174:
276:
165:'s troops in 1695. "There is barely one building still standing", he says, "from before 1695, with the exception of some churches and the Town Hall". Leopold II sought to give Brussels the image of a grand capital city of an imperial/colonial power. By the middle 20th century, there was a tacit alliance between urban development entrepreneurs and local government, with a modernist agenda and with their sights set firmly on large-scale development projects. The citizens of Brussels were largely left out of the process.
22:
201:). In order to prepare the city for Expo 58, buildings were torn down without regard either to their architectural or historical importance, high-capacity square office or apartment buildings were built, boulevards were created and tunnels dug. Among the most controversial was the large-scale demolition of
291:
In the early 1990s, laws were introduced in
Brussels restricting the demolition of buildings that were deemed to have architectural or historical significance, and in 1999, the city authorities' urban development plan explicitly declared high-rise buildings to be architecturally incompatible with the
305:
These laws were the Town
Planning Act 1991, which gave local authorities the powers to refuse demolition requests on the grounds of historical, aesthetic, or cultural significance, and to designate architectural heritage zones; and the Heritage Conservation Act of 1993, which gave the government of
254:
in 1965 was one focus of such protests, as was the construction of the IBM Tower in 1978. Many architects also protested, and it was the architectural world that coined the name
Brusselization for what was happening to Brussels. Architects such as
228:'s headquarters in 1959. The introduction of a high-speed rail network in the 1990s was the latest excuse to speculate on multiple rows of properties for modern office or hotel redevelopment, which led to the razing of neighborhood blocks near
306:
the
Brussels-Capital Region the power to designate buildings to be protected for historic reasons. However, this system had its deficiencies. Whilst the Capital Region's government could designate historic buildings, it was the
307:
61:
53:
759:; Moyersoen, Johan (2006). "Reluctant Globalizers: The Paradoxes of "Glocal" Development in Brussels". In Amen, Michael Mark; Archer, Kevin; Bosman, M. Martin (eds.).
925:
676:
Lagrou, Evert (2003). "Brussels: A superimposition of social, cultural, and spatial layers". In Salet, W. G. M.; Kreukels, Anton; Thornley, Andy (eds.).
768:
746:
727:
708:
685:
666:
647:
628:
609:
868:
213:. All of these changes were designed to quickly increase the number of people working and living in the city and improve transportation.
197:
The original
Brusselization was the type of urban regeneration performed by Brussels in connection with the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (
824:
940:
118:
had been radically altered by major redevelopment. Two prior sweeping changes to the city's urban fabric were the straight-lined
809:
945:
935:
930:
229:
190:
158:
119:
894:
173:
29:, many historic buildings were demolished and replaced with generic modern ones. This skyscraper stands on the site of
139:
131:
251:
210:
37:
356:
206:
861:
448:
Romańczyk, K. M. (2012). "Transforming
Brussels into an international city — Reflections on 'Brusselization'".
275:
327:
846:
332:
154:
127:
87:
The notion applies to anywhere whose development follows the pattern of the uncontrolled development of
763:. Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Vol. G. Rowman & Littlefield.
150:
854:
260:
225:
135:
298:, i.e. the destruction of the whole interior of a historic building while preserving its historic
267:
urban planning theory, as a rejection of the rampant modernism that they saw overtaking
Brussels.
339:
678:
Metropolitan governance and spatial planning: comparative case studies of
European city-regions
764:
742:
723:
704:
681:
662:
643:
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605:
84:
neighbourhoods" and has become a byword for "haphazard urban development and redevelopment."
899:
457:
346:
236:
142:, the largest building erected in the 19th century (1866–1883), for which a section of the
756:
280:
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240:
138:
filled with debris and craters for decades. Another precedent was the construction of the
65:
310:
within it that were responsible for demolition permits. Not until the introduction of a
134:, which took around forty years to finish (1911–1952), and which had left swaths of the
21:
877:
697:
351:
217:
81:
73:
45:
699:
Urban regimes and strategies: building Europe's central executive district in
Brussels
80:) is "the indiscriminate and careless introduction of modern high-rise buildings into
919:
737:
Stubbs, John H.; Makaš, Emily G. (2011). "Belgium, Luxembourg, and the
Netherlands".
256:
97:
904:
361:
244:
30:
153:
asserts that the penchant for heavy-handedness can be traced back to the reign of
722:. Historical dictionaries of cities of the world. Vol. 14. Scarecrow Press.
604:. European contributions to American studies. Vol. 57. VU University Press.
476:
461:
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existing aesthetics of the city centre. This led to the rise of what was termed
248:
34:
659:
The capital of Europe: architecture and urban planning for the European Union
202:
162:
299:
216:
Further radical changes resulted from Brussels's role as the center of the
294:
143:
115:
88:
26:
829:
814:
198:
661:. Perspectives on the twentieth century. Greenwood Publishing Group.
92:
235:
These changes caused outcry amongst the citizens of Brussels and by
157:
in the late 19th century, and possibly even all the way back to the
110:
Historical precedent and underpinnings for modernization in Brussels
477:"Le Palais de Justice de Bruxelles - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
274:
172:
123:
20:
419:
417:
221:
850:
555:
553:
551:
538:
536:
404:
402:
795:
Käpplinger, Claus (1993). "Façadisme et Bruxellisation".
761:
Relocating global cities: from the center to the margins
511:
509:
389:
387:
385:
383:
381:
642:. Country Guide Series (4th ed.). Lonely Planet.
739:
Architectural Conservation in Europe and the Americas
283:, situated in the partially demolished and renovated
91:
in the 1960s and 1970s, that resulted from a lack of
602:
The cultural shuttle: the United States in/of Europe
782:(in French). Brussels: Crédit Communal de Belgique.
527:
696:
500:
302:, with new buildings erected behind or around it.
838:"Le façadisme: conservation ou bruxellisation?".
600:BĂ©ghain, VĂ©ronique; Gabilliet, Jean-Paul (2004).
423:
638:Elliott, Mark; Cole, Geert (2010). "Brussels".
318:system was this internecine conflict resolved.
287:, is an example of contemporary Brusselization.
862:
810:"Un " sacré " chancre en voie de disparition"
8:
780:Poelaert et son temps (exhibition catalogue)
778:Vandendaele, Richard; Leblicq, Yvon (1980).
435:
337:
312:
178:
559:
542:
408:
184:
869:
855:
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271:The 1990s: From Brusselization to façadism
718:State, Paul F. (2004). "Brusselization".
621:Brussels: a cultural and literary history
224:, beginning with the construction of the
128:covering and diverting of the river Senne
16:Form of indiscriminate urban regeneration
825:"L'îlot Falstaff submergé par la brique"
515:
377:
926:Urban studies and planning terminology
880:terms derived from the names of cities
571:
114:The 1950s was not the first time that
95:regulations and the city authorities'
393:
7:
583:
126:, which were created following the
14:
808:Robert, Francois (10 July 2009).
720:Historical dictionary of Brussels
243:organizations. The demolition of
205:for development of the high-rise
823:Robert, Francois (9 July 2009).
177:Brusselization as seen from the
703:. University of Chicago Press.
528:Swyngedouw & Moyersoen 2006
475:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
501:Vandendaele & Leblicq 1980
308:nineteen municipal authorities
230:Brussels-South railway station
191:Brussels-South railway station
146:neighbourhood was demolished.
132:North–South railway connection
1:
695:Papadopoulos, A. G. (1996).
462:10.1016/j.cities.2011.08.007
424:BĂ©ghain & Gabilliet 2004
842:(in French) (49). May 1993.
840:Les Nouvelles du Patrimoine
169:From the 1960s to the 1980s
101:approach to city planning.
962:
252:Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis
38:Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis
885:
357:Redevelopment of Norrmalm
185:
179:
941:20th century in Brussels
680:. Taylor & Francis.
619:De Vries, André (2003).
741:. John Wiley and Sons.
560:Stubbs & Makaš 2011
543:Elliott & Cole 2010
409:Stubbs & Makaš 2011
159:bombardment of the city
640:Belgium and Luxembourg
338:
313:
288:
194:
77:
69:
41:
946:Urban decay in Europe
936:Architectural history
931:Historic preservation
657:Hein, Carola (2004).
333:Historic preservation
278:
176:
24:
226:European Commission
340:Jardin du Maelbeek
289:
195:
120:central boulevards
42:
913:
912:
895:Copenhagenization
803:(40–41): 2166–75.
770:978-0-7425-4122-1
748:978-0-470-90099-4
729:978-0-8108-5075-0
710:978-0-226-64559-9
687:978-0-415-27449-4
668:978-0-275-97874-7
649:978-1-74104-989-3
630:978-1-902669-47-2
611:978-90-5383-949-2
436:Papadopoulos 1996
207:business district
144:Marolles/Marollen
140:Palace of Justice
130:, as well as the
953:
900:Manhattanization
871:
864:
857:
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843:
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757:Swyngedouw, Erik
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623:. Signal Books.
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397:
396:, p. 51–52.
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347:Manhattanization
343:
316:
285:RĂ©sidence Palace
237:environmentalist
211:Northern Quarter
188:
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789:Further reading
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411:, pp. 121.
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373:Cross-reference
370:
328:Californication
324:
281:Europa building
273:
265:anti-capitalist
241:preservationist
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155:King Leopold II
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505:
503:, p. 270.
493:
481:whc.unesco.org
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456:(2): 126–132.
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352:Venice Charter
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269:
263:formulated an
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151:André de Vries
122:modeled after
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70:bruxellisation
58:Brusselisation
50:Brusselization
46:urban planning
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31:Victor Horta
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572:Lagrou 2003
249:Art Nouveau
203:town houses
149:The writer
136:city center
35:Art Nouveau
920:Categories
394:State 2004
368:References
257:LĂ©on Krier
82:gentrified
62:UK variant
584:Hein 2004
295:façadisme
193:, in 1980
163:Louis XIV
54:UK and US
322:See also
116:Brussels
105:Brussels
89:Brussels
27:Brussels
830:Le Soir
815:Le Soir
797:Bauwelt
209:in the
199:Expo 58
189:, near
767:
745:
726:
707:
684:
665:
646:
627:
608:
486:20 May
450:Cities
300:façade
93:zoning
66:French
124:Paris
74:Dutch
56:) or
765:ISBN
743:ISBN
724:ISBN
705:ISBN
682:ISBN
663:ISBN
644:ISBN
625:ISBN
606:ISBN
488:2018
279:The
259:and
239:and
222:NATO
220:and
458:doi
247:'s
161:by
64:) (
44:In
33:'s
25:In
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827:.
812:.
801:84
550:^
535:^
508:^
479:.
454:29
452:.
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232:.
218:EU
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48:,
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40:.
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