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700:.ââ Ramos wrote, ââsserting that they did not have nor believe in a god other than that devil...they performed these rituals in some fields ,...not in dreams since there were some people who saw them.ââ These people, Ramos continues, ââtried to make them refrain from their doings through chanting and holy gifts , and with all this came to me.â This perpetual demonization of elements of African worship set up the forefront to the centuries of demonization of BrujerĂa practices.
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776:â including clings to aspects of Afro-Boricua and TaĂno folklore. Previously (1950sâ1960s), journalists in the island denounced BrujerĂa as a way to help âeducate the massesâ. However, the shift in cultural nationalism from the 1980s onwards now leads to media outlets uncovering âhidden traditionsâ of the âendangered Puerto Rican Hispanic, TaĂno, and African traditionsâ
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816:, and the recently deceased are brought on by "BrujerĂa rituals, divination, trance and the making of magic works". The spirits' abstract means of revelation include through emotions, through senses, and through healings as a means to transform the "emotional, proprioceptive and (to some extent) physiological states of participants".
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633:. What sets the witches of Latin America apart from their European counterparts is the blend of religiosity and spirituality. The witches in Latin America's âmagicâ are rooted in African magic, European spiritualism, and Indigenous practices, making them practice an integrated version of spirituality.
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Romberg argues the practice of modern-day BrujerĂa as "the vernacular co-optation of discourses of interest and passions, of consumerism and spirituality, commodity fetishism and morality, and welfare capitalism and magic". And also reveals that despite misconceptions, BrujerĂa builds to social order
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Latin
American tradition that combines Indigenous religious and other magical practices with sometimes roots of Catholicism. It also has African and European roots as the majority of Latin America usually comes from European, indigenous and African ancestry. Practitioners are called Brujas (feminine)
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The introduction of
Spiritism in the twentieth century attracted more participants of all racial backgrounds. It also added new foundations of practice and ritualistic objects such as: santiguos (healing blessings), 19 despojos (spiritual cleansings), prayers, and spells; and an array of indigenous,
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religions that derive from Africa, BrujerĂa is not based on stable community, hierarchy, or membership. Instead, practices are more dependent on the ritual preferences of the actual participants. Because of the spontaneity of the spirits, it is impossible for institutionalized doctrines of worships
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BrujerĂa does not participate in community, hierarchical, or initiation-based practice or membership. Rituals are interdependent on the procedures, practices, and attitudes passed down by its participants and heavily depend on forces of nature and the spontaneity of the spirits. Following specific
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The Brujas and Brujos inherited traits from
Catholicism, and yet the Catholic Church had deemed them as evil and demonized them. In some places, their demonization has come to an end on this scale, and they are left as they are, but in others, brujas are forced to not practice their form of magic.
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In practice, Brujos and Brujas stress to not believe in the ritualistic objects or hold too much pertinence in the material representations of the spiritual entities, but rather focus on the messages and "powers of the entities that inhabit these icons" that are also used to summon ancient beings
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developed the convictions that there exist spirits and those spirits can be communicated with. This becomes mixed with the convictions of spiritual worship introduced by
Catholic missionaries. Early leaders of Spiritism found interest in BrujerĂa amongst liberal, emancipation minded groups in the
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Whereas a lot of focus within the practice of BrujerĂa is on the technological systems, BrujerĂa focuses mostly on interpersonal client-patient power that "emerges during healing, divination and magic rituals challenges the assumed precondition"; specifically in regards to health, labor, family
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writes, witchcraft, not only in Mexico but in Latin
America in general, was a "conjecture of sexuality, witchcraft, and religion, in which Spanish, indigenous, and African cultures converged." Furthermore, witchcraft in Mexico generally required an interethnic and interclass network of witches.
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However, some commonalities include basic ritual gestures, communication during divination, possession, and specific components of altars. These similarities are often referred to as "a kind of spiritual lingua franca" which explains the ubiquity of the practice cross the Afro-Latino and
563:. Bartolomé de las Casas believed that human sacrifice was not diabolic, in fact far off from it, and was a natural result of religious expression. Mexican Indians gladly took in the belief of Diabolism and still managed to keep their belief in creator-destroyer deities.
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Brujos and practitioners of BrujerĂa never question the spirits. The performative methods of surrender training is the only lesson brujos aim to teach. The expectation is to have faith in the spirits and the spirits will theatrically reveal what is meant to be shown.
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beliefs merged with local traditions during colonization, contributing to the region's magical tapestry. Practices vary across countries, with accusations historically intertwined with social dynamics. A male practitioner is called a
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According to anthropology professor Laura Lewis, witchcraft in colonial Mexico ultimately represented an "affirmation of hegemony" for women, Indians, and especially Indian women over their white male counterparts as a result of the
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Isabelo ZenĂłn Cruz made the assessment that Puerto Rican vernacular religions (and really any Afro-Latino religions) have been only studied by folklorists but not comparative religionists due to âclassist and racist assumptionsâ.
527:), is a complex blend of indigenous, African, and European influences. Indigenous cultures had spiritual practices centered around nature and healing, while the arrival of Africans brought syncretic religions like
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That being said, with the increasing rate of persecution amongst practitioners since the colonization of the Afro-Latino
Caribbean, BrujerĂa has been forced into modernization to combat erasure.
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came a greater appreciation for conformity and deviation from âcreolised manifestationsâ. However, the declination of faith-based practices in Cuba due to the rise in
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Young, Eric Van; Cervantes, Fernando; Mills, Kenneth (November 1996). "The Devil in the New World: The Impact of
Diabolism in New Spain".
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through both âholistic or individualized types of interventionâ and endorsement of positive âmainstream social valuesâ.
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late nineteenth century; begging the interest for further research of the correlation between politics and BrujerĂa.
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from 1959 to the 1990s lead to practitioners of Afro-Cuban religions to have to find innovative ways to survive
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Romberg, Raquel (2012). "Sensing the
Spirits: The Healing Dramas and Poetics of BrujerĂa Rituals".
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Crossroads of Conjure: The Roots and Practices of Granny Magic, Hoodoo, BrujerĂa, and Curanderismo
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land owners. Branded slaves were baptized to be fully recognized as the property of hacendados.
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Christians, Blasphemers, and Witches: Afro-Mexican Ritual Practice in the Seventeenth Century
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Afro-Caribbean Religions an Introduction to Their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions
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was an important part of the social and cultural history of late-Colonial Mexico, during the
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Women Who Live Evil Lives: Gender, Religion, and the Politics of Power in Colonial Guatemala
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Within sacred altars of brujos, lessons of practitioners, and brujerĂa rituals lie ties to
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Witchcraft and Welfare: Spiritual Capital and the Business of Magic in Modern Puerto Rico
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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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begin to gain more momentum, particularly in Puerto Rico, there becomes more clings to
1305:"Merging Magical Traditions: Sorcery and Witchcraft in Spanish and Portuguese America"
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Behar, Ruth (1987). "Sex and Sin, Witchcraft and the Devil in Late-Colonial Mexico".
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and were forced to convert to Christianity by the imposing church and the overseeing
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Across the Afro-Latin diaspora, many forms of spiritual practices have emerged:
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The Mixtec Pictorial Manuscripts: Time, Agency and Memory in Ancient Mexico
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A War Of Witches: A Journey Into The Underworld Of The Contemporary Aztecs
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about a full range of Latin American countries and witchcraft traditions.
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862: â Traditional healer found in Latin America and the United States
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Power is sensed and manifested when the voices of Spiritist entities,
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in the shape of a goat and, every night in front of this goat, cursed
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Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
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Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
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Magical Writing In Salasaca: Literacy And Power In Highland Ecuador
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Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions
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Hall of Mirrors: Power, Witchcraft, and Caste in Colonial Mexico
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In the late 1800s to early 1900s during the early days of
29:"BrujerĂa" and "Bruja" redirect here. For other uses, see
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to be enforced on followers and practicers of BrujerĂa.
1238:: 211â25 – via Wilifrid Laurier University Press.
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Masks of the Spirit: Image and Metaphor in Mesoamerica
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or Brujos (masculine sometimes even gender neutral).
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Witchcraft and Sorcery of the American Native Peoples
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Incantations: Song, Spells and Images by Mayan Women
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The Cosmic Serpent: DNA and the Origins of Knowledge
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1349:Coltman, Jeremy D.; Pohl, John M. D., eds. (2020).
115:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
789:guidelines and doctrines in BrujerĂa is possible.
1437:The Nagual Concept and the Collective Unconscious
1160:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 13.
573:. The presence of the witch is a constant in the
1116:Sexuality and marriage in colonial Latin America
660:; explaining the erasure of hierarchical order.
1334:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
2328:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
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2415:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
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1567:. Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press.
868: â Religion from the Dominican Republic
886: â Mesoamerican shapeshifting sorcerer
847: â American anthropologist (1925â1998)
78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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892: â Afro-Brazilian religious tradition
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583:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
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1479:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
1387:Jansen, M.; Pérez Jiménez, G. A. (2010).
1119:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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233:Learn how and when to remove this message
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
1412:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
669:enslaved African people in Latin America
522:
1594:. New York City: Taylor & Francis.
1454:Markman, P. T.; Markman, R. H. (1989).
1313:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199578160.013.0024
1019:The Hispanic American Historical Review
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820:relations, and even career management.
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2734:List of people executed for witchcraft
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853: â Religion indigenous to Cuba
2800:Left-hand path and right-hand path
2375:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
1458:. University of California Press.
1249:Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel (2010).
998:from the original on July 18, 2021
561:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
25:
1523:Past, Ambar; et al. (2008).
59:This article has multiple issues.
1435:Mancilla, C. (August 21, 1981).
1353:. University Press of Colorado.
1058:, pp. 48â49, Ed. Abril Cultural.
874:â Puerto Rican "City of Witches"
663:Before Spiritism was developed,
191:
89:
48:
840:Catalan mythology about witches
809:and other supernatural beings.
719:American occupation within Cuba
100:needs additional citations for
67:or discuss these issues on the
2498:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
2359:Summis desiderantes affectibus
1473:Middleston, John, ed. (1977).
1:
1476:Magic, witchcraft, and curing
1372:. University of Texas Press.
1082:10.1525/ae.1987.14.1.02a00030
546:, a female practitioner is a
124:"Witchcraft in Latin America"
3142:Central banks and currencies
2503:accusations against children
2399:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
1500:. New York: TarcherPerigee.
1208:. University of Texas Press.
992:"Diabolism in the New World"
921:MarĂa Herrera-Sobek (2012).
836: â Branche of CandomblĂ©
724:With the growth of a single
696:, and the sacraments of the
3099:Liberalism and conservatism
1439:. Sonoma State University.
1255:. Temple University Press.
953:Pop Culture Dictionary, by
880: â Religion from Haiti
485:Witchcraft in Latin America
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3094:International peacekeeping
2901:Latin American integration
2423:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
1561:Walker, Deward E. (1989).
793:Non-Afro-Latino diaspora.
442:in the early modern period
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2455:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
1113:Lavrin, AsunciĂłn (1989).
974:Herrera-Sobek (2012), p.
927:. ABC-CLIO. p. 174.
31:BrujerĂa (disambiguation)
3410:Culture of Latin America
2785:Christian views on magic
2463:The Discovery of Witches
2335:Directorium Inquisitorum
1204:Romberg, Raquel (2003).
1156:Lewis, Laura A. (2003).
3329:Countries by population
2886:Portuguese colonization
2391:De praestigiis daemonum
2343:De maleficis mulieribus
1546:. Llewellyn Worldwide.
1527:. Lee & Low Books.
1330:Bristol, J. C. (2007).
600:Yet, as anthropologist
3425:Latin American history
3203:Latin American studies
2447:Compendium Maleficarum
2439:Magical Investigations
2330:(8thâ2nd centuries BC)
1351:Sorcery in Mesoamerica
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202:is missing information
39:Brujo (disambiguation)
35:Bruja (disambiguation)
2070:Cloak of invisibility
1826:Solitary practitioner
1739:Witch-cult hypothesis
1303:Gareis, Iris (2013).
1054:JoĂŁo Ribeiro JĂșnior,
432:Witch-cult hypothesis
427:Witch as an archetype
3157:Water and sanitation
2881:Spanish colonization
2790:Magical organization
2305:Witches of Benevento
1542:Rasbold, K. (2019).
1406:Knab, T. J. (2019).
1070:American Ethnologist
774:cultural nationalism
524:[bÉŸuÊaËÉŸi.É]
505:[bÉŸuxeËÉŸi.a]
109:improve this article
3405:American witchcraft
2891:French colonization
2407:Newes from Scotland
2367:Malleus Maleficarum
1744:Anglo-Saxon England
627:Brazilian Candomblé
571:Mexican Inquisition
557:the Christian Devil
537:European witchcraft
3225:Race and ethnicity
3191:Illegal drug trade
2759:Witches in fiction
2747:In popular culture
2321:historic treatises
1590:Wogan, P. (2018).
1494:Narby, J. (1998).
1391:. Belgium: Brill.
902:Warlocks of Chiloé
896:Trinidadian Vodunu
650:African ideologies
640:Unlike many other
417:Magic and religion
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2017:Sympathetic magic
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1284:Boylan, Desmond.
994:. ABCCLIO. 2005.
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2603:Northern Europe
2598:
2567:
2527:
2477:
2320:
2314:
2197:
2191:
2130:Magical weapons
2080:Flying ointment
2031:
1876:Magical formula
1840:
1777:
1724:Greece and Rome
1646:
1637:
1602:
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1324:Further reading
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1290:The Wider Image
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1052:(in Portuguese)
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1031:10.2307/2517981
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579:colonial Brazil
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2896:Decolonization
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2310:Witch of Endor
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2187:Witch's ladder
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1607:
1606:
1601:978-0813341514
1600:
1587:
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1558:
1553:978-0738758244
1552:
1539:
1534:978-1933693095
1533:
1520:
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1491:
1486:978-0292750319
1485:
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1465:978-0520086548
1464:
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1398:978-9004193581
1397:
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1379:978-0292725492
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1360:978-1607329541
1359:
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1341:978-0826337993
1340:
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1232:Anthropologica
1211:
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1167:978-0822331476
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1125:
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1091:2027.42/136539
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955:Dictionary.com
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906:
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890:Tambor de Mina
887:
881:
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866:Dominican VudĂș
863:
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848:
842:
837:
834:Candomblé Jejé
829:
826:
785:
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761:
758:
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726:Cuban identity
677:
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623:Cuban SanterĂa
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378:Related topics
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2:
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2300:Three Witches
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2105:Kitchen witch
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1756:Latin America
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1680:Witch smeller
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1056:O Que Ă© Magia
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2012:Spiritualism
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3307:Video games
3135:Agroecology
3130:Agriculture
3013:South Korea
2916:Debt crisis
2482:Persecution
2351:Formicarius
2295:Spearfinger
2235:Elbow witch
2135:Magic sword
2100:Julleuchter
2085:Goofer dust
2027:White magic
1940:Incantation
1866:Black magic
1821:Renaissance
1789:Chaos magic
1761:Middle East
1692:Philippines
698:Holy Church
694:Santa MarĂa
667:people and
654:Catholicism
577:history of
487:, known in
355:Middle East
216:August 2023
3415:Witchcraft
3399:Categories
3300:Telenovela
3290:Television
3270:Literature
3067:Governance
2952:Literature
2795:Maleficium
2719:Witch-hunt
2523:Witch camp
2182:Witch ball
2125:Magic ring
2110:Love charm
1965:Necromancy
1960:Moon magic
1955:Mediumship
1950:Love magic
1935:Gray magic
1915:Divination
1714:Benandanti
1644:witchcraft
1507:0874779111
1419:0062512641
1271:2009012263
1025:(4): 789.
961:2020-02-24
949:"brujerĂa"
908:References
851:Cuban VodĂș
710:hacendados
705:Hispaniola
602:Ruth Behar
591:Pernambuco
567:Witchcraft
520:pronounced
510:Portuguese
501:pronounced
437:Witch hunt
258:Witchcraft
135:newspapers
64:improve it
3295:Companies
3210:Etiquette
3198:Education
3104:Pink tide
3089:Falangism
3074:Democracy
3036:Geography
2947:Libraries
2874:By period
2696:Classical
2215:Baba Yaga
2198:mythology
2007:Spiritism
1997:Sex magic
1975:Shamanism
1970:Occultism
1925:Evocation
1920:Entheogen
1898:Damnation
1849:Practices
860:Curandero
753:syncretic
658:Spiritism
642:Caribbean
533:Candomblé
508:) and in
422:Shamanism
316:By region
208:talk page
165:June 2010
70:talk page
3379:Category
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3220:HIV/AIDS
3215:Feminism
3060:Politics
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2290:Sorginak
2280:Pasiphaë
2172:Talisman
2142:Mojo bag
2090:Grimoire
1985:Regional
1930:Familiar
1893:Anathema
1809:Neopagan
1804:Medieval
1709:Akelarre
1583:89020493
1516:97036344
1428:94041813
1143:2055674M
1135:88033980
996:Archived
828:See also
784:Practice
749:BrujerĂa
744:BrujerĂa
609:system.
559:âto the
529:SanterĂa
515:bruxaria
495:brujerĂa
294:Feminist
278:Neopagan
250:a series
248:Part of
3260:Cuisine
3235:Culture
3175:Society
3152:Tourism
3118:Economy
3047:Regions
2967:Slavery
2866:History
2768:Related
2712:Related
2630:Iceland
2625:Finland
2620:England
2615:Denmark
2579:Hungary
2275:Obayifo
2205:Agamede
2162:Potions
2095:Incense
2036:Objects
1856:Animism
1831:Warlock
1766:Oceania
1749:Britain
1039:2517981
872:Guayama
807:Spirits
799:Deities
730:Marxism
676:Origins
631:Umbanda
613:Concept
595:ParaĂba
489:Spanish
365:Oceania
149:scholar
3384:Portal
3334:Cities
3248:Cinema
2983:Canada
2942:Jewish
2681:Basque
2666:Geneva
2661:France
2645:Sweden
2635:Norway
2610:Baltic
2594:Russia
2589:Poland
2490:Modern
2474:(1751)
2466:(1647)
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2240:Hecate
2210:Aradia
2157:Poppet
2152:Nkondi
2065:Censer
2048:Athame
2043:Amulet
2002:Sigils
1990:Yellow
1799:Hoodoo
1794:Goetia
1771:MÄkutu
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3280:Music
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3253:Films
3186:Crime
3003:Japan
2998:Italy
2993:India
2988:China
2815:Adept
2676:Spain
2671:Italy
2558:Salem
2513:Nepal
2508:India
2319:Major
2255:Medea
2250:Kalku
2230:Drude
2225:Dayan
2220:Circe
2147:Nkisi
2058:besom
2053:Broom
1980:Black
1910:Demon
1888:Curse
1883:Coven
1814:Wicca
1734:Völva
1729:SeiĂ°r
1704:Italy
1675:Ghana
1651:Types
1640:Magic
1096:JSTOR
1035:JSTOR
797:like
751:is a
686:devil
665:TaĂno
607:casta
587:Bahia
549:bruja
543:brujo
410:White
400:Black
395:Magic
285:Wicca
156:JSTOR
142:books
18:Bruja
3356:List
2245:Huld
2177:Wand
1945:Jinn
1903:Jinx
1782:Form
1687:Asia
1642:and
1596:ISBN
1579:LCCN
1569:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1529:ISBN
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1502:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1460:ISBN
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1414:ISBN
1393:ISBN
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1257:ISBN
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1131:LCCN
1121:ISBN
1004:2013
929:ISBN
629:and
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343:Roma
328:Asia
128:news
3243:Art
1309:doi
1086:hdl
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