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regardless of difficulty of the word being processed. This is consistent with the theory that pars triangularis is involved in semantic processing more than phonological processing. Furthermore, they found that these semantic encoding decisions resulted in less involvement of pars triangularis with repetition of the used words. It may seem intuitive that practice would make the brain better at recognizing the words as they reappeared, but there is something else to be learned from this result, as well. That pars triangularis activity went down with repetition also signifies the movement of the task of recognizing the word from the conscious to the passive. This is called repetition priming, and it occurs independent of intention. This idea, when paired with theories about pt's involvement in conscious retrieval of memory, serves to illustrate the complexity of the brain and its functions. These results together imply the possibility that similar mechanics are required for encoding and retrieving information. Another point of interest was that decreased pars triangularis activation with repetition did not occur with redundant presentation of nonsemantically processed words.
576:. Scientists can learn about what the brain is doing while people process language by looking at what it does with errors in language. As above, scientists can investigate the extra processing that occurs when people are challenged with a problem. In this case, scientists took advantage of the way pseudo-words and exception words by examining the brain as it interprets these problematic words. When people process language, they use different parts of Broca's area for different things. Pars triangularis is involved in a specific type of language processing. Specifically, pars triangularis becomes activated when people read exception words, which are words with atypical spelling-to-sound relationships. For example, "have" is an exception word because it is pronounced with a short "a", which is contrary to grammatical rules of pronunciation. The "e" at the end of the word should lead to the pronunciation of the long "a" sound, as in "cave" or "rave". Because we are so familiar with the word "have", we are able to remember its pronunciation, and we don't have to think through the rules each time we read it. Pars triangularis helps us do that.
645:, asymmetry, complexity, and variability occur in patients with schizophrenia. These investigators presented data showing that pt, specifically was highly distorted in schizophrenic patients compared with demographically matched normal subjects. They asserted that Broca's area is an especially plastic region of the brain in that its morphology can change dramatically from childhood to adulthood. This makes sense when considering the special ability of children to easily learn language, but it also means that the involvement of Broca's area is limited with respect to memory and recall; children do not seem to be unable to consciously search their memories. Furthermore, investigators took volumetric measurements of the grey and white matter of the brains of their test subjects and compared those measurements to their normal control subjects. They found that schizophrenic patients had dramatically reduced white matter.
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unrelated thought processes we have. This is not a difficult idea to imagine. For instance, attempting to remember the name of a brand new acquaintance can be challenging, and it often demands the attention of the person doing the remembering. In this example, a person is trying to comprehend sound as a part of language, place the word they just heard in the category "names", while associating it also as a tag for the face they just saw, simultaneously committing all of these pieces of data to memory. In this view, it hardly seems far-fetched that the roles of pars triangularis in language processing, semantic comprehension, and conscious control of memory are unrelated. In fact, it would be unlikely for pars triangularis not to have multiple roles in the brain, especially considering its high degree of connectivity, both within the left frontal language center, and to other regions.
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the past participle form and used with "is", which is a form of the verb "be". This study shows that processing this sentence, late bilinguals used their pars triangularis much more than their counterparts. This result implies certain things about the way language is learned. For example, It has been suggested that the reason people often have such difficulty learning foreign languages during adulthood is that their brains are trying to code language information in a region of the brain that is not dedicated to understanding language. According to this view, this is the reason native speakers are able to speak so quickly while their late-bilingual counterparts are forced to stutter as they struggle to process grammatical rules.
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with regard to the criterion appropriate to a given context. A slightly modified account of this view is that activation of BA45 is needed only under controlled semantic retrieval, when strong stimulus-stimulus associations are absent. For other researchers, BA45's role is not restricted to semantics per se, but to all activities that require task-relevant representations from among competing representations.
520:(IFG). By stimulating one region of the IFG and measuring the response in distinct regions, these researchers were able to demonstrate the existence of numerous pathways between the pars triangularis and pars opercularis. Also, stimulation of one region of the pars triangularis elicited a response in distinct regions of the pars triangularis, illustrating the presence of networks within the subgyral region.
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information, some selection must occur. This selection is thought to occur post-retrieval in the mid-VLPFC, which corresponds generally to the location of pars triangularis. The theory here is that information is retrieved by certain regions of the left VLPFC, and then it is selected for relevance in another region. This is called the "two part" model of memory retrieval.
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parallel semantic processing, which occurs when the brain multitasks. When their subjects were undergoing experimentation, they were presented with consonant strings, pseudo-words, and words, and the delay between stimulus and brain activity was about the same for phonological and semantic processing, even though the two seemed to occur in slightly different regions.
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564:" processing. But sometimes, people really have to struggle to remember something. A student taking a test and trying to remember the answer to a question is concentrating their attention on retrieving the memory. The student is exhibiting cognitive control over their memory. This type of processing is directed, in part, by the
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In the study "Semantic
Encoding and Retrieval in the Left Inferior Prefrontal Cortex: A Functional magnetic resonance imaging Study of Task Difficulty and Process Specificity", researchers found that pars triangularis (as well as some of its neighbors) increased its activity during semantic encoding,
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applied to the left BA45 facilitated incongruent reasoning performance and impaired congruent reasoning performance, suggesting that the left BA45 is a component of a belief-based heuristic system. The right BA45 involvement in blocking the heuristic system is inferred from the blocking of the left
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There is a difference between the processing patterns of primary and secondary languages in processing of passive sentences. These are sentences using some form of the verb "be" with a verb in the past participle form. For example, "He is ruined" is a passive sentence because the verb "ruin" is in
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as it responded to different sentence types (those with or without semantic errors), Maess et al. demonstrated a time-lag in the comprehension of erroneous sentences. To understand this one would only need to imagine a person being told something they did not understand. They would pause and take a
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Yokoyama, Satoru; Okamoto, Hideyuki; Miyamoto, Tadao; Yoshimoto, Kei; Kim, Jungho; Iwata, Kazuki; Jeong, Hyeonjeong; Uchida, Shinya; Ikuta, Naho; Sassa, Yuko; Nakamura, Wataru; Horie, Kaoru; Sato, Shigeru; Kawashima, Ryuta (April 2006). "Cortical activation in the processing of passive sentences in
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is actually larger than the same region in the right side of the brain. This "leftward asymmetry" corresponded both in form and function, which means that the part of the brain that is active during language processing is larger. In almost all the test subjects, this was the left side. In fact,
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The precise role of BA45 in semantic tasks remains controversial. For some researchers, its role would be to subserve semantic retrieval or semantic working memory processes. Under this view, BA44 and BA45 would together guide recovery of semantic information and evaluate the recovered information
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When trying to retrieve information in a top-down fashion, some kind of control mechanism is necessary. Recalling that top-down retrieval depends on conscious control, it is easy to see that there must be some way to exclude irrelevant data from the retrieval. In order to home in on the desired
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Certain other researchers, however, have found no volumetric asymmetries in the pars triangularis. They have challenged previous findings that pars triangularis asymmetry exists and have suggested that inconsistencies in previous findings may be due to great variability in inter-individual pars
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A person is highly interconnected with other regions of the brain, especially those in the left frontal language network. Though its function seems to be distinct from its neighbors, this high degree of connectivity supports the idea that language can be integrated into many of the seemingly
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processing. That is, pars triangularis is thought to be more involved in deciphering the meaning of words rather than trying to decide what the word is based on the sound that goes into the ear. This study got data that supported this theory. Furthermore, these researchers saw evidence for
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When reading aloud, people must decode written language to decipher its pronunciation. This processing takes place in Broca's area. The reader might use previous knowledge of a word in order to correctly vocalize it, or the reader might use knowledge of systematic letter combinations, which
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By looking at the similarities between the first and second language and what they do to the brain, these researchers found that brain activation looked very different depending on which language the test subjects were processing. They found that pars triangularis activation changes during
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As the brain develops, connectivity of different regions changes dramatically. Researchers found that there is a discrepancy in the way white matter and grey matter develop in schizophrenic patients. People with schizophrenia tend to have an absence of white matter expansion.
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had done before them, but they also supported the idea that one side of the brain is more involved with language than the other. The human brain has two hemispheres, and each one looks similar to the other; that is, it looks like one hemisphere is a
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triangularis morphology. That is, these regions tend to vary in size and shape much more than other areas of the brain, such as deep cortical nuclei. Furthermore, while these researcher found statistically significant asymmetries in the
536:", which refers to a negativity that appears in the pars triangularis about 400 ms after the syntactic mismatch is presented. However, the pars triangularis is likely to be only part of the network generating the N400 response in
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Maess, Burkhard; Herrmann, Christoph S.; Hahne, Anja; Nakamura, Akinori; Friederici, Angela D. (2006). "Localizing the distributed language network responsible for the N400 measured by MEG during auditory sentence processing".
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is a poorly understood disease with complicated symptoms. In an effort to find a cause for this problem, these researchers looked at the brains of schizophrenic patients. It had been shown previously that abnormal
587:. Some of these multilingual have learned second or third languages in concert with their first, at a young age, and some have learned other languages in their adulthood. Studies on different subsets of
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Jeremy D.W. Greenlee; Hiroyuki Oya; Hiroto
Kawasaki; Igor O. Volkov; Meryl A. Severson III; Matthew A. Howard III; John F. Brugge (2007). "Functional connections within the human inferior frontal gyrus".
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sequence for shoe-tying, the face of a loved one, or anything in between. When someone remembers something automatically, without concentrating on it and without trying, it is called "
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has been found between speech-language and the anatomically asymmetric pars triangularis. Foundas, et al. showed that language function can be localized to one region of the brain, as
556:. There are more ways than one to remember something. When a person remembers, (s)he retrieves information from storage in a memory center of the brain. This information may be the
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Mainy, Nelly; Jung, Julien; Baciu, Monica; Kahane, Philippe; Schoendorff, Benjamin; Minotti, Lorella; Hoffmann, Dominique; Bertrand, Olivier; Lachaux, Jean-Philippe (November 2008).
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Almost every person in the world has learned at least one language. Also, almost everyone that has learned a language has learned it at a young age. Some people are
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Mechelli, Andrea; Crinion, Jennifer T.; Long, Steven; Friston, Karl J.; Lambon Ralph, Matthew A.; Patterson, Karalyn; McClelland, James L.; Price, Cathy J. (2005).
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176:(H), a portion of the orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus (H). Bounded caudally by the anterior ascending limb of the lateral sulcus (H), it borders on the
1383:"Effect of syntactic similarity on cortical activation during second language processing: A comparison of English and Japanese among native Korean trilinguals"
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Tsujii, Takeo; Masuda, Sayako; Akiyama, Takekazu; Watanabe, Shigeru (2010). "The role of inferior frontal cortex in belief-bias reasoning: an rTMS study".
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Wisco, Jonathan J.; Kuperberg, Gina; Manoach, Dara; Quinn, Brian T.; Busa, Evelina; Fischl, Bruce; Heckers, Stephan; Sorensen, A. Gregory (August 2007).
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Jeong, Hyeonjeong; Sugiura, Motoaki; Sassa, Yuko; Haji, Tomoki; Usui, Nobuo; Taira, Masato; Horie, Kaoru; Sato, Shigeru; Kawashima, Ryuta (March 2007).
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tasks, such as semantic decision tasks (determining whether a word represents an abstract or a concrete entity) and generation tasks (generating a
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the only subject tested that had right-hemispheric language dominance was found to have a rightward asymmetry of the pars triangularis.
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processing of these different languages, which is understandable considering the known role of pars triangularis in language.
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moment to process the information. Furthermore, these researchers demonstrated a characteristic processing pattern called an "
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Yamada, A; Sakai, KL (April 2017). "γγγΌγ«ιγ«γγγζζ³ε¦η" [Syntactic
Processing in Broca's Area: Brodmann Areas 44 and 45].
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David Badre & Anthony D. Wagner (2007). "Left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the cognitive control of memory".
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1332:"Dissociable Controlled Retrieval and Generalized Selection Mechanisms in Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex"
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that states a
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1635:"Abnormal cortical folding patterns within Broca's area in schizophrenia: Evidence from structural MRI"
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At least one study demonstrated a high degree of connectivity between the three subregions of the
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1037:"Sulcal variability, stereological measurement and asymmetry of Broca's area on MRI images"
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Lateral surface of left cerebral hemisphere, viewed from the side. (shown in orange).
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Keller, SS; Highley, JR; Garcia-Finana, M; Sluming, V; Rezaie, R; Roberts, N (2007).
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1186:"Spatiotemporal convergence of semantic processing in reading and speech perception"
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Hagoort, Peter (September 2005). "On Broca, brain, and binding: a new framework".
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835:"Contributions of specific prefrontal brain areas to long-term memory retrieval"
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homologue and resulting facilitation of logical-analytic reasoning performance.
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886:"Cognitive control and episodic memory: Contributions from prefrontal cortex"
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Foundas AL, Leonard CM, Gilmore RL, Fennell EB, Heilman KM (January 1996).
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of the other. However, Foundas, et al. found that the pars triangularis in
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Badre, D.; Poldrack, R.; Pare-Blagoev, E.; Insler, R.; Wagner, A. (2005).
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Pars triangularis has been shown to have a role in cognitive control of
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1280:"Dissociating Reading Processes on the Basis of Neuronal Interactions"
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There is a theory that pars triangularis is especially involved in
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has been consistently localized to the superior temporal cortex.
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892:(3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. pp. 174β192.
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Triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus. Shown in red.
774:"The role of left prefrontal cortex in language and memory"
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and multilinguals have revealed some interesting findings.
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
172:(H) and, surrounding the anterior horizontal limb of the
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of language. By measuring the response of the brain by
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Additionally, The pars triangularis was implicated in
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Prefrontal cortex and the cognitive control of memory
157:. It is situated on the lateral surface, inferior to
976:"Pars triangularis asymmetry and language dominance"
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since the magnetic counterpart N400m measured using
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888:. In Squire, Larry R.; Schacter, Daniel L. (eds.).
243:of the BA45 lead to the characteristic findings of
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84:
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21:
3285:Some categorizations are approximations, and some
1184:Vartiainen, J; Parviainen, T; Salmelin, R (2009).
247:in individuals who are left hemispheric dominant.
1523:Demb, J.; Desmond, J.; Wagner, A.; Vaidya, C.;
568:. Pars triangularis is found in this region.
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1752:
624:On Broca, brain, and binding: a new framework
8:
289:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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739:Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
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453:Learn how and when to remove this message
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377:Learn how and when to remove this message
170:triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus
189:opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus
1476:"Cortical dynamics of word recognition"
729:
668:
566:ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)
1696:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.021
1249:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.015
611:processing of language, as opposed to
201:orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus
126:
18:
923:Thompson-Schill; et al. (1999).
603:Cortical dynamics of word recognition
512:Connections in inferior frontal gyrus
348:This section may contain information
7:
1088:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
180:in the depth of the lateral sulcus.
2977:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
1549:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-09-05870.1995
719:List of regions in the human brain
14:
1288:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
658:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
270:This section has multiple issues.
168:This area in humans occupies the
1445:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.066
1053:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00793.x
695:
683:
671:
653:Heuristic and analytic reasoning
466:Asymmetry and language dominance
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300:
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187:, it is bounded caudally by the
123:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
3071:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
3013:Collateral (temporal+occipital)
840:Psychonomic Bulletin and Review
311:lacks an overview of its topic.
278:or discuss these issues on the
195:(BA44)), rostrodorsally by the
2659:Secondary somatosensory cortex
2351:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
1603:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1E16-A
1202:10.1523/jneurosci.5860-08.2009
1154:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-C478-0
1145:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.037
772:Gabrieli; et al. (1998).
1:
3274:Poles of cerebral hemispheres
3008:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
944:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80804-1
223:, a region that is active in
219:and Brodmann area 45 make up
199:(BA46), and ventrally by the
2647:Primary somatosensory cortex
1651:10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.031
1582:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1351:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.07.023
633:Schizophrenia and Broca area
314:You can help by writing the
2739:Transverse occipital sulcus
1537:The Journal of Neuroscience
1431:L1 and L2: An fMRI study".
3329:
3151:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
2972:Central (frontal+parietal)
2707:Occipital pole of cerebrum
1594:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.004
1301:10.1162/089892905774589190
3282:
2808:Transverse temporal gyrus
2671:Posterior parietal cortex
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890:Neuropsychology of Memory
354:to the article's subject.
121:
35:
26:
2929:Inferior temporal sulcus
2850:Superior temporal sulcus
2533:Inferior parietal lobule
2516:Superior parietal lobule
2456:Supplementary motor area
981:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
572:represent corresponding
2934:Inferior temporal gyrus
2878:Occipitotemporal sulcus
2824:Superior temporal gyrus
2717:Lateral occipital gyrus
2468:Supplementary eye field
2209:Inferior frontal sulcus
2204:Superior frontal sulcus
1190:Journal of Neuroscience
3195:Fimbria of hippocampus
2261:Superior frontal gyrus
2159:Inferior frontal gyrus
2113:Superior frontal gyrus
1639:Schizophrenia Research
884:Wagner, A. D. (2002).
751:10.11477/mf.1416200767
529:electroencephalography
518:inferior frontal gyrus
475:
415:by rewriting it in an
197:middle frontal area 46
74:middle cerebral artery
3182:Hippocampal formation
3041:Parahippocampal gyrus
2855:Middle temporal gyrus
1003:10.1073/pnas.93.2.719
801:10.1073/pnas.95.3.906
473:
352:important or relevant
3155:Retrosplenial cortex
3003:Longitudinal fissure
2895:Medial temporal lobe
2572:Intraparietal sulcus
2432:Primary motor cortex
2329:Orbitofrontal cortex
2278:Medial frontal gyrus
2135:Middle frontal gyrus
833:Buckner, R. (1996).
359:improve this section
215:The left-hemisphere
3132:Posterior cingulate
2542:Supramarginal gyrus
1480:Human Brain Mapping
1387:Human Brain Mapping
994:1996PNAS...93..719F
792:1998PNAS...95..906G
525:semantic processing
3190:Hippocampal sulcus
3110:Anterior cingulate
2987:Preoccipital notch
2588:Paracentral lobule
2558:Parietal operculum
2480:Frontal eye fields
2412:Paracentral sulcus
2400:Paracentral lobule
2301:Paraolfactory area
2297:Paraterminal gyrus
854:10.3758/BF03212413
558:muscle contraction
476:
417:encyclopedic style
404:is written like a
245:expressive aphasia
231:associated with a
146:), is part of the
3295:
3294:
3239:
3238:
3064:Postrhinal cortex
3059:Perirhinal cortex
3054:Entorhinal cortex
3026:
3025:
2982:Parieto-occipital
2949:
2948:
2787:
2786:
2686:
2685:
2643:Postcentral gyrus
2495:
2494:
2420:
2419:
2240:
2239:
2232:Precentral sulcus
2195:Pars triangularis
2042:
2041:
1492:10.1002/hbm.20457
1486:(11): 1215β1230.
1399:10.1002/hbm.20269
1295:(11): 1753β1765.
1243:(13): 2883β2901.
1196:(29): 9271β9280.
1101:10.1002/cne.21405
909:978-1-57230-898-5
463:
462:
455:
445:
444:
437:
387:
386:
379:
333:
332:
293:
251:Research findings
137:
136:
132:
91:area triangularis
3320:
3221:Indusium griseum
3086:Cingulate cortex
3076:Prepyriform area
3037:
2962:
2842:Planum temporale
2798:
2779:Calcarine sulcus
2697:
2506:
2377:Olfactory sulcus
2363:Subcallosal area
2249:
2227:Precentral gyrus
2186:Pars opercularis
2101:
2094:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2046:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1716:
1715:
1690:(7): 2005β2008.
1684:Neuropsychologia
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1645:(1β3): 317β327.
1630:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1543:(9): 5870β5878.
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1353:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1236:Neuropsychologia
1230:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1005:
971:
965:
964:
946:
920:
914:
913:
901:
881:
875:
874:
856:
830:
824:
823:
813:
803:
769:
763:
762:
734:
699:
687:
675:
506:planum temporale
502:pars opercularis
458:
451:
440:
433:
429:
426:
420:
397:
396:
389:
382:
375:
371:
368:
362:
343:
342:
335:
328:
325:
319:
304:
303:
296:
285:
263:
262:
255:
217:Brodmann area 44
205:Brodmann area 47
193:Brodmann area 44
185:cytoarchitecture
161:and adjacent to
140:Brodmann area 45
129:edit on Wikidata
40:
31:
22:Brodmann area 45
19:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3278:
3257:
3235:
3209:
3176:
3080:
3022:
3018:Callosal sulcus
2996:Medial/inferior
2991:
2956:
2945:
2871:Medial/inferior
2866:
2838:Wernicke's area
2812:Auditory cortex
2783:
2748:Medial/inferior
2743:
2682:
2631:
2627:Marginal sulcus
2581:Medial/inferior
2576:
2491:
2444:Premotor cortex
2416:
2386:
2245:Medial/inferior
2236:
2213:
2083:
2077:cerebral cortex
2075:Anatomy of the
2073:
2043:
2038:
1770:
1765:
1724:
1719:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1034:
1033:
1029:
973:
972:
968:
922:
921:
917:
910:
883:
882:
878:
832:
831:
827:
771:
770:
766:
741:(in Japanese).
736:
735:
731:
727:
710:
703:
700:
691:
688:
679:
676:
667:
655:
635:
626:
605:
550:
514:
468:
459:
448:
447:
446:
441:
430:
424:
421:
413:help improve it
410:
398:
394:
383:
372:
366:
363:
356:
344:
340:
329:
323:
320:
313:
305:
301:
264:
260:
253:
213:
133:
54:Cerebral cortex
17:
12:
11:
5:
3326:
3324:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3308:Brodmann areas
3300:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3287:Brodmann areas
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3253:Insular cortex
3249:
3247:
3245:Insular cortex
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3098:Subgenual area
3094:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3045:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2959:
2957:sulci/fissures
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2883:Fusiform gyrus
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2804:
2802:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2712:Occipital gyri
2709:
2703:
2701:
2694:
2692:Occipital lobe
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2544:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2382:Orbital sulcus
2379:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2313:Straight gyrus
2310:
2309:
2308:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2188:
2174:
2172:Pars orbitalis
2165:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:Brodmann areas
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1722:External links
1720:
1718:
1717:
1674:
1625:
1588:(9): 416β423.
1572:
1515:
1466:
1439:(2): 570β579.
1422:
1393:(3): 194β204.
1373:
1344:(6): 907β918.
1322:
1270:
1225:
1176:
1139:(1): 163β172.
1133:Brain Research
1122:
1095:(4): 550β559.
1076:
1027:
988:(2): 719β722.
966:
937:(3): 513β522.
915:
908:
899:10.1.1.11.7909
876:
847:(2): 149β158.
825:
786:(3): 906β913.
764:
745:(4): 479β487.
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
716:
709:
706:
705:
704:
701:
694:
692:
689:
682:
680:
677:
670:
666:
663:
654:
651:
634:
631:
625:
622:
604:
601:
549:
546:
513:
510:
467:
464:
461:
460:
443:
442:
401:
399:
392:
385:
384:
347:
345:
338:
331:
330:
308:
306:
299:
294:
268:
267:
265:
258:
252:
249:
212:
209:
174:lateral sulcus
135:
134:
125:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3325:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3290:
3288:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3205:Rhinal sulcus
3203:
3201:
3200:Dentate gyrus
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:Superolateral
2963:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:Superolateral
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Temporal lobe
2790:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:Lingual gyrus
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:Visual cortex
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Lunate sulcus
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:Superolateral
2698:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:Angular gyrus
2548:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:Superolateral
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Parietal lobe
2498:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:Superolateral
2095:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
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3313:Frontal lobe
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2190:
2177:Broca's area
2089:Frontal lobe
1998:
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1529:Gabrieli, J.
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493:Broca's area
489:mirror image
477:
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425:January 2015
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367:January 2015
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357:Please help
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324:January 2015
321:
316:lead section
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272:Please help
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221:Broca's area
214:
183:In terms of
182:
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143:
139:
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104:birnlex_1777
90:
58:frontal lobe
3032:Limbic lobe
2081:human brain
480:correlation
155:human brain
80:Identifiers
62:human brain
3302:Categories
3289:span gyri.
2955:Interlobar
2652:3, 1 and 2
2392:Precentral
2253:Prefrontal
2219:Precentral
2105:Prefrontal
1732:NeuroNames
1525:Glover, G.
1433:NeuroImage
725:References
484:Paul Broca
275:improve it
16:Brain area
3269:Operculum
2817:41 and 42
2615:Precuneus
894:CiteSeerX
562:bottom-up
478:A strong
281:talk page
211:Functions
3231:Amygdala
3049:anterior
1728:ancil-53
1712:39839238
1704:20362600
1669:17490861
1612:16054419
1531:(1995).
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1071:17727624
961:15194595
953:10433263
871:31024400
863:24213862
759:28424402
708:See also
609:semantic
574:phonemes
504:and the
225:semantic
98:NeuroLex
3262:General
2079:of the
1660:2034662
1620:2826729
1567:7666172
1558:6577672
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1062:2375829
1041:J. Anat
1022:8570622
990:Bibcode
820:9448258
788:Bibcode
411:Please
241:Lesions
207:BA47).
153:in the
148:frontal
60:in the
50:Part of
45:Details
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554:memory
178:insula
151:cortex
69:Artery
3226:Uncus
3214:Other
3090:gyrus
1708:S2CID
1616:S2CID
1457:S2CID
1364:S2CID
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1283:(PDF)
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86:Latin
2636:Both
2425:Both
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534:N400
350:not
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229:verb
163:BA46
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1730:at
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