1760:. This is in the north of the Wirral near the River Mersey. The pool is linked to the river by a creek which, before it was developed into modern docks, stretched inland some two miles, was, at high tide over 20 feet (6 m) deep and was surrounded by a moss or mere which is now known as Bidston Moss. In addition to this landing site an unconfirmed Roman Road is suggested to have led from the area of Bidston to Chester. Following the route of this road would take an invading force through the area the battle is believed to have been fought. Landscape survey has identified a likely position for Bruna's burh. This survey places the burh at Brimstage approximately 11 miles (18 km) from Chester.
909:. After travelling north through Mercia, Æthelstan's army met the invading forces at Brunanburh. In a battle that lasted all day, the English finally forced them to break up and flee. There was probably a prolonged period of hard fighting before the invaders were finally defeated. According to the poem, the English "clove the shield-wall, hacked the war-lime, with hammers's leavings". "There lay many a soldier of the men of the north, shot over shield, taken by spears, likewise Scottish also, sated, weary of war". Wood states that all large battles were described in this manner, so the description in the poem is not unique to Brunanburh.
912:Æthelstan and his army pursued the invaders until the end of the day, slaying great numbers of enemy troops. Olaf fled and sailed back to Dublin with the remnants of his army and Constantine escaped to Scotland; Owain's fate is not mentioned. According to the poem: "Then the Northmen, bloody survivors of darts, disgraced in spirit, departed on Ding's Mere, in nailed boats over deep water, to seek out Dublin, and their land again." Never has there been greater slaughter "since the Angles and Saxons came here from the east...seized the country".
1267:
1213:Æthelstan's victory prevented the dissolution of England, but it failed to unite the island: Scotland and Strathclyde remained independent. Foot writes that "xaggerating the importance of this victory is difficult". Livingston writes that the battle was "the moment when Englishness came of age" and "one of the most significant battles in the long history not just of England but of the whole of the British isles". The battle was called "the greatest single battle in Anglo-Saxon history before the
943:(version A), which was written within two decades of the battle. The poem relates that Æthelstan and Edmund's army of West Saxons and Mercians fought at Brunanburh against the Vikings under Anlaf (i.e. Olaf Guthfrithson) and the Scots under Constantine. After a fierce battle lasting all day, five young kings, seven of Anlaf's earls, and countless others were killed in the greatest slaughter since the Anglo-Saxon invasions. Anlaf and a small band of men escaped by ship over
1401:
4278:
6173:
1165:
altar , and made a promise that, if the lord would grant him victory over his enemies, he would redeem the said poniard at a suitable price, which he accordingly did…. In the battle which was fought on this occasion there fell
Constantine, king of Scots, and five other kings, twelve earls, and an infinite number of the lower classes, on the side of the barbarians.
57:
860:, Constantine was Olaf's father-in-law.) Though they had all been enemies in living memory, historian Michael Livingston points out that "they had agreed to set aside whatever political, cultural, historical, and even religious differences they might have had in order to achieve one common purpose: to destroy Æthelstan".
1192:
Awley , with all the Danes of Dublin and north part of
Ireland, departed and went overseas. The Danes that departed from Dublin arrived in England, & by the help of the Danes of that kingdom, they gave battle to the Saxons on the plaines of othlyn, where there was a great slaughter of Normans and
921:
describe the battle as "great, lamentable and horrible" and record that "several thousands of
Norsemen ... fell". Among the casualties were five kings and seven earls from Olaf's army. The poem records that Constantine lost several friends and family members in the battle, including his son. The
1164:
the Danes of
Northumbria and Norfolk entered into a confederacy , which was joined by Constantine, king of the Scots, and many others; on which levied an army and led it into Northumbria. On his way, he was met by many pilgrims returning homeward from Beverley… offered his poniard upon the holy
1689:
was a commonly used route by
Vikings sailing from Ireland. N.J. Higham suggests the Mersey was never a medieval shipping lane of any consequence. He doubts the Viking fleet used the river because of the extensive mosslands which would have hampered disembarkation. ("The Context of Brunanburh" in
1145:
in 1220–40, which recounts a battle at "VĂnheidi" (Vin-heath) by "VĂnuskĂłga" (Vin-wood); it is generally accepted that this refers to the Battle of
Brunanburh. Egil's Saga contains information not found in other sources, such as military engagements prior to the battle, Æthelstan's use of Viking
739:
in 934, possibly launched because
Constantine had violated a peace treaty, it became apparent that Æthelstan could be defeated only by an alliance of his enemies. Olaf led Constantine and Owen in the alliance. In August 937 Olaf and his army sailed from Dublin to join forces with Constantine and
1559:
contains more detailed topographical information than any of the other medieval texts, although its usefulness as historical evidence is disputed. According to this account, Olaf's army occupied an unnamed fortified town north of a heath, with large inhabited areas nearby. Æthelstan's camp was
1681:(which could mean "Bruna's fort"). In his essay "The Place-Name Debate", Paul Cavill listed the steps by which this transition may have occurred. Evidence suggests that there were Scandinavian settlements in the area starting in the late 800s, and the town is also situated near the
1281:
The location of the battlefield is unknown and has been the subject of lively debate among historians since at least the 17th century. Over forty locations have been proposed, from the southwest of
England to Scotland, although most historians agree that a location in
731:
argue that "the men who fought and died on that field forged a political map of the future that remains, arguably making the Battle of
Brunanburh one of the most significant battles in the long history not just of England, but of the whole of the British Isles."
863:
In August 937, Olaf sailed from Dublin with his army to join forces with
Constantine and Owen and in Livingston's opinion this suggests that the battle of Brunanburh occurred in early October of that year. According to Paul Cavill, the invading armies raided
1030:…in the year 937 of the Lord´s Nativity, at Wendune which is called by another name Et Brunnanwerc or Brunnanbyrig, he fought against Anlaf, son of former king Guthfrith, who came with 615 ships and had with him the help of the Scots and the Cumbrians.
1324:, suggesting that the first element in the name is 'brown' and not 'Bruna'. Bromborough would therefore be 'the brown manor or fort'. The corollary of this argument being the early names of Bromborough cannot be derived from Old English
1818:, means "the hill where there had been a pagan Roman sanctuary or temple". According to Wood, Frank Stenton believed that this piece of evidence could help in finding the location of the battle. There is also a Roman fort nearby, and
1879:, associating the battle with an area known as Broadclough Dykes. Broadclough is also said to be the site where a Danish chieftain was killed in a battle between the Danes and Saxons. His grave is said to be at a farm near Stubbylee.
1310:, but says that there could have been others. He comments that evidence of military metal working is unsurprising in an area of Viking activity: it is not evidence for a battle, let alone any particular battle. In an article in
1305:
that Wirral Archaeology's case for Bromborough is conclusive, but this claim is criticised in a review of the book by Thomas Williams. He accepts that Bromborough is the only surviving place name which originates in Old English
1258:, writing in the late 900s, said that the battle was "still called the 'great battle' by the common people" and that "he fields of Britain were consolidated into one, there was peace everywhere, and abundance of all things".
892:
and were engaged in battle to the east of the Pennines. Livingston speculates that the battle site at Brunanburh was chosen in agreement with Æthelstan, on which "there would be one fight, and to the victor went England".
871:
Livingston thinks that the invading armies entered England in two waves, Constantine and Owen coming from the north, possibly engaging in some skirmishes with Æthelstan's forces as they followed the Roman road across the
1254:Æthelstan's ambition to unite the island had failed; the Kingdoms of Scotland and Strathclyde regained their independence, and Great Britain remained divided for centuries to come, Celtic north from Anglo-Saxon south.
884:, with Olaf's forces joining them on the way. Deakin argues against a western passage for the coalition army by demonstrating that on the few occasions Scottish armies had crossed into England, they had used the
417:
1810:, as a possible site of the battle. He notes that there is a hill nearby, White Hill, and observes that the surrounding landscape is strikingly similar to the description of the battlefield contained in
3325:
3681:
1297:. They found a field with a heavy concentration of artifacts which may be a result of metal working in a tenth-century army camp. The location of the field is being kept secret to protect it from
177:
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1343:
The medieval texts employ a plethora of alternative names for the site of the battle, which historians have attempted to link to known places. The earliest relevant document is the “
5189:
1045:(early 12th century) was an influential source for later authors and compilers. It corresponds closely to the description of the battle in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, but adds that:
1560:
pitched to the south of Olaf, between a river on one side and a forest on raised ground on the other, to the north of another unnamed town at several hours' ride from Olaf's camp.
1146:
mercenaries, the topology of the battlefield, the position of Anlaf's and Æthelstan's headquarters, and the tactics and unfolding of events during the battle. Historians such as
1053:
Anlaf, the pagan king of the Irish and many other islands, incited by his father-in-law Constantine, king of the Scots, entered the mouth of the River Humber with a strong fleet.
410:
1892:. It was initially suggested as the site of the battle by George Neilson in 1899 and was the leading theory in the early 1900s, having obtained support from historians such as
1871:. His work was subsequently referenced and expanded by a number of local authors. Notably Thomas Newbigging argued the battle took place six miles from Burnley, namely in
958:, calls the battle "a huge war, lamentable and horrible". It notes Anlaf's return to Dublin with a few men the following year, associated with an event in the spring.
403:
5232:
170:
1690:
Rumble, A.R.; A.D. Mills (1997). Names, Places, People. An Onomastic Miscellany in Memory of John McNeal Dodgson. Stamford: Paul Watkins. p153). Additionally, the
4311:
4260:
1656:
According to William of Malmesbury it was Owen of Strathclyde who was present at Eamont but the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says Owain of Gwent; it may have been both.
848:
Following the invasion of Scotland, it became apparent that Æthelstan could only be defeated by an allied force of his enemies. The leader of the alliance was
752:
recounts that there were "never yet as many people killed before this with sword's edge ... since the east Angles and Saxons came up over the broad sea".
3332:
7723:
1009:
to ask for his prayers in the forthcoming battle. In thanksgiving for his victory, Æthelstan gave certain privileges and rights to the church at Beverley.
199:
5255:
3712:
928:, which names several kings and princes. A large number of English also died in the battle, including two of Æthelstan's cousins, Ælfwine and Æthelwine.
163:
1896:. Kevin Halloran argues that the different forms used by various authors when naming the battle site associate it with a hill and fortifications, since
868:, from which Æthelstan obtained Saxon troops as he travelled north to meet them. Michael Wood wrote that no source mentions any intrusion into Mercia.
5169:
4304:
1736:
is a reference to a marshland or wetland near the Viking Thing at Thingwall on the Wirral Peninsula. Deakin questions the onomastic process by which
1744:
describes the battle as taking place "ymbe Brunanburh" ("around Brunanburh"), numerous locations near Bromborough have been proposed, including the
7639:
1001:(early 12th century) relates how, in 937, Æthelstan left his army on his way north to fight the Scots at Brunanburh, and went to visit the tomb of
1095:(1133) adds the detail that Danes living in England had joined Anlaf's army. Michael Wood argues that this, together with a similar remark in the
977:(ca. 980) says that the battle at "Brunandune" was still known as "the great war" to that day, and no enemy fleet had attacked the country since.
6820:
1081:. William of Malmesbury further states that Æthelstan raised 100,000 soldiers. He is at variance with Symeon of Durham in calling Anlaf "son of
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1510:(ca. 1400) says that as Æthelstan led his army into Northumbria (i.e. north of the Humber) he met on his way many pilgrims coming home from
6300:
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428:
48:
3417:
Brunanburh Located: The Battlefield and the Poem in Aspects of Medieval English Language and Literature (ed. Michiko Ogura and Hans Sauer)
1740:
is supposed to have been created and also argues that such a wetland on the tenth-century Wirral coast of the Dee was unlikely. Since the
1389:
could be a personal name, a river name, or the Old English or Old Norse word for a spring or stream. Less mystery surrounds the suffixes
1301:. As of 2020, they are seeking funds to pursue their research further. The military historian Michael Livingston argues in his 2021 book
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6257:
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936:
The battle of Brunanburh is mentioned or alluded to in over forty Anglo-Saxon, Irish, Welsh, Scottish, Norman and Norse medieval texts.
1205:
records 34,800 Viking and Scottish casualties, including Ceallagh the prince of Scotland (Constantine's son) and nine other named men.
3629:
1959:
Hunwick in County Durham is suggested by Stefan Bjornsson and Bjorn Verhardsson in their book Brunanburh: Located Through Egil's Saga.
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1814:. There is an ancient Roman temple on White Hill, and Wood states that the name Symeon of Durham used for the place of the battle,
1129:(1173–4) repeats Symeon of Durham's information that Anlaf arrived with 615 ships, but adds that he entered the mouth of the river
1545:
where it is suggested to have been used metaphorically for a grave and/or Hell. His analysis of the context of lines 53–56 of the
759:
wrote around 975 that "he fields of Britain were consolidated into one, there was peace everywhere, and abundance of all things".
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4449:
1479:
1888:
Burnswark is a hill 280 metres (920 ft) tall, and is the site of two Roman military camps and many fortifications from the
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339:
259:
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refers to a body of water, although the specific type of body varies depending on the context. In some cases, it refers to a
1670:
1275:
1099:, suggests that Anlaf and his allies had established themselves in a centre of Anglo-Scandinavian power prior to the battle.
6993:
7675:
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6805:
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5346:
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1756:). Recent research on the Wirral has identified a possible landing site for the Norse and Scots. This is a feature called
7053:
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825:
stated that the cause was Constantine's violation of the peace treaty made in 927. Æthelstan evidently travelled through
7494:
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2840:
1184:(an early medieval Irish chronicle of unknown date that survives only in an English translation from 1627) states that:
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2798:
Williams, Thomas (September–October 2021). "Review of 'Never Greater Slaughter: Brunanburh and the Birth of England'".
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The battle resulted in an overwhelming victory for Æthelstan's army. The main source of information is the poem "
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Short documentary produced by C Bebenezer about aural traditions and the possible Burnley location of the battle
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229:
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Wirral Archaeology, a local volunteer group, believes that it may have identified the site of the battle near
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224:
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Ingulph's chronicle of the abbey of Croyland with the continuations by Peter of Blois and anonymous writers
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5091:
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924:
720:
359:
334:
123:
1860:
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6410:
6369:
6330:
6232:
5950:
5775:
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5336:
5241:
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4587:
4581:
1537:, perhaps meaning an area of the Irish Sea or an unidentified lake or river. Deakin noted that the term
1523:
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796:
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314:
304:
289:
284:
244:
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148:
140:
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7283:
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6262:
5618:
4477:
1069:(1127) adds the detail that Æthelstan "purposely held back", letting Anlaf advance "far into England".
939:
One of the earliest and most informative sources is the Old English poem "Battle of Brunanburh" in the
1355:” (around Brunanburh). Many other medieval sources contain variations on the name Brunanburh, such as
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7549:
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7308:
7288:
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6810:
6770:
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6745:
6710:
6645:
6555:
6535:
6520:
6480:
6470:
6460:
6325:
6237:
5473:
5448:
5366:
5311:
5275:
4864:
4846:
4783:
4747:
4733:
980:
558:
538:
501:
476:
471:
364:
324:
309:
6112:
155:
7589:
7579:
7474:
7393:
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7158:
7013:
6740:
6690:
6670:
6610:
6570:
6560:
6495:
6347:
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6204:
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5629:
5493:
5483:
5478:
5417:
4900:
4888:
4870:
4858:
4543:
4531:
3922:
Wood, Michael (2013). "Searching for Brunanburh: The Yorkshire Context of the 'Great War' of 937".
1150:
argue that Egil's Saga may contain elements of truth but is not a historically reliable narrative.
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563:
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with a large military and naval force in 934. Although the reason for this invasion is uncertain,
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6445:
6425:
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5331:
5199:
5159:
4983:
4954:
4827:
4803:
4723:
4610:
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4176:
4141:
4091:
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4009:
3947:
3704:
1666:
1625:
1588:
1405:
1397:
which are the Old English words for a fortification, low hill, ford, and open land respectively.
1214:
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728:
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641:
624:
619:
548:
506:
457:
369:
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269:
110:
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1400:
1351:(version A), written within two decades of the battle, which names the battlefield location as “
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2803:
1876:
1749:
1487:
1451:
1333:
1312:
1073:
argues that, in a twelfth-century context, "far into England" could mean anywhere in southern
1038:
988:
877:
857:
849:
834:
822:
767:". The site of the battle is unknown; many possible locations have been proposed by scholars.
704:
700:
669:
533:
496:
486:
319:
279:
254:
209:
115:
3890:
2456:
991:'s involvement in a miraculous restitution of Æthelstan's sword at the height of the battle.
7614:
7539:
7519:
7499:
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7378:
7363:
7348:
7293:
7133:
7118:
7078:
6963:
6660:
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6615:
6530:
6510:
6500:
6490:
6430:
6295:
6227:
5943:
5816:
5754:
5678:
5584:
5529:
5422:
5194:
5048:
4936:
4930:
4789:
4765:
4393:
4387:
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4083:
4030:
4001:
3931:
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3583:
3227:
1713:
1459:
1416:
1294:
1283:
1013:
1002:
963:
954:
917:
808:
614:
599:
511:
491:
349:
85:
5458:
5174:
3797:
7624:
7383:
7298:
7258:
7238:
7223:
7203:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7108:
6932:
6900:
6795:
6585:
6505:
6440:
6435:
6405:
6072:
6020:
5909:
5894:
5866:
5861:
5836:
5821:
5801:
5645:
5639:
5554:
5073:
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4876:
4705:
4681:
4561:
4494:
4283:
3867:
3230:
1923:
1631:
1577:
1228:
1218:
1109:
838:
760:
654:
568:
466:
344:
264:
234:
119:
7438:
7358:
4437:
3519:
1082:
3744:
1340:'the burh at the spring or stream', found in several Anglo-Saxon Chronicle manuscripts.
7665:
7453:
7278:
7248:
6865:
6279:
5924:
5889:
5780:
5634:
5624:
5402:
5397:
5280:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5184:
5154:
4500:
4348:
4112:
2318:
1556:
1542:
1471:
1221:, who nonetheless says its consequences beyond Æthelstan's reign have been overstated.
1137:
1078:
1728:, and a large wetland is present in the area. Therefore, in their article "Revisiting
7692:
7619:
7033:
6922:
6077:
6062:
6015:
5919:
5904:
5876:
5759:
5744:
5696:
5559:
5164:
5059:
4519:
4227:
4095:
4042:
4013:
3992:
3951:
2195:
1947:
1935:
1782:
1778:
1777:, likely because of a Roman fort situated near the place where the Great North Road (
1774:
1757:
1507:
1248:
1153:
994:
949:(or Ding's Mere) to Dublin. Constantine's son was killed, and Constantine fled home.
804:
3935:
1529:
Few other geographical hints are contained in the medieval sources. The poem in the
7703:
7353:
7218:
7038:
6895:
6209:
6199:
6092:
5914:
5739:
5569:
5387:
5341:
4296:
4021:
Breeze, Andrew (March 2016). "The Battle of Brunanburh and Cambridge, CCC, MS183".
2681:
1968:
Barton-upon-Humber in North Lincolnshire is the most recent location, suggested by
1893:
1822:
means "fortified place" in Old English; Wood suggests that this fort may have been
1793:
has suggested this site, noting the similarity between Went and Symeon of Durham's
1682:
1515:
1298:
5544:
5453:
5306:
4399:
4291:
4034:
692:
135:
3828:
7408:
7338:
7233:
7193:
6927:
6890:
6875:
6735:
6066:
6000:
5985:
5407:
5079:
4675:
4508:
1943:
1939:
1872:
1785:. The site is overlooked by a hill called "Barnsdale Bar", past which flows the
1770:
1674:
1567:
1317:
1290:
1244:
889:
763:
has called the battle "the greatest single battle in Anglo-Saxon history before
444:
4277:
4156:
Names, Places, People. An Onomastic Miscellany in Memory of John McNeal Dodgson
4087:
1918:) means "a hill". He also states that the name "Burnswark" could be related to
6983:
6948:
6142:
6137:
6052:
5701:
4699:
4482:
4273:
4137:
4102:
4005:
3959:
3700:
3639:
3449:
1868:
1807:
1786:
1696:
1686:
1582:
1224:
1147:
1113:
945:
881:
873:
792:
395:
3943:
3612:
3587:
3415:
2807:
7428:
7303:
7273:
7058:
6840:
6172:
6162:
6082:
6037:
6005:
5884:
5749:
5711:
5651:
5534:
5179:
1922:, another alternative name for the battle site used by Symeon of Durham and
1857:
1717:
1709:
1599:
1573:
1271:
1232:
1142:
987:(very late 11th century) is one of at least six medieval sources to recount
885:
842:
788:
1673:
has wide support among many scholars. Charters from the 1200s suggest that
1235:, his control of the north declined, and after he died Olaf acceded to the
3165:
Cavill, Paul; Harding, Stephen; Jesch, Judith (October 2004). "Revisiting
1478:(1338) all state that Olaf's fleet entered the mouth of the Humber, while
17:
7213:
7173:
6905:
6880:
6352:
6274:
6194:
6132:
6127:
6057:
6047:
6042:
5990:
5785:
5691:
5668:
5564:
5549:
5463:
4622:
4117:
Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters: Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks
4074:
Downham, Clare (2021). "A Wirral Location for the Battle of Brunanburh".
3892:
Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Volume 9
1889:
1864:
1511:
1006:
826:
712:
5210:
4180:
4145:
3708:
2638:
Livingston, Michael. "The Roads to Brunanburh", in Livingston 2011, p. 1
1902:(used by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle poem) means "a fortified place", and
7228:
7153:
7128:
7098:
7093:
6978:
6305:
6267:
6157:
6122:
6010:
5980:
5966:
5721:
5686:
5605:
5514:
5036:
4922:
4838:
4821:
4777:
4634:
4628:
4513:
3990:
Breeze, Andrew (1999). "The Battle of Brunanburh and Welsh tradition".
3128:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 146–153
3115:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 134–139
3076:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 126–133
3002:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 331–335
2986:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 138–139
2973:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 132–133
2882:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 327–349
2706:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 400–401
2407:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 144–145
2015:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 152–153
1725:
1619:
1610:
1593:
776:
519:
3597:"Brunnanburh - The burh at the Spring: The Battle of South Humberside"
2381:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 40–43.
2285:
2283:
56:
7443:
7163:
6973:
6870:
6850:
6342:
6335:
6315:
6117:
5519:
5085:
5067:
4815:
4809:
4405:
3740:
3102:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 90–97
3089:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 84–89
3060:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 66–67
3031:
Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 152–153
2960:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 66–67
2934:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 48–49
2921:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 90–91
2908:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 48–49
2602:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 69–81
2546:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 60–65
2533:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 56–61
2520:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 56–61
2507:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 56–57
2478:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 54–55
2446:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 50–53
2433:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 48–49
2420:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 48–49
2196:"Brunnanburh 'The Burh at the Spring: The Battle of South Humberside"
1753:
1447:
1239:
without resistance. In 954 however the Norse lost their territory in
1231:
for Æthelstan: the campaign against the northern alliance ended in a
1130:
961:
In its only entry for 937, the mid/late 10th-century Welsh chronicle
865:
740:
Owen, but they were routed in the battle against Æthelstan. The poem
5995:
3622:
Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ivarr to AD 1014
3596:
3508:
2572:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 66–7
2559:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 64–5
1835:
According to Alfred Smyth, the original form of the name Bromswold,
1486:(late 13th C) says the invading army arrived "south of the Humber".
3047:
Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 70–71
3018:
Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 64–65
2947:
Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 56–61
2895:
Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. pp. 40–43
803:(or Morgan ap Owain of Gwent) accepted Æthelstan's overlordship at
7323:
7313:
7268:
6189:
6102:
6032:
4124:
Halloran, Kevin (2005). "The Brunanburh Campaign: A Reappraisal".
2491:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. p. 277
2394:. Ed. Michael Livingston. University of Exeter Press. 2011. p. 283
1399:
1265:
1117:
830:
755:Æthelstan's victory preserved the unity of England. The historian
852:, King of Dublin, joined by Constantine II, King of Scotland and
7448:
7018:
6855:
6097:
4616:
4488:
1898:
1240:
780:
632:
5939:
5214:
4300:
4076:
Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire
3395:. Society of Antiquaries of London: Ordinary Meeting of Fellows
922:
largest list of those killed in the battle is contained in the
399:
159:
2994:
2992:
1863:
published a paper suggesting that the battle occurred on the
3779:
Never Greater Slaughter: Brunanburh and the Birth of England
1316:
in 2022, Michael Deakin questions the philological case for
2770:"Has the Battle of Brunanburh battlefield been discovered?"
723:. The battle is sometimes cited as the point of origin for
62:
A portrait of Æthelstan presenting a book to Saint Cuthbert
5935:
4105:, "Where English becomes British: Rethinking Contexts for
3039:
3037:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
1085:” and asserting that Constantine himself had been slain.
3553:
The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings
3068:
3066:
2499:
2497:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2086:
2084:
1616:
Londesborough and Nunburnholme, East Riding of Yorkshire
1446:
Few medieval texts refer to a known place, although the
3489:
Bulmer's History and Directory of East Yorkshire (1892)
3010:
3008:
2470:
2468:
2466:
5190:
Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom
3186:
3184:
2622:
2620:
1704:
could be interpreted as "mere of the Thing". The word
1677:(a town on the Wirral Peninsula) was originally named
4214:
Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research
3450:"The Nunburnholme Cross and the Battle of Brunanburh"
2323:. CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts. 2000. p. 386
2101:
2099:
4152:
Higham, Nicholas J., "The Context of Brunanburh" in
3905:
In Search of England: Journeys into the English Past
3111:
Pseudo-Ingulf. ”Ingulfi Croylandensis Historia". In
2753:
Wirral Archaeology Press Release (22 October 2019).
2035:
2033:
7658:
7467:
6941:
6829:
6393:
6288:
6218:
6180:
5973:
5875:
5794:
5768:
5730:
5677:
5598:
5507:
5441:
5380:
5289:
5248:
5142:
5112:
5057:
5029:
5022:
4992:
4968:
4921:
4914:
4837:
4722:
4715:
4668:
4661:
4597:
4470:
4463:
4417:
4341:
4334:
3749:. Translated by Henry T. Riley. London: H. G. Bohn.
2891:Anonymous. "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Version A)”. In
2377:Anonymous. "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Version A)”. In
1938:has argued for Lanchester, since the Roman fort of
4226:
2943:William of Malmesbury. ”Gesta Regum Anglorum". In
2755:"The search for the Battle of Brunanburh, is over"
2529:William of Malmesbury. "Gesta Regum Anglorum". In
2516:William of Malmesbury. ”Gesta Regum Anglorum". In
1867:above Burnley, noting that the town stands on the
3733:The Age of Athelstan: Britain's Forgotten History
2855:The Age of Athelstan: Britain´s Forgotten History
2729:The Age of Athelstan: Britain´s Forgotten History
2487:Thompson Smith, Scott. ”The Latin Tradition". In
2390:Thompson Smith, Scott. "The Latin Tradition". in
1112:, says that Æthelstan defeated the Scots, men of
189:Anglo-Saxon invasions and the founding of England
2702:Parker, Joanne. ”The Victorian Imagination". In
1522:(1527) claims that the battle was fought by the
3874:(revised paperback ed.). London: Phoenix.
3393:"Brunanburh in 937: Bromborough or Lanchester?"
3085:Robert of Gloucester. ”Metrical Chronicle". In
2059:
1533:says that the invaders fled over deep water on
1162:
41:
4212:Wood, Michael (1980). "Brunanburh Revisited".
3521:Vikings: Fear and Faith in Anglo-Saxon England
5951:
5226:
4312:
3160:
3158:
2542:Henry of Huntingdon. "Historia Anglorum". In
1553:is a poetic and figurative term for the sea.
430:Viking invasions of England
411:
171:
8:
3695:(218). Edinburgh University Press: 133–148.
2555:Gaimar, Geoffrey. "Estoire des Engleis". In
2474:Symeon of Durham. ”Libellus de Exordio". In
1942:overlooks the point where the road known as
1336:in 2017, discusses the alternative spelling
4158:. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 144–156.
3830:Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland, AD 80–1000
1732:", Cavill, Harding, and Jesch propose that
1563:Many sites have been suggested, including:
845:, but Æthelstan's force was never engaged.
5958:
5944:
5936:
5233:
5219:
5211:
5026:
4918:
4834:
4719:
4665:
4467:
4338:
4319:
4305:
4297:
4259:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4163:Niles, J.D. (1987). "Skaldic Technique in
3472:"Brun and Brunanburh: Burnley and Heysham"
3312:
3300:
3215:
3214:Cavill, Paul. "The Place-Name Debate", in
3149:
2998:Cavill, Paul. ”The Place-Name Debate". In
2878:Cavill, Paul. ”The Place-Name Debate". In
2353:
2208:
2141:
2129:
1992:
1419:(early 12th C) gives the alternative name
418:
404:
396:
178:
164:
156:
55:
38:
5170:List of English words of Old Norse origin
3852:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
3460:. Council for British Archaeology: 24–57.
3288:
3171:Journal of the English Place Name Society
3072:Robert Mannyng of Brune. ”Chronicle". In
2956:Gwynfardd Brycheiniog. ”Canu y Dewi". In
2827:"Bromborough, Brunanburh, and Dingesmere"
2821:
2819:
2817:
2785:"The Search for the Battle of Brunanburh"
1806:Michael Wood suggests Tinsley Wood, near
1450:estuary is mentioned by several sources.
1385:It is thought that the recurring element
999:De Miraculis Sancti Joannis Beverlacensis
3682:"The Brunanburh Campaign: A Reappraisal"
3572:"Bromborough, Brunanburh and Dingesmere"
3378:
3027:Anonymous. ”Annals of Clonmacnoise". In
2442:Eadmer of Canterbury. ”Vita Odonis". In
2011:Anonymous. ”Annals of Clonmacnoise". In
1502:(1338) claims the battle was fought at “
4119:. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 127–144.
4052:"Skaldic Verse and Anglo-Saxon History"
3663:The Kingdom of Northumbria: AD 350–1100
3510:Brunanburh – Located through Egils´saga
3244:Brunanburh and the Routes to Dingesmere
3137:
3014:Symeon of Durham. ”Historia Regum". In
2305:
2289:
2274:
2262:
2224:
2090:
1985:
1910:and Symeon of Durham, in names such as
1649:
1526:, which flows into the Humber estuary.
27:Part of the Viking invasions of England
5362:Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland
4252:
4190:"On the Transmission and Phonology of
4061:. Viking Society for Northern Research
3802:(2nd ed.). Rossendale Free Press.
3202:
3029:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook.
2917:Anonymous. ”Brenhinedd y Saesson". In
2893:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook.
2293:
2241:
2220:
2153:
2117:
2024:
1969:
1170:
3810:The Danes in Lancashire and Yorkshire
3276:
3056:Anonymous. ”Chronica de Mailros". In
3045:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook.
3016:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook.
2945:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook.
2651:
2647:
2568:Anonymous. "Chronica de Mailros". in
2075:
2055:
1712:) might be a reference to the Viking
1494:(ca. 1300) states the armies met at “
952:Another very early source, the Irish
856:, King of Strathclyde. (According to
7:
6821:Cnut the Great's invasion of England
4050:Campbell, Alistair (17 March 1970).
3756:The Battle of Brunanburh: A Casebook
3644:Æthelstan: The First King of England
3601:The East Yorkshire Historian Journal
3420:. Peter Lang: Berlin. pp. 61–80
3331:. The Rochdale Press. Archived from
3264:
3190:
3126:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
3113:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
3100:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
3087:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
3074:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
3058:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
3000:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2984:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2971:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2969:Anonymous. ”Scottish Chronicle". In
2958:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2932:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2919:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2906:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2880:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2866:
2740:
2715:
2704:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2626:
2611:
2600:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2586:
2570:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2557:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2544:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2531:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2518:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2505:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2489:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2476:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2444:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2431:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2418:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2405:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2392:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2379:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
2365:
2341:
2182:
2105:
2071:
2051:
2039:
2013:The Battle of Brunanburh. A Casebook
1694:states that the invaders escaped at
1498:”, while Robert Mannyng of Brunne's
1411:Not all the place-names contain the
837:. The army harassed the Scots up to
6776:Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias
3799:History of the Forest of Rossendale
3326:"History of the Parish of Rochdale"
3098:Peter of Langtoft. ”Chronique". In
2982:Walter Bower. ”Scotichronicon". In
2503:John of Worcester. ”Chronicon". In
967:laconically states "war at Brune".
7724:Battles involving the Anglo-Saxons
7640:Västergötland Runic Inscription 40
7605:Södermanland Runic Inscription 333
7600:Södermanland Runic Inscription 174
6969:Aud the Deep-Minded (KetilsdĂłttir)
3907:. University of California Press.
3391:Breeze, Andrew (4 December 2014).
3228:Birthplace of Englishness 'found'.
2904:Anonymous. ”Annales Cambriae". In
2757:. Liverpool University Press blog.
2416:Anonymous. ”Annales Cambriae". In
2403:Anonymous. "Annals of Ulster". In
1435:” Egil's Saga names the locations
1431:say the battle took place on the “
25:
4154:Rumble, A.R.; A.D. Mills (1997).
3781:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.
3754:Livingston, Michael, ed. (2011).
1752:(formerly within the Bromborough
1669:, the case for a location in the
1541:had been used in the Old English
1427:) for the battle site, while the
1108:, by the Anglo-Norman chronicler
737:invasion of Scotland by Æthelstan
6171:
5575:Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial
5489:Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66)
4450:Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire
4440:, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)
4328:Viking activity in Great Britain
4276:
3924:Yorkshire Archaeological Journal
3680:Halloran, Kevin (October 2005).
3454:The Archaeological Forum Journal
1141:is an Icelandic saga written in
3964:From Pictland to Alba: 789–1070
3936:10.1179/0084427613Z.00000000021
3532:Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2013).
1843:and other variants of the name.
1720:on the Wirral. In Old English,
1270:The Brackenwood golf course at
815:and there was peace until 934.
6791:Sack of Santiago de Compostela
4425:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians
4059:Dorothea Coke Memorial Lecture
3966:. Edinburgh University Press.
3689:The Scottish Historical Review
3534:Wales and the Britons 350–1064
3477:. North West Regional Studies.
3233:(URL accessed 27 August 2006).
3124:Hector Boece. ”Historiae". In
2663:Woolf 2013, "Scotland", p. 256
1773:was recorded as "Burg" in the
1158:Ingulfi Croylandensis Historia
30:For the Old English poem, see
1:
7729:Battles involving the Vikings
7676:Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)
7630:Uppland Runic Inscription 158
6806:Siege of Constantinople (860)
5150:"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem)
5129:
5095:
4644:
4547:
4428:
4035:10.1080/0078172x.2016.1127631
3889:Wilkinson, Thomas T. (1857).
3822:. Dublin: Templekieran Press.
3043:Anonymous. ”Egil´s Saga". In
775:After Æthelstan defeated the
7595:SmĂĄland Runic Inscription 48
7495:Danish Runic Inscription 380
7490:Danish Runic Inscription 154
5126:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum
3820:Scandinavian York and Dublin
3777:Livingston, Michael (2021).
2930:Æthelweard. ”Chronicon". In
2841:"The Spelling of Brunanburh"
2768:Livingston, Michael (2019).
2598:Anonymous. "Egils Saga". in
2429:Æthelweard. ”Chronicon". In
7485:Danish Runic Inscription 66
6989:Birka female Viking warrior
6681:Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu
5337:Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother
3796:Newbigging, Thomas (1893).
3536:. Oxford University Press.
3527:. HarperCollins Publishers.
2857:. Tempus. 2004. pp. 139–153
2783:Wirral Archaeology (2019).
2731:. Tempus. 2004. pp. 141–142
1634:, East Riding of Yorkshire.
1404:Ancient artesian spring at
664:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065
49:Viking invasions of England
32:Battle of Brunanburh (poem)
7755:
7719:Battles involving Scotland
7515:Gunnar's bridge runestones
6861:Viking Age arms and armour
6716:Battle of Strangford Lough
6456:Battle of Brentford (1016)
5877:Associated clans and septs
4126:Scottish Historical Review
4088:10.3828/transactions.170.5
3872:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
3848:Stenton, Frank M. (2001).
3807:Partington, S. W. (1909).
3760:University of Exeter Press
3624:. Dunedin Academic Press.
3507:Björnsson, Stefán (2020).
1781:) is met by the road from
1160:(ca. 1400) recounts that:
1102:The mid-12th century text
1061:Another influential work,
819:Æthelstan invaded Scotland
801:King Owen I of Strathclyde
735:Following an unchallenged
691:was fought in 937 between
220:Treason of the Long Knives
29:
7671:Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)
7645:Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone
7334:Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson
7169:Hrafna-FlĂłki VilgerĂ°arson
6706:Battle of Stamford Bridge
6169:
5357:Margaret, Queen of Norway
5317:Gormflaith ingen Murchada
4915:Second invasion: 980–1012
4570:Ecgberht I of Northumbria
4138:10.3366/shr.2005.84.2.133
3827:Smyth, Alfred P. (1984).
3701:10.3366/shr.2005.84.2.133
3646:. Yale University Press.
1606:Lanchester, County Durham
1598:Burnswark, situated near
1549:poem suggest to him that
725:English national identity
439:
197:
129:
104:
67:
54:
46:
7739:Battles involving Norway
7714:10th century in Scotland
7179:Ingvar the Far-Travelled
7084:Gudrid ThorbjarnardĂłttir
6918:Raid Warfare and Tactics
6761:Battle of Trans-la-ForĂŞt
6731:Battle of Tara (Ireland)
6701:Battle of Stamford (918)
6696:Battle of Stamford (894)
6601:Battle of LĂĽneburg Heath
6416:Battle of Anglesey Sound
5352:Margaret, Maid of Norway
5302:BethĂłc, Prioress of Iona
4444:Odda, Ealdorman of Devon
4363:of East Anglia (855–869)
4201:Leeds Studies in English
4192:The Battle of Brunanburh
3813:. Sherratt & Hughes.
3595:Deakin, Michael (2020).
3570:Deakin, Michael (2022).
3513:(3rd ed.). Hugfari.
1496:Bruneburgh on the Humber
1391:–burh/–werc, -dun, -ford
1330:Michael Wood (historian)
7709:10th century in England
7399:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson
7344:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye
7074:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia
6801:Siege of Chartres (911)
6651:Battle of Reading (871)
6606:Battle of Lyrskov Heath
6596:Battle of London Bridge
6566:Battle of Hingston Down
5428:Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson
5347:Máel Muire ingen AmlaĂb
4778:Sea Battle near Swanage
4688:Battle of Hingston Down
4006:10.1023/A:1004398614393
3620:Downham, Clare (2007).
3448:England, Sally (2020).
3414:Breeze, Andrew (2018).
3360:. UK Battlefields Trust
1746:Brackenwood Golf Course
1303:Never Greater Slaughter
1286:is the most plausible.
7555:Norra Härene Runestone
7480:Baltic area runestones
6994:Bjørn (floruit 856–58)
6781:Raids in the Rhineland
6591:Battle of Leuven (891)
6581:Battle of Islandbridge
6576:Battle of Hjörungavágr
6476:Battle of Cathair Cuan
5372:Ragnhildis Olafsdottir
4716:First invasion 865–896
4225:Wood, Michael (1999).
3818:Smyth, Alfred (1975).
3661:Higham, N. J. (1993).
3588:10.1093/notesj/gjac020
3551:Clarkson, Tim (2012).
3358:"Battle of Brunanburh"
3246:, 2014. Countyvise Ltd
2054:, p. 162, n. 15;
1854:Burnley Grammar School
1429:Annals of Clonmacnoise
1408:
1278:
1237:Kingdom of Northumbria
1203:Annals of Clonmacnoise
1181:Annals of Clonmacnoise
1176:
1097:Annals of Clonmacnoise
1043:Chronicon ex chronicis
925:Annals of Clonmacnoise
130:Commanders and leaders
124:Kingdom of Strathclyde
7734:Scandinavian Scotland
7525:Hakon Jarl runestones
7424:Tryggvi the Pretender
7329:Snæfrithr Svásadottir
7264:Ohthere of HĂĄlogaland
7209:Ketil Trout (Iceland)
7029:Eohric of East Anglia
6928:Svinfylking Formation
6736:Battle of Tarbat Ness
6546:Battle of Fýrisvellir
6411:First Battle of Alton
5776:Scottish island names
5599:Artifacts and culture
5276:Mormaers of Caithness
5242:Scandinavian Scotland
4669:Viking raids: 793–850
4588:Eohric of East Anglia
4582:Ceolwulf II of Mercia
4369:(978–1013, 1014–1016)
4188:Orton, Peter (1994).
3518:Cavill, Paul (2001).
1742:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1685:, which according to
1628:in North Lincolnshire
1531:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1504:Brunesburgh on Humber
1403:
1349:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1269:
1067:William of Malmesbury
941:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
907:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
797:Ealdred I of Bamburgh
749:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
727:: historians such as
699:, and an alliance of
205:Groans of the Britons
7635:Varangian runestones
7550:Lingsberg Runestones
7530:Hällestad Runestones
7414:Thorolf Kveldulfsson
7374:Styrbjörn the Strong
7309:Rognvald Eysteinsson
7289:Ragnhild Eriksdotter
7054:FreydĂs EirĂksdĂłttir
7024:Egill SkallagrĂmsson
6771:Burning of Luimneach
6746:Battle of Tettenhall
6711:Battle of Stiklestad
6646:Battle of Rastarkalv
6556:Battle of Hafrsfjord
6521:Battle of Englefield
6481:Battle of Chippenham
6471:Battle of Buttington
6466:Battle of Brunanburh
6461:Battle of Brissarthe
5795:Battles and treaties
5449:Kingdom of the Isles
5367:Ragnhild Eriksdotter
5322:Gunnhild GormsdĂłttir
5312:Cacht ingen Ragnaill
4822:Battle of Fearnhamme
4784:Battle of Chippenham
4748:Battle of Englefield
4367:Æthelred the Unready
4233:In Search of England
4169:Scandinavian Studies
3735:. Tempus Publishing.
3338:on 17 September 2021
3255:Capener, David, 2014
2320:The Annals of Ulster
2223:, pp. 101–102;
2074:, pp. 164–165;
2060:Charles-Edwards 2013
1769:The civil parish of
1602:in southern Scotland
1480:Robert of Gloucester
1468:Chronicle of Melrose
1345:Battle of Brunanburh
1247:, with the death of
1063:Gesta regum Anglorum
981:Eadmer of Canterbury
903:Battle of Brunanburh
743:Battle of Brunanburh
689:Battle of Brunanburh
42:Battle of Brunanburh
7580:Sigtrygg Runestones
7570:Runestones of Högby
7475:Ballstorp Runestone
7459:Unn the Deep-Minded
7394:Thorfinn the Mighty
7389:Ăžorbjörg LĂtilvölva
7369:Steinunn RefsdĂłttir
7159:Hemming Halfdansson
7014:Bjorn the Easterner
6741:Battle of Tempsford
6691:Battle of Stainmore
6671:Battle of Rochester
6611:Battle of Mag Femen
6571:Battle of the Holme
6496:Battle of Corbridge
6451:Battle of Brávellir
6401:Tactics and warfare
6205:Viking ship replica
5664:St Magnus Cathedral
5540:Cubbie Roo's Castle
5484:Davidian Revolution
5327:Helga ModdansdĂłttir
5297:Aud the Deep-Minded
4740:Siege of Nottingham
4694:Battle of Rochester
4355:Ælla of Northumbria
4235:. London. pp.
3850:Anglo-Saxon England
3731:Hill, Paul (2004).
3555:. Birlinn Limited.
3381:, pp. 133–148.
3267:, pp. 206–214.
3140:, p. 109 n. 8.
2869:, pp. 172–179.
2800:British Archaeology
2772:. medievalists.net.
2743:, pp. 174–175.
2718:, pp. 172–173.
2589:, pp. 179–180.
2344:, pp. 170–171.
2185:, pp. 138–159.
2078:, pp. 158–165.
2062:, pp. 511–512.
1861:Thomas T. Wilkinson
1332:, in an article in
1126:Chronica de Mailros
1105:Estoire des Engleis
1089:Henry of Huntingdon
1019:Libellus de exordio
841:and the navy up to
811:. Æthelstan became
96:Anglo-Saxon victory
7610:Sparlösa Runestone
7565:Runestones at Aspa
7560:Orkesta Runestones
7505:England runestones
7124:Halfdan Ragnarsson
7104:Hakon Rognvaldsson
7089:Gunnar Hámundarson
7069:Godfrid Haraldsson
7004:Bjarni HerjĂłlfsson
6954:AmlaĂb Cenncairech
6942:Historical figures
6846:Great Heathen Army
6834:and fortifications
6751:Battle of Thetford
6676:Battle of Sasireti
6666:Battle of Ringmere
6551:Battle of Glenmama
6526:Battle of Epiphany
6516:Battle of Edington
6486:Battle of Clontarf
6446:Battle of Benfleet
6426:Battle of Assandun
6263:L'Anse aux Meadows
6088:Old Norse religion
5658:Sen dollotar Ulaid
5612:Chronicles of Mann
5332:Ingeborg of Norway
5200:Vale of York Hoard
5160:England runestones
5030:Viking settlements
4828:Battle of Benfleet
4804:Battle of Edington
4724:Great Heathen Army
4611:Halfdan Ragnarsson
4522:(947–948, 952–954)
2308:, pp. 109–10.
2277:, pp. 106–08.
1667:Michael Livingston
1626:Barton-upon-Humber
1484:Metrical Chronicle
1470:(late 12th C) and
1466:(mid-12th C), the
1415:element, however.
1409:
1406:Barton-upon-Humber
1279:
1227:describes it as a
1120:at "Bruneswerce".
787:of Scotland, King
729:Michael Livingston
458:Great Heathen Army
111:Kingdom of England
84:Unknown; probably
7684:
7683:
7650:Viking runestones
7585:Simris Runestones
7575:Sædinge Runestone
7545:Karlevi Runestone
7535:Ingvar runestones
7510:Greece runestones
7419:Thorstein the Red
7404:Thorkell the Tall
7284:Ragnar Ragnarsson
7189:Ivar the Boneless
7114:Haakon Sigurdsson
7064:GarĂ°ar Svavarsson
7049:EirĂkr Hákonarson
7044:Eric I of Denmark
6999:Bjorn Asbrandsson
6886:Gjermundbu helmet
6756:Battle of Thimeon
6726:Battle of Sulcoit
6721:Battle of Svolder
6686:Battle of Skyhill
6656:Battle of Renfrew
6636:Battle of Norditi
6621:Battle of Meretun
6541:Battle of Fulford
6536:Battle of FlorvĂĄg
6421:Battle of Ashdown
6148:Viking runestones
5933:
5932:
5900:Macaulay of Lewis
5433:Thorstein the Red
5381:Other notable men
5208:
5207:
5120:Treaty of Wedmore
5108:
5107:
5018:
5017:
4994:Harald's invasion
4964:
4963:
4910:
4909:
4799:
4798:
4772:Battle of Reading
4760:Battle of Meretun
4754:Battle of Ashdown
4657:
4656:
4641:Thorkell the Tall
4605:Ivar the Boneless
4576:Burgred of Mercia
4538:Olaf Guthfrithson
4459:
4458:
4361:Edmund the Martyr
3973:978-0-7486-1233-8
3914:978-0-520-23218-1
3881:978-1-84212-003-3
3859:978-0-19-280139-5
3840:978-0-7131-6305-6
3769:978-0-85989-863-8
3672:978-0-86299-730-4
3653:978-0-300-12535-1
3576:Notes and Queries
3562:978-1-907909-01-6
3543:978-0-19-821731-2
3303:, pp. 28–43.
3291:, pp. 21–41.
3279:, pp. 51–52.
2678:brunanburh.org.uk
2457:"A brief history"
2356:, pp. 20–23.
2211:, pp. 15–18.
1972:, pp. 27–44
1839:, could fit with
1750:Bebington, Wirral
1716:(or assembly) at
1585:, South Yorkshire
1488:Peter of Langtoft
1452:John of Worcester
1433:plaines of othlyn
1334:Notes and Queries
1313:Notes and Queries
1093:Historia Anglorum
1039:John of Worcester
989:Oda of Canterbury
858:John of Worcester
850:Olaf Guthfrithson
835:Chester-le-Street
823:John of Worcester
701:Olaf Guthfrithson
684:
683:
655:Harald's invasion
507:Edington/Ethandun
393:
392:
154:
153:
141:Olaf Guthfrithson
116:Kingdom of Dublin
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
7746:
7615:Stangeland stone
7590:Sjörup Runestone
7540:Italy runestones
7520:Hagby Runestones
7500:Egtved Runestone
7434:Valtoke Gormsson
7379:Sweyn Asleifsson
7364:Snorri Sturluson
7349:Sigurd the Stout
7294:Ragnall ua Imair
7184:IngĂłlfr Arnarson
7134:Harald Bluetooth
7119:Halfdan Long-Leg
6661:Battle of Remich
6641:Battle of Pinhoe
6626:Battle of Nesjar
6616:Battle of Maldon
6561:Battle of HelgeĂĄ
6531:Battle of Fitjar
6511:Battle of Dollar
6501:Battle of Cynwit
6491:Battle of Confey
6431:Battle of Basing
6296:Viking expansion
6228:North Sea Empire
6175:
6153:Viking Age trade
6028:Germanic deities
5960:
5953:
5946:
5937:
5590:St Magnus Church
5585:Scar boat burial
5530:Brough of Birsay
5423:Sweyn Asleifsson
5418:Ragnall ua ĂŤmair
5235:
5228:
5221:
5212:
5195:Silverdale Hoard
5134:
5131:
5100:
5097:
5049:North Sea Empire
5027:
4937:Battle of Pinhoe
4919:
4835:
4810:Battle of London
4790:Battle of Cynwit
4766:Battle of Basing
4720:
4666:
4649:
4646:
4552:
4549:
4544:Ragnall ua ĂŤmair
4532:Gofraid ua ĂŤmair
4468:
4433:
4430:
4394:Edward the Elder
4388:Alfred the Great
4339:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4298:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4264:
4258:
4250:
4230:
4221:
4208:
4198:
4184:
4159:
4149:
4120:
4099:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4056:
4046:
4023:Northern History
4017:
3977:
3955:
3918:
3896:
3885:
3868:Swanton, Michael
3863:
3844:
3823:
3814:
3803:
3792:
3773:
3750:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3711:. Archived from
3686:
3676:
3657:
3635:
3616:
3591:
3566:
3547:
3528:
3526:
3514:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3316:
3315:, pp. 9–21.
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3242:Capener, David,
3240:
3234:
3225:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3162:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3070:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3032:
3025:
3019:
3012:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2812:
2811:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2680:. Archived from
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2501:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2009:
1996:
1990:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1933:
1927:
1886:
1880:
1850:
1844:
1833:
1827:
1804:
1798:
1767:
1761:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1613:in County Durham
1460:Symeon of Durham
1458:(early 12th C),
1417:Symeon of Durham
1284:Northern England
1174:
1014:Symeon of Durham
964:Annales Cambriae
955:Annals of Ulster
932:Medieval sources
918:Annals of Ulster
434:
433:
431:
420:
413:
406:
397:
192:
190:
180:
173:
166:
157:
86:Northern England
69:
68:
59:
39:
21:
7754:
7753:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7689:
7688:
7685:
7680:
7654:
7625:Runestone U 582
7463:
7384:Sweyn Forkbeard
7299:Raud the Strong
7259:Orm Storolfsson
7254:Olof Skötkonung
7244:Olav Haraldsson
7239:Olaf Tryggvason
7224:Magnus Barefoot
7204:Ketill Flatnose
7149:Harald Wartooth
7144:Harald Hardrada
7139:Harald Fairhair
7109:Haakon the Good
6937:
6933:Varangian Guard
6833:
6825:
6796:Siege of Asselt
6786:Raid on Seville
6586:Battle of Largs
6506:Battle of Derby
6441:Battle of Bauds
6436:Battle of Barry
6406:Battle of Aclea
6389:
6284:
6220:
6214:
6182:
6176:
6167:
6073:Norse mythology
6021:Younger Futhark
5969:
5964:
5934:
5929:
5871:
5867:Treaty of Perth
5790:
5764:
5726:
5673:
5646:Orkneyinga saga
5640:Manx runestones
5594:
5580:Rubha an DĂąnain
5555:Kirkwall Castle
5525:Bishop's Palace
5503:
5437:
5376:
5285:
5271:Lords of Argyll
5261:Earls of Orkney
5244:
5239:
5209:
5204:
5138:
5132:
5104:
5098:
5053:
5014:
5009:Stamford Bridge
4988:
4970:Cnut's invasion
4960:
4906:
4883:Second Stamford
4833:
4816:Siege of Exeter
4795:
4726:
4711:
4706:Battle of Aclea
4682:Isle of Sheppey
4653:
4647:
4593:
4562:Sweyn Forkbeard
4550:
4495:Harold Harefoot
4455:
4431:
4413:
4330:
4325:
4284:Cheshire portal
4282:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4251:
4247:
4224:
4211:
4196:
4187:
4162:
4153:
4123:
4111:Barrow, Julia;
4110:
4073:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4049:
4020:
3989:
3985:
3983:Further reading
3980:
3974:
3958:
3921:
3915:
3899:
3888:
3882:
3870:, ed. (2000) .
3866:
3860:
3847:
3841:
3826:
3817:
3806:
3795:
3789:
3776:
3770:
3753:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3719:
3718:on 4 March 2016
3715:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3665:. Alan Sutton.
3660:
3654:
3638:
3632:
3619:
3594:
3569:
3563:
3550:
3544:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3438:Björnsson, 2020
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3313:Newbigging 1893
3311:
3307:
3301:Partington 1909
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3231:BBC News Online
3226:
3222:
3216:Livingston 2011
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3182:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3150:Livingston 2011
3148:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3119:
3110:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3006:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2899:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2815:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2354:Livingston 2011
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:, p. 343;
2288:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2248:
2240:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2209:Livingston 2011
2207:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2142:Livingston 2011
2140:
2136:
2130:Livingston 2011
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2058:, p. 151;
2050:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2010:
1999:
1993:Livingston 2011
1991:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1934:
1930:
1924:Geoffrey Gaimar
1887:
1883:
1851:
1847:
1834:
1830:
1805:
1801:
1768:
1764:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1632:Little Weighton
1578:South Yorkshire
1353:ymbe Brunanburh
1264:
1229:pyrrhic victory
1211:
1175:
1169:
1110:Geoffrey Gaimar
934:
899:
876:plains between
839:Kincardineshire
813:King of England
773:
685:
680:
679:
675:Stamford Bridge
668:
633:Cnut's invasion
588:
579:Second Stamford
435:
429:
427:
426:
424:
394:
389:
250:Argoed Llwyfain
193:
188:
186:
184:
147:
143:
122:
120:Kingdom of Alba
118:
88:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7752:
7750:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7699:930s conflicts
7691:
7690:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7666:Viking revival
7662:
7660:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7471:
7469:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7279:Ragnar Lodbrok
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7249:Olaf the White
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7009:Björn Ironside
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6837:
6835:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6816:Siege of Paris
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6766:Battle of York
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6631:Battle of NisĂĄ
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6298:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6243:Orkney Islands
6240:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6186:
6184:
6183:and navigation
6178:
6177:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5940:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5862:Treaty of 1098
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5781:Northern Isles
5778:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5654:
5649:
5642:
5637:
5635:Lewis chessmen
5632:
5627:
5625:Galloway Hoard
5622:
5615:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5474:Outer Hebrides
5471:
5466:
5461:
5459:Gall-GhĂ idheil
5456:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5403:Olaf the White
5400:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5266:Crovan dynasty
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5185:Ragnar Lodbrok
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5155:Cuerdale Hoard
5152:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5123:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5064:
5062:
5060:petty kingdoms
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5033:
5031:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5006:
4999:
4997:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4949:St Brice's Day
4946:
4940:
4934:
4927:
4925:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4853:First Stamford
4850:
4843:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4744:
4743:
4737:
4734:Battle of York
4730:
4728:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4672:
4670:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:Svein Knutsson
4498:
4492:
4486:
4474:
4472:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4349:Offa of Mercia
4345:
4343:
4342:Major monarchs
4336:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4271:
4270:External links
4268:
4266:
4265:
4245:
4228:"Tinsley Wood"
4222:
4209:
4185:
4175:(3): 356–366.
4160:
4150:
4132:(2): 133–148.
4121:
4113:Andrew Wareham
4100:
4071:
4047:
4029:(1): 138–145.
4018:
4000:(3): 479–482.
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3972:
3956:
3930:(1): 138–159.
3919:
3913:
3897:
3886:
3880:
3864:
3858:
3845:
3839:
3824:
3815:
3804:
3793:
3787:
3774:
3768:
3751:
3737:
3728:
3677:
3671:
3658:
3652:
3636:
3631:978-1906716066
3630:
3617:
3592:
3567:
3561:
3548:
3542:
3529:
3515:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3480:
3463:
3440:
3431:
3406:
3383:
3371:
3349:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3289:Wilkinson 1857
3281:
3269:
3257:
3248:
3235:
3220:
3207:
3205:, p. 105.
3195:
3193:, p. 178.
3180:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3062:
3049:
3033:
3020:
3004:
2988:
2975:
2962:
2949:
2936:
2923:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2871:
2859:
2846:
2832:
2813:
2790:
2775:
2760:
2745:
2733:
2720:
2708:
2695:
2684:on 8 July 2018
2665:
2656:
2654:, p. 204.
2650:, p. 62;
2640:
2631:
2629:, p. 171.
2616:
2614:, p. 165.
2604:
2591:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2493:
2480:
2462:
2448:
2435:
2422:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2368:, p. 183.
2358:
2346:
2334:
2310:
2298:
2296:, p. 102.
2279:
2267:
2265:, p. 343.
2246:
2244:, p. 102.
2229:
2227:, p. 343.
2213:
2201:
2187:
2158:
2156:, p. 101.
2146:
2134:
2122:
2120:, p. 103.
2110:
2108:, p. 170.
2095:
2093:, p. 342.
2080:
2064:
2044:
2029:
2027:, p. 190.
2017:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1952:
1928:
1881:
1845:
1828:
1799:
1762:
1658:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1543:Andreas (poem)
1472:Robert Mannyng
1464:Historia Regum
1380:Brounnyngfelde
1365:Et Brunnanwerc
1347:” poem in the
1263:
1260:
1210:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1167:
1079:North Midlands
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
933:
930:
898:
895:
772:
769:
709:Constantine II
682:
681:
678:
677:
672:
666:
660:
659:
650:
649:
644:
638:
637:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
610:St Brice's Day
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
544:First Stamford
541:
536:
531:
525:
524:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
463:
462:
453:
452:
447:
441:
440:
437:
436:
425:
423:
422:
415:
408:
400:
391:
390:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
340:2nd Wodensburh
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
300:Hatfield Chase
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
260:1st Wodensburh
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
230:Mercredesburne
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
198:
195:
194:
185:
183:
182:
175:
168:
160:
152:
151:
145:Constantine II
138:
132:
131:
127:
126:
113:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
83:
81:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
52:
51:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7751:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7687:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7620:Stone of Eric
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7079:GrĂmur Kamban
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7034:Eric Bloodaxe
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6964:AmlaĂb Conung
6962:
6960:
6959:AmlaĂb Cuarán
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6923:Shield-maiden
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6913:Ring Fortress
6911:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6811:Sack of Paris
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6301:British Isles
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6258:North America
6256:
6254:
6253:Faroe Islands
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6179:
6174:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6078:Norse rituals
6076:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6063:Norse funeral
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6016:Elder Futhark
6014:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5956:
5954:
5949:
5947:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5760:Old Norwegian
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Law Ting Holm
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5560:Linton Chapel
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5413:Páll Bálkason
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:Notable women
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5256:List of kings
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Furness Hoard
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:Major leaders
4596:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4526:AmlaĂb Cuarán
4524:
4521:
4520:Eric Bloodaxe
4518:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:Major leaders
4416:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4262:
4256:
4248:
4246:9780520225824
4242:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4220:(3): 200–217.
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4193:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3993:Neophilologus
3988:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:Wood, Michael
3898:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:. E. Arnold.
3832:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3788:9781472849373
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3419:
3418:
3410:
3407:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3379:Halloran 2005
3375:
3372:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3218:, p. 328
3217:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3152:, p. 19.
3151:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:"Aethelweard"
2669:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2144:, p. 14.
2143:
2138:
2135:
2132:, p. 11.
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2042:, p. 20.
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1948:River Browney
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:Andrew Breeze
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:Templeborough
1780:
1779:Ermine Street
1776:
1775:Domesday book
1772:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:Wallasey Pool
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:(or Ăľing, in
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:According to
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:on the Wirral
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Pseudo-Ingulf
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:Cad Dybrunawc
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1249:Eric Bloodaxe
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:Pseudo-Ingulf
1151:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:According to
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:William Ketel
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
966:
965:
959:
957:
956:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
931:
929:
927:
926:
920:
919:
913:
910:
908:
904:
896:
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
869:
867:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
783:in 927, King
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
750:
745:
744:
738:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
676:
673:
671:
667:
665:
662:
661:
658:
656:
652:
651:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
636:
634:
630:
629:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:
521:
517:
516:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
461:
459:
455:
454:
451:
450:Hingston Down
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
432:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
402:
401:
398:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Hingston Down
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
225:Wippedesfleot
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
181:
176:
174:
169:
167:
162:
161:
158:
150:
146:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
128:
125:
121:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
103:
95:
92:
91:
87:
82:
79:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
63:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7686:
7439:Vagn Ă…kesson
7359:Skalla-GrĂmr
7354:Sitric Caech
7219:Leif Erikson
7199:KetilsdĂłttir
7039:Erik the Red
6831:Arms, armour
6465:
6221:and colonies
6210:Visby lenses
6200:Viking ships
6093:Raven banner
5806:
5740:Middle Irish
5656:
5644:
5619:Darraðarljóð
5617:
5610:
5570:Old Scatness
5388:Caittil Find
5342:Isabel Bruce
4894:
4232:
4217:
4213:
4204:
4200:
4191:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4155:
4129:
4125:
4116:
4106:
4079:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4058:
4026:
4022:
3997:
3991:
3963:
3927:
3923:
3904:
3891:
3871:
3849:
3829:
3819:
3809:
3798:
3778:
3755:
3745:
3732:
3720:. Retrieved
3713:the original
3692:
3688:
3662:
3643:
3621:
3604:
3600:
3582:(2): 65–71.
3579:
3575:
3552:
3533:
3520:
3509:
3488:
3483:
3466:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3416:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3386:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3352:
3342:22 September
3340:. Retrieved
3333:the original
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3223:
3210:
3198:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3145:
3138:Swanton 2000
3133:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3028:
3023:
3015:
2999:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2905:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2862:
2854:
2853:Hill, Paul.
2849:
2835:
2799:
2793:
2778:
2763:
2748:
2736:
2728:
2727:Hill, Paul.
2723:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2682:the original
2677:
2668:
2659:
2643:
2634:
2607:
2599:
2594:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2319:
2313:
2306:Swanton 2000
2301:
2290:Stenton 2001
2275:Swanton 2000
2270:
2263:Stenton 2001
2225:Stenton 2001
2216:
2204:
2190:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2091:Stenton 2001
2067:
2047:
2020:
2012:
1995:, p. 1.
1988:
1964:
1955:
1946:crossed the
1931:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1894:Charles Oman
1884:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1794:
1791:Michael Wood
1765:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1683:River Mersey
1678:
1661:
1652:
1622:, Lancashire
1562:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1516:Hector Boece
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1474:of Brunne's
1467:
1463:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1288:
1280:
1253:
1223:
1219:Alfred Smyth
1212:
1202:
1200:
1179:
1177:
1173:, p. 58
1163:
1157:
1152:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1122:
1116:, Welsh and
1103:
1101:
1092:
1087:
1071:Michael Wood
1062:
1060:
1042:
1037:
1017:
1011:
998:
993:
984:
979:
974:
969:
962:
960:
953:
951:
944:
938:
935:
923:
916:
914:
911:
906:
900:
870:
862:
847:
817:
774:
761:Alfred Smyth
754:
747:
742:
734:
688:
686:
653:
631:
589:
518:
456:
384:
335:Nechtansmere
105:Belligerents
61:
47:Part of the
36:
7409:Thorir Hund
7339:Sigurd Ring
7194:Jomsvikings
6891:Yarm helmet
6326:Isle of Man
6280:Kievan Rus'
6113:SkĂĂ°blaĂ°nir
6067:ship burial
5986:Brisingamen
5857:Vestrajǫrðr
5832:Isle of Man
5508:Archaeology
5408:Olvir Rosta
5175:Norse–Gaels
5092:East Anglia
5080:Northumbria
4972:(1015–1016)
4943:First Alton
4923:The Danelaw
4839:The Danelaw
4818:(893, 1001)
4676:Lindisfarne
4564:(1013–1014)
4509:Northumbria
4503:(1030–1035)
4497:(1035–1040)
4491:(1016–1035)
4485:(1035–1042)
4335:Anglo-Saxon
4103:Foot, Sarah
3960:Woolf, Alex
3640:Foot, Sarah
3203:Cavill 2001
2327:19 November
2294:Cavill 2001
2242:Cavill 2001
2221:Cavill 2001
2154:Cavill 2001
2118:Cavill 2001
2025:Higham 1993
1970:Deakin 2020
1944:Dere Street
1940:Longovicium
1920:Bruneswerce
1873:Broadclough
1856:master and
1812:Egil's Saga
1771:Burghwallis
1675:Bromborough
1568:Bromborough
1557:Egil's Saga
1338:Brunnanburh
1318:Bromborough
1291:Bromborough
1245:Northumbria
1171:Ingulf 1908
1138:Egil's Saga
1075:Northumbria
1022:(1104–15):
1003:Bishop John
985:Vita Odonis
890:Dere Street
785:Constantine
721:Strathclyde
605:First Alton
520:The Danelaw
445:Lindisfarne
305:Heavenfield
290:Cefn Digoll
285:Cirencester
245:Alclud Ford
7693:Categories
7468:Runestones
6984:Berle-Kari
6949:Airdeconut
6143:Viking art
6138:Viking Age
5910:MacDougall
5905:Mac Coitir
5807:Brunanburh
5702:Lunnasting
5133: 890
5099: 550
4895:Brunanburh
4865:Tettenhall
4847:Buttington
4700:Carhampton
4648: 970
4551: 914
4483:Harthacnut
4452:(855–?877)
4432: 881
4165:Brunanburh
4107:Brunanburh
3895:. Society.
3277:Smyth 1975
3167:Dingesmere
2688:30 October
2652:Smyth 1984
2648:Smyth 1975
2076:Woolf 2007
2056:Woolf 2007
1916:We(o)ndune
1912:Brunandune
1908:Æthelweard
1877:Rossendale
1869:River Brun
1841:Brunanburh
1837:Bruneswald
1824:Brunanburh
1808:Brinsworth
1787:River Went
1738:Dingesmere
1734:Dingesmere
1730:Dingesmere
1702:Dingesmere
1697:Dingesmere
1687:Sarah Foot
1679:Brunanburh
1639:References
1583:Brinsworth
1551:dingesmere
1547:Brunanburh
1535:Dingesmere
1524:River Ouse
1376:Duinbrunde
1361:Brunandune
1326:Brunanburh
1322:Brunanburh
1308:Brunanburh
1299:nighthawks
1256:Æthelweard
1225:Alex Woolf
1148:Sarah Foot
1114:Cumberland
971:Æthelweard
946:Dingesmere
882:Manchester
874:Lancashire
793:Deheubarth
771:Background
757:Æthelweard
719:, King of
711:, King of
703:, King of
695:, King of
590:Brunanburh
559:Tettenhall
539:Buttington
502:Chippenham
477:Englefield
385:Brunanburh
365:Bensington
325:Two Rivers
310:Maserfield
18:Brunanburh
7429:Turgesius
7304:Reginheri
7274:Palnatoke
7059:Freygeirr
6841:Berserker
6365:Pomerania
6360:Rhineland
6289:Expansion
6238:Greenland
6219:Homelands
6163:Yggdrasil
6083:Old Norse
6038:Hnefatafl
6006:Einherjar
5925:MacDonald
5895:Somhairle
5769:Etymology
5750:Old Norse
5712:Sandsting
5652:Ounceland
5545:Earl's Bu
5535:Camas Uig
5454:Dál Riata
5393:Ingimundr
5180:Old Norse
5088:(527–918)
5082:(653–954)
5076:(410–825)
5070:(519–927)
5045:(866–954)
5039:(865–896)
4979:Brentford
4901:Stainmore
4889:Corbridge
4871:Tempsford
4859:The Holme
4637:(892–896)
4631:(874–890)
4625:(865–870)
4619:(865–878)
4613:(865–877)
4607:(865–870)
4590:(917–927)
4584:(874–880)
4578:(852–874)
4572:(867–872)
4540:(939–941)
4534:(921–934)
4528:(941–944)
4516:(883–895)
4478:Knýtlinga
4438:Æthelflæd
4402:(924–939)
4400:Æthelstan
4396:(899–924)
4390:(871–899)
4384:(839–858)
4382:Æthelwulf
4378:(802–839)
4357:(unk–867)
4351:(757–796)
4255:cite book
4096:239206076
4082:: 15–32.
4065:25 August
4043:163455344
4014:151098839
3952:129167209
3944:0084-4276
3613:1469-980X
3607:: 27–44.
3265:Wood 2001
3191:Foot 2011
2867:Foot 2011
2808:1357-4442
2741:Foot 2011
2716:Foot 2011
2627:Foot 2011
2612:Foot 2011
2587:Foot 2011
2366:Foot 2011
2342:Foot 2011
2183:Wood 2013
2106:Foot 2011
2072:Foot 2011
2052:Foot 2011
2040:Foot 2011
1980:Citations
1906:(used by
1858:antiquary
1852:In 1856,
1718:Thingwall
1710:Old Norse
1692:Chronicle
1600:Lockerbie
1589:Bromswold
1574:Barnsdale
1500:Chronicle
1492:Chronique
1476:Chronicle
1456:Chronicon
1441:VĂnuskĂłga
1369:Bruneford
1272:Bebington
1233:stalemate
1209:Aftermath
1143:Old Norse
975:Chronicon
905:" in the
886:Stainmore
843:Caithness
789:Hywel Dda
693:Æthelstan
647:Brentford
635:(1015–16)
595:Stainmore
584:Corbridge
574:Æthelwold
564:Tempsford
554:The Holme
529:Rochester
522:(886–954)
295:Caer-Uisc
275:Degsastan
240:Beranburh
215:Aylesford
136:Æthelstan
7454:UĂ ĂŤmair
7234:Náttfari
7214:Lagertha
7174:Hvitserk
6906:Ingelrii
6901:Ulfberht
6881:Dane axe
6353:Normandy
6348:Brittany
6331:Scotland
6275:Jomsborg
6248:Shetland
6195:Longship
6133:Valkyrie
6128:Valhalla
6058:Norsemen
6048:Leysingi
6043:Holmgang
5991:Danegeld
5920:Macruari
5890:UĂ ĂŤmair
5827:Epiphany
5812:Clontarf
5786:Hebrides
5732:Language
5717:Tingwall
5692:Dingwall
5679:Althings
5669:Udal law
5630:Hogbacks
5565:Maeshowe
5550:Jarlshof
5494:Scotland
5479:Shetland
5464:Lochlann
5398:LjĂłtĂłlfr
5281:UĂ ĂŤmair
5113:Treaties
5058:English
4984:Assandun
4955:Ringmere
4727:(865–78)
4623:Hvitserk
4558:England
4471:Monarchs
4408:(946–954
4376:Ecgberht
4372:Wessex:
4181:40918870
4146:25529849
4115:(2008).
3962:(2007).
3903:(2001).
3743:(1908).
3709:25529849
3642:(2011).
3424:27 April
3177:: 25–36.
1890:Iron Age
1520:Historia
1512:Beverley
1437:VĂnheiĂ°r
1421:Weondune
1262:Location
1215:Hastings
1168:—
1007:Beverley
888:Pass or
878:Carlisle
827:Beverley
765:Hastings
713:Scotland
642:Assandun
625:Ringmere
620:Thetford
549:Benfleet
460:(865–78)
380:Scotland
370:Ellandun
355:Hereford
270:Catraeth
200:Timeline
80:Location
7659:Related
7229:Naddodd
7154:Hastein
7129:Hagrold
7099:Guthrum
7094:Guthred
6979:Bagsecg
6876:Skeggöx
6866:Halberd
6394:Battles
6370:Estonia
6306:Danelaw
6268:Vinland
6233:Iceland
6158:Wergeld
6123:Tyrfing
6108:Seeress
6053:Mjölnir
6011:Futhark
5974:Culture
5967:Vikings
5915:MacLeod
5847:Skyhill
5842:Renfrew
5755:Pictish
5722:Tynwald
5707:Nesting
5687:Delting
5606:Birlinn
5515:Bornish
5442:History
5143:Culture
5037:Danelaw
5003:Fulford
4662:Battles
4635:Hastein
4629:Guthrum
4514:Guthred
4237:203–221
4207:: 1–28.
3722:6 April
3500:Sources
3399:4 April
1816:Weondun
1726:wetland
1620:Heysham
1611:Hunwick
1594:Burnley
1425:Wendune
1395:–feld,
1293:on the
1083:Sihtric
1077:or the
809:Penrith
807:, near
777:Vikings
746:in the
697:England
670:Fulford
534:Farnham
497:Meretun
487:Ashdown
482:Reading
320:Peonnum
315:Winwaed
280:Chester
255:Deorham
210:Guoloph
7444:Veborg
7164:Hervor
6974:Auisle
6871:Atgeir
6851:Hersir
6380:Dublin
6375:Iberia
6343:France
6336:Wessex
6316:Mercia
6311:Anglia
6118:Thrall
5817:Dollar
5520:Birsay
5499:Norway
5469:Orkney
5307:BjaĂ°Ç«k
5249:Rulers
5086:Mercia
5068:Wessex
5043:Jorvik
5023:Places
5011:(1066)
5005:(1066)
4996:(1066)
4957:(1010)
4951:(1002)
4945:(1001)
4939:(1001)
4931:Maldon
4650:–1024)
4464:Viking
4406:Eadred
4243:
4179:
4144:
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4094:
4041:
4012:
3970:
3950:
3942:
3911:
3878:
3856:
3837:
3785:
3766:
3741:Ingulf
3707:
3669:
3650:
3628:
3611:
3559:
3540:
3364:7 June
2806:
2802:: 58.
1795:Wendun
1754:parish
1700:, and
1671:Wirral
1448:Humber
1295:Wirral
1276:Wirral
1193:Danes.
1131:Humber
897:Battle
866:Mercia
833:, and
805:Eamont
799:, and
715:; and
705:Dublin
657:(1066)
615:Pinhoe
600:Maldon
512:Cynwit
492:Basing
360:Otford
350:Pencon
149:Owen I
93:Result
7324:Rusla
7319:Rorik
7314:Rollo
7269:Ottir
6896:Sword
6385:Italy
6190:Knarr
6181:Ships
6103:Skald
6098:Sagas
6033:Gothi
6001:Eddas
5837:Largs
5822:Barry
5802:Bauds
5122:(886)
5101:–918)
4933:(991)
4903:(954)
4897:(937)
4891:(918)
4885:(918)
4879:(917)
4877:Derby
4873:(917)
4867:(910)
4861:(902)
4855:(894)
4849:(893)
4830:(894)
4824:(893)
4812:(886)
4806:(878)
4792:(878)
4786:(878)
4780:(877)
4774:(871)
4768:(871)
4762:(871)
4756:(871)
4750:(870)
4742:(867)
4736:(867)
4708:(851)
4702:(843)
4696:(842)
4690:(838)
4684:(835)
4678:(793)
4553:–921)
4446:(878)
4434:–911)
4197:(PDF)
4177:JSTOR
4142:JSTOR
4092:S2CID
4055:(PDF)
4039:S2CID
4010:S2CID
3948:S2CID
3716:(PDF)
3705:JSTOR
3685:(PDF)
3525:(PDF)
3475:(PDF)
3336:(PDF)
3329:(PDF)
1865:moors
1714:Thing
1706:Thing
1644:Notes
1413:Brun-
1387:Brun-
1357:Brune
1217:" by
1118:Picts
831:Ripon
717:Owain
569:Derby
467:Alcea
345:Hehil
330:Trent
265:Raith
235:Badon
7449:Ubba
7019:Cnut
6856:Hird
6321:York
5981:BlĂłt
5885:Gunn
5852:Tara
5745:Norn
5074:Kent
4617:Ubba
4489:Cnut
4261:link
4241:ISBN
4067:2009
4027:LIII
3968:ISBN
3940:ISSN
3909:ISBN
3876:ISBN
3854:ISBN
3835:ISBN
3783:ISBN
3764:ISBN
3724:2015
3667:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3626:ISBN
3609:ISSN
3557:ISBN
3538:ISBN
3426:2019
3401:2015
3366:2012
3344:2019
2804:ISSN
2690:2015
2329:2015
1914:and
1904:dune
1899:burh
1820:burh
1722:mere
1539:ding
1439:and
1423:(or
1393:and
1378:and
1243:and
1241:York
1201:The
1178:The
1123:The
915:The
880:and
854:Owen
781:York
687:The
472:York
72:Date
7704:937
5996:DĂs
4167:".
4134:doi
4084:doi
4080:170
4031:doi
4002:doi
3932:doi
3697:doi
3584:doi
3169:".
1748:in
1518:'s
1506:”.
1490:'s
1482:'s
1462:'s
1454:'s
1320:as
1156:'s
1091:'s
1065:by
1041:'s
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983:'s
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791:of
779:at
75:937
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2249:^
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2161:^
2098:^
2083:^
2032:^
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