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first hour of early morning foraging. It seems to make up around half of the overnight water loss during this hour. The energy that the brown honeyeater can potentially get from nectar exceeds its requirements in all seasons except winter, when it needs to be selective in the plants that are used, to balance energy intake and expenditure. It compensates for any lessening in nectar concentration by increasing the frequency of feeding.
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only slightly in appearance. The head, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are brown, and the wings a darker brown. The only distinguishing features are a small yellow patch behind the eye, which is indistinct in some birds, and dull yellow-olive panels in the folded wings and tail. The brown honeyeater's
869:
region of
Western Australia as a result of the clearing of native vegetation. Numbers are increasing in urban areas, particularly in parks and gardens and around farms; however, the new habitats have increased the incidences of death from cats, cars and collisions with windows. Overall the population
497:
The nondescript brown honeyeater has a noteworthy song, usually described in superlatives. "A glorious voice, easily the best songster among
Australian honeyeaters," is how one study of West Australian birds noted. "As a singer it has no superior among the honeyeater family, or for that matter, among
450:
The brown honeyeater is a medium-small, plain grey-brown honeyeater with a body length of 12–16 centimetres (4.7–6.3 in), a wingspan of 18–23 centimetres (7.1–9.1 in), and an average weight of 9–11 grams (0.32–0.39 oz). The female is slightly smaller than the male, but the sexes differ
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woodlands. It is seasonally nomadic within its local area, following flowering food plants. While it usually forages alone, it also feeds in small groups, or flocks of mixed honeyeater species. Nectar and insects form its diet. It occupies the same breeding territory each year, and lays two or three
781:
The brown honeyeater is more active in the early morning than at other times of the day; flying more when visiting flowers at the time when nectar is most abundant. Its body mass decreases during the night, and then increases during the day with the greatest increase occurring during the important
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is slight. The adult male has a dark brownish-grey forehead and crown, contrasting with a brownish nape. The forehead and crown of the adult female is a similar olive-brown to the rest of the upper body. A juvenile bird is similar to the female, but may lack or show only a trace of the yellow tuft
296:
It is a medium-small brownish bird, with yellow-olive panels in the tail and wing, and a yellow tuft behind the eye. It is widespread across western, northern and eastern
Australia, New Guinea and surrounding islands, and the Lesser Sundas of Indonesia. Throughout this range, the brown honeyeater
809:
The breeding season varies markedly across the brown honeyeater's range, with breeding recorded in one location or another in every month of the year. Breeding can occur two or more times a year, if conditions are favourable. The nest is built in a variety of vegetation types, usually in dense
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The eggs vary in shape, but most often are a rounded oval. They are white and lustreless, and sometimes have a pinkish or brownish tinge. They can be unmarked, or spotted with faint reddish or brownish flecks. The eggs are approximately 17 millimetres (0.67 in) long and 13 millimetres
468:
The appearance of the various subspecies is uniform, with other races similar in size and plumage to the nominate race with slight variations in degrees of colouration, and small differences in the length of the bill and the tail. Compared with
806:, with a number of breeding pairs, all nests were at least 20 metres (66 ft) apart. The same nesting territories are occupied each year; however, it is not known if the territories, or the nests, are used by the same birds each year.
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The brown honeyeater feeds mainly in the foliage and flowers in the canopy of trees and shrubs, though it does use all levels of the habitat including the ground. It feeds singly and in pairs, but will gather in small groups or in
417:
by major taxonomic authorities. A 2017 genetic study using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA confirms the close relationship between the two, their lineages having diverged recently (in the order of tens of thousands of years).
1097:
Marki, Petter Z.; Jønsson, Knud A.; Irestedt, Martin; Nguyen, Jacqueline M.T.; Rahbek, Carsten; Fjeldså, Jon (2017). "Supermatrix phylogeny and biogeography of the
Australasian Meliphagides radiation (Aves: Passeriformes)".
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in the male is black when breeding, and pale yellow at other times. The gape of the female is always pale yellow, and in the juvenile it is bright yellow and swollen. The iris is brown, and the feet and legs grey-black.
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foliage in the fork of a horizontal branch, often near water, and rarely more than 2 metres (6.6 ft) above ground. The nest is a small, deep, round cup, woven from small pieces of grass and soft bark, especially
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No courtship displays of the brown honeyeater have been recorded, other than increased singing from vantage points by the male. The pair usually nests solitarily in areas of low population density. In an area near
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eggs in a cup-shaped nest woven from grass and soft bark. Both sexes contribute to nest building and feeding the young. It has a loud, clear, musical song, described as the best of all the honeyeaters.
502:, which is very loud for the size of the bird. Both sexes call, usually early in the morning, though the male calls throughout the day during the breeding season. The alarm call is a harsh
711:. Observations of foraging birds record the brown honeyeater feeding primarily on nectar, and taking some insects. Main sources of nectar include flowering mistletoe and mangroves,
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to southwestern
Western Australia. It is rarely seen in Sydney, where populations have declined since the late 1950s, though it is being recorded in suitable habitats, such as
353:
in London, and they said of the brown honeyeater specimen, "It is however in very bad condition, and scarcely admits of a description." Later included in the "catch-all" genus
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The brown honeyeater is seasonally nomadic across its local area in response to flowering food plants. For example, there are marked increases in numbers in
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region. It is rare in South
Australia, and not present in Victoria and Tasmania. Population densities range from 2.3 birds per 1 hectare (2.5 acres) in the
1909:
971:"A description of the Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities"
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The brown honeyeater is found in a wide range of wooded habitats, and is widespread across
Australia. The nominate race ranges across a broad band from
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s, or with cow-hair or wool. Both sexes contribute to the nest building, though the male also stands guard while the female is building the nest.
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Collins, Brian G.; Briffa, Peter (1983). "Seasonal and diurnal variations in the energetics and foraging activities of the brown honeyeater,
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1076:. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. Vol. 5. Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press. pp. 970–984.
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A busy, acrobatic bird, the brown honeyeater is frequently on the wing, hovering over flowers and pursuing insects in flight.
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662:, springs, and drainage lines. It visits flowering shrubs in parks and gardens, and occurs in remnant patches of trees on
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has slightly darker feathers on the top of the head with a greater contrast between crown and nape, and a longer bill.
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region of
Western Australia, overall its population levels and distribution are sufficient to have it described by the
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is black, and is long, slender, and curved slightly downwards, well adapted for probing deep tubular flowers. The
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413:) was previously considered a distinct species due to its disjunct range, but is now treated as a subspecies of
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which have highly developed brush-tipped tongues adapted for nectar feeding. Honeyeaters are found mainly in
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Collins, Brian G.; Cary, Gayle (1981). "Short-term regulation of food intake by the brown honeyeater,
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word meaning 'indistinct, obscure'. Vigors and
Horsfield were working from the bird collection of the
1680:
1636:
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Collins, Brian G. (1981). "Nectar Intake and Water
Balance for Two Species of Australian Honeyeater,
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293:, the biogeographical boundary between the Australian-Papuan and Oriental zoogeographical regions.
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in southeast Queensland during winter, and in the Northern Territory the range contracts during the
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1399:"The invertebrate diets of small birds in Banksia woodland near Perth, W.A., during winter"
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Barker, F. Keith; Cibois, Alice; Schikler, Peter; Feinstein, Julie; Cracraft, Joel (2004).
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Australian birds," said another report. It has a clear, rolling, musical call, rendered as
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is sufficiently large and widespread for the brown honeyeater to be considered by the
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1260:"Notes on birds observed in Western Australia, from Perth northwards to Geraldton"
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the eggs and broods the chicks alone, but both sexes feed the young and remove
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the differences between the sexes are even slighter than in the nominate race.
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1209:. Melbourne, Vic: The Bird Observers Club of Melbourne. pp. 32–33.
826:(0.51 in) across, and laid in a clutch of two or three. The female
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1376:(Second ed.). Perth, WA: Western Australian Museum. p. 146.
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1010:. Australian National Wildlife Collection. Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO.
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bark, bound with spider web and lined with plant down, such as from
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flowers, perch on unopened florets at the top of the inflorescence.
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While the brown honeyeater is declining in some areas, such as the
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602:. It is commonly found among mangroves in coastal areas including
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on the New South Wales coast north and west to Queensland and the
357:, the brown honeyeater is now classified as a member of the genus
346:
239:
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and semi-arid inland of Australia, it is most often recorded in
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1145:"Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation"
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Molecular analysis has shown honeyeaters to be related to the
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species. Nectar is primarily taken from flowers with cups of
538:, to 0.26 birds per hectare in Wellard in Western Australia.
429:(Australian warblers, scrubwrens, thornbills, etc.), and the
1237:. Archerfield, Qld: Steve Parrish Publishing. p. 260.
409:
meaning 'to marry'). The Indonesian honeyeater (subspecies
289:, making it the only honeyeater to be found west of the
1345:
Gwynne, A. J. (1947). "Notes on the Brown Honeyeater".
841:, which attack the newly hatched nestlings, and by the
1149:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
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The brown honeyeater population is declining in the
1596:
1551:
A Field Guide to Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds
1397:Tullis, K.J.; Calver, M.C.; Wooller, R.D. (1982).
923:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103684809A93945076.en
433:(Australian fairy-wrens) in the large superfamily
1553:. Adelaide, S.A.: Rigby Publishers. p. 382.
1072:Higgins, P.J.; Peter, J.M.; Steele, W.K. (2001).
329:The brown honeyeater was originally described by
758:or taken from the ground. Insects eaten include
1374:A Field Guide to the Birds of Western Australia
481:has a moderately darker throat and breast than
381:, a number of other subspecies are recognised:
377:and Boles (1994). As well as the nominate race
975:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
754:from leaves or bark, and sometimes caught by
8:
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1297:
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981:(1). London, UK: Linnean Society: 170–331.
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946:"Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names"
530:in small numbers, and is a vagrant to the
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29:
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1516:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
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1008:Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines
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506:given several times at short intervals.
485:, and the female has a shorter tail. In
1372:Storr, G. M.; Johnstone, R. E. (1985).
887:
385:(derived from the Medieval Latin word
1353:(3). Melbourne, Vic: CSIRO: 161–164.
1270:(3). Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO: 130–7.
1100:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
969:; Horsfield, Thomas (February 1826).
658:shrubland along watercourses, and at
261:) is a species of bird in the family
214:
7:
1885:IUCN Red List least concern species
1311:. Australian Museum. Archived from
909:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
401:(from the Latin for 'fringed') and
1497:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1983.tb01598.x
987:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x
837:Nests are known to be predated by
297:occupies a range of habitats from
14:
1910:Birds of the Lesser Sunda Islands
559:with the nominate race along the
695:with other honeyeaters, such as
379:Lichmera indistincta indistincta
81:
39:Lichmera indistincta indistincta
1655:Lichmera_(Lichmera)_indistincta
1235:Field Guide to Australian Birds
898:BirdLife International (2016).
1450:10.1086/physzool.54.1.30155799
1:
1485:Australian Journal of Ecology
1434:Acanthorhynchus superciliosis
686:Insects are caught in flight.
220:Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
1905:Birds of southern New Guinea
1528:10.1016/0300-9629(81)90370-4
1403:Australian Wildlife Research
693:mixed-species feeding flocks
1112:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.021
1074:Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats
1931:
1233:Morcombe, Michael (2003).
944:Jobling, James A. (2010).
804:Newcastle, New South Wales
1205:Officer, Hugh R. (1964).
916:: e.T103684809A93945076.
855:Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo
500:sweet-sweet-quarty-quarty
213:
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78:Scientific classification
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1900:Birds of the Aru Islands
1580:- BirdLife International
750:Insects were most often
510:Distribution and habitat
1915:Birds described in 1827
1170:10.1073/pnas.0401892101
664:travelling stock routes
331:Nicholas Aylward Vigors
1207:Australian Honeyeaters
1006:; Mason, I.J. (1999).
798:
687:
248:
225:Gliciphila indistincta
1438:Physiological Zoology
793:
685:
550:Torres Strait Islands
339:Meliphaga indistincta
243:
217:Meliphaga indistincta
1860:Lichmera-indistincta
1668:lichmera-indistincta
1642:Lichmera_indistincta
1628:Lichmera indistincta
1598:Lichmera indistincta
1547:Beruldsen, Gordon R.
1512:Lichmera indistincta
1481:Lichmera indistincta
1430:Lichmera indistincta
902:Lichmera indistincta
628:, and widespread in
608:Rhizophora mucronata
536:Kakadu National Park
456:behind the eye. The
397:where it is found),
265:. It belongs to the
258:Lichmera indistincta
187:Lichmera indistincta
1161:2004PNAS..10111040B
861:Conservation status
630:sclerophyll forests
561:Gulf of Carpentaria
341:. The species name
169:L. indistincta
48:Conservation status
1895:Birds of Australia
1702:BirdLife-Australia
1309:Birds in Backyards
1305:"Brown Honeyeater"
1258:Ashby, E. (1920).
878:for conservation.
799:
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636:woodlands. In the
565:L. i. melvillensis
479:L. i. melvillensis
321:for conservation.
249:
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1842:Open Tree of Life
1590:Taxon identifiers
1578:Species factsheet
1415:10.1071/WR9820303
1315:on 5 October 2011
1216:978-0-909711-03-0
795:L. i. indistincta
471:L. i. indistincta
453:sexual dimorphism
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389:meaning 'eye'),
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351:Linnean Society
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563:river system.
542:L. i. ocularis
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475:L. i. ocularis
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425:(pardalotes),
415:L. indistincta
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967:Vigors, N. A.
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894:
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876:least concern
873:
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851:pallid cuckoo
848:
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702:
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581:Lesser Sundas
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573:L. i. limbata
570:
567:inhabits the
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435:Meliphagoidea
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178:Binomial name
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63:Least Concern
53:
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44:
41:, Darwin, NT
40:
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27:
22:
19:
1890:Meliphagidae
1872:
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1319:29 September
1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1308:
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1103:
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1007:
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961:
949:. Retrieved
939:
927:. Retrieved
913:
907:
901:
864:
847:brush cuckoo
836:
824:
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811:
808:
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794:
780:
749:
744:
730:
724:
689:
673:
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623:
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611:
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593:
584:
575:is found in
572:
569:Tiwi Islands
564:
557:intergrading
544:is found in
541:
540:
524:Homebush Bay
513:
503:
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486:
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427:Acanthizidae
423:Pardalotidae
420:
414:
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406:
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391:melvillensis
390:
386:
382:
378:
358:
354:
345:is from the
342:
338:
328:
317:as being of
308:
295:
291:Wallace Line
263:Meliphagidae
257:
256:
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244:
224:
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186:
184:
168:
167:
155:
145:Meliphagidae
38:
18:
1764:iNaturalist
1622:Wikispecies
1444:(1): 1–13.
1121:10852/65203
929:12 November
832:faecal sacs
625:Callistemon
589:Aru Islands
585:L. i. nupta
487:L. i. nupta
483:indistincta
473:, the male
441:Description
393:(named for
373:(1990) and
343:indistincta
337:in 1827 as
267:honeyeaters
1879:Categories
1855:Xeno-canto
1106:: 516–29.
882:References
717:woollybutt
600:dry season
546:New Guinea
446:Appearance
375:Christidis
355:Gliciphila
279:New Guinea
1808:103684809
1694:103684809
1284:0158-4197
874:to be of
867:Wheatbelt
828:incubates
813:Melaleuca
732:Grevillea
713:bloodwood
670:Behaviour
649:Grevillea
619:Melaleuca
596:Toowoomba
554:Cape York
532:Illawarra
516:Newcastle
431:Maluridae
311:Wheatbelt
299:mangroves
283:Indonesia
275:Australia
199:Horsfield
163:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
1782:11037235
1689:BirdLife
1607:Wikidata
1549:(1980).
1466:88116331
1458:30155799
1189:15263073
1130:28017855
951:28 April
786:Breeding
756:sallying
634:eucalypt
579:and the
571:, while
411:limbatus
399:limbatus
383:ocularis
365:(1975),
359:Lichmera
325:Taxonomy
303:eucalypt
231:, 1884
208:Synonyms
156:Lichmera
141:Family:
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
1756:2487341
1743:brohon1
1717:brohon1
1676:Avibase
1613:Q790624
1157:Bibcode
819:Banksia
760:beetles
752:gleaned
745:Banksia
737:stamens
726:Banksia
721:cajeput
678:Feeding
613:Banksia
587:on the
528:Kurnell
520:Top End
363:Schodde
201:, 1827)
151:Genus:
131:Order:
121:Class:
66: (
1847:527600
1821:266363
1795:560811
1663:ARKive
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774:, and
723:, and
697:banded
643:Acacia
583:, and
552:, and
548:, the
407:nubere
387:oculus
371:Monroe
367:Sibley
197:&
195:Vigors
1834:74933
1777:IRMNG
1769:12526
1738:eBird
1730:729R9
1714:BOW:
1462:S2CID
1454:JSTOR
772:wasps
764:flies
660:bores
655:Hakea
504:ke-ke
403:nupta
347:Latin
271:birds
229:Gadow
1816:NCBI
1803:IUCN
1790:ITIS
1751:GBIF
1555:ISBN
1432:and
1378:ISBN
1321:2011
1280:ISSN
1239:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1185:PMID
1126:PMID
1078:ISBN
1012:ISBN
953:2020
931:2021
914:2016
872:IUCN
797:, NT
776:bees
768:ants
729:and
707:and
652:and
638:arid
632:and
577:Bali
526:and
462:gape
458:bill
369:and
333:and
315:IUCN
287:Bali
251:The
125:Aves
1725:CoL
1650:AFD
1637:ADW
1524:doi
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1493:doi
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1446:doi
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1411:doi
1355:doi
1347:Emu
1272:doi
1264:Emu
1175:PMC
1165:doi
1153:101
1116:hdl
1108:doi
1104:107
983:doi
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622:or
301:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
