34:
342:
algorithms with different bit-rates. For example, audio signals can be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 kbit/s to hundreds of kbit/s, using different encoding algorithms with a wide range of complexity and quality of audio reproduction. Similarly, full motion video signals may be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 Mbit/s to hundreds of Mbit/s. Thus a network transporting both video and audio signals may have to integrate traffic with a very broad range of bit-rates.
1145:
1111:
333:
database. Entertainment video applications are largely point-to-multi-point connections, requiring one-way communication of full motion video and audio from the program source to the viewers. Video teleconferencing involves connections among many parties, communicating voice, video, as well as data. Offering future services thus requires flexible management of the connection and media requests of a multi-point, multi-media communication call.
2698:
731:. The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. Fiber optic allows the signal to be transmitted farther without being repeated. Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to transmit the signal to neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to be transmitted over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having multiple head ends. A
1131:
2686:
332:
Traditional voice calls are predominantly two party calls, requiring a point-to-point connection using only the voice medium. To access pictorial information in a remote database would require a point-to-point connection that sends low bit-rate queries to the database and high bit-rate video from the
323:
The information content of each medium may affect the information generated by other media. For example, voice could be transcribed into data via voice recognition, and data commands may control the way voice and video are presented. These interactions most often occur at the communication terminals,
365:
These networks were largely engineered for a specific application and are not suited to other applications. For example, the traditional telephone network is too noisy and inefficient for bursty data communication. On the other hand, data networks which store and forward messages using computers had
230:
Personal computing facilitated easy access, manipulation, storage, and exchange of information, and required reliable data transmission. Communicating documents by images and the use of high-resolution graphics terminals provided a more natural and informative mode of human interaction than do voice
341:
A multi-rate service network is one which flexibly allocates transmission capacity to connections. A multi-media network has to support a broad range of bit-rates demanded by connections, not only because there are many communication media, but also because a communication medium may be encoded by
1118:
Bandwidth has historically been very unequally distributed worldwide, with increasing concentration in the digital age. Historically only 10 countries have hosted 70–75% of the global telecommunication capacity (see pie-chart Figure on the right). In 2014, only three countries (China, the US, and
369:
It was desirable to have a single network for providing all these communication services to achieve the economy of sharing. This economy motivates the general idea of an integrated services network. Integration avoids the need for many overlaying networks, which complicates network management and
392:
are some of the most common applications now being supported by fibre optic networks, in some cases directly to the home (FTTh – Fibre To The Home). These types of fibre optic networks incorporate a wide variety of products to support and distribute the signal from the central office to an optic
1119:
Japan) host 50% of the globally installed telecommunication bandwidth potential. The U.S. lost its global leadership in terms of installed bandwidth in 2011, being replaced by China, which hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential in 2014 (29% versus 13% of the global total).
2058:"Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act"
366:
limited connectivity, usually did not have sufficient bandwidth for digitised voice and video signals, and suffer from unacceptable delays for the real-time signals. Television networks using radio or cables were largely broadcast networks with minimum switching facilities.
695:
antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of receiving a wide range of channels, while e.g. a low-VHF antenna is "narrowband" since it receives only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-1037C defines "broadband" as a synonym for
373:
While multiple network structures were capable of supporting broadband services, an ever-increasing percentage of broadband and MSO providers opted for fibre-optic network structures to support both present and future bandwidth requirements.
238:
These new data transmission requirements may require new transmission means other than the present overcrowded radio spectrum. A modern telecommunications network (such as the broadband network) must provide all these different services
653:
infrastructure are called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually use a different
523:
Cell-delay variation (CDV) is the range of delays experienced by each group of associated cells. Low cell-delay variation means a group of cells must travel through the network without getting too far apart from one
1886:
2425:
370:
reduces flexibility in the introduction and evolution of services. This integration was made possible with advances in broadband technologies and high-speed information processing of the 1990s.
1078:
848:
2217:"Federal Communications Commission - FCC 15-24 - In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - GN Docket No. 14-28 - Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order"
2495:
492:
twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second using very high-bit rate digital subscriber line (
2361:
2301:
2450:
2556:
1856:
1878:
787:
2193:
2265:
1195:
2057:
1095:
2229:
2162:
2332:
500:
465:
138:
2414:
2035:
1797:
Broadband networks employ frequency-division multiplexing to divide coaxial cable into separate channels, each of which serves as an individual local network.
2929:
2899:
2100:
235:
enhances group interaction at a distance. High-definition entertainment video improves the quality of pictures, but requires much higher transmission rates.
2392:
779:
up to 1 Gigabit/s (which is considered high-speed as of 2014) using existing home business and home wiring (including power lines, but also phone lines and
2619:
2732:
1249:
503:(B-ISDN) was designed for these needs. The types of traffic supported by a broadband network can be classified according to three characteristics:
831:
2484:
197:) passbands, thus allowing for much higher throughput over a single medium but with additional complexity in the transmitter/receiver circuitry.
1942:
1341:
1180:
27:
2353:
1917:
1714:
1680:
1423:
2291:
1579:
208:(dial-up being typically limited to a maximum of 56 kbit/s). This meaning is only distantly related to its original technical meaning.
1745:
95:
Originally used to mean 'using a wide-spread frequency' and for services that were analog at the lowest level, nowadays in the context of
2458:
2810:
2545:
1686:
860:
223:” in Seattle, the term “Meaningful Broadband” was introduced to the world leaders, leading to the activation of a movement to close the
1784:
1746:"802.3b-1985 – Supplement to 802.3: Broadband Medium Attachment Unit and Broadband Medium Specifications, Type 10BROAD36 (Section 11)"
871:
A number of national and international regulators categorize broadband connections according to upload and download speeds, stated in
2647:"The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014"
1556:
1227:
2287:
2224:
1850:
1483:
1455:
1297:
1223:
838:
111:
1840:
1817:
683:
standard for
Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and DSL modems often have Ethernet connectors on them.
728:
350:
Traditionally, different telecommunications services were carried via separate networks: voice on the telephone network, data on
227:. Fundamental aspects of this movement are to suggest that the equitable distribution of broadband is a fundamental human right.
2185:
543:
The types of traffic found in a broadband network (with examples) and their respective requirements are summarised in Table 1.
446:
174:
33:
2590:
2255:
2130:
1375:
1190:
735:
gathers all the information from the local cable networks and movie channels and then feeds the information into the system.
1720:
1974:
2815:
2725:
812:, the term "broadband" is used loosely to mean "access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access".
415:
54:
1643:
153:
Different criteria for "broad" have been applied in different contexts and at different times. Its origin is in physics,
60:
that exploits signals at a wide spread of frequencies or several different simultaneous frequencies, and is used in fast
2909:
2152:
2068:
1313:
Attenborough, Keith (1988). "Review of ground effects on outdoor sound propagation from continuous broadband sources".
2982:
2216:
485:
104:
2324:
480:
in the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each channel is at a higher frequency than the
1530:
99:, 'broadband' is often used to mean any high-speed Internet access that is seemingly always 'on' and is faster than
2934:
2830:
2690:
2031:
1749:
1504:
1099:
764:
have also been used for various types of data communication. Although some systems for remote control are based on
746:
high enough to require broadband
Internet access for viewing. "Broadband video" is also sometimes used to describe
142:
2702:
2939:
2388:
2096:
768:
signaling, modern high-speed systems use broadband signaling to achieve very high data rates. One example is the
118:
2611:
2914:
2904:
2825:
2718:
1136:
761:
732:
216:
1381:
2924:
2820:
2770:
2760:
2292:"Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015"
1200:
473:
205:
100:
302:, or any combination of these media. Each medium has different demands for communication quality, such as:
820:
232:
162:
1691:
Broadband: Modulating the data signal onto an RF carrier and applying this RF signal to the carrier media
2842:
2755:
1253:
507:
313:
306:
2581:
Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and
Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) (2013-03-20).
2121:
Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and
Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) (2013-03-20).
1349:
1144:
1938:
1185:
189:), it is still occupying a single channel. The key difference is that what is typically considered a
791:
520:(QoS) profile means that the cells need to travel quickly from one point in the network to another.
411:
89:
65:
1996:
Hart, Jeffrey A.; Reed, Robert R.; Bar, François (November 1992). "The building of the internet".
1909:
1114:
Global bandwidth concentration: 3 countries have almost 50% between them; 10 countries almost 75%.
2977:
2157:
2013:
1617:
1609:
1591:
1168:
780:
776:
517:
438:
410:, a broadband signalling method is one that handles a wide band of frequencies. "Broadband" is a
407:
389:
355:
42:
2097:"FCC Finds U.S. Broadband Deployment Not Keeping Pace | Federal Communications Commission"
1753:
1110:
1846:
1710:
1676:
1479:
1451:
1419:
1371:
1293:
679:
to cable television residential customers. Matters were further confused by the fact that the
170:
77:
57:
1670:
668:
broadband variant of
Ethernet was standardized by 1985, but was not commercially successful.
2658:
2296:
2005:
1776:
1601:
1322:
1158:
708:
650:
626:
528:
351:
2520:
488:
on a single pair of wires at the same time. However, when that same line is converted to a
2741:
1552:
1219:
1150:
809:
803:
750:
739:
724:
676:
655:
513:
499:
Modern networks have to carry integrated traffic consisting of voice, video and data. The
434:
201:
165:, where it indicated a single-band rather than a multiple-audio-band system design of the
96:
61:
855:
Broadband
Internet service in the United States was effectively treated or managed as a
2780:
1809:
1444:
1163:
856:
830:"Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access" —US
815:
A range of more precise definitions of speed have been prescribed at times, including:
457:
263:
224:
2697:
418:
of a channel, the greater the data-carrying capacity, given the same channel quality.
2971:
2017:
2009:
1605:
1326:
1286:
1024:
971:
701:
456:
will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide
212:
194:
73:
69:
1733:
Broadband: relative term referring to a system which carries a wide frequency range.
1613:
2870:
2860:
516:
is the amount of delay associated with a connection. Requesting low latency in the
489:
359:
157:, and radio systems engineering, where it had been used with a meaning similar to "
85:
2582:
2122:
2662:
1966:
1704:
1367:
Digital corporate citizenship : the business response to the digital divide
646:
186:
137:
and economical implementation for a diversity of services (multi-services). The
661:
The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel.
637:(from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most versions of the popular
181:
signal is also modulated so that it occupies higher frequencies (compared to a
1647:
1126:
765:
712:
692:
426:
277:
20:
298:
A multi-media call may communicate audio, data, still images, or full-motion
290:
These aspects are examined individually in the following three sub-sections.
2850:
2805:
1842:
HTI+ Home
Technology Integration and CEDIA Installer I All-in-One Exam Guide
1476:
Quality of
Service: Delivering QoS on the Internet and in Corporate Networks
680:
665:
630:
461:
252:
166:
154:
441:. This broad band is often divided into channels or "frequency bins" using
2685:
358:, video teleconferencing on private corporate networks, and television on
145:(ATM) was promoted as a target technology for meeting these requirements.
2944:
2795:
2775:
2032:"Recommendation I.113, Vocabulary of Terms for Broadband aspects of ISDN"
1526:
743:
716:
697:
638:
634:
633:
to transmit one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth using its
481:
469:
442:
178:
158:
1500:
429:, a broader band will carry speech, and a still broader band will carry
2800:
876:
720:
642:
200:
The term became popularized through the 1990s as a marketing term for
2919:
2790:
2765:
2354:"A Brief Price Comparison of UK FTTP / FTTH Ultrafast Broadband ISPs"
880:
872:
675:
standard became available to consumers in the late 1990s, to provide
672:
535:
which can support one million separate devices per square kilometer.
2646:
2067:. Federal Communications Commission. August 6, 2010. Archived from
1596:
1365:
1220:"Types of Broadband Connections; Federal Communications Commission"
510:
is the amount of network capacity required to support a connection.
472:, independent of physical modulation details. The various forms of
2954:
2949:
2894:
2878:
2855:
2710:
1370:. Indianapolis: The Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University.
1060:
1006:
949:
913:
824:
769:
704:
453:
430:
422:
414:, understood according to its context. The wider (or broader) the
299:
81:
32:
2785:
2260:
1503:. Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, UC Irvine.
772:
747:
493:
385:
381:
377:
108:
2714:
707:
distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as
193:
in this sense is a signal that occupies multiple (non-masking,
2256:"Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin"
1416:
Switching and traffic theory for integrated broadband networks
1042:
723:, referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in
1939:"Broadband and ultrathin polarization manipulators developed"
790:
made developments on the creation of ultra-shallow broadband
185:
signal which is bound to the lowest end of the spectrum, see
844:
25 Mbit/s downstream, 3 Mbit/s upstream —FCC, 2015
1814:
Federal
Standard 1037C, Glossary of Telecommunication Terms
1580:"Congestion Control and Traffic Management in ATM Networks"
989:
967:
931:
849:
532:
531:
utilize various standards for data transmission, including
211:
Since 1999, broadband Internet access has been a factor in
863:
rules until being overturned by the FCC in December 2017.
1706:
What every engineer should know about data communications
1672:
What every engineer should know about data communications
1584:
Invited Submission to Computer Networks and ISDN Systems
1501:"B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network)"
141:(B-ISDN) was planned to provide these characteristics.
1877:
Baxter, Les A.; Georger, William H. (August 1, 1995).
742:
Internet video has come to mean video files that have
547:
Table 1: Network traffic types and their requirements
2640:
2638:
2636:
1961:
1959:
1879:"Transmitting video over structured cabling systems"
847:
50 Mbit/s downstream, 10 Mbit/s upstream —
468:(B-ISDN) used the term to refer to a broad range of
2887:
2869:
2841:
2748:
715:on carriers at fixed frequencies. In this context,
641:family are given names, such as the original 1980s
393:node, and ultimately to the subscriber (end-user).
1443:
1285:
837:4 Mbit/s downstream, 1 Mbit/s upstream —
823:" (which ranged from about 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s) —
788:Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
1910:"BT Vision boasts 150,000 customers | Media"
1102:to quote speed during night time and busy hours
173:, the term was mainly used for transmission over
1196:List of broadband providers in the United States
1096:Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
37:Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people)
2726:
2389:"Broadband in the EU Member States (12/2018)"
738:However, "broadband video" in the context of
501:Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network
466:Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network
425:, for example, a very narrow band will carry
319:signal fidelity upon delivery by the network.
139:Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network
8:
2583:"What you should know about Internet speeds"
2123:"What you should know about Internet speeds"
1839:Gilster, Ron; Heneveld, Helen (2004-06-22).
658:modulated by the data signal for each band.
449:instead of sending a higher-quality signal.
26:"HSIA" redirects here. For the airport, see
2494:. Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
1553:"New ITU Standard Delivers 10x ADSL Speeds"
1437:
1435:
775:standard, which provides a way to create a
2733:
2719:
2711:
885:
2521:"FCC INCREASES BROADBAND SPEED BENCHMARK"
2383:
2381:
2379:
1595:
1499:Ender Ayanoglu; Nail Akar (25 May 2002).
2091:
2089:
1973:. US Federal Communications Commission.
1446:Broadband Networking: ATM, SDH and SONET
1288:Teletraffic Technologies in ATM Networks
1109:
545:
2478:
2476:
1889:from the original on September 29, 2015
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1211:
324:but may also occur within the network.
2483:Hood, Hannah Hood (22 December 2016).
1787:from the original on February 25, 2012
1637:
1635:
1559:from the original on September 3, 2016
1527:"Knowledge Base - How Broadband Words"
1340:John P. Shanidin (September 9, 1949).
1181:Broadband mapping in the United States
645:, to indicate this. Networks that use
346:A single network for multiple services
28:Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport
2501:from the original on 22 December 2019
2325:"F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules"
1507:from the original on October 16, 2009
1469:
1467:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
221:Financial Solutions to Digital Divide
7:
2038:from the original on 6 November 2012
1450:. Boston, London: Artech House Inc.
711:, where the individual channels are
539:Requirements of the types of traffic
388:(voice over internet protocol), and
2268:from the original on April 14, 2015
2235:from the original on March 12, 2015
2196:from the original on March 13, 2015
2186:"What the Net Neutrality Rules Say"
2165:from the original on March 13, 2015
2151:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (March 12, 2015).
1777:"Broadband user share pains, gains"
1709:. New York: M. Dekker. p. 64.
572:Voice, guaranteed circuit emulation
121:has the following characteristics:
2431:from the original on 10 April 2019
2395:from the original on 10 April 2019
2364:from the original on 10 April 2019
2323:Kang, Cecilia (14 December 2017).
2153:"F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules"
2065:GN Docket No. 10-159, FCC-10-148A1
1977:from the original on July 13, 2011
1533:from the original on July 21, 2016
262:connected only two telephones per
14:
2562:from the original on 25 July 2019
2288:Federal Communications Commission
2254:Reisinger, Don (April 13, 2015).
2225:Federal Communications Commission
1723:from the original on 29 June 2016
1689:from the original on 2016-05-29.
839:Federal Communications Commission
484:voice channel, so it can support
269:used circuits of fixed bit-rates.
2696:
2684:
2657:(6). Escholarship.org: 567–581.
2304:from the original on May 2, 2015
1820:from the original on May 5, 2012
1143:
1129:
2622:from the original on 2021-12-05
2593:from the original on 2021-02-15
2415:"UK HOME BROADBAND PERFORMANCE"
2335:from the original on 2018-01-17
2184:Sommer, Jeff (March 12, 2015).
2133:from the original on 2021-02-15
2103:from the original on 2016-07-05
1945:from the original on 2016-05-15
1920:from the original on 2017-01-29
1859:from the original on 2023-06-28
1474:Ferguson P.; Huston G. (1998).
1384:from the original on 5 May 2021
1230:from the original on 2022-06-05
827:in "broadband service" in 1988.
447:frequency-division multiplexing
2645:Hilbert, Martin (2016-01-06).
1885:. AT&T Bell Laboratories.
1775:Paula Musich (July 20, 1987).
1703:Clifton, Carl Stephen (1987).
1478:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1418:. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1191:Internet in the United Kingdom
1106:Global bandwidth concentration
384:(high definition television),
247:Differences from old telephony
161:", or in the context of audio
1:
2701:The dictionary definition of
1669:Carl Stephen Clifton (1987).
2663:10.1016/j.telpol.2016.01.006
2612:"Broadband Performance Data"
2215:FCC Staff (March 12, 2015).
2010:10.1016/0308-5961(92)90061-S
1845:. McGraw Hill Professional.
1606:10.1016/0169-7552(96)00012-8
1364:Smith, Craig Warren (2002).
1327:10.1016/0003-682X(88)90086-2
727:form with separate baseband
219:Biannual Conference called “
169:. Later, with the advent of
1971:The National Broadband Plan
1442:Sexton M.; Reid A. (1997).
486:plain old telephone service
3001:
1908:Mark Sweney (2008-02-07).
1750:IEEE Standards Association
1100:Internet Service Providers
801:
464:). In the late 1980s, the
452:In data communications, a
171:digital telecommunications
143:Asynchronous Transfer Mode
25:
18:
2651:Telecommunications Policy
1998:Telecommunications Policy
1675:. CRC Press. p. 64.
1354:Issued December 12, 1950.
362:radio or cable networks.
119:telecommunication network
16:Data transmission concept
2546:"CONNECTED NATIONS 2017"
1941:. Phys.org. 2014-12-04.
1250:"ATM Congestion Control"
1137:Telecommunication portal
786:In 2014, researchers at
757:Alternative technologies
433:without losing the high
273:Modern services can be:
217:World Trade Organization
2451:"Ultrafast fibre Gfast"
2099:. Fcc.gov. 2015-02-04.
1810:"Definition: broadband"
1201:National broadband plan
832:National Broadband Plan
474:digital subscriber line
437:required for realistic
316:within the network, and
215:. In that year, at the
163:noise reduction systems
2485:"Super fast broadband"
1883:www.cablinginstall.com
1752:. 1985. Archived from
1115:
496:or VHDSL) techniques.
397:Broadband technologies
259:the voice medium only,
233:Video teleconferencing
38:
1644:"ATM Traffic Control"
1113:
204:that was faster than
36:
2693:at Wikimedia Commons
2034:. ITU-T. June 1997.
1967:"What is Broadband?"
1756:on February 25, 2012
1352:on December 1, 2011.
1186:Internet in Malaysia
445:techniques to allow
380:(cable television),
255:communication used:
2888:Long range wireless
2461:on 22 November 2017
1346:US Patent 2,533,900
1256:on 10 February 2005
910:Full fibre / FTTP/H
792:optical instruments
548:
476:(DSL) services are
356:local area networks
66:transmission medium
2983:Digital technology
2329:The New York Times
2290:(April 13, 2015).
2190:The New York Times
2158:The New York Times
1578:Jain, Raj (1996).
1284:Saito, H. (1993).
1169:Wireless broadband
1116:
1094:In Australia, the
964:Ultra-fast / Gfast
819:"Greater than the
808:In the context of
798:Internet broadband
777:local area network
558:Required bandwidth
546:
518:quality of service
439:sound reproduction
408:telecommunications
402:Telecommunications
390:broadband internet
43:telecommunications
39:
19:For the book, see
2965:
2964:
2689:Media related to
2618:. 30 April 2014.
2492:What Do They Know
2360:. 15 April 2017.
1783:. pp. 1, 8.
1716:978-0-8247-7566-7
1682:978-0-8247-7566-7
1425:978-0-7923-9061-9
1315:Applied Acoustics
1092:
1091:
700:. "Broadband" in
627:computer networks
621:Computer networks
618:
617:
529:Cellular networks
435:audio frequencies
352:computer networks
175:multiple channels
103:over traditional
78:wireless Internet
58:data transmission
2990:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2642:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2457:. Archived from
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2385:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2297:Federal Register
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1646:. Archived from
1639:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1616:. Archived from
1599:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1555:. May 27, 2005.
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1449:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1348:. Archived from
1337:
1331:
1330:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1292:. Artech House.
1291:
1281:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1252:. Archived from
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1216:
1175:Nation specific:
1159:Mobile broadband
1153:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
895:Minimal download
886:
867:Speed qualifiers
709:cable television
651:cable television
588:Compressed video
549:
283:multi-point, and
231:and data alone.
191:broadband signal
3000:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2883:
2865:
2837:
2744:
2742:Internet access
2739:
2681:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2025:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1853:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1788:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1683:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1642:Juliano, Mark.
1641:
1640:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1620:on 19 June 2004
1577:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1414:Hui J. (1990).
1413:
1412:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1283:
1282:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1151:Internet portal
1149:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1108:
901:
896:
869:
810:Internet access
806:
804:Internet access
800:
759:
751:Video on demand
689:
677:Internet access
656:radio frequency
623:
611:Widely variable
541:
460:(narrowband or
404:
399:
348:
339:
330:
296:
249:
243:) to the user.
202:Internet access
151:
97:Internet access
62:Internet access
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2694:
2680:
2679:External links
2677:
2675:
2674:
2632:
2603:
2573:
2537:
2512:
2472:
2442:
2406:
2375:
2345:
2315:
2279:
2246:
2207:
2176:
2143:
2113:
2085:
2049:
2023:
2004:(8): 666–689.
1988:
1955:
1930:
1900:
1869:
1851:
1831:
1801:
1767:
1737:
1715:
1695:
1681:
1661:
1631:
1570:
1544:
1518:
1491:
1484:
1463:
1456:
1431:
1424:
1395:
1376:
1356:
1332:
1321:(4): 289–319.
1305:
1298:
1267:
1240:
1226:. 2014-06-23.
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1164:Ultra-wideband
1161:
1155:
1154:
1140:
1124:
1121:
1107:
1104:
1098:also requires
1090:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
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1040:
1036:
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1033:
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1027:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
992:
987:
983:
982:
980:
977:
974:
965:
961:
960:
958:
955:
952:
947:
943:
942:
940:
937:
934:
929:
925:
924:
922:
919:
916:
911:
907:
906:
903:
902:speed (Mbit/s)
900:Minimal upload
898:
897:speed (Mbit/s)
893:
890:
868:
865:
861:net neutrality
857:public utility
853:
852:
845:
842:
835:
828:
802:Main article:
799:
796:
781:coaxial cables
758:
755:
719:is the term's
688:
685:
622:
619:
616:
615:
612:
609:
608:Not guaranteed
606:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
582:
581:
579:
576:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
540:
537:
526:
525:
521:
511:
458:telephone line
403:
400:
398:
395:
347:
344:
338:
335:
329:
326:
321:
320:
317:
310:
295:
292:
288:
287:
284:
281:
271:
270:
267:
264:telephone call
260:
248:
245:
241:multi-services
225:digital divide
206:dial-up access
150:
147:
101:dial-up access
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2996:
2995:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
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2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2707:at Wiktionary
2706:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2074:on 2012-01-06
2070:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1858:
1854:
1852:9780072231328
1848:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1786:
1782:
1781:Network World
1778:
1771:
1768:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1650:on 2009-01-14
1649:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1590:: 1723–1738.
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1485:0-471-24358-2
1481:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:0-89006-578-0
1453:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1299:0-89006-622-1
1295:
1290:
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1280:
1278:
1276:
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1255:
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1241:
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1177:
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1170:
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1162:
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1156:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1127:
1122:
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1112:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
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1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:UK Government
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
985:
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981:
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975:
973:
972:UK Government
969:
966:
963:
962:
959:
956:
953:
951:
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941:
938:
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915:
912:
909:
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887:
884:
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866:
864:
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850:
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843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
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818:
817:
816:
813:
811:
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795:
793:
789:
784:
782:
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774:
771:
767:
763:
756:
754:
752:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
694:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
662:
659:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:use a simple
628:
620:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
600:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
550:
544:
538:
536:
534:
530:
522:
519:
515:
512:
509:
506:
505:
504:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
412:relative term
409:
401:
396:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
336:
334:
327:
325:
318:
315:
311:
308:
305:
304:
303:
301:
293:
291:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
274:
268:
265:
261:
258:
257:
256:
254:
251:Conventional
246:
244:
242:
236:
234:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:public policy
209:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:optical fiber
71:
70:coaxial cable
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
35:
29:
22:
2871:Wireless LAN
2861:Wireless USB
2843:Wireless PAN
2703:
2666:. Retrieved
2654:
2650:
2624:. Retrieved
2615:
2606:
2595:. Retrieved
2586:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2552:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2526:. 2024-03-14
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2491:
2463:. Retrieved
2459:the original
2454:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2421:
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2366:. Retrieved
2357:
2348:
2337:. Retrieved
2328:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2295:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2259:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2223:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2189:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2156:
2146:
2135:. Retrieved
2126:
2116:
2105:. Retrieved
2076:. Retrieved
2069:the original
2064:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2026:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1970:
1947:. Retrieved
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1914:The Guardian
1913:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1882:
1872:
1861:. Retrieved
1841:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1796:
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1780:
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892:Regulator(s)
870:
854:
821:primary rate
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690:
687:TV and video
670:
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649:on standard
647:cable modems
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552:Traffic type
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86:twisted pair
53:is the wide-
50:
46:
40:
2616:accc.gov.au
841:(FCC), 2010
762:Power lines
328:Multi-point
294:Multi-media
286:multi-rate.
187:line coding
131:multi-point
127:multi-media
2972:Categories
2935:Muni Wi-Fi
2826:Power-line
2668:2016-06-21
2626:2021-12-05
2597:2021-01-29
2587:crtc.gc.ca
2358:ISP Review
2339:2018-01-11
2137:2021-01-29
2127:crtc.gc.ca
2107:2016-06-21
1949:2016-06-21
1924:2016-06-21
1863:2020-11-09
1597:cs/9809085
1377:1884354203
1248:Lu, Fang.
1234:2022-06-05
1207:References
1075:Broadband
766:narrowband
693:television
591:Guaranteed
561:Cell-delay
490:non-loaded
427:Morse code
337:Multi-rate
278:Multimedia
195:orthogonal
135:multi-rate
117:The ideal
114:services.
88:cable, or
51:high speed
21:Broad Band
2978:Broadband
2940:Satellite
2851:Bluetooth
2831:Broadband
2806:IEEE 1901
2704:broadband
2691:Broadband
2455:Openreach
2308:April 13,
2272:April 13,
2239:March 13,
2200:March 13,
2169:March 13,
2018:155062650
1893:April 16,
1342:"Antenna"
1057:Broadband
1039:Broadband
1021:Superfast
1003:Superfast
946:Ultrafast
744:bit-rates
740:streaming
725:composite
713:modulated
681:10PASS-TS
666:10BROAD36
631:line code
614:Variable
602:Available
508:Bandwidth
478:broadband
470:bit rates
462:voiceband
454:56k modem
416:bandwidth
360:broadcast
307:bandwidth
253:telephony
167:compander
155:acoustics
123:broadband
90:satellite
55:bandwidth
47:broadband
2945:UMTS-TDD
2796:HomePlug
2776:Ethernet
2620:Archived
2591:Archived
2566:10 April
2557:Archived
2530:15 March
2505:10 April
2496:Archived
2465:10 April
2435:10 April
2426:Archived
2399:10 April
2393:Archived
2368:10 April
2362:Archived
2333:Archived
2302:Archived
2266:Archived
2230:Archived
2194:Archived
2163:Archived
2131:Archived
2101:Archived
2078:July 12,
2036:Archived
1981:July 15,
1975:Archived
1943:Archived
1918:Archived
1887:Archived
1857:Archived
1824:July 19,
1818:Archived
1816:. 1996.
1791:July 14,
1785:Archived
1760:July 12,
1721:Archived
1687:Archived
1614:47147736
1563:July 27,
1557:Archived
1537:July 27,
1531:Archived
1511:July 12,
1505:Archived
1388:15 March
1382:Archived
1228:Archived
1123:See also
877:megabits
733:head end
717:baseband
698:wideband
639:Ethernet
635:baseband
594:Variable
585:Variable
569:Constant
564:Latency
524:another.
482:baseband
443:passband
354:such as
183:baseband
179:passband
159:wideband
149:Overview
2801:HomePNA
2761:Dial-up
2042:19 July
1727:21 June
1654:3 March
1624:7 March
1260:1 March
1224:Fcc.gov
928:Gigabit
834:of 2009
721:antonym
643:10BASE5
575:Minimal
555:Example
514:Latency
314:latency
312:signal
68:can be
2920:iBurst
2791:Nessum
2766:DOCSIS
2391:. EU.
2016:
1849:
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1679:
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1296:
905:Notes
881:second
873:Mbit/s
851:(CRTC)
702:analog
673:DOCSIS
105:analog
64:. The
2955:WiBro
2950:WiMAX
2895:5G NR
2879:Wi-Fi
2856:Li-Fi
2756:Cable
2749:Wired
2560:(PDF)
2553:Ofcom
2549:(PDF)
2524:(PDF)
2499:(PDF)
2488:(PDF)
2429:(PDF)
2422:Ofcom
2418:(PDF)
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2061:(PDF)
2014:S2CID
1610:S2CID
1592:arXiv
1061:Ofcom
1007:Ofcom
950:Ofcom
914:Ofcom
825:CCITT
770:ITU-T
729:audio
705:video
625:Many
431:music
423:radio
300:video
266:, and
82:radio
2930:MMDS
2915:HSPA
2910:GPRS
2905:EVDO
2900:DECT
2816:MoCA
2811:ISDN
2786:G.hn
2781:FTTx
2568:2019
2532:2024
2507:2019
2467:2019
2437:2019
2401:2019
2370:2019
2310:2015
2274:2015
2261:CNET
2241:2015
2202:2015
2171:2015
2080:2011
2044:2011
1983:2011
1895:2017
1847:ISBN
1826:2011
1793:2011
1762:2011
1729:2016
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1677:ISBN
1656:2005
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1513:2011
1480:ISBN
1452:ISBN
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1079:CRTC
986:Fast
936:1000
889:Term
879:per
773:G.hn
748:IPTV
671:The
664:The
605:Data
597:Low
494:VDSL
386:VoIP
382:HDTV
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112:PSTN
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