maximum allowable ERP for the primary station's class for a booster. There is no limit on

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Minimum spacing (in distance and frequency) between stations is less strict for translators than for LPFM applicants. Although translator spacing is based on

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television stations may operate as translators or originate their own programming. Translator stations are given call signs which begin with W (east of the

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A translator (or booster) must stop transmitting if the parent station's signal is lost; this helps prevent unauthorized re-transmission of other stations.

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Twenty-six of Mexico's 32 states also own and operate television services, and 16 use more than one transmitter. The largest (by number of stations) is

631:(1070 kHz), uses an FM repeater for city coverage as Country 103.9 FM (although the AM signal remains the station's official primary transmitter). 1697: 58: 986:

where the number refers to the permanent channel assignment. The largest terrestrial radio-translator system in the U.S. in October 2008 belonged to

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stations as outlets for local production. A number of translators also serve areas with little or no signal in their defined coverage area, known as

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from full-power (100 watts or more on FM) stations, while not causing any of their own. Boosters must not interfere with the parent station in the

496:'s former broadcast transmitters), the next transmitter is assigned a new call sign and numbered "1". Translators which share a frequency (such as 1253:-delivered programming hundreds (or thousands) of miles from the parent station's coverage area. The largest satellite-fed translator network was 1130:

full-power stations which moved to UHF or operated digital companion channels on UHF during the transition period. By 2008, low- and full-power

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and other communities along the Pacific coast normally operate on a two-hour delay behind the originating station; there is a one-hour delay in

398:) have become full satellite stations and originate nothing. If programming from the parent station must be removed or substituted due to local 3256: 1069:) are chains of as many as four full-power transmitters, each with its own call sign and license, covering a large, sparsely-populated region. 503:

Digital re-broadcasters may be numbered by the TV channel number of the analogue signal they replaced. TVOntario's CICO-DT-53 (digital UHF 26,

1173:) was a simple piece of broadcast apparatus, shifting the main station's signal from channel nine to channel seven to cover a small valley in 850:

FM translators may be used for cross-band translation; this removed the restriction preventing FM translators from re-transmitting AM signals.

3251: 3241: 3221: 3023: 648: 553: 1536: 556:(APTN) transmitters in the far north. Private commercial broadcasters operate full-power re-broadcasters to obtain "must carry" status on 1856: 3246: 3092: 1081:

implemented. Digital LPTV stations have their digital RF channel numbers as part of their digital call sign, which may differ from the

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Some broadcasters have taken advantage of FM translator regulations allowing non-commercial stations to feed distant translators with

731:('shadow channels'). Most shadow channels air the same programming as their parent station. The northern and central regional network 3112: 959: 785:(ERP). A few stations are owned by municipalities or translator associations. Like state networks, they transmit at very low power. 254: 250: 2199: 1517: 800:(one hour ahead of central Mexico in 2015) receives programs one hour later than they are broadcast to most of the rest of Mexico. 755: 1225:

Broadcast translators for commercial stations are normally required to receive a signal from their parent full-service FM station

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after the digital-transition deadline, or did not apply for new channels after UHF channels 52–69 were removed from the bandplan.

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semi-satellite by gradually curtailing local production and relying on a commonly owned station in a larger city for programming;

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a parent station's signal to another frequency for rebroadcast, without any other local signal processing or demodulation.

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issues such as weather). Although boosters or DTS cause all relay stations to appear as one signal, they require careful

3303: 3064: 2961: 2504: 2271: 2123: 963: 774: 62: 3293: 2800: 2240: 1383: 1178: 636: 340: 2167: 3152: 3074: 3013: 2720: 1950: 1338: 1234: 1158: 1077: 947: 573: 368: 332: 319:

In some cases, a semi-satellite is a formerly autonomous full-service station which is programmed remotely through

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levels (accounting for terrain and obstacles), LPFM stations have a more restrictive minimum-distance requirement.

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In North America, a similar pattern of regional network broadcasting is sometimes used by state- or province-wide

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had re-transmitters with their own call signs (some used CBLT followed by a number, and some used CH numbers).

164: 118: 1551:"FCC regulations CFR 47 Part 74 Subpart L: FM Broadcast Translator Stations and FM Broadcast Booster Stations" 1229:

and re-transmit in the region covered by the main station, eliminating the need for a translator except where

2066: 308:, aired daily late-afternoon and early-evening news and community programs separate from its parent station, 3122: 3107: 2951: 2902: 2825: 2725: 2403: 2289: 2284: 2118: 1701: 1418: 1147: 399: 149: 3044: 2830: 2645: 2590: 2585: 2398: 2363: 1428: 1413: 1378: 1015: 881: 865: 858: 767: 510: 419: 273: 54: 31: 513:

re-broadcasters may have a call sign consisting of the letters CH followed by four numbers; for example,

3344: 2946: 2750: 2715: 2635: 2615: 2537: 2425: 2346: 2037: 1398: 877: 376: 316:. The FCC prohibits this on U.S. FM translator stations, only permitting it on fully licensed stations. 313: 234: 183: 1093:

could retain its call sign while it was displaced temporarily to channel 57 to resolve interference to

1629:"FCC regulations – US CFR 47 Part 74 Subpart G – Low Power TV, TV Translator, and TV Booster Stations" 2860: 2820: 2790: 2547: 2482: 2373: 2094:. REC Networks. February 15, 2005. FAC: 124266 CALL: NEW CHAN: 285 CMTY: ANCHORAGE AK. Archived from 1747: 1737: 1650: 1594: 1373: 1326: 1035: 967: 460:

of a television re-broadcaster. Some transmitters have call signs different from the parent station (

440:

In Canada, "re-broadcaster" or "re-broadcasting transmitter" are the terms most commonly used by the

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from its channel by a new full-power station, there may be no available frequency to which to move.

1076:) for analog or -LD for digital; this is generally done only if the station originates programming. 572:, and three TVOntario sites) went digital as part of a move to a lower frequency but do not provide 472:), and others use the call sign of the originating station followed by a number (such as the former 2870: 2810: 2569: 2531: 2388: 2329: 2314: 1742: 1423: 1322: 1151: 1066: 826: 751: 504: 500:'s former repeaters CBLET, CBLHT, CBLAT-2 and CH4113 on channel 12) are given distinct call signs. 1050:

services during the 1980s, with the handful of remaining transmitters moved to lower frequencies.

3097: 3054: 2985: 2855: 2785: 2760: 2695: 2542: 2263: 1829: 1792: 1550: 1360: 1170: 1047: 991: 907: 577: 412: 380: 110:) the signal of a radio or television station to an area not covered by the originating station. 50: 1628: 1513: 121:. They may also be used by an AM or FM radio station to establish a presence on the other band. 186:. In the U.S., no new on-channel UHF signal boosters have been authorized since July 11, 1975. 3137: 3059: 2973: 2956: 2919: 2805: 2765: 2595: 2564: 2430: 2324: 2227: 1867: 1393: 1318: 1254: 1230: 1122:

from analog to digital on the same channel instead of simulcasting in both formats during the

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in Monterrey), with regional output for local newscasts and advertising on a master schedule.

722: 669: 569: 489: 391: 293: 265: 264:

U.S. satellite stations may request an FCC exemption from requirements for a properly staffed

230: 43: 1022:) or K (west of the Mississippi, like regular stations) followed by a channel number and two 3142: 3102: 3082: 3049: 2978: 2936: 2850: 2705: 2690: 2665: 2640: 2600: 2450: 2309: 2304: 2294: 1174: 718: 557: 522: 781:'s state network, with 59 transmitters. Many state-network transmitters broadcast at a low 2770: 2625: 2393: 2356: 1082: 962:

license, making them secondary to other stations (including the parent); they must accept

892: 830: 789: 644: 616: 465: 336: 269: 225: 179: 114: 2368: 750:

There are two main national networks of non-commercial TV stations in Mexico. One is the

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There is one way programming may differ between a main station and an FM translator: an

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and sensitive receiver and re-transmitting the signal. They may not transmit in the FM

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operations, may have a call sign consisting of three letters from anywhere in Canada's

534: 320: 205: 201: 1888: 1833: 1572: 1072:

LPTV stations may also choose a four-letter call sign with an -LP suffix (shared with

3328: 3117: 2890: 2880: 2795: 2685: 2680: 2670: 2655: 2477: 2336: 1293: 1023: 975: 939: 709: 677: 272:. The stations often cover large, sparsely populated regions or operate as statewide 171: 99: 1959: 17: 2995: 2835: 2780: 2710: 2675: 2610: 2509: 2499: 2351: 1716: 1073: 797: 640: 258: 1675: 758:(IPN). Operating 13 transmitters, it airs its programs under a contract with the 692:, translator and booster stations are given the call sign of the parent station. 3195: 2845: 2755: 2740: 2700: 2660: 2519: 1721: 1350:

government-funded authority) to provide broadcast service to the entire nation.

1146:. Although the signal transmitted by the repeater may have remained analog, the 153: 107: 3200: 2907: 2605: 2514: 2470: 2440: 2418: 2408: 2383: 2095: 1914:"In the Matter of: Creation of a Low Power Radio Service: MM Docket No. 99-25" 1102: 1043: 1039: 999: 673: 661: 197: 170:

Analog television stations cannot have same-channel boosters unless opposite (

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station, the numeric suffix is appended to the FM suffix; re-broadcasters of

3185: 2650: 2465: 1305: 1250: 1119: 951: 854: 740: 736: 657: 604: 545:. A station's re-broadcasters are not necessarily named in the same manner; 526: 518: 493: 457: 297: 246: 160: 1031:

was assigned callsign K13AAR-D in September 2018 and K07AAH-D in May 2019.

3180: 3170: 3087: 2912: 2735: 2174: 1738:"Low-power rural stations will continue in analog for several more years" 1403: 1297: 1226: 1135: 1106: 1094: 927: 903: 810: 744: 714: 701: 665: 600: 592: 538: 473: 356: 328: 94: 1651:"FCC, DTV Transition – Approval of "Flash Cut" Requests, April 25, 2007" 3175: 3160: 1330: 1202:

Some distinctions place small, local LPFM operators at a disadvantage:

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of its licensed parent station, except for emergency warnings (such as

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In July 2009, the basic FCC regulations concerning translators were:

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p.m. each broadcast day, or each must be equipped with an automated

383:

content which the broadcaster was unable to obtain for both cities.

1857:"Nevada Translator Stations – Status Report for Digital Transition" 3190: 3127: 2435: 2074: 1162: 1090: 995: 958:

All U.S. translator and booster stations are low-power and have a

213: 42: 2041: 1785:"Plugged In: the DTV Switch – What's all this DTV stuff, anyway?" 1134:

licensees were encouraged to relocate early to free spectrum for

3132: 1098: 1062: 979: 923: 919: 888: 853:

No translator (or booster) may transmit anything other than the

628: 375:

in this manner. Broadcast automation allows the substitution of

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where CBAF-FM-15 was considered by the CRTC as a rebroadcaster.

974:, even if there is none assigned) of the parent station plus a 918:) broadcasts the format formerly carried by WTCY (1400 AM, now 2378: 1820:"Further complications loom for digital television conversion" 943: 424: 280: 276: 47: 1514:

http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/1994/DB94-339.HTM

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fees); several major broadcasters use the same transmitters.

2168:"In the matter of: AM Radio use of FM Translators: RM-11338" 1449:"US CFR 47 Part 74G – 74.733 UHF translator signal boosters" 580:

or any functions beyond that of the original analogue site.

442:

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission

402:, the modified signal is that of a semi-satellite station. 2200:"Self-Help Guide to Rebroadcasting – ABC Reception Advice" 1618:

KUER-FM on-air broadcast statement, accessed Oct. 9, 2008

599:

in Toronto are numbered CJBC-FM-1, CJBC-FM-2, etc. If an

30:"Relay transmitter" redirects here. For other uses, see 106:(Mexico), is a broadcast transmitter which repeats (or 788:

Transmitters re-broadcasting Mexico City stations to

2114:"Corporate bigfoot CSN tunes out community stations" 1341:

service due to problems with regional transmitters.

764:

Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano

3214: 3151: 3073: 3037: 2994: 2935: 2869: 2578: 2270: 1530:"IFT Table of Distribution of Stations, March 2016" 1233:is a problem). This restriction does not apply to 708:maintain two national networks apiece. Televisa's 2038:"The Traffick Report – Great Translator Invasion" 2014:. REC Networks. February 23, 2011. Archived from 1275:petitioned the FCC to prioritize LPFM stations. 868:all its translators and boosters between 7 and 9 651:-prefix range followed by three digits (such as 1908: 1906: 1882: 1880: 739:uses the same system to a smaller extent (its 2248: 1762:"TV Query Results – Video Division (FCC) USA" 1672:"Qualcomm Gets FCC Nod For MediaFLO Spectrum" 726: 607:, and CKSB-FM-1 would be a re-broadcaster of 8: 386:Some defunct full-service stations (such as 3263:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 2061: 2059: 2006: 2004: 994:, with 33 translator stations ranging from 872:a.m., 12:55 and 1:05 p.m., and 4 and 6 212:(OFDM) used in the European and Australian 3299: 2255: 2241: 2233: 1717:"Many rural TVs will go dark, not digital" 210:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 163:, to synchronize co-channel stations in a 2228:FCC "FM Translators and Boosters" webpage 1553:. Edocket.access.gpo.gov. October 1, 2007 990:, the non-commercial radio outlet of the 861:) and 30 seconds per hour of fundraising. 728:equipos complementarios de zona de sombra 1958:(6). Columbia University. Archived from 1097:users, W81AA received the new call sign 754:(or XEIPN-TDT) network, operated by the 1573:"NorthEast Radio Watch by Scott Fybush" 1493:"NorthEast Radio Watch by Scott Fybush" 1440: 1936: 1934: 1818:Faulkner, Jessie (December 12, 2008). 743:is the shadow channel of main station 1288:Australia's national radio networks ( 762:. The other network, operated by the 554:Aboriginal Peoples Television Network 143:Boosters and distributed transmitters 7: 3309: 1537:Federal Telecommunications Institute 1475:"CHEX-TV-2 Durham: About Channel 12" 1451:. Ecfr.gpoaccess.gov. Archived from 327:to avoid the cost of a local staff. 261:to ensure diversity in programming. 1983:"Translator 'Flood' Causes Concern" 1899:from the original on June 30, 2019. 1715:Migoya, David (February 10, 2009). 1157:Some small translators operated by 891:for fill-in translators within the 627:(106.3); its third Sarnia station, 2089:"Low Power FM Encroachment Report" 1887:Fybush, Scott (October 24, 2005). 1736:Ecke, Richard (February 1, 2009). 25: 255:Federal Communications Commission 3308: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3277: 2898:Free-space optical communication 2202:. Australia: ABC. Archived from 1985:. RadioWorld.com. Archived from 1595:"47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–07 Edition)" 1325:) maintains two stations in the 717:prefers to use its non-national 456:There is no strict rule for the 2112:Miliard, Mike (March 3, 2005). 2067:"The Great Translator Invasion" 1864:Nevada Broadcasters Association 1795:: WSYR-TV ABC 9. Archived from 1783:Hartman, Jeff (April 4, 2008). 1260:Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC 1057:'s identical-twin transmitter, 922:), receiving the signal from a 635:short-term license (similar to 351:semi-satellite of its stronger 218:distributed transmission system 191:distributed transmission system 2173:. REC Networks. Archived from 2152:. REC Networks. Archived from 2073:. REC Networks. Archived from 756:Instituto Politécnico Nacional 1: 2040:. REC Network. Archived from 1674:. Phone Scoop. Archived from 1053:Full-power repeaters such as 639:) sometimes granted to newer 3284:Telecommunication portal 3065:Telecommunications equipment 884:) for hourly identification. 2801:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 1384:Call signs in North America 637:special temporary authority 591:For a re-broadcaster of an 425:Public Broadcasting Service 3371: 2505:Telecommunications history 1981:Chernoff, Naina Narayana. 1951:Columbia Journalism Review 1235:non-commercial educational 1138:'s MediaFLO transmitters. 760:Quintana Roo state network 574:high-definition television 333:owned-and-operated station 274:non-commercial educational 29: 3272: 3113:Public Switched Telephone 2925:telecommunication circuit 2886:Fiber-optic communication 2631:Francis Blake (telephone) 2426:Optical telecommunication 1855:Abbott, Adrienne (2008). 1698:"Specialized TV Stations" 525:, is a re-broadcaster of 36:Repeater (disambiguation) 3024:Orbital angular-momentum 2461:Satellite communications 2300:Communications satellite 1631:. Edocket.access.gpo.gov 1389:Communications satellite 1165:(a 16-watt repeater for 916:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 864:The parent station must 783:effective radiated power 770:of the digital station. 165:single-frequency network 152:can be avoided by using 119:single-frequency network 2903:Molecular communication 2726:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 2555:Undersea telegraph line 2290:Cable protection system 1889:"NorthEast Radio Watch" 1419:Shortwave relay station 1144:digital converter boxes 895:of the primary station. 468:is a re-broadcaster of 245:Some licensed stations 237:to avoid interference. 74:broadcast relay station 3355:Television terminology 3340:Broadcast transmitters 3045:Communication protocol 2831:Charles Sumner Tainter 2646:Walter Houser Brattain 2591:Edwin Howard Armstrong 2399:Information revolution 1429:Television transmitter 1414:Relay (disambiguation) 1379:Amateur radio repeater 733:Multimedios Televisión 727: 420:educational television 377:syndicated programming 178:is used, due to video 69: 32:Relay (disambiguation) 3350:Television technology 3335:Broadcast engineering 3019:Polarization-division 2751:Narinder Singh Kapany 2716:Erna Schneider Hoover 2636:Jagadish Chandra Bose 2616:Alexander Graham Bell 2347:online video platform 2101:on November 29, 2007. 2012:"REC Broadcast Query" 1873:on February 26, 2009. 1481:on February 23, 2008. 1399:Microwave radio relay 1105:was deleted from the 1085:(the analog number). 341:Ici Radio-Canada Télé 314:Peterborough, Ontario 104:complementary station 46: 2861:Vladimir K. Zworykin 2821:Almon Brown Strowger 2791:Charles Grafton Page 2446:Prepaid mobile phone 2374:Electrical telegraph 2156:on January 31, 2008. 2077:on January 30, 2008. 2044:on December 16, 2011 1836:on February 15, 2012 1748:Great Falls, Montana 1704:on October 28, 2008. 1374:Airborne radio relay 1242:2003 translator boom 1177:. Syracuse became a 1038:television channels 968:community of license 325:broadcast automation 86:broadcast translator 27:Repeater transmitter 18:Broadcast translator 2811:Johann Philipp Reis 2570:Wireless revolution 2532:The Telephone Cases 2389:Hydraulic telegraph 2206:on January 24, 2012 2180:on February 8, 2012 2018:on January 13, 2009 1962:on January 18, 2009 1789:Community.9wsyr.com 1743:Great Falls Tribune 1424:Transmitter station 1323:Southern Cross Nine 1159:directly converting 1067:Fargo, North Dakota 908:digital subchannels 906:signal may contain 578:digital subchannels 369:Watertown, New York 3009:Frequency-division 2986:Telephone exchange 2856:Charles Wheatstone 2786:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 2761:Innocenzo Manzetti 2696:Reginald Fessenden 2431:Optical telegraphy 2264:Telecommunications 1989:on August 21, 2008 1830:Eureka, California 1793:Syracuse, New York 1678:on January 9, 2011 1171:Syracuse, New York 1124:digital transition 1113:Digital transition 1078:Class A television 1048:cellular telephone 992:University of Utah 982:1, WXYZ-FM2, etc. 914:(95.3 MHz in 568:re-transmitter in 413:television license 381:digital subchannel 241:Satellite stations 150:Radio interference 76:, also known as a 70: 51:digital television 3322: 3321: 3060:Store and forward 3055:Data transmission 2969:Network switching 2920:Transmission line 2766:Guglielmo Marconi 2731:Internet pioneers 2596:Mohamed M. Atalla 2565:Whistled language 2146:"MM Docket 99-25" 2126:on March 15, 2012 1946:"Out of Thin Air" 1944:(February 2006). 1539:. March 31, 2016. 1394:Cellular repeater 1319:Southern Cross 10 1255:CSN International 1231:terrain shielding 1181:, WSYR-TV's main 1020:Mississippi River 1014:Unlike FM radio, 723:Televisa Regional 570:Brighton, Ontario 490:Pembroke, Ontario 406:National networks 392:Cornwall, Ontario 113:These expand the 82:relay transmitter 78:satellite station 16:(Redirected from 3362: 3312: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3153:Notable networks 3143:Wireless network 3083:Cellular network 3075:Types of network 3050:Computer network 2937:Network topology 2851:Thomas A. Watson 2706:Oliver Heaviside 2691:Philo Farnsworth 2666:Daniel Davis Jr. 2641:Charles Bourseul 2601:John Logie Baird 2310:Data compression 2305:Computer network 2257: 2250: 2243: 2234: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2122:. Archived from 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2093: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2063: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2008: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1942:Schulman, Daniel 1938: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1919:. March 17, 2005 1918: 1910: 1901: 1900: 1884: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1866:. Archived from 1861: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1832:. Archived from 1815: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1700:. Archived from 1694: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1599: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1526: 1520: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1477:. Archived from 1471: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1455:on March 5, 2012 1445: 1187:commercial power 955:feed a booster. 875: 871: 730: 558:cable television 523:British Columbia 400:sports blackouts 266:broadcast studio 257:(FCC) regulates 226:virtual channels 156:, obtained from 21: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3210: 3147: 3069: 3033: 2990: 2939: 2931: 2872: 2865: 2771:Robert Metcalfe 2626:Tim Berners-Lee 2574: 2394:Information Age 2266: 2261: 2224: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2010: 2009: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1940: 1939: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1904: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1870: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1799:on May 16, 2008 1782: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1516:; compare with 1512: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1456: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1369: 1356: 1347: 1314: 1286: 1281: 1244: 1196: 1115: 1083:virtual channel 1012: 893:service contour 873: 869: 844: 839: 806: 790:Baja California 698: 686: 645:community radio 617:Blackburn Radio 586: 450: 438: 433: 408: 337:French-language 289: 287:Semi-satellites 270:city of license 243: 200:and unvariable 182:issues such as 180:synchronization 145: 136: 131: 115:broadcast range 65:transmitter in 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3368: 3366: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3306: 3296: 3286: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3004:Space-division 3000: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2883: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2841:Camille Tissot 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2816:Claude Shannon 2813: 2808: 2806:Tivadar Puskás 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2776:Antonio Meucci 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2746:Charles K. Kao 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2721:Harold Hopkins 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2621:Emile Berliner 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2560:Videotelephony 2557: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2463: 2458: 2456:Radiotelephone 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2342:Internet video 2334: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2245: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2222:External links 2220: 2218: 2217: 2191: 2159: 2137: 2119:Boston Phoenix 2104: 2080: 2055: 2029: 2000: 1973: 1930: 1902: 1893:www.fybush.com 1876: 1847: 1825:Times-Standard 1810: 1775: 1753: 1728: 1707: 1689: 1663: 1642: 1620: 1611: 1586: 1564: 1542: 1521: 1506: 1484: 1466: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1409:Radio repeater 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1313: 1310: 1302:ABC Classic FM 1290:Radio National 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1243: 1240: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211:signal contour 1207: 1195: 1192: 1114: 1111: 1024:serial letters 1011: 1008: 948:non-commercial 942:from 88 to 92 900: 899: 896: 885: 862: 851: 843: 840: 838: 835: 805: 802: 697: 694: 685: 682: 670:Trois-Rivières 585: 582: 535:Anzac, Alberta 449: 446: 437: 434: 432: 429: 407: 404: 321:centralcasting 288: 285: 242: 239: 208:than with the 206:ATSC standards 202:guard interval 144: 141: 135: 132: 130: 127: 90:re-broadcaster 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3367: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3315: 3307: 3305: 3297: 3295: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3029:Code-division 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3014:Time-division 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940:and switching 2938: 2934: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2891:optical fiber 2889: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2881:Coaxial cable 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2796:Radia Perlman 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2686:Lee de Forest 2684: 2682: 2681:Thomas Edison 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2671:Donald Davies 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2656:Claude Chappe 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2500:Smoke signals 2498: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2478:Semiconductor 2476: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2337:Digital media 2335: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2176: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2097: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1848: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1811: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1776: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1630: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1353: 1351: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294:ABC NewsRadio 1291: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1104: 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