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685:. Additionally, brown bullheads are used for small-scale commercial fishing, recreational fishing, and more specifically for consumption and research. Predation by other fish and coexisting species is only a realistic threat to bullheads under four inches, while the biggest threat to adult bullheads is humans. Brown bullheads have
520:
The brown bullhead thrives in a variety of habitats, including lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams with low oxygen or muddy conditions. In many areas of the United States, brown bullheads are opportunistic bottom feeders. The species has few natural predators and is not popular with anglers in most
398:
The brown bullhead grows to be approximately 21 inches (53 cm) in length and is a darker brown-green dorsally, growing lighter green and yellow towards the ventral surface. The belly is off-white or cream, and the fish has no scales. Additionally, there are darker, brown-black speckles along the
644:
benthic bottom feeders. Their diet consists of algae, leeches, worms, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, crayfish, other smaller fish species and fish eggs. Brown bullheads are typically nocturnal feeders, but have been reported to feed diurnally. Bullheads have poor eyesight and are heavily reliant on
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by the male. The fish face opposite one another during the fertilization process. Nests are primarily created by females, but the eggs are protected by both sexes. An egg cluster in a nest may contain between 50 and 10,000 eggs. The eggs usually take six days to hatch, but may take up to 13 days.
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Brown bullheads typically live between six and eight years, but have been recorded as old as fifteen in captivity. The species spawns between April and June. For the duration of each breeding season, females will be monogamous. There are no consistent behaviors of mate attraction. The females lay
710:
appendix. Brown bullheads can tolerate very low dissolved oxygen levels that result from industrial and domestic pollution, aiding in their overall high rate of survivorship. Brown bullheads are the most abundant species in many lakes and streams across the continent.
448:, and bilaterally symmetrical. Brown bullheads can be distinguished from black and yellow bullheads by their yellow-black chin barbels, the absence of a hypopigmented bar at the base of the tail (which is present in black bullheads), and their 21–24 anal fin rays.
628:
The fish has been introduced into many
European countries, such as Poland, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Romania, Estonia, Hungary, Serbia, and Croatia. Brown bullheads have also been introduced to western North America, Chile, Puerto Rico and New Zealand.
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of the brown bullhead's upper jaw. Adult brown bullheads range in size from 200 to 500 mm (7.9 to 19.7 in) and weigh between 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) and 3.6 kg (7.9 lb) (in extreme cases). Brown bullheads are
504:. These locations include Georgia, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Virginia, and
411:
with 21 to 24 rays. The tail is only slightly notched, with the dorsal and ventral lobes angling inward. The pectoral fins have spines that bear five to eight serrated teeth on their posterior edge. The fish has eight
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to avoid predation. As a mode of physical defense against predators, bullhead species have a sharp spine on the leading edge of their dorsal and pectoral fins. To use this adaptation as a defense mechanism, bullheads
703:
579:
often catch them by fishing off the bottom. When caught in very clear water when the flesh is firm and reddish to pinkish, the hornpout is quite edible and delicious. Nevertheless, its genial cousins such as the
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Both parents generally care for their offspring for an additional five days after the eggs hatch. The young are kept in a school by a parent for up to one month. They will remain in schools as juveniles.
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only after the temperature of the water has reached 80 °F (27 °C) in June and July. However, cooler temperatures are required before brown bullheads will spawn in the northern US.
416:
around its mouth. The barbels on the chin are black to yellowish brown. Juvenile brown bullheads are similar in appearance, but are more likely to be of a single solid color.
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area of
Upstate New York, where it is featured each spring by local restaurants), so it has thrived. Catfish are found in a variety of habitats, from lakes or murky ponds to
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The brown bullhead is also widely known as the "mud pout", "horned pout", "hornpout", or simply "mud cat", a name also used with the other bullhead species.
1061:
Craig, Cody A.; Vaughn, Christopher R.; Ruppel, David S.; Bonner, Timothy H. (June 1, 2015). "Occurrence of
Ameiurus nebulosus (Brown Bullhead) in Texas".
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Brown bullheads, both male and female, will reach sexual maturity around age three. Brown bullheads have occasionally been recorded eating their own eggs.
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Brown bullheads can withstand a wide range of water temperatures and low oxygen levels. Brown bullheads can survive waters with heavy pollution and
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Brown bullheads are the most susceptible to predators in their developmental stages, primarily as eggs. They are prey to the following species:
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while being attacked, impeding the predator's ability to swallow while simultaneously releasing a venom to sting and burn the predator.
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their sensitive barbels to locate their food. The fish are omnivorous and will reportedly eat almost anything that fits in their mouth.
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533:, snails, fish, clams, and many plants. They are also known to eat corn, which can be used as bait. Similarly to other catfish, they
529:. They are scarce during the day, but come out at night to feed, searching the bottom of a lake or river for food. They eat insects,
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492:, south to Louisiana, and west to Texas). However, there is evidence that the brown bullhead was historically absent from the
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Countries who have reported adverse effects from the introduction of the brown bullhead species include Iran and Turkey.
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are better known for their use as food. In most areas, they will not exceed two pounds in weight, with a current
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In
Missouri, the brown bullhead is listed as a Species of Conservation Concern and is threatened by
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and east of the
Mississippi River. The species is also abundant in many regions as a result of
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entire surface of the fish. The brown bullhead has a dorsal fin that bears a spine, a single
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ppm. Because of bullheads' tolerance of low oxygen levels, they are less threatened by
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1117:"Brown Bullhead Catfish." Aliens Among Us. N.p., n.d. Web. October 27, 2014. <
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1325:, German language; originally published in: Datz-Aquarienpraxis 11/2004, S. 10f.
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986:
Guth, Rachael (2011). Sterling, Rachelle; Leonard, Jill; Dewey, Tanya (eds.).
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508:. Brown bullheads are a social non-migratory species that are known to form
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eggs in dark locations such as under rocks and inside logs, where they are
1119:
http://alienspecies.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/eng/species/brown-bullhead-catfish
853:
Peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of North
America north of Mexico
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This catfish is easily caught with natural bait such as worms and chicken
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is one of six beings that came out of the sea to form the original clans.
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The native range of the brown bullhead is in the
Atlantic and Gulf Slope
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Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W.N.; Van der Laan, R., eds. (February 7, 2023).
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International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
880:. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute. 2013. Archived from
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826:"Ojibwe clan systems: A cultural connection to the natural world"
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and are capable of surviving in relatively extreme environments.
1020:. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 2017. Archived from
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that is widely distributed in North
America. It is a species of
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706:, the United States Endangered Species Program, or under the
805:"Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References"
435:) by the absence of lateral posterior extensions on the
575:. They have a scrappy but not unusually strong fight.
1148:. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. May 2012
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419:The brown bullhead's mouth is terminal or slightly
1717:Freshwater fish of the Southeastern United States
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1224:
1222:
1168:"IGFA All-Tackle World Records: Brown Bullhead"
521:areas (albeit very popular in some such as the
427:. The brown bullhead may be distinguished from
782:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202676A2746713.en
702:Brown bullheads hold no special status on the
592:world record of 7.375 pounds (3.345 kg).
718:, particularly the drainage of swamps in the
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814:– via California Academy of Sciences.
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1042:. University of Florida. October 23, 2017
934:. University of Florida. October 23, 2017
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1732:Taxa named by Charles Alexandre Lesueur
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403:posterior to the dorsal fin, abdominal
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460:. More specifically, it is found from
384:. In their tradition, the bullhead or
376:The brown bullhead is important as a
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7:
1697:Freshwater fish of the United States
1625:932daddb-57c8-4cc4-a7ec-985458fd2b8e
1462:b19797c0-d8cf-4af3-9e5b-ca2d13e575b0
1107:. USGS=April 20, 2017. May 29, 2012.
1018:"Brown Bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus"
366:in 1819, and is also referred to as
1687:IUCN Red List least concern species
1230:"Ameirus nebulosus: Brown Bullhead"
1172:International Game Fish Association
907:Missouri Department of Conservation
768:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
590:International Game Fish Association
1178:from the original on July 22, 2020
358:). It was originally described as
25:
1707:Fish of the Eastern United States
84:
1727:Freshwater fish of New Zealand
1276:. Chesapeake Bay Program. 2012
722:for conversion into farmland.
288:Ictalurus nebulosus pannonicus
27:North American catfish species
1:
1146:"Species Profile- Bullheads"
855:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
851:Page, L.; Burr, B. (1990).
596:Life cycle and reproduction
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502:stocking for food or sport
334:) is a fish of the family
364:Charles Alexandre Lesueur
291:Harka & Pinter, 1990
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205:
186:
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81:Scientific classification
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57:
48:
39:
34:
1316:. February 2007 version.
1302:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1712:Fish of the Great Lakes
1063:Southeastern Naturalist
1722:Fish described in 1819
1254:. ISSG. April 11, 2006
1205:Chesapeake Bay Program
1124:April 8, 2012, at the
998:. Animal Diversity Web
692:will stiffen the spine
624:As an invasive species
608:
548:
386:
342:and is similar to the
1252:"Ictalurus nebulosus"
1024:on February 20, 2018.
775:: e.T202676A2746713.
687:protective coloration
614:externally fertilized
603:
543:
272:Amiurus mispilliensis
1457:Fauna Europaea (new)
1232:. fishbase.org. 1998
1105:"Ameiurus nebulosus"
1075:10.1656/058.014.0213
832:on November 25, 2005
757:NatureServe (2013).
640:Brown bullheads are
555:values as low as 0.2
312:Pimelodus vulpeculus
264:Pimelodus marmoratus
716:habitat destruction
470:Mobile Bay, Alabama
433:Pylodictis olivaris
368:Ictalurus nebulosus
360:Pimelodus nebulosus
280:Gronias nigrilabris
224:Pimelodus nebulosus
216:Ictalurus nebulosus
51:Conservation status
1387:Ameiurus_nebulosus
1373:Ameiurus nebulosus
1343:Ameiurus nebulosus
1322:Ameiurus nebulosus
1306:Ameiurus nebulosus
1036:"Flathead Catfish"
990:Ameiurus nebulosus
884:on April 21, 2017.
761:Ameiurus nebulosus
609:
549:
546:Ameiurus nebulosus
498:Apalachicola River
331:Ameiurus nebulosus
304:Pimelodus vulgaris
240:Pimelodus atrarius
219:(Lesueur, 1819)
190:Ameiurus nebulosus
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1646:Open Tree of Life
1335:Taxon identifiers
720:Missouri Bootheel
482:Mississippi River
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16:(Redirected from
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1274:"Brown Bullhead"
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878:"Brown Bullhead"
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732:Bullhead catfish
667:snapping turtles
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544:Brown bullhead,
527:drainage ditches
429:flathead catfish
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356:Ameiurus natalis
340:bullhead catfish
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267:Holbrook, 1855
248:Pimelodus felis
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326:brown bullhead
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679:yellow perch
675:green herons
671:water snakes
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138:Siluriformes
29:
1584:NatureServe
1509:iNaturalist
1367:Wikispecies
659:muskellunge
523:Oneida Lake
474:Great Lakes
462:Nova Scotia
442:ectothermic
437:tooth patch
421:subterminal
405:pelvic fins
401:adipose fin
378:clan symbol
336:Ictaluridae
283:Cope, 1864
275:Cope, 1870
148:Ictaluridae
1681:Categories
744:References
738:Rough fish
642:omnivorous
561:winterkill
506:Washington
494:Gulf Coast
478:Hudson Bay
394:Appearance
387:wawaazisii
1280:April 20,
1083:1528-7092
734:(general)
649:Predation
458:drainages
407:, and an
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1692:Ameiurus
1589:2.103081
1527:10152149
1470:FishBase
1394:BioLib:
1352:Wikidata
1313:FishBase
1258:July 17,
1182:July 22,
1176:Archived
1122:Archived
1091:85713384
726:See also
584:and the
409:anal fin
207:Synonyms
159:Ameiurus
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1488:2340989
1358:Q833957
996:BioKIDS
683:sunfish
663:walleye
577:Anglers
567:Fishing
531:leeches
516:Habitat
510:schools
414:barbels
380:of the
200:, 1819)
198:Lesueur
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1664:154370
1651:804481
1622:NZOR:
1566:202676
1553:164043
1449:304644
1423:995106
1236:May 4,
1207:. 2022
1152:May 4,
1089:
1081:
681:, and
573:livers
557:
486:Quebec
480:, and
350:) and
1659:WoRMS
1615:27778
1573:NAS:
1540:94468
1522:IRMNG
1514:58654
1436:14647
1431:EUNIS
1397:15708
1128:>.
1087:S2CID
708:CITES
535:spawn
1638:2095
1610:NCBI
1561:IUCN
1548:ITIS
1496:GISD
1483:GBIF
1475:3022
1410:CQKG
1282:2017
1260:2010
1238:2017
1213:2022
1184:2020
1154:2017
1079:ISSN
1048:2022
1004:2022
940:2022
914:2022
838:2005
812:2023
790:2021
773:2013
636:Diet
464:and
324:The
1597:NBN
1576:734
1535:ISC
1501:612
1418:EoL
1405:CoL
1382:ADW
1071:doi
777:doi
606:roe
488:to
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