Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

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facilities that sterilize single-use medical devices. Cobalt is mined like any other mineral. It's removed from the ground and processed into pure Cobalt-59 powder. Once processed into powder, it's compressed into slugs, which are coated with nickel. These slugs are then encapsulated and assembled into adjuster rods, which are used to control the reaction in Bruce Power's reactors, where the cobalt is activated by absorbing neutrons to become Cobalt-60. The rods are in the reactor for a minimum of one year and maximum of 2.5 years. Bruce Power harvests the rods during planned maintenance outages on the units. The bundles are then received by Nordion and the Cobalt-60 is removed from its encapsulation and welded into a new double-encapsulated source called C-188. It is then shipped to the sites of Nordion's customers for use in irradiators. In 2014, Bruce Power and Nordion signed an agreement for up to an additional 14 years to provide a long-term supply of Cobalt-60 that will support health care around the world. Cobalt-60 makes an invaluable contribution to the health care industry and is used to sterilize approximately 40 per cent of all single-use medical devices and equipment produced globally.

917:). As the NRU produces over two-thirds of the world's HSA Co, Bruce's ability to supply HSA Co will become critical to help fill the immense production gap left by the NRU once it is decommissioned in 2018. OPG and Bruce Power are collaborating on an effort to expand Co production to the Bruce A and Darlington reactors in order to fully cover Pickering's production (which will end when the plant is decommissioned in 2024) in addition to the inevitable gaps in Co production capacity that will be caused by the upcoming refurbishments of six of Bruce's reactors (Units A 3–4 & Units B 5–8), as well as all four of Darlington's reactors. They are also working on expanding the production of HSA Co to more reactors. 905:. The Bruce nuclear power plant has been producing Co since the 1980s, and almost all of the world's supply of Co comes from various CANDU nuclear reactors, with Bruce being the single largest supplier. As of 2007, Bruce supplied over 40% of the world's Co. This rose to over 50% by 2016, with Pickering supplying approximately another 20% of global demand. In 2016, Bruce extended their contract with Nordion for the continued supply of Co to cover the entire projected post-refurbishment life of the Bruce reactors, which are expected to operate until 2064. 1290: 488:

shared between the four reactors, which travel in a duct cut through solid rock beneath the reactors, traversing the entire plant. The duct doubles as part of the pressure relief system, connected to the vacuum building. Each reactor has its own turbine generator set, with one high-pressure turbine and three low-pressure turbines driving one generator. The turbine hall is about 400 m long at each plant and houses the four turbine generator sets. Cooling water is taken from Lake Huron. There is (originally) one control room per 4 reactors.

961: 901:(Co) can be produced in a CANDU reactor by using adjuster rods made primarily out of Co (instead of the normal stainless steel), which is slowly transmuted into Co via neutron activation (Co + n → Co). These now-intensely-radioactive cobalt-60 adjuster rods are then "harvested" (removed and replaced with fresh Co adjuster rods) after one to three years of use in the reactor during a routine reactor shutdown, and are later processed into sealed Co sources of varying intensities by 492: 7065: 42: 7644: 6880: 854:

are fixed prior to refurbishment start, have been recovered. The average price per MWh that will be paid to Bruce Power for all electricity generated from 2016 to 2064 (covering the entire refurbishment period for Units 3–6 plus the entire expected remaining post-refurbishment lifetimes of all eight Bruce Power reactors (including the two that were already refurbished) was estimated to be approximately

1752: 1766: 473:(CNSC) renewed Bruce Power's operating licences for 5 years until 2014 and gave permission to refuel units 1 and 2. In May 2014, the CNSC extended the licence to May 2015 and public hearings were scheduled for early 2015 in Ottawa and Kincardine. A new operating licence was granted for 1 June 2015, until 31 May 2020 and was renewed again from 1 October 2018 until 30 September 2028. 562:(LOCA) scenarios could be addressed. Subsequently, Bruce A units returned to 89% of rated power. In March 1998, after about 19 years of operation, unit 4 was taken out of service. It returned to service in October 2003, after 6 years of being idle (at which time the unit was 31 years old). Planned refurbishment of unit 4 to begin in 2025 (when the unit will be 53 years old). 1780: 1247:

industries such as greenhouses and plastic manufacturers. As one of the largest bulk steam systems in the world, this system could produce 5,350 MW of medium-pressure process steam, and had over 6 km of piping. It was demolished by the end of 2006. Because of the requirement to provide steam, the Bruce A turbines were undersized relative to the reactor power.

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The following day, Bruce Power announced the completion of a Cobalt-60 harvest during the Unit 5 outage. Following the harvest, new rods of Cobalt-59 (becomes Cobalt-60 after up to two years in the reactor) were inserted in Unit five along with four rods of medical High Specific Activity Cobalt which

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In 2016, Bruce Power started a $ 13 billion refurbishment program for "major component replacement on Units 3–8 in 2020, starting in Unit 6". According to Bruce Power, this multi-year plan "will generate between 1,500 and 2,500 jobs on site annually – and 18,000 across Ontario directly and indirectly

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In October 2013, under the Ontario Long Term Energy Plan (LTEP) 2013, Ontario announced plans to refurbish six reactors at the Bruce plant beginning with Bruce A4 in 2016. Other units would follow at intervals. Bruce Power estimated the cost at about $ 2 billion per unit, or $ 12 billion for six. The

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In June 2018, Bruce Power and ITG (a subsidiary of Isotopen Technologien München (ITM)) announced the start of a joint effort to explore producing lutetium-177 in Bruce's reactors, with ITG planned to manage the development, processing, and distribution of lutetium-177. The initial Isotope Production

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three Bruce B units continued running at 60% reactor power and 0% grid electrical power. They were able to do so for hours, because they had steam bypass systems designed to de-couple the reactor output from the generator electrical output. The three units were reconnected to the grid within 5 hours.

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The Pickering A system did not originally have a second independent shutdown system. The Bruce containment concept differs: the reactor's reactivity mechanism deck serves as a part of the containment boundary, is closer to the reactor, and more prone to damage in the event of an accident ("accidental

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In 1986, maintenance workers accidentally left a protective lead blanket in the steam generator of Unit 2. By the time the mistake was discovered six years later, the blanket had melted, severely damaging the boiler. In October 1995, after about 18 years of operation, unit 2 was taken out of service.

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will coordinate the emergency response concerns of a nuclear emergency situation resulting from an accident at the Bruce Power Site in the Municipality of Kincardine". Kincardine is required to maintain a warning system within 3 km of the plant, and has a network of 10 warning stations equipped

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During the course of the refurbishment of Units 3–6, the price will be raised in steps to cover individual reactor refurbishment costs, with each increase starting 12 months prior to the start of each individual refurbishment. Each increase will last only until that unit's refurbishment costs, which

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is integral to each steam generator in a "light bulb" arrangement, eliminating the horizontal cross-drum. In 1990, a nine-week "impairment" of Bruce B was created when a technician incorrectly set the calibration on radioactivity monitors. In 2007, Bruce B 7 was the top performing nuclear reactor in

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The original Bruce A steam generators utilized a separate large horizontal shared steam drum (with one steam drum common to four steam generators), a design dropped in most other plants at the time. Issues related to the AECL requested design of the tube supports caused repair and delay costs, which

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per megawatt-hour (MWh). This price is partially adjusted annually to account for inflation and wage growth, with additional monthly fuel cost adjustments, and it includes a small payment for Bruce's unique ability to curtail up to 2400 MW of generation (total across all eight units – up to 300 MW

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In 2006, OPA had proposed increasing transmission line capacity, at a cost of between $ 200–600 million, described as "the largest electricity transmission investment in Ontario in the last 20 years". The line was completed in June 2012, several months ahead of schedule, with over 700 towers built

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measures are in place. Milk samples from local farms are collected weekly. Drinking water at treatment plants in Kincardine and Southampton is sampled twice daily, and tested weekly. Ground water is sampled from several surface water, shallow and deep well locations. Aquatic sediment and fish are

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During its lifetime, BHWP produced 16,000 tonnes of reactor grade heavy water. Capacity of each sub-plant was planned to be 800 tonnes/annum. The plant size was approximately 960 m by 750 m. The heavy water was 99.75% pure. The production of a single kilogram of heavy water required 340 tonnes of

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magazine. In April 2007, the auditor general reviewed the refurbishment deal In August 2007, estimated cost for the project had grown to $ 5.25 billion when Bruce Power decided to replace all 480 fuel channels in Unit 4, which will extend its working life to 2036, in line with the other

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The Pickering design utilized 12 small steam generators operated in groups of three which can be individually valved out of the heat transport loop, as can the 16 pumps per reactor, with 4 being spare. At Bruce, the number of steam generators and coolant pumps was reduced to 8 and 4 respectively,

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generator data. Each reactor requires 6240 fuel bundles that weigh 22.5 kg each, or about 140 tonnes of fuel. There are 480 fuel channels per reactor, containing 13 bundles each. There is storage capacity for about 23,000 bundles. Approximately 18 bundles are discharged per reactor per day.

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The power plant comprises eight CANDU pressurized heavy-water reactors arranged into two plants (A and B) with four reactors each. Each reactor stands within a reinforced concrete containment. The steam generators are 12 m tall, and weigh 100 tonnes each. Each plant uses three fueling machines,

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The building design of the reactor differs: Bruce uses a squarish "close-in" design, in which as much of the equipment as possible is arranged outside the main containment envelope for easier access during maintenance and emergencies. The steam generators penetrate the containment. The primary

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In 1982, Unit 3 set a then world record of 494 days of continuous operation and as of 1984 Bruce A was the most reliable multi-unit station in the world. From April 1998 onward, Bruce A3 remained idle for 6 years, returning to service in January 2004 (at which time the unit was 32 years old).

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Unrelated to refurbishment, yet extremely innovative work that takes during planned maintenance outages, is the Cobalt-60 harvest. Working together, Bruce Power and Nordion provide a reliable, long-term, end-to-end Cobalt-60 supply, which fuels gamma processing operations such as irradiation

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Steam from Bruce A could be diverted to the Bruce Bulk Steam System (BBSS) to provide energy for the production of heavy water (750 MW thermal), to heat buildings within the development (15 MW th), or to provide energy (72 MW th) for the adjacent Bruce Energy Centre (BEC). The BEC supported

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was mandated in 2002 by the Nuclear Fuel Waste Act to submit a proposal for the long-term management, which was submitted to the Minister of Natural Resources in November 2005 and approved by the government in June 2007. As of May 2017 it is seeking a separate site in Canada for a permanent

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committed to return units 1 and 2 to service, to help meet increasing energy demand in the province of Ontario. The project was originally estimated to cost $ 4.25 billion. It was determined that while units 1 & 2 could have been restarted without refurbishment, it was economically

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In 1981, Unit 1 was ranked the top reactor in the world with a 97% availability factor. In December 1997, after about 20 years of operation, it was out of service. In 2005 (after 7 years of being idle) refurbishment started. In September 2012 (15 years out of service) it resumed operation.

1313:, i.e. equivalent to the force of a city of 100,000. Force members are permitted to carry firearms, and have powers of arrest. The force possesses armoured vehicles, water craft, and the plant is now triple-fenced. In May 2008, the Bruce Nuclear Response Team (NRT) won the U.S. National 788:

At Pickering, the vacuum duct was closed by nonreturn valves, to prevent flow of the steam/air mixture from the duct to a non-accident reactor unit following a LOCA. In the Bruce concept, there is no such non-return valve; the reactor buildings are all interconnected during normal

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activists canoed into the site to demonstrate the lack of security. On 23 September 2001, the plant suffered another PR blow when a man whose boat capsized on Lake Huron near the Bruce complex squeezed through a gate, entered an office building and phoned for help—all undetected.

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After Units 1–2 completed refurbishment activities and were brought back online in 2012, Bruce became the largest operating nuclear generation facility in the world by both the number of currently operational reactors and total net output capacity, having a total of 8 operational

1309:, mandate of the security team was to delay attackers for 17 minutes, until local police could respond. Reliance was on passive measures such as fencing and locks. The "transformed" post-9/11 security team is described as being larger than the police force of the city of 1143:

announced an intent to build 4.8 GW of new nuclear on the Bruce site, effectively re-starting the plans for Bruce C. It would be the first large-scale nuclear build in Canada for more than three decades, to prepare for increasing electricity demand in the long term.

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coolant pumps and primary piping systems are inside the containment enclosure, but the pump motors are outside containment and the drive shaft seals form the containment boundary. Pickering has round domes which enclose much of the secondary cooling equipment.

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for the past 60+ years (which was originally scheduled to be shut down in 2016, but will be kept online until 31 March 2018 due to the general worldwide lack of sufficient replacement medical isotope production capacity for several critical isotopes such as

5114: 1263:. As a condition of the operating licence for Bruce Nuclear, OPG retained a 914 m radius exclusion zone in the northwest corner of the park. After operating over 25 years the park campground was phased out in 1976, because of safety concerns related to the 4504: 2140: 1039:

On 16 October 2012, Unit 2 was connected to the provincial electricity grid for the first time in 17 years. In 2013, final costs were estimated at $ 4.8 billion, up from an original estimate of $ 2.75 billion, and the project ran "far behind" schedule.

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As of January 2011, fuel channel installation in Unit 2 was complete. The CNSC gave the operator the green light to restart Unit 2 on 16 March 2012. However, the reactor was shut down the next day after a leak was discovered in the moderator system.

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The government plans to pick a winning technology by the end of the year. It also will decide by that time whether the plant will be located in Clarington or Bruce County, and whether the plant's operator will be Ontario Power Generation or Bruce

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In January of 2020, Unit 6 went down for refurbishment. It returned to service on September 8, 2023 when it re-synchronized to the Ontario power grid. It was announced that Bruce 6 had completed its refurbishment ahead of schedule and on-budget.

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500 kV transmission lines to feed the major load centres in southern Ontario, in addition to three double-circuit 230 kV lines serving the local area. These circuits are connected via two high voltage switchyards owned and operated by

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In 2011, refurbishment of Unit 1 and 2, scheduled to be complete 2009, was predicted for 2012. In 2011, the cost had totaled $ 3.8 billion; the final cost was expected to be $ 4.8 billion. The original 2005 estimate was $ 2.75 billion.

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In 1982, Unit 2 was temporarily shut down due to a pressure-tube leak. In 1986, a fuel channel failed while the reactor was shut down; some of the fuel elements were swept into the moderator (calandria) and were difficult to remove.

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3 units of Bruce A. In 2008, due to difficulties developing the necessary robotics, the estimated cost of restarting Units 1 and 2 rose between $ 400 and $ 700 million. As of 2008, the project remained on schedule.

5136: 890:"Contrary to popular belief, the electrical generators of nuclear plants can follow the load demands of the electrical grid provided specific engineered systems to permit this mode of operation are included in the plant design." 858:/MWh in 2017 dollars by the Financial Accountability Office of Ontario. In contrast, the estimated average price of nuclear electricity from all three Ontario nuclear plants during that same 2016–2064 period was estimated to be 1280:

wintering in the area. Numbers peak around late February to early March and it is not uncommon for visitors to observe several dozen eagles in and around the general vicinity of the plant at any given time during these months.

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Bruce B was projected to cost $ 3.929 billion in 1976. Actual cost was $ 5.994 billion (in 1987 dollars). Adjusted for inflation, the $ 3.929 billion estimate in 1987 dollars is $ 8.667 billion, putting Bruce B under budget.

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The refurbishment required pressure tube and calandria tube replacement, steam generator replacement, shutdown System 2 (SDS2) enhancement, an upgrade of turbine control systems, replacing original analog controls with a

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physical disassembly"). The designers therefore foresaw the need for a second safety system to reduce the risk of an accident. Bruce received a second, fully independent Safety Shutdown System (SDS2) which uses a liquid

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The heated water released back into Lake Huron by the plant prevents the surrounding shoreline from freezing over during winter and attracts an inordinate concentration of lake fish, which in turn attracts droves of

4592: 5110: 508:. Bruce A units were originally rated at 750 MWe net / 805 MWe gross, which was later increased to 769 MWe net / 825 MWe gross. As of 2017 the Bruce A units were capable of producing up to 779 MWe net according to 4511: 2136: 757:

At Bruce, the fuelling equipment is shared by the four reactors of each plant, while at Pickering each reactor had a fuelling machine. The Bruce fuelling machine and fuel channel end fitting design (mostly by

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team won an international SWAT event. They won again in 2009, 2010, and 2011. After 9/11, tours of the plant area were discontinued, although there is a visitor centre outside of the site.

539:, the eight units achieved an overall average capability factor of 83% over the initial five-year period. However, by 2001, when Bruce Power took the lease, all Bruce A units were laid-up. 2824: 827:

0.9 billion in 1969. Actual cost was $ 1.8 billion (in 1979 dollars). Adjusted for inflation, the $ 930 million estimate in 1979 dollars is $ 1.88 billion, putting Bruce A under budget.

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In 2009 total site output hit 1,002 TWh, making it the first nuclear power plant in the world to produce 1 PWh (1,000 TWh). Gravelines in France achieved the same in 2010.

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In 2023, it was announced that the site could potentially open a third nuclear power station. Bruce C was first proposed in the late 2000s, however it was not proceeded with at the time.

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Bruce also began producing High Specific Activity (HSA) Co in 2016, which is designed for highly specialized medical uses such as cancer treatment and had been primarily produced at the

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contracted the Lummus Company of Canada Limited in 1969 to design and construct the first phase of the plant, while Ontario Hydro was responsible for commissioning and operating.

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In 2010, a plan to transport decommissioned, low-level radioactive steam generators to Sweden via the Great Lakes caused controversy. The CNSC approved the plan in February 2011.

5111:"Bruce Power – Bruce A Unit 2 Completes Installation of 480 New Fuel Channels – Nuclear Power Industry News – Nuclear Power Industry News – Nuclear Street – Nuclear Power Portal" 570:

Bruce B units, located to the south of Bruce A, are of a slightly larger capacity: 817 MW net, 840 MW gross. which is attributed to an improved steam generator design, where the

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advantageous to do so, since refurbishment would have been soon required. The goal is to keep units 1 & 2 in service until 2043, 66 years after original commissioning.

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Huterer, J.; Brown, D.G.; Osman, M.A.; Ha, E.C. (2 February 1987). "Nuclear Engineering and Design – Pressure relief structures of multi-unit candu nuclear power plants".

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and intermediate level nuclear waste from operating its 20 nuclear reactors, including those leased to Bruce Power. As of 2009, there were 11 low level storage buildings.

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As well as their use for electricity, Candu power reactors produce almost all the world's supply of the cobalt-60 radioisotope for medical and sterilization use.

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to take over operation. In May 2001, Bruce Power began operations. The lease was for 18 years until 2019 with an option to extend another 25 years to 2044.

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reactor, an earlier version of the CANDU design. Construction began in 1960; was operational in 1967; and was shut down in 1984. The present Bruce reactors

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On 11 July 2019 Bruce Power announced another uprate to the facility, adding 22 MW of output to Unit 3, bringing overall site output to 6,430 MWe.

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There are more than 56 kilometres of roads on site, and at least 25 major structures. The site has its own fire department, laundry and medical centre.

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In 1990, a software error in unit 4 caused a fueling-machine error, damaging a fuel channel. In 1993, reactor power was reduced to 60% until various

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There's room alongside (units) Bruce A and Bruce B, potentially, for a Bruce C and that's what this pre-development work is intended to begin today.

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The March 2019 Bruce Power Major Component Replacement Project: Economic Impact Analysis indicates a target capacity of 7,000 MWe by mid-2033.

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The graph represents the annual electricity generation at the site (A and B combined) in GWh. In 2013, it was about 30% of Ontario's production.

5516: 2558: 462:(OPG) taking over all electrical generating stations. In June 2000, OPG entered into a long-term lease agreement with private sector consortium 435:

by total reactor count and the number of currently operational reactors until 2016, when it was exceeded in nameplate capacity by South Korea's

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without any spare pumps, thereby simplifying the piping. The Bruce system permits reactor power level to be adjusted more quickly and easily.

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on Lake Huron, bordering Inverhuron, 14 km north-east of Kincardine, which is not part of the Bruce site proper, and leases it to the

751: 536: 505: 6160: 2868:"Re: NERA Economic Consulting's Opinion as to the Fairness of the Amended and Restated Bruce Power Refurbishment Implementation Agreement" 5175: 4655: 4105: 3619: 7678: 7486: 6679: 6582: 4831: 4625: 2781: 2625: 909: 4737: 3689: 3656: 3580:"CANDU ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION – PART 1 OF 5 AN OVERVIEW OF THE EARLY CANDU PROGRAM PREPARED FROM INFORMATION PROVIDED BY JOHN S. FOSTER" 2265: 1168:

On May 6, 2022, Bruce Power announced an uprate to Unit 2 to 823MWe, adding 39MW of capacity to the 784MWe it was producing previously.

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In January 2010, up to 217 workers were potentially exposed to radiation during the refurbishment. 27 workers may have received 5

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In 2023, the Bruce generating station produced more than 45 billion kWh, about 7% of the total Canadian electricity consumption.

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Until they were removed in 1998, Bruce A reactors used unique booster rods to control reactivity. Booster rods contained 93%

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production. When heavy water was no longer produced, the park campground was allowed to re-open in 2000 on the same spot.

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Meridian Planning Consultants (June 2005). "Bruce Energy Centre Discussion Paper" (Document). Municipality of Kincardine.

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Refurbishment began in January of 2020 (unit was 36 years old). Return to service is planned for the 3rd quarter of 2023.

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Retubing of Bruce A units was planned in 1992, but deferred, as Ontario Hydro had a surplus of generation at the time.

7629: 7624: 7342: 7317: 7307: 7283: 7278: 6984: 6773: 6587: 4291: 3768:"Appendix 2 Ontarioís Nuclear Generating Facilities: A History and Estimate of Unit Lifetimes and Refurbishment Costs" 2320: 763: 5895: 5725: 4593:"Bruce Power and AREVA NP Expand Agreement for Commercialization of Radioisotope Production – AREVA NP – AREVA Group" 2413: 5386: 7544: 7262: 7232: 7009: 6521: 5555: 3042: 1289: 1256: 1137: 985: 883: 4355: 4134: 3739: 3331: 2293: 1939: 7599: 7088: 7049: 6303: 5732: 5289: 3579: 2621: 1785: 759: 714: 4763:

Gray, Steven Frank; Basu, Samir (2009). "Turbine control system upgrade for Bruce Nuclear plant units 1 and 2".

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B was in production in 1979, partially shutdown in 1993, completely closed in 1997, and subsequently demolished;

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In 2017, Bruce Power became the first Canadian recipient of a Top Innovative Practice (TIP) award from the

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The Bruce station area is the site of OPG's Western Waste Management Facility (WWMF). The WWMF stores the

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On 1 January 2016, Bruce Power began receiving a single contracted price for all output from the site of

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In 2006 and 2007, the restart project was judged to be the largest infrastructure project in Canada by

960: 6233: 1112:, to build a new nuclear power station consisting of at least two reactors. The leading candidate was 995:

A new fuel bundle design (Low Void Reactivity Fuel, LVRF) was considered, using slightly enriched (1%

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In 2005 (after 9 years of being idle) refurbishment started. In October 2012, it resumed operation.

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and significant other work and maintenance (for example, replacement of 30 transformers containing

866:/MWh, and the current price of electricity for "most residential and small business customers" was 518: 67: 6304:"Nanticoke Nuclear Power Plant Project Environmental Assessment Fact Sheet 6: Security and Safety" 4738:"TransCanada to Invest in $ 4.25 Billion Bruce Power Restart and Increase Its Interest in Bruce A" 2613: 7408: 7019: 6749: 6055: 6003: 5451: 4786: 1867: 330: 555:

Refurbishment in unit 3 began in March 2023, with the plan being to return to service in 2026.

17: 6156: 1022:) was qualified to do the testing. Bruce Power had to seek permission to use alternative labs. 887:

Bruce A and B stations were designed to operate indefinitely while disconnected from the grid.

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for the 180 kilometre line to Milton. The project ranked 45th in Renew Canada's annual list.

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As of the end of 2020, the 8 Bruce units had produced a combined total of 1,479.59 TWh.

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Each Bruce "4 pack" has its own Vacuum Building, while Pickering has one per eight reactors.

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price of the power from these units was expected to be in the range of ~$ 60–$ 70 per MWh.

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In 2010, Bruce Power was paid approximately $ 60 million for contracted, but unused power.

7539: 7498: 7476: 7357: 7327: 7292: 7252: 7054: 6783: 6768: 6464: 6413: 6332: 6239: 6062: 6042: 5477: 5245: 5225: 5009: 3778: 2241: 2046:"Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission renews Bruce Power's power reactor operating licences" 1074: 844: 824: 698: 340: 2524: 1153:

On 26 October 2016 Bruce Power announced an uprate from 6,384 MWe to 6,400 MWe.

1056:

Renew Canada rated the project as the biggest infrastructure upgrade in Canada for 2017.

575:

Ontario with 97.2% performance. and in 2009, Bruce B 5 was first with 95.4% performance.

6120: 1018:, a level well below the level that can affect human health. Only one lab in Canada (at 721:

in Japan had a larger total output capacity, but it has been out of service since 2011.

7683: 7564: 7554: 7352: 6964: 6255: 4414: 4389: 1757: 776: 730: 450:(BNPD), the facility was constructed in stages between 1970 and 1987 by the provincial 352: 5638: 4473:"A Billion Curies and Counting: 50 years of Canadian nuclear innovation in healthcare" 3949: 3932: 850:

per individual unit) via steam bypass operation during periods of surplus generation.

41: 7662: 7584: 7372: 7257: 7237: 7168: 7158: 7115: 6999: 6954: 6624: 6208: 4714:. Queen's Park, Ontario: Canadian Ministry of Energy. 17 October 2005. Archived from 3426:"Japan Times: TEPCO may ask U.S. utility to inspect Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear plant" 3298: 2175: 1771: 1707: 1666: 1625: 1584: 1539: 1497: 1455: 1413: 1194: 937: 914: 455: 425: 220: 5782:"Innovation allows Unit 1 to provide more carbon-free electricity to Ontario's grid" 5409:"Bruce 6 back on the grid after refurbishment : Corporate - World Nuclear News" 4790: 3480: 2974: 810:

Bruce uses a pressurizer to maintain coolant pressure, Pickering a different system.

782:

The Bruce system also has a high-pressure Emergency Coolant Injection System (ECIS).

679:

As of the end of 2023, the total lifetime output of the facility was 1,606,926 GWh.

7604: 7579: 7444: 7413: 7227: 7029: 6851: 6836: 4442:"Nordion to get cancer-treating isotope from Bruce Power | OttawaCommunityNews.com" 1128:. In 2009, Bruce Power withdrew its application to the CNSC for the Bruce C plant. 1081: 941: 440: 4955: 1317:

Championship (USNSC), defeating 29 other teams from 4 countries, the first time a

792:

Bruce uses single-circuit heat transport system, while Pickering had two circuits.

458:. In April 1999 Ontario Hydro was split into 5 component Crown corporations with 6448:

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) – involved with design, owns Douglas Point

6079: 5966: 5839:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 68. American Chemical Society. pp. 27–39. 5197: 4912:"Bruce Power two-unit restart cost estimate rises to between $ 3.1 B and $ 3.4 B" 4261: 2045: 2019: 1914: 659:

Originally scheduled to be shut down in 2019 (unit would have been 32 years old).

637:

Originally scheduled to be shut down in 2015 (unit would have been 29 years old).

615:

Originally scheduled to be shut down in 2018 (unit would have been 34 years old).

593:

Originally scheduled to be shut down in 2016 (unit would have been 31 years old).

27:

Nuclear power station in Ontario, Canada. Largest nuclear power station in Canada

7429: 7397: 7190: 7178: 7098: 7024: 7014: 6944: 6816: 5811: 5785: 5759: 5699: 5668: 4864:"TransCanada Announces Expanded Unit 4 Refurbishment on Bruce A Restart Project" 1277: 1264: 1210: 1120:. Since 2008, environmental assessments have been underway both at Bruce and at 972: 945: 525: 463: 197: 5868: 5844: 4808: 936:

to develop the capability to "produce shorter half-life radioisotopes (such as

420:. It occupies 932 ha (2300 acres) of land. The facility derives its name from 7392: 7387: 7200: 7183: 7039: 4863: 3377: 2448: 1822: 1747: 1298: 571: 409: 243: 6387:"Annual Summary & Assessment of Environmental Radiological Data for 2009" 6093: 5672: 4772: 2321:"Candu physics considerations for the disposition of weapons-grade plutonium" 709:

gross) when all units are online, surpassed now by two South-Korean plants:

102: 89: 7108: 7103: 6989: 6949: 2137:"Bruce Power Will Focus on Additional Refurbishments at Bruce A And Bruce B" 1765: 1318: 933: 898: 800: 735: 5726:"Bruce Power Major Component Replacement Project: Economic Impact Analysis" 5471:

Nuclear Waste Management. Types of Waste: Long-term management of used fuel

4423: 862:/MWh in 2017 dollars, the 2017–2018 unit cost of Ontario nuclear power was 535:

Bruce A demonstrated an "excellent" early operating history. Together with

6469: 4405: 3553:"Bruce to Milton Transmission Line Completed Six Months Ahead of Schedule" 7222: 5612: 5578: 5547: 5520: 5382: 4933: 4886: 3831:"Amended Agreement Secures Bruce Power's Role in Long-Term Energy Plan |" 1337:

analysed, as well as livestock feed, honey, eggs, fruits and vegetables.

796: 6414:

Sensing Changes: Technologies, Environments, and the Everyday, 1953–2003

5608:"Ontario starts pre-development work for new, large-scale nuclear plant" 3866:(Report). Financial Accountability Office of Ontario. 21 November 2017. 1233:

D was 70% completed when cancelled, and subsequently demolished in 1995.

1201:

are roughly 4 times the capacity of the 200 MW Douglas Point unit.

1177: 1165:

On March 23, 2022, Bruce Power announced an uprate to Unit 1 to 821 MWe

750:

Compared to the other major Canadian nuclear power plant built earlier,

7143: 7133: 6894: 5896:"Small and Medium Reactors: Development Status and Application Aspects" 5756:"Bruce Power announces increased output and isotope harvest milestones" 2297: 1943: 1162:

On October 14, 2021, Bruce Power announced an uprate to 6,550 MWe.

1015: 1000: 902: 804: 413: 75: 5491:"Ontario Power Generation: Power Generation: Nuclear Waste Management" 4934:"TransCanada Provides Update on Bruce A Units 1 and 2 Restart Project" 3864:

An Assessment of the Financial Risks of the Nuclear Refurbishment Plan

2523:. Nuclear Engineering International. 24 September 2012. Archived from 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 1224:

A was in production in 1973, shutdown in 1984, and demolished in 1993;

1053:– while injecting up to $ 4 billion annually into Ontario's economy". 504:

Construction of Bruce A began in 1969, making it the successor to the

391: 7138: 6821: 5239:

Bruce Power unit sends power to Ontario grid for 1st time in 17 years

4712:"Government and Bruce Power Reach Agreement to Restart Nuclear Units" 3903:"Ontario Electrical Grid and Project Requirements for Nuclear Plants" 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 417: 4765:

2009 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology

1089:

repository for the used fuel from all of Canada's nuclear reactors.

4135:"Nordion and Bruce Power ensure global Cobalt-60 supply up to 2064" 3933:"Performance of Nuclear Unit Controls in Grid Emergency Situations" 2414:"The Safety of Ontario's Nuclear Power Reactors (Vol 2 Appendices)" 662:

Planned refurbishment to begin in 2030 (unit will be 43 years old).

640:

Planned refurbishment to begin in 2028 (unit will be 42 years old).

596:

Planned refurbishment to begin in 2026 (unit will be 41 years old).

6699: 6452: 5055:"Critics slam proposal to ship nuclear waste through Lake Ontario" 2383:"Bruce Nuclear Generating Station 2006 Safety Report, Revision 15" 1288: 1176: 996: 959: 695: 490: 306: 5517:"Power plan calls for Ontario to spend $ 26.5B on nuclear plants" 1345:

The Bruce Generating Station consist of 8 operational reactors.

766:

design. The Pickering design by AECL was based on Douglas Point.

7093: 6704: 5696:"Bruce Power increases output through innovation and efficiency" 3908:. Ontario Society of Professional Engineers (OSPE). 8 March 2011 2973:. Canadian Nuclear Workers' Council (CNWC). 2009. Archived from 1981:. Bruce Power (Golder Associates). December 2004. Archived from 1314: 1113: 6898: 6473: 5835:

Davidson, G. D. (1978). "Bruce Heavy Water Plant Performance".

4740:. Calgary, Alberta: Marketwire. 17 October 2005. Archived from 1908:"A Short History of the CANDU Nuclear Power System, Revision 2" 6674: 6438:

Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) – Ontario's ISO

4505:"OPG's Update to Municipal Councils in Bruce County Q2 – 2017" 2747:"Bruce Power begins Unit 3 Major Component Replacement outage" 1003:

43-element bundle compared to the existing 37-element bundle.

924:(NEI) for its ongoing work with Nordion to produce cobalt-60. 674: 6457: 6453:

Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) – federal regulator

6427: 2343: 2341: 2020:"CNSC Extends Bruce Power's Operating Licence Until May 2015" 952:

System (IPS), producing Lu-177, came online in January 2022.

372: 5808:"Unit 2 sets record run ahead of planned maintenance outage" 4322:"Canadian companies join up for medical isotope development" 1840: 1838: 5085:"Bruce Power granted licence to transport steam generators" 4356:"Partnership ensures stable supply of medical grade cobalt" 4232:"Canadian companies collaborate to secure isotope supplies" 1220:

It was planned to consist of four sub-plants, A through D:

795:

The first two reactor units of Pickering A originally used

6433:

Ontario Power Generation (OPG) – site owner, operates WWMF

5665:"Bruce Power announces new peak output of 6,400 megawatts" 5480:

Ontario Power Generation Inc., 2017, retrieved 30 May 2017

5260:"Darlington nuclear refit will have two outside overseers" 4099:"Bruce Power: Canada's Largest Public-Private Partnership" 3973:. Canadian Nuclear Workers Council. June 2017. p. 3. 2255:"Nuclear Reactor Containment Design (chapter 3, module A)" 4830:

Office of the Auditor General of Ontario (5 April 2007).

2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2350:"Evolution of CANDU Steam Generators – a Historical View" 6183:"Blue Line Forums • View topic – nuclear plant security" 4982:

http://www.brucepower.com/uc/GetDocument.aspx?docid=2974

2649:"The Billion Dollar "oops" at the Bruce Nuclear Station" 2521:"Bruce 1 generates power for the first time in 15 years" 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1036:

In September 2012, Unit 1 began generating power again.

6036:

Nuclear plant calls in hawks to scare off nesting gulls

2584:"Bruce A Proves There Are Second Acts in Nuclear Power" 964:

Bruce A Turbine Hall during the 2002–04 restart project

6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 4656:"Bruce Power and ITM to supply cancer therapy isotope" 3921:

from original July 13 2014, Retrieved December 16 2023

3897: 3895: 3646:"Nuclear Power Symposium Lecture No. 10: Plant Layout" 4914:. Toronto, Ontario: The Canadian Press. 17 April 2008 4620: 4618: 4161:"Nuclear Power in Canada – World Nuclear Association" 3804:"Bruce Power got millions to not produce electricity" 3354: 3352: 2578: 2576: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1064:

In March of 2023, Unit 3 went down for refurbishment.

5353:"Unit 1 sets new post-refurbishment long run record" 3402:. Canadian Nuclear Association. 2010. Archived from 3073:. Canadian Nuclear Association. 2010. Archived from 2782:"Achieving Balance: Ontario's Long-Term Energy Plan" 799:-2 pressure tubes. All subsequent CANDU units use a 433:

largest fully operational nuclear generating station

7613: 7523: 7460: 7422: 7276: 7213: 7124: 7079: 7072: 6932: 6860: 6804: 6748: 6717: 6640: 6612: 6605: 6570: 6539: 6530: 6355:"Municipality of Kincardine Public Alerting System" 5024:"Bruce Nuclear radiation incident shows safety gap" 4626:"Bruce Power, Areva NP join for isotope production" 1324:According to the Bruce County emergency plan, "The 378: 368: 363: 351: 339: 329: 267: 249: 239: 229: 216: 208: 203: 193: 182: 172: 148: 126: 118: 81: 63: 55: 34: 6002:Ontario Ministry Natural Resources (OMNR) (2007). 5383:"Top 100 Canada's Biggest Infrastructure Projects" 5143:. Edmonton. Reuters. 16 March 2012. Archived from 3578:Foster John S. & Brooks G.L. (February 2001). 3167: 3165: 2412:Ontario Nuclear Safety Review (29 February 1988). 2288: 2286: 5137:"Bruce Power gets nod to restart Ontario reactor" 2443: 2441: 2348:John M. Dyke & Wm. J. Garland (19 May 2006). 1862: 1860: 1858: 653:On 15 February 1987 it reached first criticality. 587:On 15 November 1984 it reached first criticality. 5830: 5828: 3962: 3960: 3931:Carvalho, V.F.; Acchione, P.N. (December 1986). 3858: 3856: 3452:"The Need for More Transmission in Bruce Region" 612:Commercial operation began on 14 September 1984. 4435: 4433: 4383: 4381: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 2965: 2963: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2101:"Withdrawal of Application... [Letter]" 1193:Encompassed by the Bruce site is the shut-down 631:On 7 January 1986 it reached first criticality. 5837:Abstract for "Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes" 5198:http://www.globalnews.ca/story.html?id=3873817 4866:. Calgary, Alberta: Marketwire. 29 August 2007 3613:"Chernobyl – A Canadian Technical Perspective" 3041:. Canadian Nuclear Association. Archived from 2205:"Reporter's Guide to Bruce Power (Revision 4)" 1349:List of units in the Bruce Generating Station 7704:Public–private partnership projects in Canada 7699:Nuclear power stations with proposed reactors 6910: 6485: 6121:"Nuke foes fight expansion of Canadian plant" 6004:"Inverhuron Draft Vegetation Management Plan" 4936:. Calgary, Alberta: Marketwire. 17 April 2008 4195:"Radioisotopes: A Market in Decay? | ETF.com" 1942:. Bruce Power. 24 August 2015. Archived from 1293:Bruce Power as seen from a passenger aircraft 8: 6443:Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) 4390:"Will new isotope sources be ready in time?" 1181:Bruce A looking Southwest across Baie Du Dor 634:Commercial operation began on 10 April 1986. 609:On 29 May 1984 it reached first criticality. 7694:Nuclear power stations using CANDU reactors 6009:. Queen's Printer for Ontario. p. 42. 5928:"Nuclear heat applications: World overview" 4478:. Canadian Nuclear Society. p. 30,35. 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 1108:had recommended in a plan submitted to the 590:Commercial operation began on 1 March 1985. 7076: 6917: 6903: 6895: 6609: 6536: 6492: 6478: 6470: 5450:. Ontario Power Generation. Archived from 5290:"Long-Term Energy Plan Brief October 2013" 4510:. Ontario Power Generation. Archived from 4394:CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 3263: 3261: 3259: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3009:. Greenpeace. October 2008. Archived from 2932: 2930: 2928: 2899:Garrett, Chris & Apostolakis, George. 2873:. NERA Economic Consulting. Archived from 2711: 2709: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 1347: 656:Commercial operation began on 22 May 1987. 31: 6329:"COUNTY OF BRUCE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN" 4832:"The Bruce Power Refurbishment Agreement" 4686:"Bruce Power Ready For Lu-177 Production" 4413: 4067:"The Role of Nuclear: Present and Future" 3948: 439:. The station is the largest employer in 7689:Buildings and structures in Bruce County 6076:"John Bennett | Sierra Club Canada" 5548:"Queen's Park prepares for 'power' play" 3714:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (1997). 2901:"CONTEXT AND SOFTWARE SAFETY ASSESSMENT" 1813:List of largest power stations in Canada 1251:Inverhuron Provincial Park, 1950–present 1044:Refurbishment of Units 3–8, 2016–present 729:As of 2008, the Bruce station had three 7714:Energy infrastructure completed in 1977 6065:, Owen Sound Sun Times, 13 January 2013 5466: 5464: 4887:"Reactor repairs confirmed over budget" 4328:. World Nuclear News. 29 October 2015. 4298:. World Nuclear News. 9 February 2015. 4292:"Reprieve for Canadian isotope reactor" 4238:. World Nuclear News. 8 November 2016. 3740:"A Journalist's guide to Nuclear Power" 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2319:Pitre, John; Chan, Peter; Dastur, Adi. 1834: 870:/MWh (prior to the Fair Hydro Plan) or 701:with a combined output of 6,384 MW 383:Related media on Commons 6016:from the original on 25 September 2012 5329:. Southampton, Ontario. Archived from 5321:Learment, Frances (28 February 2017). 5221: 5210: 5005: 4994: 4266:www.cleannuclearpowersafehospitals.com 4262:"Clean Nuclear Power | Safe Hospitals" 3810:from the original on 28 September 2010 3504:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3497: 2913:from the original on 23 September 2015 719:Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant 517:exceeded the net worth of the builder 6791:Nuclear Waste Management Organization 6331:. 2004. p. 1.2.3. Archived from 5871:. Federation of American Scientists. 4632:. World Nuclear News. 9 August 2017. 4567:"Top Innovative Practice Awards 2017" 4349: 4347: 3432:from the original on 27 February 2017 2628:from the original on 21 December 2017 2555:"Canada's Nuclear History Chronology" 2130: 2128: 2094: 2092: 1801:Darlington Nuclear Generating Station 1261:Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1126:Darlington Nuclear Generating Station 1092:In 2013, OPG proposed to construct a 1086:Nuclear Waste Management Organization 956:Refurbishment of Units 1–2, 1995–2012 7: 5558:from the original on 13 October 2012 5065:from the original on 23 October 2012 4004:"The Canadian Nuclear Factbook 2017" 2787:. Ontario Government. Archived from 2449:"About Us Bruce Power | Bruce Power" 1880:from the original on 5 December 2011 1806:Pickering Nuclear Generating Station 1084:storage for the Bruce reactors. The 6189:from the original on 7 October 2011 6163:from the original on 17 August 2011 5445:"Western Waste Management Facility" 5248:The Canadian Press, 17 October 2012 5178:from the original on 8 January 2016 5113:. Nuclear Street. 26 January 2011. 4962:from the original on 8 January 2016 4573:from the original on 20 August 2017 4537:"Bruce Power wins Innovation Award" 3695:from the original on 11 August 2014 3662:from the original on 20 August 2017 3625:from the original on 11 August 2014 3592:from the original on 11 August 2014 2594:from the original on 2 October 2011 7595:Renewable energy commercialization 6832:Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission 6157:"Ontario Hansard – 10-October2001" 6100:from the original on 15 April 2012 5894:Jürgen Kupitz (March–April 2000). 5579:"GE-Hitachi won't bid for reactor" 5527:from the original on 20 April 2008 5323:"Bright future for Saugeen Shores" 5302:from the original on 15 April 2015 5168:"Leak discovered at nuclear plant" 5053:Popplewell, Brett (11 July 2010). 4636:from the original on 9 August 2017 4485:from the original on 9 August 2017 4452:from the original on 9 August 2017 4366:from the original on 9 August 2017 4332:from the original on 9 August 2017 4242:from the original on 9 August 2017 4205:from the original on 9 August 2017 4171:from the original on 9 August 2017 4141:from the original on 9 August 2017 4111:from the original on 9 August 2017 4037:"Bruce Power to produce Cobalt-60" 4016:from the original on 9 August 2017 3980:from the original on 9 August 2017 3374:"The World's Largest Power Plants" 3325:"Bruce Power's 2013 Annual Review" 2026:from the original on 7 August 2014 1242:Bruce Bulk Steam System, 1972–2006 1205:Bruce Heavy Water Plant, 1973–1997 606:Construction began 1 January 1978. 471:Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission 46:Bruce B Nuclear Generating Station 25: 7669:Nuclear power stations in Ontario 6215:from the original on 24 July 2011 6137:from the original on 25 July 2011 5960:"Introduction to CANDU processes" 5875:from the original on 5 April 2011 5497:from the original on 15 June 2017 5389:from the original on 29 June 2018 5270:from the original on 4 March 2016 5117:from the original on 20 July 2011 5087:. 4 February 2011. Archived from 5034:from the original on 27 July 2011 4666:from the original on 30 June 2018 4440:Kveton, Adam (16 November 2015). 4302:from the original on 30 June 2017 4272:from the original on 25 July 2017 3880:from the original on 27 June 2018 3841:from the original on 3 March 2016 3520:"Ontario's Long-Term Energy Plan" 3305:from the original on 2 April 2019 3279:from the original on 19 June 2018 3244:from the original on 19 June 2018 3150:from the original on 19 June 2018 3115:from the original on 19 June 2018 3068:"CNA Nuclear Energy Booklet 2010" 3036:"CNA Nuclear Energy Booklet 2008" 2948:from the original on 19 June 2018 2727:from the original on 29 July 2017 2694:from the original on 19 June 2018 2561:from the original on 19 July 2011 2553:Morgan Brown (25 November 2009). 2496:from the original on 19 June 2018 2419:. Toronto, Ontario. p. 581. 2271:from the original on 29 June 2018 2143:from the original on 20 July 2011 2113:from the original on 18 July 2011 2052:from the original on 25 June 2015 1230:C was cancelled, and never built; 650:Construction began 1 August 1979. 7643: 7642: 7063: 6879: 6878: 5908:from the original on 2 June 2015 4885:Tyler Hamilton (18 April 2008). 4079:from the original on 24 May 2017 4009:. Canadian Nuclear Association. 2459:from the original on 14 May 2017 2426:from the original on 2 June 2015 1906:Gord L. Brooks (December 2002). 1778: 1764: 1750: 528:, and were inserted to overcome 495:Bruce A, from across Baie Du Dor 429:pressurized heavy-water reactors 408:located on the eastern shore of 402:Bruce Nuclear Generating Station 204:Nuclear power station 40: 35:Bruce Nuclear Generating Station 18:Bruce nuclear generating station 6868:Anti-nuclear movement in Canada 6812:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 6278:"US National SWAT Championship" 6252:"US National SWAT Championship" 6119:Tony Manolatos (24 July 2002). 6078:. Sierraclub.ca. Archived from 5754:Bruce Power (14 October 2021). 5663:Bruce Power (26 October 2016). 5577:Tyler Hamilton (8 April 2008). 5423:"Bruce Power begins Unit 3 MCR" 5359:. 14 April 2016. Archived from 5258:Spears John (20 January 2013). 4599:. 8 August 2017. Archived from 4035:Gowan, Rob (17 November 2014). 3829:Bruce Power (3 December 2015). 3806:. CTV News. 21 September 2010. 3718:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 3653:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 3611:Howieson J.Q. & Snell V.G. 2825:"Bruce Power's Role in Ontario" 2647:Keith Stewart (24 March 2011). 2099:Frank Saunders (23 July 2009). 2004:steveheiser (5 November 2009). 1215:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 928:Radioisotope production project 584:Construction began 1 June 1978. 448:Bruce Nuclear Power Development 7709:1977 establishments in Ontario 6458:Kincardine – host municipality 3991:is used to treat brain cancer. 2164:Nuclear Engineering and Design 2048:. Government of Canada, CNSC. 2022:. Government of Canada, CNSC. 1818:List of largest power stations 1211:Bruce Heavy Water Plant (BHWP) 823:Bruce A was projected to cost 628:Construction began 1 May 1979. 1: 7590:Renewable Energy Certificates 7550:Cost of electricity by source 7472:Arc-fault circuit interrupter 7348:High-voltage shore connection 5780:Bruce Power (23 March 2022). 5546:David Olive (14 April 2008). 4543:. 25 May 2017. Archived from 4193:Vulcan, Tom (19 April 2010). 4167:. World Nuclear Association. 3950:10.1016/S1474-6670(17)59375-1 3716:Canada enters the nuclear age 3681:Brooks G.L. (February 2001). 3330:. Bruce Power. Archived from 2830:. Bruce Power. Archived from 2210:. August 2007. Archived from 874:(after the Fair Hydro Plan). 835:Cost of generated electricity 176:$ 1.8 billion CAD (A station) 7605:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread 7403:Transmission system operator 7363:Mains electricity by country 6940:Automatic generation control 6827:Canadian Nuclear Association 6517:Electricity sector in Canada 6428:Bruce Power – plant operator 6389:. Bruce Power. 30 April 2010 6309:. Bruce Power. November 2008 5806:Bruce Power (28 July 2022). 5694:Bruce Power (11 July 2019). 5166:QMI Agency (19 March 2012). 4805:"ReNew Canada – The Top 100" 4569:. Nuclear Energy Institute. 2651:. Greenpeace. Archived from 2557:. Canadian Nuclear Society. 2176:10.1016/0029-5493(87)90069-0 2135:steveheiser (24 July 2009). 1846:"Bruce A 2006 Safety Report" 932:Bruce Power is working with 7630:List of electricity sectors 7625:Electric energy consumption 7343:High-voltage direct current 7318:Electric power transmission 7308:Electric power distribution 6985:Energy return on investment 6774:McArthur River uranium mine 6588:Nuclear Power Demonstration 5733:Ontario Chamber of Commerce 4471:Nordion (1 February 2016). 4448:. Kanata Kourier-Standard. 4104:. August 2015. p. 22. 3525:. OPA. 2010. Archived from 2971:"Bruce Power: Site History" 2749:. Bruce Power. 2 March 2023 1255:OPG owns the nearby 288 ha 764:Nuclear Power Demonstration 519:Babcock & Wilcox Canada 353:Annual net output 178:$ 6 billion CAD (B station) 7730: 7679:Ontario electricity policy 7545:Carbon offsets and credits 7263:Three-phase electric power 6522:Nuclear industry in Canada 5845:10.1021/bk-1978-0068.ch002 2355:. Canteach. Archived from 1913:. Canteach. Archived from 1326:Municipality of Kincardine 1257:Inverhuron Provincial Park 1138:Ontario Minister of Energy 884:Northeast Blackout of 2003 443:, with over 4000 workers. 7638: 7600:Renewable Energy Payments 7089:Fossil fuel power station 7061: 6876: 6740:Plasma Physics Laboratory 6507: 6238:26 September 2011 at the 6096:. Digitaltermpapers.com. 4388:Brown, C (1 March 2016). 3968:"Canadian Nuclear Worker" 3454:. Ontario Power Authority 3400:"Nuclear Power in Canada" 2622:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1868:"Global Security Article" 1786:Nuclear technology portal 1572: 1401: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1353: 1329:with sirens and strobes. 760:Canadian General Electric 746:Comparison with Pickering 388: 318:Units decommissioned 276: 272: 164:Unit 6: 14 September 1984 51: 39: 7674:Ontario Power Generation 7383:Single-wire earth return 7323:Electrical busbar system 6980:Energy demand management 6847:Ontario Power Generation 6842:Natural Resources Canada 6796:Deep Geologic Repository 6759:Uranium mining in Canada 6725:Chalk River Laboratories 6463:25 November 2018 at the 5869:"Heavy Water Production" 4773:10.1109/EIT.2009.5189655 3937:IFAC Proceedings Volumes 3269:"PRIS – Reactor Details" 3234:"PRIS – Reactor Details" 3203:"Bruce Power MCR Update" 3140:"PRIS – Reactor Details" 3105:"PRIS – Reactor Details" 3004:"Better Never Than Late" 2938:"PRIS – Reactor Details" 2717:"PRIS – Reactor Details" 2684:"PRIS – Reactor Details" 2486:"PRIS – Reactor Details" 2294:"Bruce Power fact sheet" 2240:24 November 2010 at the 1213:also occupied the site. 1189:Douglas Point, 1960–1984 1122:Ontario Power Generation 1094:Deep Geologic Repository 922:Nuclear Energy Institute 560:loss-of-coolant accident 460:Ontario Power Generation 437:Kori Nuclear Power Plant 359:1,606,926 GWh (lifetime) 303:Make and model 187:Ontario Power Generation 156:Unit 2: 1 September 1977 154:Unit 1: 1 September 1977 136:Unit 4: 1 September 1972 7514:Residual-current device 7504:Power system protection 7494:Generator interlock kit 6735:Whiteshell Laboratories 6512:Energy policy of Canada 6501:Nuclear power in Canada 6417:. Vancouver: UBC Press. 6061:18 January 2013 at the 4446:OttawaCommunityNews.com 3299:"History – Bruce Power" 2381:W. Dickie (June 2006). 1979:"Bruce A Refurbishment" 1796:Nuclear power in Canada 1106:Ontario Power Authority 999:fuel pellets, within a 331:Nameplate capacity 160:Unit 4: 18 January 1979 158:Unit 3: 1 February 1978 132:Unit 2: 1 December 1970 127:Construction began 7298:Distributed generation 6970:Electric power quality 6643:and prototype reactors 6641:Research, experimental 6185:. Forums.blueline.ca. 6045:The Whig, 6 April 2011 5933:. IAEA. Archived from 5244:8 January 2016 at the 4660:world-nuclear-news.org 4630:world-nuclear-news.org 4326:world-nuclear-news.org 4296:world-nuclear-news.org 4236:world-nuclear-news.org 2076:Electric Energy Online 1940:"Bruce Power About Us" 1294: 1182: 1173:Other features on site 1118:Advanced CANDU Reactor 1080:The WWMF provides dry 965: 496: 469:In November 2009, the 446:Formerly known as the 281:Units operational 173:Construction cost 140:Unit 6: 1 January 1978 7570:Fossil fuel phase-out 7338:Electricity retailing 7333:Electrical substation 7313:Electric power system 6041:1 August 2013 at the 4406:10.1503/cmaj.109-5224 4165:www.world-nuclear.org 3775:pembinafoundation.org 1380:Commercial operation 1292: 1180: 977:Government of Ontario 963: 494: 431:, it was the world's 406:nuclear power station 268:Power generation 250:Thermal capacity 230:Reactor supplier 166:Unit 7: 10 April 1986 144:Unit 8: 1 August 1979 103:44.32528°N 81.59944°W 6926:Electricity delivery 6613:Power plant reactors 6094:"Greenpeace History" 6082:on 25 February 2011. 5901:. IAEA. p. 38. 5476:13 June 2017 at the 5030:. 18 February 2010. 4767:. pp. 429–436. 4041:Owen Sound Sun Times 3360:"IAEA PRIS Database" 3048:on 28 September 2011 3016:on 24 September 2015 2253:Daams, Dr. Johanna. 1334:radiation monitoring 1307:September 11 attacks 1110:Ontario Energy Board 894:Cobalt-60 production 683:Notable Achievements 341:Capacity factor 298:1 × 817 MWe (NET B8) 296:1 × 825 MWe (NET B7) 294:1 × 817 MWe (NET B6) 292:1 × 822 MWe (NET B5) 290:1 × 806 MWe (NET A4) 288:1 × 816 MWe (NET A3) 286:1 × 828 MWe (NET A2) 284:1 × 823 MWe (NET A1) 162:Unit 5: 1 March 1985 150:Commission date 7535:Availability factor 7487:Sulfur hexafluoride 7368:Overhead power line 7268:Virtual power plant 7243:Induction generator 7196:Sustainable biofuel 7005:Home energy storage 6995:Grid energy storage 6960:Droop speed control 6730:McMaster University 6335:on 22 December 2010 6258:on 26 November 2010 6209:"98 The Beach News" 6159:. 10 October 2001. 5940:on 5 September 2012 5174:. London, Ontario. 5091:on 13 November 2006 4718:on 25 February 2010 4137:. 8 November 2016. 3618:. Canteach / AECL. 3551:McCallum, Douglas. 3428:. 30 October 2014. 2880:on 22 February 2017 2837:on 22 February 2017 1985:on 24 November 2010 1371:Construction start 1350: 1285:Security and safety 364:External links 240:Cooling source 168:Unit 8: 22 May 1987 138:Unit 5: 1 June 1978 134:Unit 3: 1 July 1972 130:Unit 1: 1 June 1971 108:44.32528; -81.59944 99: / 7409:Transmission tower 7020:Nameplate capacity 6718:Research locations 6411:Parr, Joy (2010). 6284:on 7 November 2011 6056:Eagles create stir 6034:JENNIFER SCHLEICH 5706:on 11 January 2020 5523:. 29 August 2007. 3835:www.brucepower.com 3209:. 19 December 2022 3207:www.brucepower.com 3177:www.brucepower.com 2618:Maclean's Magazine 2527:on 30 January 2013 2455:. 25 August 2015. 2453:www.brucepower.com 2262:canteach.candu.org 2139:. Nuclear Street. 1348: 1295: 1183: 1100:Future development 966: 819:Construction costs 762:) is based on the 725:Transmission Lines 705:net (7,276 MW 497: 313:CANDU 750B (B 5–8) 311:CANDU 750A (A 3–4) 142:Unit 7: 1 May 1979 7656: 7655: 7560:Environmental tax 7440:Cascading failure 7209: 7208: 7045:Utility frequency 6892: 6891: 6764:McClean Lake mine 6713: 6712: 6601: 6600: 6593:Pickering (A2/A3) 6367:on 19 August 2011 6211:. 98thebeach.ca. 5854:978-0-8412-0420-1 5643:Kincardine Record 5220:Missing or empty 5172:London Free Press 5004:Missing or empty 4782:978-1-4244-3354-4 4692:. 27 January 2022 4362:. Hospital News. 3873:978-1-4868-0925-7 3725:978-0-7735-1601-4 3559:on 19 August 2014 3532:on 19 August 2014 3406:on 26 August 2011 3380:on 6 October 2012 3173:"Bruce Power MCR" 2590:. 1 August 2010. 2008:. Nuclear Street. 1739: 1738: 1645:15 September 1984 779:injection method. 752:Pickering station 667:Electrical output 530:reactor poisoning 506:Pickering A plant 452:Crown corporation 399: 398: 357:48,169 GWh (2018) 347:79.46% (lifetime) 345:87.4% (2014–2018) 217:Reactor type 16:(Redirected from 7721: 7646: 7645: 7555:Energy subsidies 7509:Protective relay 7450:Rolling blackout 7077: 7067: 7035:Power-flow study 6975:Electrical fault 6919: 6912: 6905: 6896: 6882: 6881: 6861:Public discourse 6779:Rabbit Lake mine 6610: 6537: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6471: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6366: 6360:. Archived from 6359: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6308: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6280:. Archived from 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6254:. 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Opg.com. n.d. 5487: 5481: 5468: 5459: 5458: 5457:on 12 June 2011. 5456: 5449: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5327:Shoreline Beacon 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5255: 5249: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5147:on 21 March 2019 5141:Edmonton Journal 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4891:The Toronto Star 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4837:. Archived from 4836: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4811:on 21 March 2008 4807:. 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Archived from 2290: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2270: 2259: 2250: 2244: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2216: 2209: 2201: 2180: 2179: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2132: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2112: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1975: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1919: 1912: 1903: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1879: 1872: 1864: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1734: 1728: 1693: 1687: 1652: 1646: 1611: 1605: 1567: 1561: 1556:10 December 1978 1525: 1519: 1514:28 November 1977 1483: 1477: 1476:1 September 1977 1441: 1435: 1434:1 September 1977 1430:17 December 1976 1368:Capacity in MWe 1351: 1305:Before the 2001 878:Blackout of 2003 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 848: 717:since 2022. The 699:nuclear reactors 392:edit on Wikidata 114: 113: 111: 110: 109: 104: 100: 97: 96: 95: 92: 44: 32: 21: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7634: 7618: 7616: 7609: 7540:Capacity factor 7528: 7526: 7519: 7499:Numerical relay 7477:Circuit breaker 7465: 7463: 7456: 7418: 7358:Load management 7328:Electrical grid 7293:Demand response 7286: 7281: 7272: 7253:Microgeneration 7205: 7120: 7068: 7059: 7055:Vehicle-to-grid 6928: 6923: 6893: 6888: 6872: 6856: 6800: 6784:Cigar Lake mine 6769:Cluff Lake mine 6744: 6709: 6642: 6636: 6597: 6566: 6526: 6503: 6498: 6465:Wayback Machine 6424: 6408: 6406:Further reading 6403: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6336: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6240:Wayback Machine 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6092: 6091: 6087: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6063:Wayback Machine 6053: 6049: 6043:Wayback Machine 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5972:on 23 July 2011 5969: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5834: 5833: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5675:on 14 July 2017 5662: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5619: 5617: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5587: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5478:Wayback Machine 5469: 5462: 5454: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5363:on 9 March 2017 5351: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5333:on 9 March 2017 5320: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5295:. 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3486:on 27 July 2011 3483: 3476: 3474:"Archived copy" 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3267: 3266: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3232: 3231: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3183:on 4 April 2023 3171: 3170: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3138: 3137: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3103: 3102: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2936: 2935: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2715: 2714: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2682: 2681: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2582: 2581: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2552: 2551: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2519: 2518: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2484: 2483: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2447: 2446: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2393: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2300:on 16 July 2011 2292: 2291: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2242:Wayback Machine 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2217:on 1 April 2010 2214: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2183: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1977: 1976: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1946:on 2 April 2019 1938: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1920:on 23 July 2011 1917: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1792: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1770: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1732: 1726: 1691: 1685: 1650: 1644: 1609: 1603: 1565: 1560:18 January 1979 1559: 1523: 1518:1 February 1978 1517: 1481: 1475: 1469:1 December 1970 1439: 1433: 1358: 1343: 1297:In 1977, three 1287: 1273: 1253: 1244: 1207: 1191: 1175: 1150: 1134: 1102: 1075:low-level waste 1071: 1046: 958: 930: 896: 880: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 843: 837: 821: 748: 727: 713:since 2019 and 708: 704: 685: 677: 675: 669: 568: 502: 485: 395: 358: 346: 312: 310: 297: 295: 293: 291: 289: 287: 285: 262: 258: 256: 177: 167: 165: 163: 161: 159: 157: 155: 143: 141: 139: 137: 135: 133: 131: 107: 105: 101: 98: 93: 90: 88: 86: 85: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7727: 7725: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7661: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7621: 7619: 7615:Statistics and 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7565:Feed-in tariff 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7531: 7529: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7474: 7468: 7466: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7353:Interconnector 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7303:Dynamic demand 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7233:Combined cycle 7230: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7085: 7083: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7010:Load-following 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6965:Electric power 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6899: 6890: 6889: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6755: 6753: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6650:Advanced CANDU 6646: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6616: 6614: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6423: 6422:External links 6420: 6419: 6418: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6378: 6346: 6320: 6295: 6269: 6243: 6226: 6200: 6174: 6148: 6111: 6085: 6067: 6047: 6027: 5994: 5983: 5951: 5919: 5886: 5860: 5853: 5824: 5798: 5772: 5746: 5717: 5686: 5655: 5630: 5599: 5569: 5538: 5508: 5482: 5460: 5436: 5425:. 2 March 2023 5414: 5400: 5374: 5344: 5313: 5281: 5250: 5231: 5189: 5158: 5128: 5102: 5076: 5045: 5015: 4973: 4958:. Scribd.com. 4947: 4925: 4903: 4877: 4855: 4844:on 27 May 2011 4822: 4796: 4781: 4755: 4744:on 13 May 2008 4729: 4703: 4690:Nuclear Street 4677: 4647: 4614: 4584: 4558: 4528: 4496: 4463: 4429: 4377: 4343: 4313: 4283: 4253: 4216: 4185: 4152: 4126: 4090: 4058: 4027: 3995: 3956: 3923: 3891: 3872: 3852: 3821: 3795: 3759: 3731: 3724: 3706: 3673: 3636: 3603: 3570: 3543: 3511: 3465: 3443: 3417: 3391: 3365: 3348: 3316: 3290: 3255: 3220: 3194: 3161: 3126: 3091: 3080:on 6 July 2011 3059: 3027: 2988: 2977:on 27 May 2011 2959: 2924: 2906:. p. 49. 2891: 2848: 2805: 2760: 2738: 2705: 2666: 2639: 2614:"CANDU Flawed" 2605: 2588:Power Magazine 2572: 2538: 2507: 2470: 2437: 2391: 2373: 2362:on 1 July 2014 2337: 2311: 2282: 2245: 2228: 2181: 2154: 2124: 2088: 2063: 2037: 2011: 1996: 1957: 1931: 1891: 1854: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1790: 1789: 1775: 1761: 1758:Ontario portal 1746: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1557: 1554: 1553:September 1972 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1342: 1339: 1286: 1283: 1272: 1269: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1206: 1203: 1190: 1187: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1149: 1146: 1136:In July 2023, 1133: 1130: 1101: 1098: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1045: 1042: 971:In late 2005, 957: 954: 929: 926: 895: 892: 879: 876: 836: 833: 820: 817: 816: 815: 811: 808: 793: 790: 786: 783: 780: 777:neutron poison 747: 744: 731:double-circuit 726: 723: 706: 702: 684: 681: 673: 668: 665: 664: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 642: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 620: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 598: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 567: 564: 501: 498: 484: 481: 422:Bruce Township 397: 396: 389: 386: 385: 380: 376: 375: 370: 366: 365: 361: 360: 355: 349: 348: 343: 337: 336: 333: 327: 326: 319: 315: 314: 304: 300: 299: 282: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 265: 264: 260: 254: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 218: 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 152: 146: 145: 128: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 83: 79: 78: 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7726: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7649: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7612: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7585:Pigouvian tax 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7522: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7482:Earth-leakage 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7459: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423:Failure modes 7421: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7373:Power station 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7258:Rankine cycle 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7238:Cooling tower 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7081:Non-renewable 7078: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 7000:Grid strength 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6955:Demand factor 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6915: 6913: 6908: 6906: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6887: 6886: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805:Organizations 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6625:CANDU reactor 6623: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6606:Reactor types 6604: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6578:Douglas Point 6576: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6562:Point Lepreau 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6490: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6363: 6356: 6350: 6347: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6305: 6299: 6296: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6201: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6112: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5995: 5987: 5984: 5968: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5936: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5887: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5799: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5773: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5747: 5734: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5687: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5656: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5616:. 5 July 2023 5615: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5570: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5539: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5314: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5235: 5232: 5227: 5214: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5159: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5046: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5011: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4961: 4957: 4956:"Bruce Power" 4951: 4948: 4935: 4929: 4926: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4878: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4823: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4756: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4513: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4464: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4107: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4075: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4028: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3748: 3747:inis.iaea.org 3741: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3707: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3637: 3621: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3571: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3482: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3076: 3069: 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