280:
dispose of their solid waste, and (ii) deprived out-of-state businesses of access to a local market; and (2) violated the commerce clause by depriving competitors, including out-of-state firms, of access to a local market, because: (a) the ordinance: (i) discriminated by allowing only the favored operator to process waste within the town, (ii) hoarded solid waste, and the demand to get rid of it, for the benefit of the preferred processing facility, and (iii) squelched competition in waste-processing service, and (b) the town: (i) had nondiscriminatory alternatives, such as uniform safety regulations enacted without the object to discriminate, for addressing the health and environmental problems alleged to justify the ordinance, (ii) could not justify the ordinance as a way to steer solid waste away from out-of-town disposal sites that the town might deem harmful to the environment, where to do so would extend the town's police power beyond its jurisdictional bounds, and (iii) could subsidize the facility through general taxes or municipal bonds.
31:
287:, in an opinion concurring with the judgment of the Court, agreed with the majority that the ordinance violated the commerce clause, but rejected the view that the ordinance discriminated against interstate commerce. Instead, she believed that the ordinance was unconstitutional since it imposed an excessive burden on interstate commerce.
279:
delivered the opinion of the Court. It was held that the ordinance: (1) regulated interstate commerce, because (a) the company's recycling center processed waste from places other than the town, including from out of state, and (b) the ordinance: (i) drove up the cost for out-of-state interests to
271:
Furthermore, the
Supreme Court held, "Discrimination against interstate commerce in favor of local business or investment is per se invalid," with a very narrow exception where the city can show, under rigorous scrutiny, that there are no other means to advance a legitimate local interest. In the
3327:
2590:
1113:
1145:
2566:
575:
263:
to be deposited at a particular private company's transfer facility. The ordinance involved fees that were above market rates. The
Supreme Court sided with the plaintiff, concluding that Clarkstown's ordinance violated the
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3167:
3119:
1869:
4246:
318:
3335:
297:
2630:
2500:
3479:
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3127:
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4231:
3135:
2731:
4236:
1564:
846:
3556:
2888:
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1799:
3207:
913:
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72:
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1161:
721:
3103:
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1597:
1436:
754:
661:
608:
539:
535:
486:
482:
433:
429:
415:
272:
case at hand, the city could have subsidized the waste disposal plant, which was at least one alternative to the discriminatory law that the city tried to use.
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2438:
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3143:
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2135:
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929:
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1372:
1268:
897:
2175:
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2143:
1516:
1228:
1057:
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403:
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2272:
1704:
1033:
3383:
2867:
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2638:
1476:
1460:
1065:
1025:
977:
567:
506:
453:
412:
35:
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3071:
2422:
2406:
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1412:
1364:
1252:
1129:
4204:
3399:
3311:
3087:
2937:
1001:
985:
961:
3817:
2945:
2803:
2537:
953:
921:
628:
1791:
4028:
1994:
1572:
937:
806:
1404:
243:
waste to cheaper waste processors out-of-state. Clarkstown opposed the move, and the company then brought suit, raising the
4020:
3932:
2520:
2313:
2219:
1692:
1169:
681:
4106:
2779:
1783:
1420:
969:
3606:
3375:
2699:
2183:
1324:
1097:
729:
224:
4004:
3659:
3151:
1540:
1089:
993:
905:
750:
4148:
4140:
3651:
2993:
2398:
2345:
1548:
1500:
1396:
1332:
782:
4012:
3940:
3833:
3785:
3543:
3175:
2969:
2739:
2321:
2281:
2199:
673:
396:
4044:
3635:
3247:
3025:
2953:
2366:
2337:
880:
838:
814:
766:
636:
604:
265:
210:
94:
364:
4180:
3972:
3463:
3263:
3183:
2462:
2382:
2207:
2047:
1829:
1532:
1508:
284:
131:
93:
Clarkstown's ordinance gave preference to local private industry and was thus unconstitutional under the
4156:
3619:
2674:
2414:
2357:
2063:
2014:
1889:
1729:
1721:
1667:
1629:
1444:
1276:
1041:
945:
339:
64:
3964:
1452:
4188:
4085:
3627:
3487:
3223:
3199:
3159:
2119:
1986:
1837:
830:
620:
346:
4172:
3905:
3849:
3825:
3095:
2103:
2087:
2071:
1922:
1821:
1428:
1292:
498:
389:
163:
3895:
3809:
3801:
3731:
3319:
2787:
2390:
2191:
2095:
2079:
1962:
1954:
1861:
1845:
1611:
1380:
822:
702:
657:
260:
4098:
3948:
3707:
3643:
3191:
2985:
2905:
2654:
2023:
2002:
1898:
1775:
1676:
1556:
1316:
1137:
889:
461:
244:
127:
111:
3924:
3793:
3699:
3415:
3271:
3239:
2723:
2031:
1914:
1737:
1654:
1260:
1220:
1204:
774:
714:
551:
236:
4164:
3878:
3455:
3255:
2811:
2039:
1970:
1946:
1906:
1759:
1484:
1236:
1212:
1081:
867:
583:
514:
276:
248:
206:
155:
143:
381:
4060:
3988:
3841:
3777:
3471:
2454:
1938:
1930:
1877:
1684:
1524:
559:
355:
139:
119:
4225:
3980:
3715:
2977:
2490:
2111:
1978:
1811:
1713:
445:
3857:
2646:
151:
67:
1621:
252:
2549:
1244:
256:
240:
232:
3328:
Florida
Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
2591:
College
Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
228:
79:
54:
C & A Carbone, Inc., et al., Petitioners v. Town of
Clarkstown, New York
2567:
San
Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
1114:
Oregon Waste
Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
373:
576:
Arizona State
Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
1146:
United
Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
3168:
Walker
Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
2764:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
1469:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
3120:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
1870:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
319:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
4125:
4083:
3876:
3758:
3678:
3604:
3336:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
1652:
1595:
865:
748:
700:
655:
602:
533:
480:
427:
385:
298:
United Haulers Assn. v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt. Auth.
30:
2631:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
2501:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
3128:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
3480:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
3448:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
1285:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
4247:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
3136:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
2732:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
4173:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
1565:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
914:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
847:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
2599:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
1800:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
2852:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
2692:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
1768:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
1018:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
332:
C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, New York
304:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 511
220:
C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, New York
3432:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
3018:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
2559:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
1854:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
1493:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
1178:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
314:
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
180:
Kennedy, joined by Stevens, Scalia, Thomas, Ginsburg
3916:
3893:
3554:
3344:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
3208:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
3052:
2886:
2673:
2548:
2519:
2489:
2356:
2271:
2218:
2013:
1888:
1810:
1748:
1703:
1666:
1609:
1196:
879:
200:
192:
184:
176:
171:
100:
87:
59:
49:
42:
23:
3064:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
2914:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
1074:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
3724:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
3368:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
3304:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
3104:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
2607:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
1389:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
3740:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
3582:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
3536:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
2615:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
2160:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
1162:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
1066:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
722:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
4232:United States Constitution Article One case law
4037:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
3504:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
3280:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
2836:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
1309:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
4237:United States Dormant Commerce Clause case law
4053:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
3512:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
3216:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
3002:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
2922:International News Service v. Associated Press
2447:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
2439:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
2306:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
2168:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
207:U.S. Const. art. I § 8 cl. 3 (Commerce Clause)
3566:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
3408:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
2930:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
2772:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
1437:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
397:
223:, 511 U.S. 383 (1994), was a case before the
8:
2530:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
2375:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
2245:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
3997:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
3034:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
2844:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
2716:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
2684:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
2479:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
1357:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
1122:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
24:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
4122:
4080:
3890:
3873:
3755:
3675:
3601:
3352:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
1663:
1649:
1606:
1592:
1301:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
1154:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
876:
862:
745:
697:
652:
599:
530:
477:
424:
404:
390:
382:
20:
3112:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
3010:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
2290:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
2253:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
2237:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
2229:Straus v. American Publishers Association
2136:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
309:List of United States Supreme Court cases
3424:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
3144:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
2898:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
2820:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2128:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
1341:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
1050:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
791:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
4029:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
3440:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
2756:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
2471:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
2431:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
2056:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
1186:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
1106:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
930:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
799:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
3392:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
3288:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
3042:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
2708:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
1349:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
231:, a private recycler with business in
4197:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
3957:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
3528:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
3496:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
3296:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
3080:United States v. General Electric Co.
2860:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
2828:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
2663:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
2583:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
1373:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
1269:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
898:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
483:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
196:Souter, joined by Rehnquist, Blackmun
18:1994 United States Supreme Court case
7:
4021:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
2962:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
2876:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
2575:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
2509:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
2298:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2152:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
2144:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
1517:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
1229:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
1058:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
1010:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
3574:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
3520:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
2796:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
2623:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
2330:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
2273:International Copyright Act of 1891
1034:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
3384:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
2748:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
2639:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
1477:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
1461:National League of Cities v. Usery
1026:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
978:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
568:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
507:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
454:Department of Commerce v. New York
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
4242:United States Supreme Court cases
3400:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
3360:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
3232:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
3072:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
2423:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
2407:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
2261:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
1365:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
1253:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
1130:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
342:383 (1994) is available from:
4205:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
3312:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
3088:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
2938:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
1002:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
986:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
962:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
922:Swift & Co. v. United States
29:
3818:Garner v. Board of Public Works
2946:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
2804:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
2176:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
1405:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
954:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
4252:1994 in United States case law
1995:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
938:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
807:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
247:of Clarkstown's "flow control
1:
4005:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
3933:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
2521:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
2314:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2220:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
1792:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
1693:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
1170:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
1090:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
682:United States v. Munoz-Flores
4107:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
2780:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
1784:Schillinger v. United States
1421:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
970:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
3607:Necessary and Proper Clause
3376:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
2700:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
2184:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
1325:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
1098:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
730:Clinton v. City of New York
225:United States Supreme Court
4268:
4013:City of El Paso v. Simmons
3660:United States v. Kebodeaux
3152:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
1413:Henderson v. United States
994:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
906:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
751:Taxing and Spending Clause
374:Oyez (oral argument audio)
4149:Virginia v. West Virginia
4135:
4121:
4093:
4079:
3889:
3872:
3772:
3761:No Bills of Attainder or
3754:
3694:
3674:
3652:United States v. Comstock
3614:
3600:
2994:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
2399:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
2346:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
1662:
1648:
1605:
1591:
1549:United States v. Morrison
1501:New York v. United States
1397:North American Co. v. SEC
1333:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
875:
861:
783:Springer v. United States
761:
744:
710:
696:
668:
651:
615:
598:
546:
529:
493:
476:
440:
423:
239:, sought to ship its non-
205:
105:
92:
28:
3941:Sturges v. Crowninshield
3834:Barr v. City of Columbia
3786:Sturges v. Crowninshield
3544:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
3176:Graham v. John Deere Co.
2970:KVOS v. Associated Press
2740:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
2538:Dowling v. United States
2322:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
2282:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
2200:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
674:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
629:United States v. Johnson
4045:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
3248:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
3026:Goldstein v. California
2954:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
2367:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2338:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
1573:Taylor v. United States
881:Dormant Commerce Clause
815:United States v. Butler
767:Hylton v. United States
637:Gravel v. United States
605:Speech or Debate Clause
266:Dormant Commerce Clause
211:Dormant Commerce Clause
95:Dormant Commerce Clause
43:Argued December 7, 1993
4181:New Jersey v. New York
3636:Sabri v. United States
3464:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
3264:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
3184:United States v. Adams
2463:De Sylva v. Ballentine
2383:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
2208:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
2048:Schreiber v. Sharpless
1830:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
1541:Jones v. United States
1533:United States v. Locke
1509:United States v. Lopez
839:Sabri v. United States
4157:Virginia v. Tennessee
3620:McCulloch v. Maryland
2675:Copyright Act of 1976
2415:Douglas v. Cunningham
2358:Copyright Act of 1909
2064:Thornton v. Schreiber
2015:Copyright Act of 1870
1890:Copyright Act of 1831
1668:Copyright Act of 1790
1630:Juilliard v. Greenman
1445:Katzenbach v. McClung
1277:Hoke v. United States
1042:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
946:Edwards v. California
78:114 S. Ct. 1677; 128
4189:Virginia v. Maryland
4086:Import-Export Clause
3973:Stone v. Mississippi
3628:Lambert v. Yellowley
3488:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
3224:Gottschalk v. Benson
3200:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
3160:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
2120:Bolles v. Outing Co.
1987:Bolles v. Outing Co.
831:South Dakota v. Dole
621:Kilbourn v. Thompson
45:Decided May 16, 1994
3906:Hepburn v. Griswold
3850:Kansas v. Hendricks
3826:De Veau v. Braisted
3096:Altvater v. Freeman
2104:Belford v. Scribner
2088:Thompson v. Hubbard
2072:Banks v. Manchester
1923:Stevens v. Gladding
1822:Pennock v. Dialogue
1750:Patent infringement
1429:Boynton v. Virginia
1293:Hammer v. Dagenhart
499:Powell v. McCormack
365:Library of Congress
285:Sandra Day O'Connor
245:unconstitutionality
164:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
132:Sandra Day O'Connor
4141:Florida v. Georgia
3896:Legal Tender Cases
3810:Samuels v. McCurdy
3802:Hawker v. New York
3732:Boumediene v. Bush
3320:Dickinson v. Zurko
2788:Eldred v. Ashcroft
2391:Manners v. Morosco
2192:Scribner v. Straus
2096:Higgins v. Keuffel
2080:Callaghan v. Myers
1963:Higgins v. Keuffel
1955:Callaghan v. Myers
1862:Egbert v. Lippmann
1846:Cochrane v. Deener
1705:Patent Act of 1793
1612:Legal Tender Cases
1381:Wickard v. Filburn
823:Helvering v. Davis
703:Presentment Clause
658:Origination Clause
430:Enumeration Clause
413:U.S. Supreme Court
251:," which required
116:Associate Justices
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4117:
4116:
4099:Brown v. Maryland
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
3965:Bronson v. Kinzie
3949:Ogden v. Saunders
3868:
3867:
3750:
3749:
3708:Ex parte Merryman
3684:Suspension Clause
3670:
3669:
3644:Gonzales v. Raich
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3192:Brenner v. Manson
2986:Buck v. Gallagher
2906:Ferris v. Frohman
2655:Iancu v. Brunetti
2024:Perris v. Hexamer
2003:Mifflin v. Dutton
1899:Wheaton v. Peters
1838:O'Reilly v. Morse
1776:Rowell v. Lindsay
1677:Wheaton v. Peters
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1557:Gonzales v. Raich
1453:Maryland v. Wirtz
1317:Gold Clause Cases
1138:Granholm v. Heald
890:Brown v. Maryland
857:
856:
740:
739:
692:
691:
647:
646:
594:
593:
525:
524:
472:
471:
462:Trump v. New York
216:
215:
112:William Rehnquist
4259:
4123:
4081:
3925:Fletcher v. Peck
3891:
3874:
3794:Ex parte Garland
3756:
3700:Ex parte Bollman
3676:
3602:
3416:Bilski v. Kappos
3272:Diamond v. Diehr
3240:Dann v. Johnston
2724:Stewart v. Abend
2032:Trade-Mark Cases
1915:Stephens v. Cady
1738:Evans v. Hettich
1664:
1655:Copyright Clause
1650:
1607:
1593:
1261:Champion v. Ames
1221:Paul v. Virginia
1205:Gibbons v. Ogden
877:
863:
775:Collector v. Day
746:
715:Pocket Veto Case
698:
653:
600:
552:Ex parte Siebold
536:Elections Clause
531:
478:
425:
406:
399:
392:
383:
378:
372:
369:
363:
360:
354:
351:
345:
101:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4211:
4165:Wharton v. Wise
4131:
4113:
4089:
4067:
3912:
3885:
3879:Contract Clause
3864:
3768:
3746:
3690:
3666:
3610:
3609:of Section VIII
3588:
3557:trademark cases
3550:
3456:Kappos v. Hyatt
3256:Parker v. Flook
3048:
2889:copyright cases
2882:
2868:Allen v. Cooper
2812:Golan v. Holder
2669:
2544:
2515:
2485:
2352:
2267:
2214:
2040:Merrell v. Tice
2009:
1971:Holmes v. Hurst
1947:Baker v. Selden
1907:Backus v. Gould
1884:
1806:
1760:Evans v. Jordan
1744:
1699:
1658:
1657:of Section VIII
1636:
1601:
1600:of Section VIII
1579:
1485:EEOC v. Wyoming
1237:Kidd v. Pearson
1213:Passenger Cases
1192:
1082:Maine v. Taylor
871:
870:of Section VIII
868:Commerce Clause
853:
757:
736:
706:
688:
664:
643:
611:
590:
584:Moore v. Harper
542:
521:
515:Cook v. Gralike
489:
468:
436:
419:
410:
376:
370:
367:
361:
358:
352:
349:
343:
327:
293:
277:Anthony Kennedy
156:Clarence Thomas
154:
144:Anthony Kennedy
142:
130:
128:John P. Stevens
83:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4265:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4128:Compact Clause
4126:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:Sveen v. Melin
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3989:Block v. Hirsh
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3901:
3899:
3887:
3886:
3877:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3842:Teague v. Lane
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3778:Calder v. Bull
3773:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3561:
3559:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3472:Gunn v. Minton
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3059:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2455:Mazer v. Stein
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1939:Paige v. Banks
1935:
1931:Little v. Hall
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:Voss v. Fisher
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1730:Evans v. Eaton
1726:
1722:Evans v. Eaton
1718:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1685:Paige v. Banks
1681:
1672:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1603:
1602:
1598:Coinage Clause
1596:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1525:Reno v. Condon
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
974:
966:
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
910:
902:
894:
885:
883:
873:
872:
866:
859:
858:
855:
854:
852:
851:
843:
835:
827:
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
779:
771:
762:
759:
758:
749:
742:
741:
738:
737:
735:
734:
726:
718:
711:
708:
707:
705:of Section VII
701:
694:
693:
690:
689:
687:
686:
678:
669:
666:
665:
656:
649:
648:
645:
644:
642:
641:
633:
625:
616:
613:
612:
603:
596:
595:
592:
591:
589:
588:
580:
572:
564:
560:Smiley v. Holm
556:
547:
544:
543:
534:
527:
526:
523:
522:
520:
519:
511:
503:
494:
491:
490:
481:
474:
473:
470:
469:
467:
466:
458:
450:
441:
438:
437:
428:
421:
420:
411:
409:
408:
401:
394:
386:
380:
379:
347:Google Scholar
326:
325:External links
323:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
292:
289:
255:that were not
214:
213:
203:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
167:
166:
140:Antonin Scalia
120:Harry Blackmun
117:
114:
109:
103:
102:
98:
97:
90:
89:
85:
84:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4264:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:Smyth v. Ames
3978:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3767:of Section IX
3766:
3764:
3763:Ex post facto
3757:
3753:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:Ex parte Endo
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:Habeas corpus
3677:
3673:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:Gibbs v. Buck
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
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2524:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:Patent misuse
2488:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2465:
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2239:
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2223:
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2217:
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2209:
2205:
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2201:
2197:
2194:
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2189:
2186:
2185:
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2178:
2177:
2173:
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2165:
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2157:
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2149:
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2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:Brady v. Daly
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
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2069:
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2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:Brady v. Daly
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1893:
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1887:
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1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:Patentability
1809:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
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1765:
1762:
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1757:
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1747:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:Tyler v. Tuel
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
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1471:
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983:
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923:
919:
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911:
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836:
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832:
828:
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824:
820:
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796:
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764:
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732:
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631:
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623:
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614:
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601:
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586:
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581:
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541:
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532:
528:
517:
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495:
492:
488:
484:
479:
475:
464:
463:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
447:
446:Utah v. Evans
443:
442:
439:
435:
431:
426:
422:
417:
414:
407:
402:
400:
395:
393:
388:
387:
384:
375:
366:
357:
348:
341:
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333:
329:
328:
324:
320:
317:
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312:
310:
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305:
302:
300:
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295:
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290:
288:
286:
281:
278:
273:
269:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:in which the
226:
222:
221:
212:
208:
204:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:Case opinions
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:Chief Justice
107:
106:
104:
99:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4130:of Section X
4105:
4097:
4088:of Section X
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3904:
3894:
3858:Smith v. Doe
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3762:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3681:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3055:patent cases
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2661:
2653:
2647:Matal v. Tam
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2536:
2528:
2507:
2499:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1628:
1620:
1610:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
952:
944:
936:
928:
920:
912:
904:
896:
888:
845:
837:
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
773:
765:
755:Section VIII
728:
720:
680:
672:
635:
627:
619:
582:
574:
566:
558:
550:
513:
505:
497:
460:
452:
444:
331:
296:
282:
274:
270:
253:solid wastes
219:
218:
217:
201:Laws applied
159:
152:David Souter
147:
135:
123:
71:
53:
15:
3765:Laws Clause
1622:Knox v. Lee
662:Section VII
185:Concurrence
4226:Categories
3688:Section IX
2550:Lanham Act
1245:In re Debs
609:Section VI
540:Section IV
434:Section II
257:recyclable
241:recyclable
233:Clarkstown
3883:Section X
416:Article I
261:hazardous
249:ordinance
229:plaintiff
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
2493:case law
1814:case law
1752:case law
418:case law
330:Text of
291:See also
283:Justice
275:Justice
237:New York
188:O'Connor
177:Majority
193:Dissent
88:Holding
4208:(2018)
4200:(2009)
4192:(2003)
4184:(1998)
4176:(1985)
4168:(1894)
4160:(1893)
4152:(1871)
4144:(1855)
4110:(1951)
4102:(1827)
4064:(2018)
4056:(1987)
4048:(1983)
4040:(1983)
4032:(1978)
4024:(1977)
4016:(1965)
4008:(1935)
4000:(1934)
3992:(1921)
3984:(1898)
3976:(1880)
3968:(1843)
3960:(1837)
3952:(1827)
3944:(1819)
3936:(1819)
3928:(1810)
3917:Others
3909:(1870)
3861:(2003)
3853:(1997)
3845:(1989)
3837:(1964)
3829:(1960)
3821:(1951)
3813:(1925)
3805:(1898)
3797:(1866)
3789:(1819)
3781:(1798)
3743:(2020)
3735:(2008)
3727:(2001)
3719:(1944)
3711:(1861)
3703:(1807)
3663:(2013)
3655:(2010)
3647:(2005)
3639:(2004)
3631:(1926)
3623:(1819)
3585:(2020)
3577:(1938)
3569:(1915)
3555:Other
3547:(2019)
3539:(2017)
3531:(2016)
3523:(2015)
3515:(2015)
3507:(2014)
3499:(2014)
3491:(2013)
3483:(2013)
3475:(2013)
3467:(2013)
3459:(2012)
3451:(2012)
3443:(2011)
3435:(2011)
3427:(2011)
3419:(2010)
3411:(2008)
3403:(2007)
3395:(2007)
3387:(2007)
3379:(2006)
3371:(2006)
3363:(2006)
3355:(2005)
3347:(2002)
3339:(2001)
3331:(1999)
3323:(1999)
3315:(1998)
3307:(1997)
3299:(1996)
3291:(1990)
3283:(1989)
3275:(1981)
3267:(1980)
3259:(1978)
3251:(1976)
3243:(1976)
3235:(1973)
3227:(1972)
3219:(1971)
3211:(1969)
3203:(1969)
3195:(1966)
3187:(1966)
3179:(1966)
3171:(1965)
3163:(1964)
3155:(1964)
3147:(1964)
3139:(1961)
3131:(1950)
3123:(1950)
3115:(1948)
3107:(1945)
3099:(1943)
3091:(1942)
3083:(1926)
3075:(1916)
3067:(1908)
3053:Other
3045:(1975)
3037:(1974)
3029:(1973)
3021:(1968)
3013:(1962)
3005:(1960)
2997:(1949)
2989:(1939)
2981:(1939)
2973:(1936)
2965:(1934)
2957:(1932)
2949:(1931)
2941:(1923)
2933:(1919)
2925:(1918)
2917:(1914)
2909:(1912)
2901:(1911)
2887:Other
2879:(2020)
2871:(2020)
2863:(2019)
2855:(2019)
2847:(2017)
2839:(2014)
2831:(2014)
2823:(2013)
2815:(2012)
2807:(2010)
2799:(2005)
2791:(2003)
2783:(2001)
2775:(1998)
2767:(1998)
2759:(1996)
2751:(1994)
2743:(1994)
2735:(1991)
2727:(1990)
2719:(1989)
2711:(1985)
2703:(1985)
2695:(1984)
2687:(1977)
2666:(2020)
2658:(2019)
2650:(2017)
2642:(2014)
2634:(2014)
2626:(2003)
2618:(2003)
2610:(2001)
2602:(2001)
2594:(1999)
2586:(1995)
2578:(1992)
2570:(1987)
2562:(1982)
2541:(1985)
2533:(1941)
2512:(1942)
2504:(1917)
2482:(1973)
2474:(1964)
2466:(1956)
2458:(1954)
2450:(1952)
2442:(1943)
2434:(1940)
2426:(1939)
2418:(1935)
2410:(1931)
2402:(1923)
2394:(1920)
2386:(1917)
2378:(1914)
2370:(1911)
2349:(1911)
2341:(1911)
2333:(1909)
2325:(1909)
2317:(1908)
2309:(1908)
2301:(1907)
2293:(1903)
2285:(1896)
2264:(1979)
2256:(1948)
2248:(1941)
2240:(1939)
2232:(1913)
2211:(1912)
2203:(1909)
2195:(1908)
2187:(1908)
2179:(1908)
2171:(1908)
2163:(1907)
2155:(1907)
2147:(1907)
2139:(1903)
2131:(1903)
2123:(1899)
2115:(1899)
2107:(1892)
2099:(1891)
2091:(1889)
2083:(1888)
2075:(1888)
2067:(1888)
2059:(1884)
2051:(1884)
2043:(1881)
2035:(1879)
2027:(1879)
2006:(1903)
1998:(1903)
1990:(1899)
1982:(1899)
1974:(1899)
1966:(1891)
1958:(1888)
1950:(1879)
1942:(1872)
1934:(1856)
1926:(1854)
1918:(1853)
1910:(1849)
1902:(1834)
1881:(1885)
1873:(1885)
1865:(1881)
1857:(1878)
1849:(1876)
1841:(1853)
1833:(1851)
1825:(1829)
1803:(1938)
1795:(1913)
1787:(1894)
1779:(1885)
1771:(1885)
1763:(1815)
1741:(1822)
1733:(1822)
1725:(1818)
1717:(1810)
1696:(1908)
1688:(1872)
1680:(1834)
1633:(1884)
1625:(1871)
1576:(2016)
1568:(2012)
1560:(2005)
1552:(2000)
1544:(2000)
1536:(2000)
1528:(2000)
1520:(1996)
1512:(1995)
1504:(1992)
1496:(1985)
1488:(1983)
1480:(1981)
1472:(1981)
1464:(1976)
1456:(1968)
1448:(1964)
1440:(1964)
1432:(1960)
1424:(1951)
1416:(1950)
1408:(1949)
1400:(1946)
1392:(1944)
1384:(1942)
1376:(1942)
1368:(1941)
1360:(1940)
1352:(1938)
1344:(1937)
1336:(1936)
1328:(1935)
1320:(1935)
1312:(1935)
1304:(1923)
1296:(1918)
1288:(1914)
1280:(1913)
1272:(1911)
1264:(1903)
1256:(1895)
1248:(1895)
1240:(1888)
1232:(1885)
1224:(1869)
1216:(1849)
1208:(1824)
1197:Others
1189:(2023)
1181:(2019)
1173:(2018)
1165:(2015)
1157:(2008)
1149:(2007)
1141:(2005)
1133:(1994)
1125:(1994)
1117:(1994)
1109:(1992)
1101:(1992)
1093:(1989)
1085:(1986)
1077:(1984)
1069:(1983)
1061:(1982)
1053:(1981)
1045:(1980)
1037:(1978)
1029:(1978)
1021:(1977)
1013:(1977)
1005:(1976)
997:(1970)
989:(1967)
981:(1959)
973:(1954)
965:(1951)
957:(1945)
949:(1941)
941:(1935)
933:(1925)
925:(1905)
917:(1886)
909:(1852)
901:(1829)
893:(1827)
850:(2012)
842:(2004)
834:(1987)
826:(1937)
818:(1936)
810:(1922)
802:(1916)
794:(1895)
786:(1881)
778:(1871)
770:(1796)
733:(1998)
725:(1983)
717:(1929)
685:(1990)
677:(1911)
640:(1972)
632:(1966)
624:(1881)
587:(2023)
579:(2015)
571:(1995)
563:(1932)
555:(1879)
518:(2001)
510:(1995)
502:(1969)
465:(2020)
457:(2019)
449:(2002)
377:
371:
368:
362:
359:
356:Justia
353:
350:
344:
162:
160:·
158:
150:
148:·
146:
138:
136:·
134:
126:
124:·
122:
338:
485:and
340:U.S.
73:more
65:U.S.
63:511
3881:of
3686:of
753:of
660:of
607:of
538:of
487:III
432:of
336:511
259:or
82:399
68:383
4228::
334:,
268:.
235:,
209:,
405:e
398:t
391:v
76:)
70:(
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