591:
1651:
1299:, found all over Old Prussia, have for centuries caused considerable speculation and dissent among scholars. Beginning with a lack of confirmation about their original location and context, all subsequent questions on their age, the chronology of the objects, an exact definition of their function, their provenance, pointing to which cultural influence have not been addressed until the late 19th century. A majority of past and present researchers agree the babas were created between the 8th and 13th centuries as a "result of a long cultural process among the population of early Iron Age area of the south-eastern Baltic coast, which was affected by both the early traditions of the local craft and inspirations from countries already under
1440:
originally of the juice of a tree (whence its name succinum), and gradually hardened by the heat of the sun. Thus it becomes an exuded metal, a transparent softness, sometimes blushing with the color of saffron, sometimes glowing with flame-like clearness. Then, gliding down to the margin of sea, and further purified by the rolling of the tides, it is at length transported to your shores to be cast upon them. We have thought it better to point this out to you, lest you should imagine that
1312:
1192:
1643:
1495:
583:
63:
96:
91:
1279:
1628:, a joint invasion of Prussia to Christianise the Baltic Old Prussians. The Order then created the independent Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights in the conquered territory and subsequently conquered Courland, Livonia, and Estonia. The Dukes of Poland accused the Order of holding lands illegally.
1323:
Because they did not know God, therefore, in their error, they worshipped every creature as divine, namely the sun, moon and stars, thunder, birds, even four-legged animals, even the toad. They also had forests, fields and bodies of water, which they held so sacred that they neither chopped wood nor
1242:
Women held no powerful positions among the Old
Prussians and, according to Peter von Dusburg, were treated like servants, forbidden to share the husband's table. Commercial marriage was widespread and after the husband's death, the widow fell to the son, like other inheritance. Polygyny, up to three
1732:
The monks and scholars of the
Teutonic Order took an interest in the language spoken by the Prussians and tried to record it. In addition, missionaries needed to communicate with the Prussians in order to convert them. Records of the Old Prussian language therefore survive; along with little-known
745:
in Latin (a small land), existed in the early 13th century in the territories which later comprised
Prussia, Latvia and Lithuania and centred on strongholds or hill forts. Such a political territorial unit covered up to 300 km (120 sq mi) and could have up to 2,000 inhabitants. They
703:
was also formed by a group of farms, that shared economic interests and a desire for safety, ruled by a male head of the family and centred on strongholds or hill forts. The supreme power resided in general gatherings of all adult males, who discussed important matters concerning the community and
1269:
During the early phase of imperial Rome, shallow graves appeared in which the corpse was buried in tree coffins. Cremation with urns spread from the third century onwards. Except for the
Samians and Sudauers, where shallow grave fields existed until Christianization, cremation pits without urns
1439:
We have received the amber which you have sent us. You say that you gather this lightest of all substances from the shores of ocean, but how it comes thither you know not. But as an author named
Cornelius (Tacitus) informs us, it is gathered in the innermost islands of the ocean, being formed
668:, a word attested in Old Prussian as "field", which were small family oriented settlements, households and the surrounding fields, only separated from one another by uninhabited areas of forest, swamp and marsh. The word appears as a segment in Baltic settlement names, especially in
1533:, came into Prussia, again over the Ossa River. The prepared Prussians led the Polish army, under the leadership of Henry, into an area of marshy morass. Whoever did not drown was felled by an arrow or by throwing clubs, and nearly all Polish troops perished. From 1191 to 1193
450:
The original settlers tended to name their assets after surrounding localities (streams, lakes, seas, forests, etc.). The clan or tribal entity into which their descendants later were organized continued to use the names. This source is perhaps the one used in the very name of
1341:, a belief in the sacredness of all natural forces and phenomena, not personified but possessing their own spirits and magical powers. They thought the world inhabited by a limitless number of spirits and demons, believed in a soul and an afterlife, and practiced
1795:
by plagues and the assimilation of the nobility and the larger population with
Germans or Lithuanians. However, translations of the Bible, Old Prussian poems, and some other texts survived and have enabled scholars to reconstruct the language.
598:
The original Old
Prussian settlement area in the western Baltics, as well as that of the eastern Balts, was much larger than in historical times. The archaeological documentation and associated finds confirm uninterrupted presence from the
1522:. The only source is unclear about the results of his attempts, vaguely only mentioning that the Prussians were defeated. Whatever were the results, in 1157 some Prussian troops supported the Polish army in their fight against Emperor
1670:, including a major rebellion in 1286, were defeated by the Teutonic Knights. In 1283, according to the chronicler of the Teutonic Knights, Peter of Dusburg, the conquest of the Prussians ended and the war with the Lithuanians began.
303:, first attempted to conquer and baptize the Baltic tribes during the 10th century, but repeatedly encountered strong resistance. Not until the 13th century were the Old Prussians subjugated and their lands conquered by the
1406:) was created, which described a list of gods, "pagan" festivals and goat sanctification. However, researchers argue that this little book misinterpreted traditional folk customs as 'pagan' in the context of the
2122:
The nominalization 'the middle (one)' acquired, apparently via 'what is in the middle (between fields, villages or cultivated land in general)', the meaning 'border, boundary; balk (between fields); forest' in
757:
inhabiting
Prussia never formed a common political and territorial organisation, they had no reason to adopt a common ethnic or national name. Instead they used the name of the region from which they came –
2644:
1646:
A map of the Old
Prussian tribes after the subjugation by the Teutonic Order in the 13th century. The indicated towns feature Teutonic fortifications or castles, built to facilitate the conquest.
1262:
was widespread among the Old
Prussians. It was then that cremation in urns appeared. Grave mounds were raised over stone cells for up to 30 urns, or stone boxes for the urns were buried in
1164:
1635:
3,000, Duke Konrad of Masovia 4,000, Duke Casimir of Kuyavia 2,000, Duke Wladyslaw of Greater Poland 2,200 and Dukes of Pomerania 5,000 warriors. The main battle took place at the
1650:
590:
1725:
also settled in southern and eastern Prussia, respectively. Significant pockets of Old Prussians were left in a matrix of Germans throughout Prussia and in what is now the
2360:
Studia z dziejów plemion pruskich i jaćwieskich – 138. Pulka-terrula territorial organization is also supported by archaeological evidence; Okulicz-Kozaryn 1997: 268–277
378:(a Prussian) can be derived from the term for a body of water, an understandable convention in a coastal region dotted with thousands of lakes, streams and swamps (
1437:
It is gratifying to us to know that you have heard of our fame, and have sent ambassadors who have passed through so many strange nations to seek our friendship.
2887:
1560:
with the conversion of the pagan Prussians. In 1215, Christian was installed as the first bishop of Prussia. The Duchy of Masovia, and especially the region of
135:
2641:
3229:
508:
1791:
Because of the conquest of the Old Prussians by Germans, the Old Prussian language probably became extinct in the beginning of the 18th century with the
2246:
1239:. According to Adam of Bremen, the Sambians are said to have consumed horse blood as well as horse milk. He also mentions that horse meat was eaten.
2765:
786:, etc. It is not known when and how the first general names came into being. This lack of unity weakened them severely, similar to the condition of
2558:"Prussian graves in the Sambian peninsula with imports, arms and horse harnesses from the tenth to the 13th century: the question of warrior elite"
1243:
wives, was widespread. Adultery was a serious crime, punishable with death. After the submission, commercial marriage and polygyny were forbidden.
1605:, officially subject directly to the Popes, but also under the control of the empire, took control of much of the Baltic, establishing their own
1631:
During an attack on Prussia in 1233, over 21,000 crusaders took part, of which the burggrave of Magdeburg brought 5,000 warriors, Duke Henry of
1270:
increasingly became the only form of burials among the Prussians. However, different forms of burial could occur side by side at the same time.
1606:
1345:. Some authors, by contrast, have argued for a well developed, sophisticated Old Prussian polytheism with a clearly defined pantheon of gods.
3234:
2662:
2517:
2490:
2445:
2368:
2147:
2041:
1936:
1773:
1989:
3224:
2247:"Prussians as bees, Prussians as dogs': metaphors and the depiction of pagan society in the early hagiography of St. Adalbert of Prague"
1601:, to be subordinated directly to the Church and the Empire only, and exempted from service to and the jurisdiction of other dukes. The
3239:
2708:
2703:
2596:
2201:"Old Prussian Hags of Northern Pomerania – These rare statues are one of the few remaining material witnesses to Old Prussian culture"
1792:
300:
292:
2880:
2177:
1741:, these records are all that remain of the West Baltic language group. As might be expected, it is a very archaic Baltic language.
1639:
River and the Prussians suffered a decisive defeat. The Prussians took the Christian bishop and imprisoned him for several years.
552:. His map is very confusing in that region, but the Borusci seem further east than the Prussians, which would have been under the
1588:
1595:
took the population of Prussia and the neighboring provinces under their direct protection; the inhabitants were declared to be
1523:
2896:
2713:
704:
elected the leader and chief; the leader was responsible for the supervision of the everyday matters, while the chief (the
2718:
826:. The work is dated to 1326. He lists eleven lands and ten tribes, which were named on a geographical basis. These were:
2873:
2758:
2723:
504:
331:
2304:
1519:
2588:
Die Entdeckung des 'Heidentums' in Preußen, Die Prußen in den Reformdiskursen des Spätmittelalters und der Reformation
1215:. They generally rejected luxury, yet were very hospitable, and enjoyed celebrating and drinking excessively, usually
304:
129:
594:
A fragment of the Pomesanian statute book of 1340. The earliest attested document of the customary law of the Balts.
1974:
1887:
1769:
1706:
1690:
1484:
653:(sometimes considered a separate people, other times regarded as a Prussian tribe) to the east and south-east, the
642:
151:
123:
1370:
were expected to maintain the healthy spiritual connection with natural sacred sites, like springs and trees. The
2728:
1764:
spread throughout the territories, officially in the Duchy of Prussia and unofficially in the Polish province of
814:
403:
who lived somewhere by the Baltic Sea coast and east of the Vistula estuary. It has been suggested that the name
2075:
1394:
lived on cannot be inferred from the sources. Pagan customs are said to have lasted the longest with the remote
2738:
1745:
42:
2200:
1511:
2698:
1479:
in 966, they undertook a number of conquests and crusades not only against Prussians and the closely related
2751:
2535:"Old Prussian "Baba" Stones: An Overview of the History of Research and Reception. Pomesanian-Sasinian Case"
2461:
1749:
1444:. We sent you some presents by our ambassadors, and shall be glad to receive further visits from you by the
631:
627:
269:
3219:
2669:
2564:
1757:
1686:
1354:
was to be in permanent connection with the spirits of the dead ancestors. He lived in a sacred grove, the
1342:
379:
327:
2099:"Ukrainian Studies. 12. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko – Bavarian Geographer on Slavic Tribes From Ukraine"
31:
2627:
2253:
1613:
1468:
308:
277:
210:
173:
1748:
during the 13th century in their quest to free themselves of the military order. In 1525 Grand Master
1518:
troops) tried to subdue Prussia, supposedly as punishment for the close cooperation of Prussians with
1311:
1694:
1662:, which lasted sixty years. Many of the native Prussians from Sudovia who survived were resettled in
1168:
2621:
2900:
1849:
1698:
1573:
1565:
1534:
1530:
1457:
1426:
1200:
623:
460:
416:
285:
161:
147:
2509:
The Olsztyn Group in the Early Medieval Archaeology of the Baltic Region: The Cemetery at Leleszki
1865:
1734:
1726:
1667:
1557:
1499:
1464:
1220:
1176:
615:
339:
281:
216:
167:
3046:
3041:
2014:
347:
196:
3061:
2557:
1251:
According to archaeological evidence, pre-Christian burial customs changed over the centuries.
1191:
1172:
3181:
3146:
3131:
3126:
3076:
3036:
3031:
3001:
2986:
2961:
2956:
2936:
2865:
2592:
2513:
2486:
2441:
2435:
2364:
2173:
2143:
2037:
2031:
1956:
1932:
1738:
1682:
1674:
1642:
1621:
1617:
1592:
1581:
1549:
1545:
1494:
787:
669:
618:(997 AD), the first conquest attempts at the expense of the Old Prussians by the duchy of the
3121:
3016:
3011:
2991:
2507:
1926:
2981:
2231:
The history of Prussia: tracing the origin and development of her military organization p. 2
1900:
1841:
1753:
1663:
1659:
1625:
1472:
1329:
819:
619:
604:
582:
315:
273:
253:
141:
82:
443:" or "fresh-water bay"), which suggests that the area around the lagoon had links with the
67:
The Old Prussians' territory in lime green, ca. 1200 AD. The boundaries are approximations.
2648:
2098:
1857:
1821:
465:
265:
2844:
2408:
1888:"A historical survey and present problems of archaeological science in the Baltic states"
473:
Buri are mentioned living within the eastern range of the Germans. Lugi may descend from
2172:. Institute of Archeology of the University of Warsaw, Archaeological Museum in Gdansk.
1463:
More extensive mention of the Old Prussians in historical sources is in connection with
3111:
3101:
1833:
1602:
1577:
1515:
1383:
1350:
1228:
823:
798:
754:
708:) was in charge of the road and watchtower building, and border defense, undertaken by
474:
420:
307:. The remaining Old Prussians were assimilated during the following two centuries. The
261:
105:
3213:
2946:
2385:
2282:
2204:
2167:
2133:
1765:
1718:
1503:
1399:
1387:
1316:
1296:
1196:
646:
611:
383:
155:
1548:
in the early 13th century were also successfully repelled by the Prussians. In 1209
95:
62:
2976:
2033:
Studies in Baltic and Indo-European Linguistics: In honor of William R. Schmalstieg
1813:
1714:
1259:
412:
323:
319:
90:
190:
2480:
2358:
2229:
2169:
NOWINKA Site 1 The cemetery from the Late Migration Period in the northern Poland
2137:
2058:
1358:, a place off limit for anyone but elite clergy. Each district was headed by its
603:(fifth century BC) to the successive conquest by Slavic tribes, beginning in the
311:, documented only in a limited way, was effectively extinct by the 18th century.
2854:
2811:
2806:
2620:
1761:
1722:
1418:
1407:
1100:
934:
878:
806:
802:
791:
658:
314:
The original territory of the Old Prussians prior to the first clashes with the
226:
78:
3166:
3156:
3136:
2839:
2801:
2796:
2586:
1904:
1777:
1597:
1561:
1553:
1445:
1263:
1211:
Characterized as a humble people, who dressed plainly, the Old Prussians were
1137:
1127:
1110:
1015:
998:
961:
944:
779:
775:
771:
759:
638:
355:
257:
2743:
2693:
2166:
Kontny, Bartosz; Okulicz-Kozaryn, Jerzy; Pietrzak, Mirosław (26 March 2024).
2060:
Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmäler: Einleitung, Texte, Grammatik, Wörterbuch
1654:
A translation of catechisms into Old Prussian published in 1545 in Königsberg
1374:– priests of lower rank – were supposed to superintend rites and ceremonies.
3191:
3141:
3116:
3091:
3066:
3056:
3021:
2931:
2926:
2911:
2849:
2311:
1785:
1480:
1476:
1425:, published in 537, contains a letter written by Cassiodorus in the name of
1300:
1096:
1079:
1069:
917:
861:
783:
710:
688:). The plural is not attested in Old Prussian, but the Lithuanian plural of
654:
650:
492:
359:
351:
296:
30:"Pruteni" redirects here. For the commune in Făleşti district, Moldova, see
1541:). He forced some of the Prussian tribes to pay tribute and then withdrew.
1538:
1475:
the Prussians. As soon as the first Polish dukes had been established with
529:, a Prussian tribe, and the name of the Bārta river in Latvia are possibly
1278:
1254:
During the Iron Age (5th century BC – 1st century AD), the western Baltic
3171:
3086:
3081:
3071:
2971:
2951:
2821:
2816:
2791:
1395:
1391:
1052:
1042:
1025:
988:
907:
767:
763:
600:
571:
526:
514:
371:
390:, which has been an effective natural barrier throughout the millennia.
3186:
3161:
3151:
3106:
3051:
3006:
2996:
2966:
2941:
1744:
Old Prussians resisted the Teutonic Knights and received help from the
1710:
1702:
1678:
1636:
1632:
1180:
614:
history begins in the 10th century with the failed Christianisation by
567:
537:
530:
408:
394:
387:
206:
38:
3176:
3026:
2916:
1564:, become the object of constant Prussian counter-raids. In response,
1289:
1286:
1255:
971:
888:
440:
343:
335:
222:
202:
111:
17:
2534:
586:
Political and tribal fragmentation of the 12th-century Old Prussians
1315:
An illustration of a Prussian goat sacrifice from the 16th century
2921:
1781:
1488:
1232:
1224:
562:
557:
470:
399:
249:
37:"Prussians" may also refer to citizens of the former German state
2704:
The Old Prussians: the Lost Relatives of Latvians and Lithuanians
1752:
secularized the Order's Prussian territories into the Protestant
1569:
1236:
1216:
382:). To the south, the terrain runs into the vast wetlands of the
3202:
The tribes are listed according to the original names and order
2869:
2747:
1772:, the territory of secular rule comprising a third of the then
1658:
Numerous knights from throughout Catholic Europe joined in the
1529:
In 1166, two Polish dukes, Bolesław IV and his younger brother
2733:
484:
is perhaps the root on which the toponym "Prussia" is based.
2739:
Comparative Phonology and Morphology of the Baltic Languages
2729:
Modern Prusai-Communities' Map of the land of Old Prussians
1231:, observed that wealthy people drank fermented mare's milk
1175:) describes a ninth century voyage by traveller and trader
1471:. Adalbert was slain in 997 during a missionary effort to
741:). Larger political and territorial organisations, called
1572:
for aid several times, and founded a military order (the
2462:"The Short Course About Prussians & Their Mythology"
2139:
Aestii: An Analysis of an Ancient European Civilization
1213:
distinguished for their valor and great bodily strength
2642:
Recent Issues in Polish Historiography of the Crusades
2078:. Institut Europeen des Minorites Ethniques Dispersees
1717:
settlers colonized the lands of the native Prussians;
812:
The Prussian tribal structure is well attested in the
407:
could be etymologically related to the modern toponym
2437:
The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier
2407:Šorys, Juozas; Baranauskas, Tomas (14 October 2010).
2019:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1919. pp. 1–.
672:, and is found in Old Prussian placenames such as in
2036:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 275–.
1537:
invaded Prussia, this time along the river Drewenz (
1179:
to the land of the Old Prussians. He observed their
634:, as a number of border areas were eventually lost.
284:. Their ethnonym was later adopted by predominantly
2830:
2782:
2663:"The 13th-Century Conquest of Prussia Reconsidered"
1886:
536:In the second century AD, the geographer Claudius
664:The smallest social unit in Baltic lands was the
326:, equivalent to parts of the modern areas of the
1442:your supposed secrets have escaped our knowledge
1337:Baltic paganism has been described as a form of
370:The name of the Old Prussians has its origin in
2283:"Some aspects of pre-Christian Baltic religion"
1435:
1321:
1950:
1948:
1756:, a vassal of the crown of Poland. During the
2881:
2759:
2734:Dictionary of reconstructed Prussian language
2699:Lecture about Prussians & Their Mythology
1362:, who also served as lawgiver and judge. The
8:
2223:
2221:
645:lived to the west of the Old Prussians, the
548:), which was separated from Germania by the
53:
431:, respectively, also appear to derive from
2888:
2874:
2866:
2766:
2752:
2744:
2440:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 123–.
1931:. Harvard University Press. pp. 36–.
1498:A medieval depiction of Prussians killing
1324:dared to cultivate fields or fish in them.
1195:An engraving of a Prussian warrior with a
73:
61:
52:
1961:. Houlston & Stoneman. pp. 449–.
1776:. With Protestantism came the use of the
2709:M. Gimbutas book on the Balts, with maps
2466:History & Culture Academy of Latgale
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
1649:
1641:
1493:
1310:
1277:
1190:
828:
589:
581:
2161:
2159:
1880:
1878:
1805:
1666:; Sudauer Winkel was named after them.
503:("forest"), which can be traced to the
182:
76:
2386:"Political Regionalization of Prussia"
2016:United States Congressional Serial Set
1580:. The results were edicts calling for
480:(2), "black, swamp" (Page 686), while
354:. The territory was also inhabited by
2724:Milestones of Baltic Prussian History
2030:Philip Baldi; Pietro U. Dini (2004).
1502:, the missionary bishop. Part of the
1398:. In the 16th century, the so-called
1332:: Chronicon terrae Prussiae III,5 ,53
288:-speaking inhabitants of the region.
268:to the east. As Balts, they spoke an
7:
2631:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2479:Marija Gimbutas; Alseikaitė (1963).
1995:. Scientific Association "Pruthenia"
1768:, while Catholicism survived in the
1203:'s 1684 book "Old and New Prussia" (
750:, comprising a dozen or so laukses.
544:living in European Sarmatia (in his
358:, a tribe related to the Prussians,
2651:Darius von Güttner Sporzyński. 2005
1793:devastation of the rural population
1591:proclaimed that he himself and the
1510:Beginning in 1147, the Polish duke
1165:The Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan
570:, were 450 years later recorded by
560:) at the mouth of the Vistula. The
495:) tribe, is derived from the words
299:, which was the predecessor of the
256:, on the southeastern shore of the
158:(Poland 1454/1466 – 1772)
3230:Historical ethnic groups of Europe
2335:It varies in spellings, including
1958:Ethnography of Europe. 3d ed. 1841
1899:(3). Informa UK Limited: 283–294.
1885:Ēvalds Mugurēvičs (1 March 2007).
1446:road which you have thus opened up
1223:, who visited the trading town of
419:names for localities, such as the
393:Writing in 98 CE, Roman historian
318:consisted of central and southern
25:
2622:"St. Adalbert (of Bohemia)"
2619:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2104:. Kiev University. pp. 15–21
2076:"Dictionary of Revived Prussian"
1448:, and to show you future favors.
1386:in 1231, the Old Prussians were
717:The head of a household was the
455:(Prussia), for which an earlier
94:
89:
517:may be a compound of the words
1955:James Cowles Prichard (1841).
1788:translated into Old Prussian.
1780:in church services instead of
637:Around the year 1,000 AD, the
574:as part of the Gothic Empire.
120:(pre – 13th century)
114:(983 – 12th century)
27:Historical Baltic tribal group
1:
2074:Mikkels Klussis (2005–2006).
1750:Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach
1452:The Old Prussians are called
1160:Culture, religion and customs
280:and worshipped pre-Christian
3235:Indigenous peoples of Europe
332:Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
2409:"Prūsų kraujo paveldėtojai"
2363:. Ośrodek Badań Naukowych.
2357:Grzegorz Białuński (1999).
2228:Walter James Wyatt (1876).
2063:. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
2057:Reinhold Trautmann (1910).
1382:With the submission to the
459:is found in the map of the
3256:
3225:People from Prussia proper
2714:1584 German map of Prussia
2506:Mirosław Rudnicki (2018).
2285:. University of Queensland
1770:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
1707:Archbishopric of Magdeburg
1677:divided Prussia into four
525:("wood"). The name of the
252:people that inhabited the
152:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
124:Margraviate of Brandenburg
36:
29:
3240:Historical Baltic peoples
3200:
2907:
1972:"Old Prussian language".
1905:10.1080/01629779300000171
1893:Journal of Baltic Studies
815:Chronicon terrae Prussiae
411:. On the other hand, the
386:at the headwaters of the
60:
2694:Chronica terrae Prussiae
2647:28 November 2007 at the
1746:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1576:) before calling on the
43:Prussia (disambiguation)
2585:Michael Brauer (2011).
2512:. Brill. pp. 46–.
2434:Alan V. Murray (2009).
2305:"Lie – Mikkels Klussis"
1975:Encyclopædia Britannica
1869:
1612:In 1230, following the
1584:against the Prussians.
1205:Alt- und Neues Preussen
818:of contemporary author
628:Duchy of Greater Poland
176:(1918 – 1947)
170:(1701 – 1918)
164:(1618 – 1701)
144:(1525 – 1618)
138:(1356 – 1806)
132:(1224 – 1525)
2388:. University of Danzig
1925:Michael North (2015).
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1825:
1673:In 1243, papal legate
1655:
1647:
1520:Władysław II the Exile
1514:(securing the help of
1507:
1460:in the ninth century.
1450:
1335:
1319:
1292:
1208:
822:, a chronicler of the
657:to the north, and the
595:
587:
328:Pomeranian Voivodeship
270:Indo-European language
229:(1947–1952, from 1990)
199:(1920–1939, from 1945)
156:Royal (Polish) Prussia
136:Elector of Brandenburg
41:. For other uses, see
2628:Catholic Encyclopedia
2533:Seweryn Szczepanski.
2254:University of Reading
1928:The Baltic: A History
1653:
1645:
1614:Golden Bull of Rimini
1512:Bolesław IV the Curly
1497:
1314:
1307:Old Prussian religion
1281:
1194:
809:were the same tribe.
593:
585:
499:("by" or "near") and
309:Old Prussian language
211:Recovered Territories
174:Free State of Prussia
108:(965 – 983)
1784:, so Albert had the
1524:Frederick Barbarossa
1469:Bolesław I of Poland
546:Eighth Map of Europe
397:described the pagan
264:to the west and the
2901:Bavarian Geographer
2670:Klaipėda University
2661:Marius Ščavinskas.
2565:Klaipėda University
2142:. Verlag Vôitleja.
1622:Konrad I of Masovia
1566:Konrad I of Masovia
1544:Several attacks by
1535:Casimir II the Just
1458:Bavarian Geographer
1429:, addressed to the
1427:Theodoric the Great
1390:. How long the old
1348:The highest priest
1201:Christoph Hartknoch
1173:English translation
610:Permanent recorded
521:("by" or "on") and
505:Proto-Indo-European
461:Bavarian Geographer
362:and Eastern Balts.
162:Brandenburg-Prussia
148:Malbork Voivodeship
112:Lutician federation
57:
2833:Peter von Dusburg:
2785:modern historians:
2556:Roman Shiroukhov.
2317:on 10 October 2010
2245:Milosz Sosnowski.
1727:Kaliningrad Oblast
1656:
1648:
1558:Christian of Oliva
1508:
1483:, but against the
1467:, who was sent by
1465:Adalbert of Prague
1366:next in rank, the
1320:
1293:
1285:– An Old Prussian
1221:Wulfstan of Hedeby
1209:
1177:Wulfstan of Hedeby
661:to the northeast.
649:to the south, the
616:Adalbert of Prague
596:
588:
340:Kaliningrad Oblast
217:Kaliningrad Oblast
168:Kingdom of Prussia
3207:
3206:
2899:mentioned in the
2863:
2862:
2719:Northeast Prussia
2519:978-90-04-38172-8
2492:978-0-50-002030-2
2447:978-0-7546-6483-3
2370:978-83-87643-95-9
2149:978-09-069-6702-7
2043:978-90-272-8538-6
1938:978-0-674-42604-7
1774:Diocese of Warmia
1737:and better-known
1701:. Prussians were
1699:Bishopric of Riga
1675:William of Modena
1660:Prussian Crusades
1618:Hermann von Salza
1587:In 1224, Emperor
1582:Northern Crusades
1552:commissioned the
1550:Pope Innocent III
1546:Konrad of Masovia
1157:
1156:
801:, the Prussians,
346:and the southern
301:Kingdom of Poland
291:The duchy of the
254:region of Prussia
235:
234:
72:
71:
16:(Redirected from
3247:
2890:
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2867:
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2381:
2375:
2374:
2354:
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2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2310:. Archived from
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2242:
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2065:
2064:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1990:"Baltic Odyssey"
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1810:
1754:Duchy of Prussia
1668:Frequent revolts
1626:Prussian Crusade
1574:Order of Dobrzyń
1378:Christianisation
1364:Kriwe-Kriwajto's
1343:ancestor worship
1333:
1330:Peter of Dusburg
829:
820:Peter of Dusburg
721:(literally, the
605:Migration Period
242:Baltic Prussians
193:area (from 1918)
142:Duchy of Prussia
98:
93:
74:
65:
58:
32:Pruteni, Făleşti
21:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3117:Forsderen Liudi
2903:
2894:
2864:
2859:
2832:
2826:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2674:
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2665:
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2659:
2655:
2649:Wayback Machine
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2415:(in Lithuanian)
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2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1971:
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1966:
1954:
1953:
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1939:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1616:, Grand Master
1438:
1416:
1404:Sudauerbüchlein
1380:
1334:
1328:
1309:
1276:
1266:style barrows.
1249:
1189:
1162:
894:
849:
844:
580:
368:
348:Klaipėda Region
266:Curonian Lagoon
197:Klaipėda Region
68:
55:
51:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2696:
2689:
2688:External links
2686:
2683:
2682:
2653:
2634:
2611:
2598:978-3050051215
2597:
2591:. De Gruyter.
2577:
2548:
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2518:
2498:
2491:
2471:
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2281:Roman Zaroff.
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1981:
1964:
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1937:
1917:
1874:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1607:monastic state
1603:Teutonic Order
1578:Teutonic Order
1568:called on the
1500:Saint Adalbert
1415:
1412:
1384:Teutonic Order
1379:
1376:
1351:Kriwe-Kriwajto
1326:
1308:
1305:
1275:
1272:
1260:barrow culture
1248:
1247:Burial customs
1245:
1229:Vistula Lagoon
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838:
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832:
824:Teutonic Order
746:were known as
630:under his son
579:
576:
550:Vistula Flumen
463:. In Tacitus'
421:Vistula Lagoon
384:Pripet Marshes
374:, as the word
367:
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305:Teutonic Order
262:Vistula Lagoon
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3220:Old Prussians
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2776:Old Prussians
2774:Clans of the
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2205:Atlas Obscura
2202:
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2193:
2181:
2179:9788385824527
2175:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2134:Edgar V. Saks
2129:
2126:
2123:Balto-Slavic.
2119:
2116:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2061:
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2023:
2018:
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2010:
2007:
1991:
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1982:
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1766:Royal Prussia
1763:
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1624:launched the
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1504:Gniezno Doors
1501:
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1401:
1400:Sudovian Book
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:Christianised
1385:
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1317:Sudovian Book
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1051:
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1047:
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1035:
1032:
1029:
1027:
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830:
827:
825:
821:
817:
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800:
797:According to
795:
793:
789:
785:
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769:
765:
761:
756:
755:Baltic tribes
751:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
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720:
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713:
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702:
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691:
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683:
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520:
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512:
511:
506:
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476:
472:
468:
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462:
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438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
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391:
389:
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385:
381:
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373:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
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341:
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329:
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321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
276:now known as
275:
274:Baltic branch
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:Old Prussians
228:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
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204:
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195:
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116:
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2656:
2637:
2626:
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2602:. Retrieved
2587:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2528:
2508:
2501:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2436:
2429:
2419:21 September
2417:. Retrieved
2412:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2379:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2321:20 September
2319:. Retrieved
2312:the original
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2257:. Retrieved
2240:
2230:
2208:. Retrieved
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2168:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2108:30 September
2106:. Retrieved
2092:
2082:30 September
2080:. Retrieved
2069:
2059:
2052:
2032:
2025:
2015:
2009:
1999:30 September
1997:. Retrieved
1984:
1973:
1967:
1957:
1927:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1896:
1892:
1829:
1817:
1814:Old Prussian
1808:
1790:
1743:
1731:
1697:– under the
1672:
1657:
1630:
1611:
1609:in Prussia.
1596:
1589:Frederick II
1586:
1543:
1528:
1509:
1473:Christianize
1462:
1453:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1403:
1381:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1322:
1303:influence."
1294:
1283:Prussian Hag
1282:
1268:
1253:
1250:
1241:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1163:
813:
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796:
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734:
730:
726:
723:house father
722:
718:
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705:
700:
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663:
636:
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561:
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545:
541:
540:listed some
535:
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518:
509:
500:
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488:
487:The name of
486:
481:
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464:
456:
452:
449:
444:
436:
432:
428:
424:
413:Old Prussian
404:
398:
392:
375:
369:
324:East Prussia
313:
290:
278:Old Prussian
260:between the
245:
241:
237:
236:
117:
50:Ethnic group
47:
2912:Nortabtrezi
2831:Included by
2812:Pomesanians
2807:Pogesanians
2783:Included by
2485:. Praeger.
2384:Jan Wendt.
2097:S. Koncha.
1762:Lutheranism
1758:Reformation
1723:Lithuanians
1598:Reichsfreie
1485:Pomeranians
1419:Cassiodorus
1408:Reformation
1297:Stone babas
1274:Stone babas
1235:instead of
1169:Anglo-Saxon
1101:Yotvingians
935:Pogesanians
879:Pomesanians
807:Lithuanians
803:Samogitians
799:Jan Długosz
792:Middle Ages
790:during the
686:stone field
659:Lithuanians
643:Pomeranians
415:and modern
227:Brandenburg
219:(from 1945)
213:(from 1945)
126:(1157–1618)
79:Brandenburg
77:History of
3214:Categories
3157:Dadosesani
3102:Uuizubeire
3047:Uuillerozi
3042:Eptaradici
2932:Smeldingon
2845:Kulmerland
2840:Galindians
2802:Natangians
2797:Nadruvians
2537:. Academia
1850:Lithuanian
1800:References
1786:Catechisms
1778:vernacular
1679:bishoprics
1562:Culmerland
1554:Cistercian
1506:, c. 1175.
1372:Wurskaiten
1264:Bronze Age
1142:Kulmerland
1128:Galindians
1016:Nadruvians
962:Natangians
922:Pogesanien
866:Pomesanien
845:Lithuanian
780:Scalovians
776:Natangians
772:Nadruvians
760:Galindians
737:, meaning
729:, meaning
680:(stone) +
639:Kashubians
513:'middle'.
507:adjective
425:Aīstinmari
417:Lithuanian
356:Scalovians
286:Low German
258:Baltic Sea
244:or simply
3192:Golensizi
3167:Besunzane
3147:Sleenzane
3092:Uelunzani
3067:Chozirozi
3062:Aturezani
3057:Znetalici
3022:Sebbirozi
2972:Merehanos
2957:Beheimare
2952:Talaminzi
2927:Bethenici
2855:Sudovians
2850:Skalvians
2675:1 October
2604:1 October
2570:1 October
2541:1 October
2482:The Balts
2392:1 October
2289:1 October
2259:1 October
2210:1 October
2185:1 October
1910:1 October
1866:Kashubian
1735:Galindian
1687:Pomesania
1620:and Duke
1516:Ruthenian
1491:as well.
1481:Sudovians
1477:Mieszko I
1301:Christian
1183:customs.
1115:Galindien
1097:Sudovians
1070:Skalvians
1057:Schalauen
925:Pogezania
918:Pogesania
869:Pomezania
862:Pomesania
853:see also
784:Sudovians
719:buttataws
711:Vidivarii
655:Skalvians
651:Sudovians
624:Mieszko I
493:Pomesania
475:Pokorny's
429:Aistmarės
366:Etymology
360:Curonians
352:Lithuania
297:Mieszko I
246:Prussians
191:Działdowo
54:Prussians
3182:Lupiglaa
3177:Fraganeo
3172:Uerizane
3142:Uuislane
3132:Lucolane
3127:Serauici
3087:Prissani
3082:Zeriuani
3077:Thafnezi
3037:Attorozi
3032:Neriuani
3002:Zuireani
2997:Glopeani
2987:Phesnuzi
2967:Uulgarii
2962:Marharii
2942:Hehfeldi
2937:Morizani
2822:Warmians
2817:Sambians
2792:Bartians
2645:Archived
2413:Alkas.lt
2136:(1960).
1870:Prësowié
1862:Prusowie
1739:Sudovian
1709:, while
1703:baptised
1396:Sudauers
1392:paganism
1368:Siggonen
1339:polydoxy
1327:—
1118:Galindia
1111:Galindia
1066:Skallawa
1060:Skalowia
1053:Scalovia
1043:Bartians
1012:Nadrāuwa
1006:Nadrowia
1003:Nadrauen
999:Nadrovia
989:Sambians
952:Natangia
949:Natangen
945:Natangia
908:Warmians
893:Ermland,
850:Prussian
768:Bartians
764:Sambians
674:Stablack
670:Curonian
632:Bolesław
626:and the
601:Iron Age
572:Jordanes
554:Gythones
531:cognates
527:Bartians
515:Nadruvia
510:*médʰyos
466:Germania
372:toponymy
3187:Opolini
3162:Milzane
3152:Lunsizi
3122:Fresiti
3072:Lendizi
3052:Zabrozi
3017:Stadici
3012:Sittici
2992:Thadesi
2341:-laukis
2337:-laukas
1842:Latvian
1838:Pruteni
1826:Pruzzen
1711:Germans
1705:at the
1695:Samland
1691:Ermland
1664:Samland
1637:Sirgune
1633:Silesia
1456:by the
1414:History
1227:at the
1187:Customs
1181:funeral
1145:Chełmno
1124:Galinda
1121:Galinda
1087:Sudawia
1084:Sudauen
1080:Sudovia
1009:Nadruva
976:Samland
958:Notangi
955:Notanga
931:Paguddi
895:Warmien
875:Pameddi
837:German
788:Germany
743:terrula
725:, from
676:, from
568:Tacitus
542:Borusci
538:Ptolemy
491:, the (
489:Pameddi
409:Estonia
395:Tacitus
380:Masuria
282:deities
272:of the
248:were a
209:within
207:Masuria
183:Present
154:within
83:Prussia
39:Prussia
3137:Ungare
3107:Caziri
3027:Unlizi
3007:Busani
2982:Miloxi
2897:Tribes
2595:
2516:
2489:
2444:
2367:
2343:, and
2176:
2146:
2040:
1935:
1858:Polish
1854:prūsai
1830:Prußen
1822:German
1818:prūsai
1693:, and
1593:Empire
1539:Drwęca
1423:Variae
1356:Romove
1290:stelae
1287:kurgan
1256:kurgan
1151:Kulmus
1148:Kulmas
1093:Sūdawa
1090:Sūduva
1063:Skalva
1033:Barcja
1030:Barten
1026:Bartia
979:Sambia
972:Sambia
928:Pagudė
898:Warmia
889:Varmia
872:Pamedė
843:modern
840:Polish
805:, and
739:father
733:, and
727:buttan
694:laukai
690:laukas
622:under
620:Polans
612:Baltic
501:median
478:*leug-
469:, the
441:lagoon
376:Prūsas
344:Russia
338:, the
336:Poland
316:Polans
295:under
293:Polans
250:Baltic
223:Berlin
203:Warmia
56:Prūsai
3112:Ruzzi
3097:Bruzi
2947:Surbi
2922:Linaa
2917:Uilci
2666:(PDF)
2561:(PDF)
2345:lauks
2315:(PDF)
2308:(PDF)
2250:(PDF)
2102:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1846:prūši
1834:Latin
1782:Latin
1719:Poles
1715:Dutch
1556:monk
1531:Henry
1489:Wends
1431:Aesti
1360:Kriwe
1233:kumis
1225:Truso
1039:Barta
1036:Barta
985:Semba
982:Semba
904:Wārmi
901:Varmė
834:Latin
748:pulka
706:rikīs
701:laūks
682:laūks
678:stabs
666:laūks
647:Poles
563:Aesti
558:Goths
523:drawē
471:Lugii
457:Brus-
453:Prusa
445:Aesti
433:Aesti
405:Aesti
400:Aesti
18:Bruzi
2677:2020
2606:2020
2593:ISBN
2572:2020
2543:2020
2514:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2421:2021
2394:2020
2365:ISBN
2323:2018
2291:2020
2261:2020
2212:2020
2187:2020
2174:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2110:2020
2084:2020
2038:ISBN
2001:2020
1933:ISBN
1912:2020
1721:and
1713:and
1683:Culm
1570:Pope
1487:and
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1295:The
1258:and
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1167:(in
1138:Culm
735:taws
731:home
641:and
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