423:, called Podberezye (Подберезье). Some were accompanied by their wives, while for others, their families followed a few weeks later. When they arrived, they were confronted by a large complex of otherwise abandoned military buildings containing a considerable quantity of machinery that the Soviets had managed to gather from various formerly German aircraft manufacturing facilities. Never had any doubt existed that the Soviets viewed formerly German military-industrial assets in their occupation zone as Soviet property, and while their commitment to progress on the advanced aircraft design for which Junkers was known was genuine enough, it now transpired that further work would be undertaken in the Soviet Union. Whether Baade was one of those abruptly transported or whether he was already in the Soviet Union is unclear. In any event, Baade, whose talents for leadership and for charming people were not in doubt, quickly emerged as the leader of the relocated German engineers, and as a man whom the Soviets were in large part prepared to trust. Unlike the other German engineers in Podberezye, Baade was apparently allowed to move freely, and was even seen, early in 1947, on holiday in the
521:
31:
542:
Soviet Union, Baade no longer had access to the Soviet test pilots who had been permitted to fly the earlier military versions of the plane. He had been forced to leave key technical documentation behind, and never passed over: whether this resulted from overlapping bureaucratic structures in the Soviet system or from some high level decision was never entirely clear. Nevertheless, Baade's connections in the Soviet Union meant that where key components could not be obtained in East
Germany, they would be delivered from the Soviet Union.
500:
team to develop the abandoned OKB-1 150 bomber into a world-class jet-engined passenger aircraft. Holding the German aeronautical engineers in a village north of Moscow made less sense once the decision had been taken to lift the ban on aircraft manufacture in East
Germany with effect from 1955. In 1954, Brunolf Baade relocated to East Germany and joined the country's ruling
379:. Between April and June, the Americans occupied Dessau; they comprehensively looted the Junkers library and technical documents, along with the latest aircraft and engines that their soldiers removed apparently as trophies. The Americans released Baade in June 1945, and early in July, American forces were replaced in central Germany by
408:
production specialists were required to write down everything they could remember. In the end, more than 2,000 written reports were prepared and shipped to the Soviet Union, though as matters turned out, the subsequent research of the
Junkers engineers would be of greater value than their memories of the past.
499:
died, and as the decade unfolded, the political temperature in Moscow and East Berlin started, slowly, to become a little less nervous, and Moscow's approach to its East German ally became less antagonistic. After a period of uncertainty, in
December 1953 Baade persuaded the Soviets to permit his
581:
engines. To secure continued funding and political support, Baade was committed to a 1958 launch, but when the 152 appeared outside the hangar at
Klotzsche for its high-profile "roll-out" in April 1958, the "152-V1", it did so without engines. A 35-minute first flight was achieved for December 1958
541:
and elsewhere were sucking the country dry of its skilled workforce. A survey in 1956 found that only 11% of the specialist workers engaged on the project had worked in aeronautics the last time
Germany had had an industry, before 1945. In respect of the development work already undertaken in the
536:
was enthusiastic, but sources written with the benefit of hindsight nevertheless surmise that Baade had underestimated the challenges. When his 300 aeronautical engineers arrived back from the Soviet Union, not even space was available to accommodate them. No infrastructure remained to support
590:
and provide photography opportunities, but on this occasion, the engines stalled and "152-V1" crashed while descending towards the
Klotzsche airfield, as it rehearsed for the public demonstration scheduled to take place half an hour later. The four people on board were killed, and the accident was
480:, formally founded in October 1949. Economic hardships in the young country, exacerbated by the large reparations payments still being made to the Soviet Union and the high cost of supporting the Soviet military presence, are seen by some historians as a key cause, directly and indirectly, of the
598:
ended formally in 1961. In March 1961, Baade became director of the newly founded
Institute for Lightweight construction and the economical use of Materials (IfL), based in Dresden-Klotzsche. He had previously held a position, since 1955, as a lecturer at what was at the time the Faculty for
468:
on which serious work began in 1948. The design incorporated innovative ideas on materials and design. As with the earlier project, progress was hampered by the inconsistent nature of support from the
Soviets in obtaining materials and permitting the German expatriates the freedom necessary to
407:
to reconstruct the
Junkers research facilities, using whatever remained of the wreckage in Dessau factory. The physical assets having been removed by the Americans, the Soviets were chiefly dependent on the "intellectual property" that could be extracted from plant personnel. Engineering and
313:
Despite apparent professional success in North America, Baade maintained his contacts with the German aeronautical industry. During the early 1930s, employment prospects for aircraft engineers in Germany remained dire, but in the second half of 1936, he returned to Germany with his wife. Some
160:
in 1920.) His father was employed in a small electronics company, later rising to the position of assembly and technical worker. Brunolf had two younger sisters. His mother contributed to the household budget by running a small shop. Baade's father came from farming stock, but his mother's
630:
Some consensus exists between the sources that Baade's real brilliance lay not so much in his engineering talents as in his personal gifts as a political and institutional fixer. He was an imposing man, capable of great achievements when supported by good technicians and economists.
322:. High-calibre aircraft engineers were now becoming highly valued; he achieved rapid promotion and an unexpectedly large salary, and ended up living in a large house, all of which led to the abandonment of any half-formed intentions that he might have had to return across the
289:
In 1930, Baade traveled to the United States, sent by BFW to hand over some production licenses to American firms. Once there, however, he loosened his ties with BFW, remaining in the USA for some years, working at various times for Eastern Aircraft,
591:
attributed to pilot error. Much later, more considered verdicts concur around the suspicion that the engines were starved because of issues involving the fuel feed system and/or the 16 rubber fuel bladders positioned in the wings.
577:, and (marginally) maximum speed without changing the basic architecture of the design or significantly increasing its weight. Time-line slippage was inevitable, and a critical constraint clearly would be development of the
370:
for a few months. With his gifts for easy friendship and fluent English, he was able to engage his captors in conversation. Baade later recalled emphatic assurances received at this time from US officers that Germany would be
982:"Meine eigene Einschätzung ist die, daß Baade kein begabter Techniker war, dafür ein begnadeter politischer Lenker und Weichensteller, der mit guten Technikern und Ökonomen an seiner Seite, Großes vollbringen konnte." H.L
156:
Brunolf Baade was born in and grew up on the southern edge of Rixdorf (today Neukölln), a densely populated district then just outside the northern perimeter of Berlin. (Rixdorf was incorporated into
473:
had been developed into a heavy bomber with a range around 1,500 km and a bomb capacity around 600 kg, but in 1952, this project, too, was abandoned, as resources were again reprioritized.
219:
Returning to Berlin, Baade resumed his studies, now increasingly focused on the potential of the aircraft business, to which he had been introduced during his stay in South America. He joined the
528:
After returning the German Democratic Republic with Soviet assent to the passenger jet promised, Brunolf Baade was given responsibility for developing and producing what came to be known as the
419:
outside the houses of selected company personnel who were given four hours to pack their possessions and prepare for a two-week journey by truck to a village north of Moscow, and close to
184:
Germany, alarmed his parents, who were never themselves particularly political, and suggested that his rather conservative school environment had released a rebellious streak in the boy.
586:
engines, for which the controls and fuel feed components had been adapted. A second flight took place in March 1959, still with the Soviet engines, to pass low over the prestigious
907:"The Rise and Fall of the East German Aircraft Industry: Under the inconstant patronage of the Soviet Union, the warplane builders of the Third Reich reached for their former glory"
520:
411:
Progress resumed on the company's advanced jet-engined designs, and work began on rebuilding the former Junkers factory at Dessau. On 22 October 1946, however, as part of
954:
1060:
537:
an aeronautical industry in terms of a supply chain, and although enthusiasm was plentiful, no experienced labour pool existed from which to draw workers. High wages in
274:
had been working in partnership with BFW since 1926, and during 1929/30, Baade worked with Messerschmitt on a succession of innovative passenger aircraft, including the
671:
1050:
1080:
259:
246:
and obtaining a pilots licence. Incorporated into his study period with the DVS was an internship that ran from 27 November 1927 to 5 December 1928 and based in
495:
of officially designated enemies of the state were also a feature of East Germany in the first half of the 1950s. Nevertheless, 1953 was also the year in which
314:
ambiguity remains as to whether, at this stage, the couple had expected to stay in Germany, but on 1 October 1936, Baade took a job to the south of Berlin, at
428:
1065:
203:, reflecting his ambition at that time to make his career in the booming ship-building industry. In Hamburg, he was involved in the construction of the
404:
162:
30:
557:, and work began on recruitment and training of the necessary workforce. Meanwhile, developments to the west of what had come to be known as the
1055:
862:
375:
and certainly not permitted an aircraft industry for many decades. He said this persuaded him to support a German future determined by the
266:. For another year, he continued to work for BFW through a period of financial crisis from which some years later the company emerged as
247:
1040:
476:
While the German aircraft engineers were enduring the hospitality of the Soviet Union, Germany's Soviet occupation zone had become the
1045:
177:
906:
611:
Brunolf Baade retired from the Institute when he reached 65, in March 1969. He died on 5 November 1969 in a Berlin hospital or in
1090:
977:
773:
600:
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481:
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251:
192:
115:
1085:
716:"Walter Ulbrichts Traum vom Überflügeln des Westens: Die junge DDR baut das erste deutsche Passagierflugzeug mit Strahlantrieb"
1095:
243:
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914:
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on the edge of Berlin. At least one source indicates that he had never recovered his full health after returning from the
1021:
254:, concluding his undergraduate studies in 1929, finally obtaining a degree in mechanical engineering. While studying in
816:
648:
207:. Later, after the ship had been fitted out, she made her maiden voyage to South America. Baade joined the crew as a
456:
used to test the prototypes. The project was abandoned in June 1948. The final prototype was adapted for use in the
910:
715:
477:
91:
595:
647:
Many streets are named after him, including the Brunolf-Baade-Straße (Brunolf Baade Street) alongside Berlin's
641:
354:
World War II ended in May 1945, but the previous month, Brunolf Baade had been arrested by an advance party of
228:
812:
573:(1955) led Baade's team to distance the 152 further from its bomber origins, increasing the seating capacity,
384:
291:
242:
At the end of 1927, he learned to fly powered aircraft, undertaking a course with the still semiclandestine
570:
392:
61:
955:"IN FOCUS Heroic failures: 11 aircraft that should have flown high but never quite took off...Baade 152"
489:
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412:
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136:
235:
signed in 1919.) Baade also learned to fly and participated in the annual glider competitions at the
582:
when the prototype was powered not by the Pirna engines designed for the purpose, but by Soviet-built
330:. With Junkers, Baade was involved in development of a succession of military aircraft, including the
1075:
1070:
232:
847:
Brunolf Baade und die Luftfahrtindustrie der DDR – die wahre Geschichte des Strahlverkehrsflugzeuges
512:). By June 1954, the last of the German engineers had been repatriated back to Germany or Austria.
271:
258:, he also undertook a further brief period of internship, from 16 March to 20 April 1929, with the
587:
574:
562:
283:
275:
157:
326:. Appointed to head up the Development and Design Department, Baade stayed with Junkers through
524:
5th party conference of the SED in July 1958. Baade is in the second row, third from the right.
858:
452:, although progress was hampered by the Soviet refusal to allow the German engineers near the
224:
211:, and then took the opportunity to explore South America, discovering its people and customs.
922:
403:
The Soviets had their own plans for postwar Germany. In fall 1945, Baade was mandated by the
918:
388:
546:
533:
460:
programme. The other principal project of Baade's team of involuntary expatriates was the
372:
181:
819:(in German). Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken
310:
railcar project. That year, too, he married Anna Stierle, like him a German expatriate.
616:
439:
432:
427:, while the other Germans aircraft specialists had no choice but to shiver through the
343:
339:
335:
303:
250:, which involved responsibility for static load testing. He then spent a year at the
1022:"Prof.-Brunolf-Baade-Straße Ludwigsfelde, 14974 Ludwigsfelde [Straße / Platz]"
1007:
985:
777:
1034:
817:"Baade, Brunolf * 15.3.1904, † 14.10.1969 Generalkonstrukteur der Luftfahrtindustrie"
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87:
65:
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558:
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978:"Prof. Brunolf Baade: Ein Leben für den deutschen und internationalen Flugzeugbau"
774:"Prof. Brunolf Baade: Ein Leben für den deutschen und internationalen Flugzeugbau"
161:
ancestry included teachers and artisans, along with the popular 19th-century poet
485:
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236:
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in 1922. When he was 14, his enthusiastic if brief involvement in some of the
620:
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529:
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140:
42:
36:
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532:. In terms of stealing a march on the west, political support from the
323:
306:, where his projects are thought to have included work on the futuristic
279:
220:
545:
Finance was found for the construction of a new development centre at a
612:
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200:
850:
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227:. (Production and operation of powered aircraft in Germany had been
519:
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with its characteristic "forward-swept" wings, now renamed as the
420:
110:
358:
who had surprised him at the outsourced Junkers design office at
195:). He combined his time as a student with an internship at
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
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165:, an ancestor of whom Brunolf Baade was particularly proud.
469:
develop and test the aircraft effectively. By 1951, the
594:
Aircraft development at the Dresden facility and Pirna
366:
since 1937, and was held prisoner by the Americans in
168:
Baade attended the Emperor Frederick Grammar School (
674:. Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH. Archived from
122:
106:
98:
72:
50:
21:
172:) locally from 1910, successfully completing his
1008:"Way History: Brunolf-Baade-Straße (179661332)"
135:(15 March 1904 – 5 November 1969) was a German
900:
898:
896:
894:
561:, such as the prototype maiden flights of the
438:Under Baade, work continued on developing the
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387:, already agreed between the Allies at the
294:, and the US subsidiary of the (since 1919
957:. Flightglobal (Reed Business Information)
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695:
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508:Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands
383:, respecting the division of Germany into
362:. Baade had been a member of the German
18:
984:. Holger Lorenz, Chemnitz. Archived from
915:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
776:. Holger Lorenz, Chemnitz. Archived from
1061:Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
16:German aeronautical engineer (1904–1969)
663:
1081:German expatriates in the Soviet Union
502:Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED)
976:Holger Lorenz, Technical journalist.
772:Holger Lorenz, Technical journalist.
714:Holger Lorenz, Technical journalist.
139:. He led the team that developed the
7:
1051:Technische Universität Berlin alumni
953:Stephen Trimble (10 December 2013).
14:
1066:Recipients of the Banner of Labor
302:Company. In 1932, he switched to
601:Dresden University of Technology
599:Aeronautical Engineering at the
29:
615:, from complications caused by
260:Bavarian Aircraft Works (BFW /
405:Soviet Military Administration
170:Kaiser-Friedrich-Realgymnasium
1:
672:"Brunolf Baade (1904 - 1969)"
252:Technische Hochschule München
193:Technische Universität Berlin
1056:Academic staff of TU Dresden
905:Fred Stahl (February 1996).
482:East German uprising in 1953
231:under the provisions of the
262:Bayerische Flugzeugwerke AG
178:preparations for revolution
1112:
1041:German aerospace engineers
478:German Democratic Republic
435:had known for many years.
373:radically deindustrialised
244:German Flying School (DVS)
92:German Democratic Republic
55:Carl Wilhelm Brunolf Baade
547:former Luftwaffe airfield
223:and started to construct
28:
1046:Aviation in East Germany
911:Air & Space Magazine
845:Reinhard Müller (2010).
642:Patriotic Order of Merit
391:. Dessau was now in the
163:Hofmann von Fallersleben
292:North American Aviation
187:He then studied at the
180:, which erupted in post
1086:East German scientists
525:
507:
393:Soviet occupation zone
221:Academic Flying League
1096:Engineers from Berlin
813:Helmut Müller-Enbergs
523:
413:Operation Osoaviakhim
189:Technische Hochschule
137:aeronautical engineer
102:Aeronautical engineer
1091:People from Neukölln
988:on 15 September 2016
780:on 15 September 2016
575:fracture load factor
233:Treaty of Versailles
534:national leadership
272:Willy Messerschmitt
174:school-leaving exam
815:; Andreas Kahlow.
649:Schönefeld Airport
635:Awards and honours
619:. He is buried at
588:Leipzig Trade Fair
526:
864:978-3-866-80721-1
721:. Holger Lorenz,
454:military airfield
215:Building aircraft
130:
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43:Dresden-Klotzsche
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919:Washington, D.C.
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399:The Soviet Union
389:Yalta Conference
385:occupation zones
268:Messerschmitt AG
83:
81:
35:Roll-out of the
33:
19:
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678:on 2 April 2015
670:
669:
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661:
651:and another in
637:
609:
553:on the edge of
518:
516:Back in the GDR
417:troops appeared
401:
352:
296:Dutch domiciled
217:
191:in Berlin (now
154:
149:
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107:Political party
94:
85:
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76:5 November 1969
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921:Archived from
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662:
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645:
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617:stomach cancer
608:
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517:
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440:Junkers Ju 287
429:coldest winter
400:
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351:
348:
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158:greater Berlin
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150:
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127:
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84:(aged 65)
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62:Berlin-Rixdorf
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34:
26:
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925:on 2006-01-29
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855:Sutton Verlag
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584:Tumansky RD-9
580:
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567:Boeing 367-80
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433:Moscow region
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381:Soviet troops
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350:After the war
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133:Brunolf Baade
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58:15 March 1904
53:
49:
45:, April 1958)
44:
39:passenger jet
38:
32:
27:
23:Brunolf Baade
20:
1016:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
986:the original
981:
971:
959:. Retrieved
927:. Retrieved
923:the original
846:
821:. Retrieved
782:. Retrieved
778:the original
726:. Retrieved
680:. Retrieved
676:the original
666:
653:Ludwigsfelde
646:
629:
625:Soviet Union
610:
596:engine plant
593:
569:(1954), and
559:Iron Curtain
544:
539:West Germany
527:
505:
475:
450:OKB-1 EF 131
437:
410:
402:
377:Soviet Union
368:Bad Hersfeld
353:
328:World War II
312:
288:
261:
241:
218:
209:coal trimmer
204:
197:Blohm + Voss
186:
169:
167:
155:
132:
131:
126:Anna Stierle
1076:1969 deaths
1071:1904 births
493:show trials
356:US soldiers
237:Wasserkuppe
152:Early years
88:Berlin-Buch
37:"152/I V-1"
1035:Categories
659:References
364:Nazi Party
282:, and the
229:restricted
205:Waskenland
99:Occupation
80:1969-11-06
627:in 1954.
621:Eichwalde
579:Pirna 014
571:Caravelle
551:Klotzsche
471:OKB-1 150
462:OKB-1 150
458:OKB-1 140
415:, Soviet
141:Baade 152
723:Chemnitz
565:(1949),
464:, a jet
324:Atlantic
304:Goodyear
992:4 March
961:5 March
929:4 March
823:3 March
784:4 March
728:4 March
682:4 March
613:Dresden
555:Dresden
490:profile
320:Junkers
256:Bavaria
225:gliders
201:Hamburg
113:(1937)
78: (
66:Germany
861:
851:Erfurt
640:1959:
497:Stalin
466:bomber
446:bomber
425:Crimea
360:Raguhn
344:Ju 287
342:, and
340:Ju 388
336:Ju 188
316:Dessau
300:Fokker
278:, the
248:Berlin
123:Spouse
118:(1954)
719:(PDF)
607:Death
563:Comet
421:Dubna
332:Ju 88
318:with
308:Comet
111:NSDAP
994:2015
963:2015
931:2015
859:ISBN
825:2015
786:2015
730:2015
684:2015
486:High
431:the
147:Life
73:Died
51:Born
549:at
530:152
443:jet
284:M24
280:M20
276:M18
199:in
182:war
116:SED
1037::
980:.
939:^
917:,
913:,
909:.
873:^
857:.
853::
849:.
833:^
794:^
738:^
692:^
655:.
603:.
504:/
484:.
395:.
346:.
338:,
334:,
298:)
286:.
270:.
239:.
143:.
90:,
64:,
1024:.
1010:.
996:.
965:.
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867:.
827:.
788:.
732:.
686:.
488:-
264:)
82:)
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