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departure from the order's earlier tradition of small, scattered hermitages and a more itinerant lifestyle. This development had two key consequences. First, the concentration of friars in large communities led to friction with established clergy in cities. The faithful increasingly sought the spiritual services of the friars, which strained relations with local
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340:. Second, the new lifestyle fostered a growing distinction between friars residing in established communities (who came to be known as Conventuals) and those who, adhering more closely to the original Franciscan ideal, preferred a more austere and mobile existence (these latter friars were referred to as Spirituals).
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to manage the order's day-to-day administration. When Peter died on March 10, 1221, demonstrating his trust in Elias, Francis named him vicar-general. Elias held this office for five years until
Francis' death on October 3, 1226. He then oversaw the temporary burial of the saint at the Church of San
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movement within the
Franciscan order, his reputation was reassessed during the 18th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, in his 1923 commentary, encouraged efforts "to clarify more and more the historical truth surrounding the celebrated companion of St.
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Elias's administration was marked by a vigorous effort to expand the order. He sent friars to establish new communities in distant lands and authorized the construction of large, monastic-style residences in cities. These residences served as centers of learning and represented a significant
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To finance the basilica's construction, Elias, with papal authorization, obtained the Collis
Inferni, a hill at the town's western extremity. He also implemented various fundraising methods, which alienated some friars zealous about poverty, a core Franciscan principle.
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of 1232, where he was elected
Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, becoming the second to hold this position after the order's founder. However, his succession was met with immediate controversy and caused a rift within the order.
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Elias is a complex figure within the
Franciscan community, whose legacy continues to be debated. This is reflected in the title of the 2016 book, which highlights a critical perspective on his role. However, in the context of the
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as examples of this, which Elias oversaw as the final resting place of the holy founder. Despite this criticism, Elias did attempt to uphold the rule of poverty for those closest to Saint
Francis, including
164:. Before joining the Franciscan Order, Elias worked in his father's business, which dealt in confectionary and mattresses. He also served as a teacher, instructing children of Assisi in reading the
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369:, the Minister Provincial of England, was elected Minister General. Elias traveled to Cortona without permission, visiting a house of Poor Clares. Though Albert was willing to
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In 1240, Elias definitively sided with the
Emperor in his conflict with the papacy. He joined the Emperor's army, even riding a richly decorated warhorse at the sieges of
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Another point of contention was Elias's status as a lay friar and his encouragement of other lay people to join the order. This move faced opposition from many
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into the order. While the specifics of Elias's work in the East remain unclear, the three years he spent there appear to have had a significant impact on him.
156:, a contemporary acquaintance of Elias, his family name was likely Bonusbaro or Bonibarone. Salimbene also reports that Elias's father came from near
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189:, a Franciscan historian, proposes Cortona in 1211. It is clear, however, that Elias held a prominent position among the friars from the outset.
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This internal opposition led to Elias's rejection at the May 1227 Chapter election for
Minister General. Despite his prominence, Elias lost to
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in 1239, where Elias was deposed from the office of
Minister General. Friar Thomas of Eccleston's account of the Chapter suggests that Friar
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311:, St. Francis's secretary and confidant. These early followers believed that Elias strayed from Saint Francis's cherished ideal of
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Some of his most vocal critics were early companions of Saint
Francis, including the simple Brother Giles, Brother Masseo, and
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to house the body of Saint Francis. Elias immediately began planning a grand basilica in Assisi to enshrine the remains of the
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throughout his life, never taking priestly vows. He instead served as a skilled organizer within the Franciscan Order.
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Francis" through a process of "vindication," which entailed acknowledging both his merits and his shortcomings.
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Raphael M. Huber The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Jan., 1937), pp. 395-408 (14 pages)
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Albert died during his first year as Minister General. Haymo was then elected to the office in 1240.
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in 1220, Francis brought Elias back with him. Francis had previously appointed Peter Catani as
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The Enthusiast: How the Best Friend of Francis of Assisi Almost Destroyed What He Started
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The Enthusiast: How the Best Friend of Francis of Assisi Almost Destroyed What He Started
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in 1217. Two years later, he became the first provincial minister of the then-extensive
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571:"Brother Elia of Cortona ", Basilica Papale e Sacro convent di San Francesco in Assisi
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351:. Elias apparently became a supporter of the Emperor as a result of this mission.
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and minister general. Saint Francis himself appointed Elias vicar general in 1221.
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Giorgio in Assisi, an ancient church later incorporated into and replaced by the
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Ugolino, entrusted Brother Elias with the task of building a magnificent
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manuscripts to Elias is often disputed due to a lack of clear evidence.
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Elias Bonusbaro/Bombarone, Elia Coppi, Elias Cortonensis, Brother Elias
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and the Franciscan Order, with Saint Clare playing a mediating role.
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Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 28 December 2019
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published the first popular history about Elias of Cortona titled
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Robinson, Paschal. "Elias of Cortona." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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Shortly before his death, Elias was reconciled with both the
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Elias appears to have been among the earliest companions of
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and one of the earliest followers to join the newly founded
172:, another chronicler, suggests that Elias later became a
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Francis and Clare: the Struggles of the Saints of Assisi
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A General Chapter of the Franciscan Order was held in
697:"Elias of Cortona; Elias Bonusbaro; Elias Bonibarone"
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Mellon Collection: Database of alchemical manuscripts
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In 1238, Pope Gregory IX sent Elias of Cortona as an
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Elias's ambition for leadership was realized at the
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518:. 29 (ca. 1525); Ms. 7 - first script (ca. 1440)
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794:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
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616:, Cambridge University Press, 1959, p. 40
467:Learn how and when to remove this message
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347:to the excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor
583:"History of the Franciscan Movement (1)"
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315:. They cited the grandeur of the new
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685:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
381:. This prompted Pope Gregory IX to
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679:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
634:Sweeney, Jon M. (8 April 2016).
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614:Early Franciscan Government
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192:Following a brief stay in
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707:Brady, Kathleen (2021).
676:"Elias of Cortona"
238:Basilica di Santa Chiara
701:New Catholic Dictionary
183:Saint Francis of Assisi
129:Saint Francis of Assisi
99:Elias Cortonensis
682:Catholic Encyclopedia
612:Brooke, Rosalind B.,
514:. Related to Helias:
328:, the founder of the
326:Saint Clare of Assisi
227:After returning from
133:Order of Friars Minor
105:Elias of Cortona
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274:ministers provincial
96:Elias Bombarone
638:. Ave Maria Press.
587:www.christusrex.org
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309:Brother Leo
272:friars and
217:lay brother
125: 1180
55: 1180
763:Categories
526:References
482:Conventual
404:alchemical
375:Ghibelline
345:ambassador
245:Gregory IX
198:missionary
148:Early life
428:Appraisal
258:poverello
202:Near East
143:Biography
673:(1913).
597:5 August
510:E.g. in
411:Holy See
377:city of
270:ordained
249:Cardinal
175:scriptor
397:Ravenna
371:absolve
194:Tuscany
166:Psalter
158:Bologna
83:Cortona
66:, Italy
60:Bevilia
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393:Faenza
379:Arezzo
253:church
162:Assisi
64:Assisi
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243:Pope
62:near
715:ISBN
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395:and
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