353:
524:. The most common and decisive counter-argument against producing this gas on board to use as a fuel or fuel additive is that more energy is always needed to split water molecules than is recouped by burning the resulting gas. Additionally, the volume of gas that can be produced for on-demand consumption through electrolysis is very small in comparison to the volume consumed by an internal combustion engine.
306:
40:
979:
224:
Oxyhydrogen is explosive and can detonate when ignited, releasing a large amount of energy. This is often demonstrated in classroom environments in which teachers fill a balloon with the gas, due to the easy access of hydrogen and oxygen.
288:
states. However, in practice no systems are perfectly closed, and the energy required to generate the oxyhydrogen always exceeds the energy released by combusting it, even at maximum practical efficiency, as the
117:), although some authors define knallgas to be a generic term for the mixture of fuel with the precise amount of oxygen required for complete combustion, thus 2:1 oxyhydrogen would be called "hydrogen-knallgas".
217:
mixture, about 700 °C (1,300 °F) hotter than a hydrogen flame in air. When either of the gases are mixed in excess of this ratio, or when mixed with an
171:, autoignition occurs at about 570 °C (1065 °F). The minimum energy required to ignite such a mixture, at lower temperatures, with a spark is about 20
576:
487:
such as the acetylene-fueled cutting torch, the oxyhydrogen torch is seldom used today, but it remains the preferred cutting tool in some niche applications.
736:
517:
Many other pseudoscientific claims have been made about oxyhydrogen, like an ability to neutralize radioactive waste, help plants to germinate, and more.
640:
494:, because at the time, only it could burn hot enough to melt the metal 1,768.3 °C (3,214.9 °F). These techniques have been superseded by the
793:
1112:
506:
Oxyhydrogen is associated with various exaggerated claims. It is often called "Brown's gas" or "HHO gas", a term popularized by fringe physicist
284:
was the first to decompose water in this manner in 1800. In theory, the input energy of a closed system always equals the output energy, as the
78:. Theoretically, a ratio of 2:1 hydrogen:oxygen is enough to achieve maximum efficiency; in practice a ratio 4:1 or 5:1 is needed to avoid an
1148:
973:
882:
669:
618:
820:
601:
176:
993:
1204:
760:
1246:
510:, who claimed that his HHO gas, produced by a special apparatus, is "a new form of water", with new properties, based on his
1140:
Worlds of Their Own: A Brief
History of Misguided Ideas: Creationism, Flat-Earthism, Energy Scams, and the Velikovsky Affair
1251:
961:
484:
454:
290:
1180:
568:
534:
285:
281:
221:
like nitrogen, the heat must spread throughout a greater quantity of matter and the flame temperature will be lower.
1231:
1266:
545:
872:
160:
651:
785:
1236:
564:
400:
294:
234:
756:
684:
495:
390:
368:
168:
1261:
541:
195:
899:
773:
An air-hydrogen torch flame reaches 2045 °C, while an oxyhydrogen flame reaches 2660 °C.
615:
213:
varies. The maximum temperature of about 2,800 °C (5,100 °F) is achieved with an exact
1093:
1049:
730:
597:
357:
187:
1144:
1085:
1041:
969:
878:
529:
521:
341:
210:
209:
burned. The amount of heat energy released is independent of the mode of combustion, but the
44:
31:
1077:
1031:
700:
692:
507:
424:
372:
356:
Nineteenth-century bellows-operated oxy-hydrogen blowpipe, including two different types of
238:
1241:
1208:
622:
376:
364:
79:
816:
591:
918:
688:
1256:
997:
403:
in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It produced a flame hot enough to melt such
164:
1201:
352:
1226:
1220:
1097:
1053:
725:
511:
477:
436:
394:
340:. Because of the explosiveness of the oxyhydrogen, limelights have been replaced by
337:
330:
214:
121:
934:
752:
322:
1138:
920:
A Practical
Treatise on the Use of the Blowpipe in Chemical and Mineral Analysis
544:, where the hydrogen is produced elsewhere and used as fuel or where it is used
305:
199:
183:
39:
17:
179:, oxyhydrogen can burn when it is between about 4% and 95% hydrogen by volume.
440:
416:
404:
387:
334:
156:
71:
1089:
1045:
412:
326:
309:
218:
97:
1172:
1081:
1036:
1023:
900:"Report on the Development of the Chemical Arts During the Last Ten Years"
844:
696:
423:, and was a valuable tool in several fields of science. It is used in the
705:
491:
462:
420:
408:
55:
740:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 424.
729:
466:
397:
384:
75:
380:
63:
375:
around the last quarter of the eighteenth century. The oxy-hydrogen
30:"Knallgas" redirects here. For bacteria which oxidize hydrogen, see
668:
Moyle, Morton; Morrison, Richard; Churchill, Stuart (March 1960).
473:
469:
351:
304:
191:
172:
38:
846:
614:
W. Dittmar, "Exercises in quantitative chemical analysis", 1887,
458:
806:"Oxygen as Oxidizer: 3473 K, Air as Oxidizer: 2483 K"
120:"Brown's gas" and HHO are terms for oxyhydrogen originating in
70:) gases. This gaseous mixture is used for torches to process
968:(2 ed.), Tata McGraw-Hill Education, pp. 373–374,
833:"Hydrogen in air: 2,400 K, Hydrogen in Oxygen: 3,080 K"
1202:
994:"Eagle Research Institute - Brown's Gas - Myth-conceptions"
312:
used an oxyhydrogen flame as a high-temperature heat source
1072:
Ball, Philip (2006). "Nuclear waste gets star attention".
874:
Chemical
Discovery and Invention in the Twentieth Century
670:"Detonation Characteristics of Hydrogen Oxygen Mixtures"
533:
in 2008 reported that oxyhydrogen does not increase the
966:
Manufacturing technology: foundry, forming and welding
329:, which used an oxyhydrogen flame to heat a piece of
74:
materials and was the first gaseous mixture used for
520:Oxyhydrogen is often mentioned in conjunction with
1211:, Mike Allen, August 7, 2008, Popularmechanics.com
233:A pure stoichiometric mixture may be obtained by
540:"Water-fueled" cars should not be confused with
720:
718:
716:
648:NASA Glenn Research Center Glenn Safety Manual
483:Due to competition from arc welding and other
27:Explosive mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases
8:
88:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1017:
1015:
102:
522:vehicles that claim to use water as a fuel
182:When ignited, the gas mixture converts to
1035:
877:. Adamant Media Corporation. p. 80.
704:
273:
269:
265:
256:
252:
248:
205:
142:
131:
127:
85:This mixture may also be referred to as
1113:"Snubbed By Mainstream, Scientist Sues"
556:
1183:from the original on February 11, 2012
634:
632:
630:
866:
864:
796:from the original on January 28, 2008
490:Oxyhydrogen was once used in working
190:, which sustains the reaction: 241.8
7:
751:Calvert, James B. (April 21, 2008).
604:from the original on August 3, 2016.
363:The foundations of the oxy-hydrogen
1022:Ball, Philip (September 10, 2007).
823:from the original on March 16, 2008
763:from the original on April 18, 2009
241:to dissociate the water molecules:
982:from the original on June 27, 2014
579:from the original on March 6, 2011
25:
871:Tilden, William Augustus (1926).
325:have been described, such as the
177:standard temperature and pressure
295:Electrolysis of water#Efficiency
1024:"Burning water and other myths"
923:. Glasgow: R. Griffin & co.
427:to produce synthetic corundum.
1173:"The proof that HHO is a scam"
1111:Weimar, Carrie (May 7, 2007).
593:Gas Torch and Thermite Welding
575:, American Technical Society,
465:). It is used for cutting and
1:
917:Griffin, John Joseph (1827).
843:Vernon, Julia (August 2011).
817:"Temperature of a Blue Flame"
786:"Adiabatic Flame Temperature"
573:Modern Shop Practice volume 1
379:itself was developed by the
291:second law of thermodynamics
1171:Simpson, Bruce (May 2008).
535:fuel economy in automobiles
286:first law of thermodynamics
1283:
962:"24.4 Oxyhydrogen welding"
434:
321:Many forms of oxyhydrogen
229:Production by electrolysis
167:mixture in air, at normal
29:
1137:Schadewald, R.J. (2008).
906:. Manufacturing chemists.
731:"Oxyhydrogen Flame"
457:that burns hydrogen (the
95:(Scandinavian and German
47:for producing oxyhydrogen
939:Encyclopaedia Britannica
211:temperature of the flame
161:autoignition temperature
1207:March 20, 2015, at the
898:Hofmann, A. W. (1875).
790:The Engineering Toolbox
737:Encyclopædia Britannica
596:. McGraw-Hill. p.
502:Pseudoscientific claims
621:June 27, 2014, at the
569:"Oxy-Hydrogen Welding"
383:Bochard-de-Saron, the
360:
313:
89:
48:
1247:Hydrogen technologies
1082:10.1038/news060731-13
1037:10.1038/news070910-13
697:10.1002/aic.690060118
590:Viall, Ethan (1921).
565:Howard Monroe Raymond
355:
308:
42:
1117:St. Petersburg Times
757:University of Denver
657:on February 2, 2013.
542:hydrogen-fueled cars
496:electric arc furnace
391:Edward Daniel Clarke
369:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
348:Oxyhydrogen blowpipe
169:atmospheric pressure
159:when brought to its
135:is preferred due to
1252:Hydrogen production
1030:. Springer Nature.
689:1960AIChE...6...92M
546:as fuel enhancement
461:) with oxygen (the
43:Nineteenth-century
960:P. N. Rao (2001),
941:. October 22, 2013
935:"Verneuil process"
367:were laid down by
361:
358:flashback arrestor
314:
235:water electrolysis
49:
1232:Chemical mixtures
1150:978-1-4628-1003-1
1000:on April 18, 2019
975:978-0-07-463180-5
884:978-0-543-91646-4
530:Popular Mechanics
514:of "magnecules".
447:oxyhydrogen torch
431:Oxyhydrogen torch
342:electric lighting
282:William Nicholson
155:Oxyhydrogen will
45:electrolytic cell
32:Knallgas-bacteria
16:(Redirected from
1274:
1267:Industrial gases
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996:. Archived from
990:
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748:
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659:
658:
656:
650:. Archived from
645:
636:
625:
612:
606:
605:
587:
581:
580:
561:
508:Ruggero Santilli
485:oxy-fuel torches
425:Verneuil process
373:Joseph Priestley
277:
259:
239:electric current
237:, which uses an
208:
146:
138:
134:
116:
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110:
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92:
54:is a mixture of
21:
18:Brown's Gas
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1209:Wayback Machine
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639:O'Connor, Ken.
638:
637:
628:
623:Wayback Machine
613:
609:
589:
588:
584:
563:
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558:
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504:
449:(also known as
443:
433:
350:
319:
303:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
231:
207:
203:
188:releases energy
153:
144:
140:
136:
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129:
125:
114:
111:
108:
105:
80:oxidizing flame
69:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1234:
1229:
1219:
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1177:Aardvark Daily
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1143:. Xlibris US.
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1103:
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1011:
985:
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952:
926:
909:
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883:
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835:
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743:
728:, ed. (1911).
726:Chisholm, Hugh
712:
660:
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607:
582:
555:
553:
550:
527:An article in
503:
500:
478:thermoplastics
451:hydrogen torch
432:
429:
349:
346:
318:
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279:
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245:Electrolysis:
230:
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215:stoichiometric
165:stoichiometric
152:
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26:
24:
14:
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706:2027.42/37308
702:
698:
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686:
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678:
677:AIChE Journal
671:
664:
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512:fringe theory
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475:
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468:
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456:
455:oxy-gas torch
452:
448:
442:
438:
437:Thermal lance
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:materials as
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343:
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338:incandescence
336:
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316:
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293:implies (see
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123:
122:pseudoscience
118:
100:
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94:
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83:
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73:
65:
57:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1237:Electrolysis
1197:
1187:February 12,
1185:. Retrieved
1176:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1139:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1106:
1073:
1027:
1002:. Retrieved
998:the original
988:
965:
955:
943:. Retrieved
938:
929:
919:
912:
903:
893:
873:
851:. Retrieved
845:
838:
825:. Retrieved
811:
798:. Retrieved
789:
780:
772:
765:. Retrieved
746:
735:
683:(1): 92–96.
680:
676:
663:
652:the original
647:
610:
592:
585:
572:
559:
539:
528:
526:
519:
516:
505:
489:
482:
450:
446:
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388:mineralogist
362:
320:
301:Applications
280:
262:Combustion:
232:
223:
198:) for every
181:
154:
119:
96:
87:
86:
84:
51:
50:
36:
1122:February 3,
1074:News@nature
1028:News@nature
401:Robert Hare
194:of energy (
184:water vapor
173:microjoules
163:. For the
124:, although
52:Oxyhydrogen
1262:Water fuel
1221:Categories
853:August 15,
753:"Hydrogen"
641:"Hydrogen"
552:References
441:Gas burner
435:See also:
417:fire brick
405:refractory
310:Limelights
151:Properties
72:refractory
1098:121246705
1090:1744-7933
1054:129704116
1046:1744-7933
800:April 23,
767:April 23,
413:porcelain
381:Frenchman
335:white hot
331:quicklime
327:limelight
251:O → 2 H
219:inert gas
1205:Archived
1181:Archived
1156:July 11,
1004:July 11,
980:archived
945:July 11,
849:(Thesis)
827:April 5,
821:Archived
794:Archived
761:Archived
619:Archived
602:Archived
577:archived
567:(1916),
492:platinum
463:oxidizer
453:) is an
421:corundum
409:platinum
395:American
393:and the
377:blowpipe
365:blowpipe
317:Lighting
139:meaning
112:bang-gas
98:Knallgas
90:Knallgas
56:hydrogen
685:Bibcode
474:glasses
467:welding
398:chemist
385:English
157:combust
106:
76:welding
1242:Oxygen
1147:
1096:
1088:
1052:
1044:
972:
881:
616:p. 189
476:, and
470:metals
419:, and
272:→ 2 H
175:. At
64:oxygen
62:) and
1257:Fuels
1094:S2CID
1050:S2CID
673:(PDF)
655:(PDF)
644:(PDF)
323:lamps
186:and
130:+ y O
1227:Fire
1189:2012
1158:2018
1145:ISBN
1124:2011
1086:ISSN
1042:ISSN
1006:2018
970:ISBN
947:2018
879:ISBN
855:2024
829:2008
802:2009
769:2009
459:fuel
439:and
371:and
200:mole
103:lit.
1078:doi
1032:doi
701:hdl
693:doi
445:An
333:to
297:).
268:+ O
264:2 H
255:+ O
247:2 H
202:of
196:LHV
137:HHO
126:x H
1223::
1179:.
1175:.
1115:.
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1084:.
1076:.
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192:kJ
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
