45:
353:
algorithms with different bit-rates. For example, audio signals can be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 kbit/s to hundreds of kbit/s, using different encoding algorithms with a wide range of complexity and quality of audio reproduction. Similarly, full motion video signals may be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 Mbit/s to hundreds of Mbit/s. Thus a network transporting both video and audio signals may have to integrate traffic with a very broad range of bit-rates.
1156:
1122:
344:
database. Entertainment video applications are largely point-to-multi-point connections, requiring one-way communication of full motion video and audio from the program source to the viewers. Video teleconferencing involves connections among many parties, communicating voice, video, as well as data. Offering future services thus requires flexible management of the connection and media requests of a multi-point, multi-media communication call.
2709:
742:. The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. Fiber optic allows the signal to be transmitted farther without being repeated. Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to transmit the signal to neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to be transmitted over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having multiple head ends. A
1142:
2697:
343:
Traditional voice calls are predominantly two party calls, requiring a point-to-point connection using only the voice medium. To access pictorial information in a remote database would require a point-to-point connection that sends low bit-rate queries to the database and high bit-rate video from the
334:
The information content of each medium may affect the information generated by other media. For example, voice could be transcribed into data via voice recognition, and data commands may control the way voice and video are presented. These interactions most often occur at the communication terminals,
376:
These networks were largely engineered for a specific application and are not suited to other applications. For example, the traditional telephone network is too noisy and inefficient for bursty data communication. On the other hand, data networks which store and forward messages using computers had
241:
Personal computing facilitated easy access, manipulation, storage, and exchange of information, and required reliable data transmission. Communicating documents by images and the use of high-resolution graphics terminals provided a more natural and informative mode of human interaction than do voice
352:
A multi-rate service network is one which flexibly allocates transmission capacity to connections. A multi-media network has to support a broad range of bit-rates demanded by connections, not only because there are many communication media, but also because a communication medium may be encoded by
1129:
Bandwidth has historically been very unequally distributed worldwide, with increasing concentration in the digital age. Historically only 10 countries have hosted 70–75% of the global telecommunication capacity (see pie-chart Figure on the right). In 2014, only three countries (China, the US, and
380:
It was desirable to have a single network for providing all these communication services to achieve the economy of sharing. This economy motivates the general idea of an integrated services network. Integration avoids the need for many overlaying networks, which complicates network management and
403:
are some of the most common applications now being supported by fibre optic networks, in some cases directly to the home (FTTh – Fibre To The Home). These types of fibre optic networks incorporate a wide variety of products to support and distribute the signal from the central office to an optic
1130:
Japan) host 50% of the globally installed telecommunication bandwidth potential. The U.S. lost its global leadership in terms of installed bandwidth in 2011, being replaced by China, which hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential in 2014 (29% versus 13% of the global total).
2069:"Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act"
377:
limited connectivity, usually did not have sufficient bandwidth for digitised voice and video signals, and suffer from unacceptable delays for the real-time signals. Television networks using radio or cables were largely broadcast networks with minimum switching facilities.
706:
antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of receiving a wide range of channels, while e.g. a low-VHF antenna is "narrowband" since it receives only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-1037C defines "broadband" as a synonym for
384:
While multiple network structures were capable of supporting broadband services, an ever-increasing percentage of broadband and MSO providers opted for fibre-optic network structures to support both present and future bandwidth requirements.
249:
These new data transmission requirements may require new transmission means other than the present overcrowded radio spectrum. A modern telecommunications network (such as the broadband network) must provide all these different services
664:
infrastructure are called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually use a different
534:
Cell-delay variation (CDV) is the range of delays experienced by each group of associated cells. Low cell-delay variation means a group of cells must travel through the network without getting too far apart from one
1897:
2436:
381:
reduces flexibility in the introduction and evolution of services. This integration was made possible with advances in broadband technologies and high-speed information processing of the 1990s.
1089:
859:
2228:"Federal Communications Commission - FCC 15-24 - In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - GN Docket No. 14-28 - Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order"
2506:
503:
twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second using very high-bit rate digital subscriber line (
2372:
2312:
2461:
2567:
1867:
1889:
798:
2204:
2276:
1206:
2068:
1106:
2240:
2173:
2343:
511:
476:
149:
2425:
2046:
1808:
Broadband networks employ frequency-division multiplexing to divide coaxial cable into separate channels, each of which serves as an individual local network.
2940:
2910:
2111:
246:
enhances group interaction at a distance. High-definition entertainment video improves the quality of pictures, but requires much higher transmission rates.
2403:
790:
up to 1 Gigabit/s (which is considered high-speed as of 2014) using existing home business and home wiring (including power lines, but also phone lines and
2630:
2743:
1260:
514:(B-ISDN) was designed for these needs. The types of traffic supported by a broadband network can be classified according to three characteristics:
842:
2495:
208:) passbands, thus allowing for much higher throughput over a single medium but with additional complexity in the transmitter/receiver circuitry.
1953:
1352:
1191:
38:
2364:
1928:
1725:
1691:
1434:
2302:
1590:
219:(dial-up being typically limited to a maximum of 56 kbit/s). This meaning is only distantly related to its original technical meaning.
1756:
106:
Originally used to mean 'using a wide-spread frequency' and for services that were analog at the lowest level, nowadays in the context of
2469:
2821:
2556:
1697:
871:
234:” in Seattle, the term “Meaningful Broadband” was introduced to the world leaders, leading to the activation of a movement to close the
1795:
1757:"802.3b-1985 – Supplement to 802.3: Broadband Medium Attachment Unit and Broadband Medium Specifications, Type 10BROAD36 (Section 11)"
882:
A number of national and international regulators categorize broadband connections according to upload and download speeds, stated in
2658:"The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014"
1567:
1238:
2298:
2235:
1861:
1494:
1466:
1308:
1234:
849:
122:
1851:
1828:
694:
standard for
Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and DSL modems often have Ethernet connectors on them.
739:
361:
Traditionally, different telecommunications services were carried via separate networks: voice on the telephone network, data on
238:. Fundamental aspects of this movement are to suggest that the equitable distribution of broadband is a fundamental human right.
2196:
554:
The types of traffic found in a broadband network (with examples) and their respective requirements are summarised in Table 1.
457:
185:
44:
2601:
2266:
2141:
1386:
1201:
746:
gathers all the information from the local cable networks and movie channels and then feeds the information into the system.
1731:
1985:
2826:
2736:
823:, the term "broadband" is used loosely to mean "access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access".
426:
65:
1654:
164:
Different criteria for "broad" have been applied in different contexts and at different times. Its origin is in physics,
71:
that exploits signals at a wide spread of frequencies or several different simultaneous frequencies, and is used in fast
2920:
2163:
2079:
1324:
Attenborough, Keith (1988). "Review of ground effects on outdoor sound propagation from continuous broadband sources".
2993:
2227:
496:
115:
2335:
491:
in the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each channel is at a higher frequency than the
1541:
110:, 'broadband' is often used to mean any high-speed Internet access that is seemingly always 'on' and is faster than
2945:
2841:
2701:
2042:
1760:
1515:
1110:
775:
have also been used for various types of data communication. Although some systems for remote control are based on
757:
high enough to require broadband
Internet access for viewing. "Broadband video" is also sometimes used to describe
153:
2713:
2950:
2399:
2107:
779:
signaling, modern high-speed systems use broadband signaling to achieve very high data rates. One example is the
129:
2622:
2925:
2915:
2836:
2729:
1147:
772:
743:
227:
1392:
2935:
2831:
2781:
2771:
2303:"Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015"
1211:
484:
216:
111:
313:, or any combination of these media. Each medium has different demands for communication quality, such as:
831:
243:
173:
1702:
Broadband: Modulating the data signal onto an RF carrier and applying this RF signal to the carrier media
2853:
2766:
1264:
518:
324:
317:
2592:
Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and
Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) (2013-03-20).
2132:
Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and
Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) (2013-03-20).
1360:
1155:
1949:
1196:
200:), it is still occupying a single channel. The key difference is that what is typically considered a
802:
531:(QoS) profile means that the cells need to travel quickly from one point in the network to another.
422:
100:
76:
2007:
Hart, Jeffrey A.; Reed, Robert R.; Bar, François (November 1992). "The building of the internet".
1920:
1125:
Global bandwidth concentration: 3 countries have almost 50% between them; 10 countries almost 75%.
2988:
2168:
2024:
1628:
1620:
1602:
1179:
791:
787:
528:
449:
421:, a broadband signalling method is one that handles a wide band of frequencies. "Broadband" is a
418:
400:
366:
53:
2108:"FCC Finds U.S. Broadband Deployment Not Keeping Pace | Federal Communications Commission"
1764:
1121:
1857:
1721:
1687:
1490:
1462:
1430:
1382:
1304:
690:
to cable television residential customers. Matters were further confused by the fact that the
181:
88:
68:
1681:
679:
broadband variant of
Ethernet was standardized by 1985, but was not commercially successful.
2669:
2307:
2016:
1787:
1612:
1333:
1169:
719:
661:
637:
539:
362:
2531:
499:
on a single pair of wires at the same time. However, when that same line is converted to a
2752:
1563:
1230:
1161:
820:
814:
761:
750:
735:
687:
666:
524:
510:
Modern networks have to carry integrated traffic consisting of voice, video and data. The
445:
212:
176:, where it indicated a single-band rather than a multiple-audio-band system design of the
107:
72:
866:
Broadband
Internet service in the United States was effectively treated or managed as a
2791:
1820:
1455:
1174:
867:
841:"Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access" —US
826:
A range of more precise definitions of speed have been prescribed at times, including:
468:
274:
235:
2708:
429:
of a channel, the greater the data-carrying capacity, given the same channel quality.
2982:
2028:
2020:
1616:
1337:
1297:
1035:
982:
712:
467:
will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide
223:
205:
84:
80:
1744:
Broadband: relative term referring to a system which carries a wide frequency range.
1624:
2881:
2871:
527:
is the amount of delay associated with a connection. Requesting low latency in the
500:
370:
168:, and radio systems engineering, where it had been used with a meaning similar to "
96:
2593:
2133:
17:
2673:
1977:
1715:
1378:
Digital corporate citizenship : the business response to the digital divide
657:
197:
148:
and economical implementation for a diversity of services (multi-services). The
672:
The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel.
648:(from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most versions of the popular
192:
signal is also modulated so that it occupies higher frequencies (compared to a
1658:
1137:
776:
723:
703:
437:
288:
31:
309:
A multi-media call may communicate audio, data, still images, or full-motion
301:
These aspects are examined individually in the following three sub-sections.
2861:
2816:
1853:
HTI+ Home
Technology Integration and CEDIA Installer I All-in-One Exam Guide
1487:
Quality of
Service: Delivering QoS on the Internet and in Corporate Networks
691:
676:
641:
472:
263:
177:
165:
452:. This broad band is often divided into channels or "frequency bins" using
2696:
369:, video teleconferencing on private corporate networks, and television on
156:(ATM) was promoted as a target technology for meeting these requirements.
2955:
2806:
2786:
2043:"Recommendation I.113, Vocabulary of Terms for Broadband aspects of ISDN"
1537:
754:
727:
708:
649:
645:
644:
to transmit one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth using its
492:
480:
453:
189:
169:
1511:
440:, a broader band will carry speech, and a still broader band will carry
2811:
887:
731:
653:
211:
The term became popularized through the 1990s as a marketing term for
2930:
2801:
2776:
2365:"A Brief Price Comparison of UK FTTP / FTTH Ultrafast Broadband ISPs"
891:
883:
686:
standard became available to consumers in the late 1990s, to provide
683:
546:
which can support one million separate devices per square kilometer.
2657:
2078:. Federal Communications Commission. August 6, 2010. Archived from
1607:
1376:
1231:"Types of Broadband Connections; Federal Communications Commission"
521:
is the amount of network capacity required to support a connection.
483:, independent of physical modulation details. The various forms of
2965:
2960:
2905:
2889:
2866:
2721:
1381:. Indianapolis: The Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University.
1071:
1017:
960:
924:
835:
780:
715:
464:
441:
433:
425:, understood according to its context. The wider (or broader) the
310:
92:
43:
2796:
2271:
1514:. Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, UC Irvine.
783:
758:
504:
396:
392:
388:
119:
2725:
718:
distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as
204:
in this sense is a signal that occupies multiple (non-masking,
2267:"Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin"
1427:
Switching and traffic theory for integrated broadband networks
1053:
734:, referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in
1950:"Broadband and ultrathin polarization manipulators developed"
801:
made developments on the creation of ultra-shallow broadband
196:
signal which is bound to the lowest end of the spectrum, see
855:
25 Mbit/s downstream, 3 Mbit/s upstream —FCC, 2015
1825:
Federal
Standard 1037C, Glossary of Telecommunication Terms
1591:"Congestion Control and Traffic Management in ATM Networks"
1000:
978:
942:
860:
543:
542:
utilize various standards for data transmission, including
222:
Since 1999, broadband Internet access has been a factor in
874:
rules until being overturned by the FCC in December 2017.
1717:
What every engineer should know about data communications
1683:
What every engineer should know about data communications
1595:
Invited Submission to Computer Networks and ISDN Systems
1512:"B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network)"
152:(B-ISDN) was planned to provide these characteristics.
1888:
Baxter, Les A.; Georger, William H. (August 1, 1995).
753:
Internet video has come to mean video files that have
558:
Table 1: Network traffic types and their requirements
2651:
2649:
2647:
1972:
1970:
1890:"Transmitting video over structured cabling systems"
858:
50 Mbit/s downstream, 10 Mbit/s upstream —
479:(B-ISDN) used the term to refer to a broad range of
2898:
2880:
2852:
2759:
726:on carriers at fixed frequencies. In this context,
652:family are given names, such as the original 1980s
404:node, and ultimately to the subscriber (end-user).
1454:
1296:
848:4 Mbit/s downstream, 1 Mbit/s upstream —
834:" (which ranged from about 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s) —
799:Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
1921:"BT Vision boasts 150,000 customers | Media"
1113:to quote speed during night time and busy hours
184:, the term was mainly used for transmission over
1207:List of broadband providers in the United States
1107:Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
48:Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people)
2737:
2400:"Broadband in the EU Member States (12/2018)"
749:However, "broadband video" in the context of
512:Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network
477:Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network
436:, for example, a very narrow band will carry
330:signal fidelity upon delivery by the network.
150:Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network
8:
2594:"What you should know about Internet speeds"
2134:"What you should know about Internet speeds"
1850:Gilster, Ron; Heneveld, Helen (2004-06-22).
669:modulated by the data signal for each band.
460:instead of sending a higher-quality signal.
37:"HSIA" redirects here. For the airport, see
2505:. Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
1564:"New ITU Standard Delivers 10x ADSL Speeds"
1448:
1446:
786:standard, which provides a way to create a
2744:
2730:
2722:
896:
2532:"FCC INCREASES BROADBAND SPEED BENCHMARK"
2394:
2392:
2390:
1606:
1510:Ender Ayanoglu; Nail Akar (25 May 2002).
2102:
2100:
1984:. US Federal Communications Commission.
1457:Broadband Networking: ATM, SDH and SONET
1299:Teletraffic Technologies in ATM Networks
1120:
556:
2489:
2487:
1900:from the original on September 29, 2015
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1222:
335:but may also occur within the network.
2494:Hood, Hannah Hood (22 December 2016).
1798:from the original on February 25, 2012
1648:
1646:
1570:from the original on September 3, 2016
1538:"Knowledge Base - How Broadband Words"
1351:John P. Shanidin (September 9, 1949).
1192:Broadband mapping in the United States
656:, to indicate this. Networks that use
357:A single network for multiple services
39:Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport
2512:from the original on 22 December 2019
2336:"F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules"
1518:from the original on October 16, 2009
1480:
1478:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
232:Financial Solutions to Digital Divide
7:
2049:from the original on 6 November 2012
1461:. Boston, London: Artech House Inc.
722:, where the individual channels are
550:Requirements of the types of traffic
399:(voice over internet protocol), and
2279:from the original on April 14, 2015
2246:from the original on March 12, 2015
2207:from the original on March 13, 2015
2197:"What the Net Neutrality Rules Say"
2176:from the original on March 13, 2015
2162:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (March 12, 2015).
1788:"Broadband user share pains, gains"
1720:. New York: M. Dekker. p. 64.
583:Voice, guaranteed circuit emulation
132:has the following characteristics:
2442:from the original on 10 April 2019
2406:from the original on 10 April 2019
2375:from the original on 10 April 2019
2334:Kang, Cecilia (14 December 2017).
2164:"F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules"
2076:GN Docket No. 10-159, FCC-10-148A1
1988:from the original on July 13, 2011
1544:from the original on July 21, 2016
273:connected only two telephones per
25:
2573:from the original on 25 July 2019
2299:Federal Communications Commission
2265:Reisinger, Don (April 13, 2015).
2236:Federal Communications Commission
1734:from the original on 29 June 2016
1700:from the original on 2016-05-29.
850:Federal Communications Commission
495:voice channel, so it can support
280:used circuits of fixed bit-rates.
2707:
2695:
2668:(6). Escholarship.org: 567–581.
2315:from the original on May 2, 2015
1831:from the original on May 5, 2012
1154:
1140:
2633:from the original on 2021-12-05
2604:from the original on 2021-02-15
2426:"UK HOME BROADBAND PERFORMANCE"
2346:from the original on 2018-01-17
2195:Sommer, Jeff (March 12, 2015).
2144:from the original on 2021-02-15
2114:from the original on 2016-07-05
1956:from the original on 2016-05-15
1931:from the original on 2017-01-29
1870:from the original on 2023-06-28
1485:Ferguson P.; Huston G. (1998).
1395:from the original on 5 May 2021
1241:from the original on 2022-06-05
838:in "broadband service" in 1988.
458:frequency-division multiplexing
2656:Hilbert, Martin (2016-01-06).
1896:. AT&T Bell Laboratories.
1786:Paula Musich (July 20, 1987).
1714:Clifton, Carl Stephen (1987).
1489:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1429:. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1202:Internet in the United Kingdom
1117:Global bandwidth concentration
395:(high definition television),
258:Differences from old telephony
172:", or in the context of audio
1:
2712:The dictionary definition of
1680:Carl Stephen Clifton (1987).
2674:10.1016/j.telpol.2016.01.006
2623:"Broadband Performance Data"
2226:FCC Staff (March 12, 2015).
2021:10.1016/0308-5961(92)90061-S
1856:. McGraw Hill Professional.
1617:10.1016/0169-7552(96)00012-8
1375:Smith, Craig Warren (2002).
1338:10.1016/0003-682X(88)90086-2
738:form with separate baseband
230:Biannual Conference called “
180:. Later, with the advent of
1982:The National Broadband Plan
1453:Sexton M.; Reid A. (1997).
497:plain old telephone service
3010:
1919:Mark Sweney (2008-02-07).
1761:IEEE Standards Association
1111:Internet Service Providers
812:
475:). In the late 1980s, the
463:In data communications, a
182:digital telecommunications
154:Asynchronous Transfer Mode
36:
29:
2662:Telecommunications Policy
2009:Telecommunications Policy
1686:. CRC Press. p. 64.
1365:Issued December 12, 1950.
373:radio or cable networks.
130:telecommunication network
27:Data transmission concept
2557:"CONNECTED NATIONS 2017"
1952:. Phys.org. 2014-12-04.
1261:"ATM Congestion Control"
1148:Telecommunication portal
797:In 2014, researchers at
768:Alternative technologies
444:without losing the high
284:Modern services can be:
228:World Trade Organization
2462:"Ultrafast fibre Gfast"
2110:. Fcc.gov. 2015-02-04.
1821:"Definition: broadband"
1212:National broadband plan
843:National Broadband Plan
485:digital subscriber line
448:required for realistic
327:within the network, and
226:. In that year, at the
174:noise reduction systems
2496:"Super fast broadband"
1894:www.cablinginstall.com
1763:. 1985. Archived from
1126:
507:or VHDSL) techniques.
408:Broadband technologies
270:the voice medium only,
244:Video teleconferencing
49:
1655:"ATM Traffic Control"
1124:
215:that was faster than
47:
2704:at Wikimedia Commons
2045:. ITU-T. June 1997.
1978:"What is Broadband?"
1767:on February 25, 2012
1363:on December 1, 2011.
1197:Internet in Malaysia
456:techniques to allow
391:(cable television),
266:communication used:
2899:Long range wireless
2472:on 22 November 2017
1357:US Patent 2,533,900
1267:on 10 February 2005
921:Full fibre / FTTP/H
803:optical instruments
559:
487:(DSL) services are
367:local area networks
77:transmission medium
2994:Digital technology
2340:The New York Times
2301:(April 13, 2015).
2201:The New York Times
2169:The New York Times
1589:Jain, Raj (1996).
1295:Saito, H. (1993).
1180:Wireless broadband
1127:
1105:In Australia, the
975:Ultra-fast / Gfast
830:"Greater than the
819:In the context of
809:Internet broadband
788:local area network
569:Required bandwidth
557:
529:quality of service
450:sound reproduction
419:telecommunications
413:Telecommunications
401:broadband internet
54:telecommunications
50:
30:For the book, see
18:Broadband Internet
2976:
2975:
2700:Media related to
2629:. 30 April 2014.
2503:What Do They Know
2371:. 15 April 2017.
1794:. pp. 1, 8.
1727:978-0-8247-7566-7
1693:978-0-8247-7566-7
1436:978-0-7923-9061-9
1326:Applied Acoustics
1103:
1102:
711:. "Broadband" in
638:computer networks
632:Computer networks
629:
628:
540:Cellular networks
446:audio frequencies
363:computer networks
186:multiple channels
114:over traditional
89:wireless Internet
69:data transmission
16:(Redirected from
3001:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2653:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2468:. Archived from
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2430:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2308:Federal Register
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1657:. Archived from
1650:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1627:. Archived from
1610:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1566:. May 27, 2005.
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1460:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1359:. Archived from
1348:
1342:
1341:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1303:. Artech House.
1302:
1292:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1263:. Archived from
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1227:
1186:Nation specific:
1170:Mobile broadband
1164:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
906:Minimal download
897:
878:Speed qualifiers
720:cable television
662:cable television
599:Compressed video
560:
294:multi-point, and
242:and data alone.
202:broadband signal
21:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2894:
2876:
2848:
2755:
2753:Internet access
2750:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1932:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1864:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1801:
1799:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1694:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1653:Juliano, Mark.
1652:
1651:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1631:on 19 June 2004
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1425:Hui J. (1990).
1424:
1423:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1389:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1294:
1293:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1162:Internet portal
1160:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1119:
912:
907:
880:
821:Internet access
817:
815:Internet access
811:
770:
762:Video on demand
700:
688:Internet access
667:radio frequency
634:
622:Widely variable
552:
471:(narrowband or
415:
410:
359:
350:
341:
307:
260:
254:) to the user.
213:Internet access
162:
108:Internet access
73:Internet access
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2705:
2691:
2690:External links
2688:
2686:
2685:
2643:
2614:
2584:
2548:
2523:
2483:
2453:
2417:
2386:
2356:
2326:
2290:
2257:
2218:
2187:
2154:
2124:
2096:
2060:
2034:
2015:(8): 666–689.
1999:
1966:
1941:
1911:
1880:
1862:
1842:
1812:
1778:
1748:
1726:
1706:
1692:
1672:
1642:
1581:
1555:
1529:
1502:
1495:
1474:
1467:
1442:
1435:
1406:
1387:
1367:
1343:
1332:(4): 289–319.
1316:
1309:
1278:
1251:
1237:. 2014-06-23.
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1175:Ultra-wideband
1172:
1166:
1165:
1151:
1135:
1132:
1118:
1115:
1109:also requires
1101:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
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1051:
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1044:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
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1020:
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1008:
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1003:
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985:
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958:
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953:
951:
948:
945:
940:
936:
935:
933:
930:
927:
922:
918:
917:
914:
913:speed (Mbit/s)
911:Minimal upload
909:
908:speed (Mbit/s)
904:
901:
879:
876:
872:net neutrality
868:public utility
864:
863:
856:
853:
846:
839:
813:Main article:
810:
807:
792:coaxial cables
769:
766:
730:is the term's
699:
696:
633:
630:
627:
626:
623:
620:
619:Not guaranteed
617:
614:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
593:
592:
590:
587:
584:
581:
577:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
551:
548:
537:
536:
532:
522:
469:telephone line
414:
411:
409:
406:
358:
355:
349:
346:
340:
337:
332:
331:
328:
321:
306:
303:
299:
298:
295:
292:
282:
281:
278:
275:telephone call
271:
259:
256:
252:multi-services
236:digital divide
217:dial-up access
161:
158:
112:dial-up access
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3006:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
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2967:
2964:
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2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
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2942:
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2937:
2934:
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2927:
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2909:
2907:
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2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
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2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2718:at Wiktionary
2717:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2085:on 2012-01-06
2081:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1863:9780072231328
1859:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1792:Network World
1789:
1782:
1779:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1673:
1661:on 2009-01-14
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1601:: 1723–1738.
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1496:0-471-24358-2
1492:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:0-89006-578-0
1464:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1310:0-89006-622-1
1306:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
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1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
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1187:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
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1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:UK Government
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
992:
989:
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984:
983:UK Government
980:
977:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
956:
955:
952:
949:
946:
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937:
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931:
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926:
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920:
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910:
905:
902:
899:
898:
895:
893:
889:
885:
877:
875:
873:
869:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
844:
840:
837:
833:
829:
828:
827:
824:
822:
816:
808:
806:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
782:
778:
774:
767:
765:
763:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
705:
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
673:
670:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:use a simple
639:
631:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:
555:
549:
547:
545:
541:
533:
530:
526:
523:
520:
517:
516:
515:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
423:relative term
420:
412:
407:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
372:
368:
364:
356:
354:
347:
345:
338:
336:
329:
326:
322:
319:
316:
315:
314:
312:
304:
302:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
285:
279:
276:
272:
269:
268:
267:
265:
262:Conventional
257:
255:
253:
247:
245:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:public policy
220:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
159:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:optical fiber
82:
81:coaxial cable
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
46:
40:
33:
19:
2882:Wireless LAN
2872:Wireless USB
2854:Wireless PAN
2714:
2677:. Retrieved
2665:
2661:
2635:. Retrieved
2626:
2617:
2606:. Retrieved
2597:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2563:
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2537:. 2024-03-14
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2502:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:the original
2465:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2432:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2377:. Retrieved
2368:
2359:
2348:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2306:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2270:
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2234:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2200:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2167:
2157:
2146:. Retrieved
2137:
2127:
2116:. Retrieved
2087:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2075:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2037:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1981:
1958:. Retrieved
1944:
1933:. Retrieved
1925:The Guardian
1924:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1893:
1883:
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698:TV and video
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852:(FCC), 2010
773:Power lines
339:Multi-point
305:Multi-media
297:multi-rate.
198:line coding
142:multi-point
138:multi-media
2983:Categories
2946:Muni Wi-Fi
2837:Power-line
2679:2016-06-21
2637:2021-12-05
2608:2021-01-29
2598:crtc.gc.ca
2369:ISP Review
2350:2018-01-11
2148:2021-01-29
2138:crtc.gc.ca
2118:2016-06-21
1960:2016-06-21
1935:2016-06-21
1874:2020-11-09
1608:cs/9809085
1388:1884354203
1259:Lu, Fang.
1245:2022-06-05
1218:References
1086:Broadband
777:narrowband
704:television
602:Guaranteed
572:Cell-delay
501:non-loaded
438:Morse code
348:Multi-rate
289:Multimedia
206:orthogonal
146:multi-rate
128:The ideal
125:services.
99:cable, or
62:high speed
32:Broad Band
2989:Broadband
2951:Satellite
2862:Bluetooth
2842:Broadband
2817:IEEE 1901
2715:broadband
2702:Broadband
2466:Openreach
2319:April 13,
2283:April 13,
2250:March 13,
2211:March 13,
2180:March 13,
2029:155062650
1904:April 16,
1353:"Antenna"
1068:Broadband
1050:Broadband
1032:Superfast
1014:Superfast
957:Ultrafast
755:bit-rates
751:streaming
736:composite
724:modulated
692:10PASS-TS
677:10BROAD36
642:line code
625:Variable
613:Available
519:Bandwidth
489:broadband
481:bit rates
473:voiceband
465:56k modem
427:bandwidth
371:broadcast
318:bandwidth
264:telephony
178:compander
166:acoustics
134:broadband
101:satellite
66:bandwidth
58:broadband
2956:UMTS-TDD
2807:HomePlug
2787:Ethernet
2631:Archived
2602:Archived
2577:10 April
2568:Archived
2541:15 March
2516:10 April
2507:Archived
2476:10 April
2446:10 April
2437:Archived
2410:10 April
2404:Archived
2379:10 April
2373:Archived
2344:Archived
2313:Archived
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2241:Archived
2205:Archived
2174:Archived
2142:Archived
2112:Archived
2089:July 12,
2047:Archived
1992:July 15,
1986:Archived
1954:Archived
1929:Archived
1898:Archived
1868:Archived
1835:July 19,
1829:Archived
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1796:Archived
1771:July 12,
1732:Archived
1698:Archived
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1574:July 27,
1568:Archived
1548:July 27,
1542:Archived
1522:July 12,
1516:Archived
1399:15 March
1393:Archived
1239:Archived
1134:See also
888:megabits
744:head end
728:baseband
709:wideband
650:Ethernet
646:baseband
605:Variable
596:Variable
580:Constant
575:Latency
535:another.
493:baseband
454:passband
365:such as
194:baseband
190:passband
170:wideband
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2053:19 July
1738:21 June
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1271:1 March
1235:Fcc.gov
939:Gigabit
845:of 2009
732:antonym
654:10BASE5
586:Minimal
566:Example
525:Latency
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892:second
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862:(CRTC)
713:analog
684:DOCSIS
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2966:WiBro
2961:WiMAX
2906:5G NR
2890:Wi-Fi
2867:Li-Fi
2767:Cable
2760:Wired
2571:(PDF)
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2560:(PDF)
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1072:Ofcom
1018:Ofcom
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925:Ofcom
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740:audio
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636:Many
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2579:2019
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2518:2019
2478:2019
2448:2019
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2381:2019
2321:2015
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