Clostridium botulinum

69: 44: 6918: 904:, and other sweeteners may contain spores, but the spores cannot grow in a highly concentrated sugar solution; however, when a sweetener is diluted in the low-oxygen, low-acid digestive system of an infant, the spores can grow and produce toxin. As soon as infants begin eating solid food, the digestive juices become too acidic for the bacterium to grow. 872:

is a soil bacterium. The spores can survive in most environments and are very hard to kill. They can survive the temperature of boiling water at sea level, thus many foods are canned with a pressurized boil that achieves even higher temperatures, sufficient to kill the spores. This bacteria is widely

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In the case of a diagnosis or suspicion of botulism, patients should be hospitalized immediately, even if the diagnosis and/or tests are pending. Additionally if botulism is suspected, patients should be treated immediately with antitoxin therapy in order to reduce mortality. Immediate intubation is

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types A, B, E, F and H (FA) cause disease in humans. Types A, B, and E are associated with food-borne illness, while type E is specifically associated with fish products. Type C produces limber-neck in birds and type D causes botulism in other mammals. No disease is associated with type G. The

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range. In spore form, it is a heat resistant pathogen that can survive in low acid foods and grow to produce toxins. The toxin attacks the nervous system and will kill an adult at a dose of around 75 ng. Botulinum toxin can be destroyed by holding food at 100 °C for 10 minutes; however,

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Physicians may consider the diagnosis of botulism based on a patient's clinical presentation, which classically includes an acute onset of bilateral cranial neuropathies and symmetric descending weakness. Other key features of botulism include an absence of fever, symmetric neurologic deficits,

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have been identified that are allocated a letter (A–G), several of which can cause disease in humans. They are resistant to degradation by enzymes found in the gastrointestinal tract. This allows for ingested toxins to be absorbed from the intestines into the bloodstream. Toxins can be further

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Most people who develop wound botulism inject drugs several times a day, so determining a timeline of when onset symptoms first occurred and when the toxin entered the body can be difficult. It is more common in people who inject black tar heroin. Wound botulism signs and symptoms include:

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that are not heated enough to kill the spores (i.e., a pressurized environment) may provide an oxygen-free medium for the spores to grow and produce the toxin. However, pickles are sufficiently acidic to prevent growth; even if the spores are present, they pose no danger to the consumer.

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can be divided into three different groups, group I, II, and III, based on environmental conditions like heat resistance, temperature, and biome. Within each group, different strains will use different strategies to adapt to their environment to survive. Unlike other clostridial species,

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normal or slow heart rate and normal blood pressure, and no sensory deficits except for blurred vision. A careful history and physical examination is paramount to diagnose the type of botulism, as well as to rule out other conditions with similar findings, such as

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In North America, an equine-derived heptavalent botulinum antitoxin is used to treat all serotypes of non-infant naturally occurring botulism. For infants less than one year of age, botulism immune globulin is used to treat type A or type B.

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is based almost entirely on thermal destruction (heating) of the spores or inhibiting spore germination into bacteria and allowing cells to grow and produce toxins in foods. Conditions conducive of growth are dependent on various

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Signs and symptoms of foodborne botulism typically begin between 18 and 36 hours after the toxin gets into your body, but can range from a few hours to several days, depending on the amount of toxin ingested. Symptoms include:

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differentiated into subtypes on the bases of smaller variations. However, all types of botulinum toxin are rapidly destroyed by heating to 100 °C for 15 minutes (900 seconds). 80 °C for 30 minutes also destroys BoNT.

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Varma JK, Katsitadze G, Moiscrafishvili M, Zardiashvili T, Chokheli M, Tarkhashvili N, et al. (August 2004). "Signs and symptoms predictive of death in patients with foodborne botulism--Republic of Georgia, 1980-2002".

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vaccine against botulism (serotypes A-E), but it was discontinued in 2011 due to declining potency in the toxoid stock. It was originally intended for people at risk of exposure. A few new vaccines are under development.

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organism, which was indicated by the correlation between the level of type-E contamination and flooding of the land with seawater. As the land dried, the level of type E decreased and type B became dominant

2562:"A Novel Botulinum Neurotoxin, Previously Reported as Serotype H, Has a Hybrid-Like Structure With Regions of Similarity to the Structures of Serotypes A and F and Is Neutralized With Serotype A Antitoxin" 4796:

Witoonpanich R, Vichayanrat E, Tantisiriwit K, Wongtanate M, Sucharitchan N, Oranrigsupak P, et al. (March 2010). "Survival analysis for respiratory failure in patients with food-borne botulism".

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Botulism poisoning can occur due to preserved or home-canned, low-acid food that was not processed using correct preservation times and/or pressure. Growth of the bacterium can be prevented by high

3899:"Rejection of Clostridium putrificum and conservation of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes-Opinion 69. Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology" 6954: 3545: 4915: 1012:. ("Sausage poisoning" was a common problem in 18th- and 19th-century Germany, and was most likely caused by botulism.) However, isolates from subsequent outbreaks were always found to be 2609:

Aureli P, Fenicia L, Pasolini B, Gianfranceschi M, McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL (August 1986). "Two cases of type E infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum in Italy".

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Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, et al. (February 2001). "Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management".

3056: 889:, high levels of oxygen, very low levels of moisture, or storage at temperatures below 3 °C (38 °F) for type A. For example, in a low-acid, canned vegetable such as 417:

acquired the toxin genes quite far in the evolutionary past. Nevertheless, further transfers still happen via the plasmids and other mobile elements the genes are located on.

2125:"Reclassification of Eubacterium combesii and discrepancies in the nomenclature of botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia: Challenging Opinion 69. Request for an Opinion" 3072:"Recombination and insertion events involving the botulinum neurotoxin complex genes in Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E and F and Clostridium butyricum type E strains" 5096:"Detection of type A, B, E, and F Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins in foods by using an amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with digoxigenin-labeled antibodies" 1337:

If infant botulism is related to food, such as honey, problems generally begin within 18 to 36 hours after the toxin enters the baby's body. Signs and symptoms include:

7859: 6947: 4233:"Improvement in laboratory diagnosis of wound botulism and tetanus among injecting illicit-drug users by use of real-time PCR assays for neurotoxin gene fragments" 398:. The toxin type has been designated Bf as the type B toxin was found in excess to the type F. Similarly, strains producing Ab and Af toxins have been reported. 7898: 934: 1408:

A very rare form of botulism that occurs by the same route as infant botulism but is among adults. Occurs rarely and sporadically. Signs and symptoms include:

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disease in humans and other animals, and is the most potent toxin known to science, natural or synthetic, with a lethal dose of 1.3–2.1 ng/kg in humans.

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O'Suilleabhain P, Low PA, Lennon VA (January 1998). "Autonomic dysfunction in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: serologic and clinical correlates".

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Eklund MW, Peterson ME, Poysky FT, Peck LW, Conrad JF (February 1982). "Botulism in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the United States".

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Sandrock CE, Murin S (August 2001). "Clinical predictors of respiratory failure and long-term outcome in black tar heroin-associated wound botulism".

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genes play a role in the breakdown of essential carbohydrates and the metabolism of sugars. Chitin is the preferred source of carbon and nitrogen for

434:. Type "H" is in fact a recombinant toxin from types A and F. It can be neutralized by type A antitoxin and no longer is considered a distinct type. 7846: 3750:

Erbguth FJ (March 2004). "Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium botulinum, botulinum toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin".

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Outcomes vary between one and three months, but with prompt interventions, mortality from botulism ranges from less than 5 percent to 8 percent.

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Eklund MW, Poysky FT, Peterson ME, Peck LW, Brunson WD (October 1984). "Type E botulism in salmonids and conditions contributing to outbreaks".

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Guardiani E, Sadoughi B, Blitzer A, Sirois D (February 2014). "A new treatment paradigm for trigeminal neuralgia using Botulinum toxin type A".

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Shen A, Edwards AN, Sarker MR, Paredes-Sabja D (November 2019). Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Braunstein M, Rood JI (eds.).

3652: 430:"gold standard" for determining toxin type is a mouse bioassay, but the genes for types A, B, E, and F can now be readily differentiated using 1597:

samples from the western regions, while type B is the major type found in eastern areas. The type-B organisms were of the proteolytic type I.

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flagella. When comparing the different strains, there is also differences in the length of the flagella and how many are present on the cell.

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production of BoNT is affected by nitrogen and carbon nutrition. There is evidence that these processes are also under catabolite repression.

4941:"Investigational Heptavalent Botulinum Antitoxin (HBAT) to Replace Licensed Botulinum Antitoxin AB and Investigational Botulinum Antitoxin E" 3833: 3186: 2504: 2188: 2169:

Hill KK, Smith TJ (2012). "Genetic Diversity Within Clostridium botulinum Serotypes, Botulinum Neurotoxin Gene Clusters and Toxin Subtypes".

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type E is prevalent in aquatic sediments in Norway and Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, the Baltic coast of Poland, and Russia. The type-E

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Detailed physical examination of the patient for any rash or tick presence helps with the exclusion of any tick transmitted tick paralysis.

3007:"Characterization of Clostridium Baratii Type F Strains Responsible for an Outbreak of Botulism Linked to Beef Meat Consumption in France" 7949: 5720: 345:

of the botulinum toxin produced. On the level visible to DNA sequences, the phenotypic grouping matches the results of whole-genome and

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Notermans S, Havellar AH (1980). "Removal and inactivation of botulinum toxin during production of drinking water from surface water".

4026: 7601: 6982: 5849: 5841: 2698:"Genome sequence of a proteolytic (Group I) Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A and comparative analysis of the clostridial genomes" 5845: 5733: 5585: 2521:"A quadruplex real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and differentiation of the Clostridium botulinum toxin genes A, B, E and F" 5819: 7969: 7206: 7186: 7154: 7135: 5948: 1160: 225:. Initially, they were grouped together by their ability to produce botulinum toxin and are now known as four distinct groups, 3952:

Arahal DR, Busse HJ, Bull CT, Christensen H, Chuvochina M, Dedysh SN, et al. (August 2022). "Judicial Opinions 112-122".

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in the environment have suggested a prevalence of specific toxin types in given geographic areas, which remain unexplained.

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is a risk in low acid foods as defined by having a pH above 4.6 although growth is significantly retarded for pH below 4.9.

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Antonucci L, Locci C, Schettini L, Clemente MG, Antonucci R (September 2021). "Infant botulism: an underestimated threat".

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Johnson EA, Bradshaw M (November 2001). "Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins: a metabolic and cellular perspective".

2646:"Isolation of an organism resembling Clostridium barati which produces type F botulinal toxin from an infant with botulism" 7109: 6100: 5744: 5739: 873:

distributed in nature and can be assumed to be present on all food surfaces. Its optimum growth temperature is within the

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analyses, and setotype grouping approximates the result of analyses focused specifically on the toxin sequence. The two

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Taraschenko OD, Powers KM (June 2014). "Neurotoxin-induced paralysis: a case of tick paralysis in a 2-year-old child".

4112: 7126: 4534: 6932: 5173:"Possible origin of the high incidence of Clostridium botulinum type E in an inland bay (Green Bay of Lake Michigan)" 2745:

Leyer GJ, Johnson EA (October 1990). "Repression of toxin production by tryptophan in Clostridium botulinum type E".

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Creti R, Fenicia J, Aureli P (May 1990). "Occurrence of Clostridium botulinum in the soil of the vicinity of Rome".

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of 1 ng/kg, assuming an average person weighs ~75 kg); 1 kilogram of it would be enough to kill the

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Wongtanate M, Sucharitchan N, Tantisiriwit K, Oranrigsupak P, Chuesuwan A, Toykeaw S, et al. (August 2007).

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food; bulging, misshapen cans can be due to an internal increase in pressure caused by gas produced by bacteria.

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serum analysis for toxins by bioassay in mice should be done, as the demonstration of the toxins is diagnostic.

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is able to produce the neurotoxin only during sporulation, which can happen only in an anaerobic environment.

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from stool samples is diagnostic. Infant botulism is a diagnosis which is often missed in the emergency room.

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Eales CE, Gillespie JM (August 1947). "The isolation of Clostridium botulinum type A from Victorian soils".

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Cai S, Singh BR, Sharma S (April 2007). "Botulism diagnostics: from clinical symptoms to in vitro assays".

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Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott JF, Popoff MR (21 June 2016). "Taxonomic Relationships among the Clostridia".

3572:"Effect of acid and salt concentration in fresh-pack pickles on the growth of Clostridium botulinum spores" 505:

species into groups I-IV. Some authors have briefly used groups V and VI, corresponding to toxin-producing

7773: 7696: 7489: 7148: 7103: 7052: 5905: 5663: 1092: 1082: 766:(TSC) growth medium in an anaerobic environment with less than 2% oxygen. This can be achieved by several 674: 300: 185: 1152:(2018) argues, without formal descriptions, that group II can potentially be made into two new species. 7717: 7710: 7359: 7295: 7070: 6756: 6391: 3379:"Flagellin Diversity in Clostridium botulinum Groups I and II: a New Strategy for Strain Identification" 3050: 2790:"Regulation of neurotoxin and protease formation in Clostridium botulinum Okra B and Hall A by arginine" 231: 153: 1609:, and only type E spores were detected. In a survey, type-A strains were isolated from soils that were 4876:"Signs and symptoms predictive of respiratory failure in patients with foodborne botulism in Thailand" 2075: 7959: 7913: 7833: 7723: 7702: 7370: 7309: 7089: 7082: 5943: 5578: 5330: 5264: 5229: 5107: 3687: 3583: 3390: 2911: 2801: 2754: 1672: 1491: 413:. However, these integrations sites are degraded (except for the C and D types), indicating that the 320: 3731:

van Ergmengem E (1897). "Über einen neuen anaeroben Bacillus und seine Beziehungen Zum Botulismus".

7265: 7225: 7075: 6978: 6921: 3676:"Clostridium botulinum growth and toxin production in tomato juice containing Aspergillus gracilis" 1531: 1234: 237: 222: 2433:

Meurens F, Carlin F, Federighi M, Filippitzi ME, Fournier M, Fravalo P, et al. (2023-01-05).

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Most strains produce one type of BoNT, but strains producing multiple toxins have been described.

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Mazuet C, Legeay C, Sautereau J, Bouchier C, Criscuolo A, Bouvet P, et al. (February 2017).

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Lonati D, Schicchi A, Crevani M, Buscaglia E, Scaravaggi G, Maida F, et al. (August 2020).

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Satterfield BA, Stewart AF, Lew CS, Pickett DO, Cohen MN, Moore EA, et al. (January 2010).

2384:"Why Are Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Bacteria So Diverse and Botulinum Neurotoxins So Toxic?" 1184:. Depending on the type of botulism considered, different tests for diagnosis may be indicated. 7864: 1993:

Peck MW, Stringer SC, Carter AT (April 2011). "Clostridium botulinum in the post-genomic era".

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Chiu SY, Patel B, Burns MR, Legacy J, Shukla AW, Ramirez-Zamora A, et al. (2020-02-27).

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Sebaihia M, Peck MW, Minton NP, Thomson NR, Holden MT, Mitchell WJ, et al. (July 2007).

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also highly recommended, as respiratory failure is the primary cause of death from botulism.

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Since 1959, all species producing the botulinum neurotoxins (types A–G) have been designated

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to naturally transfer neurotoxin genes to other clostridia is concerning, especially in the

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Maslanka SE, Lúquez C, Dykes JK, Tepp WH, Pier CL, Pellett S, et al. (February 2016).

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Peck MW, Smith TJ, Anniballi F, Austin JW, Bano L, Bradshaw M, et al. (January 2017).

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used to selectively paralyze muscles to temporarily relieve muscle function. It has other "

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because of its potency, this is not recommended by the USA's FDA as a means of control.

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spores are not found in human feces unless the individual has contracted botulism, but

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Montecucco C, Molgó J (June 2005). "Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer".

2214:"Historical Perspectives and Guidelines for Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype Nomenclature" 1777: 794:

as a primary carbon source, characteristics important for biochemical identification.

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note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species

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Johannsen A (April 1963). "Clostridium botulinum in Sweden and the adjacent waters".

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has an active chitinolytic system to aid in the breakdown of chitin. Type A and B of

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Species. In Brooks G.F., Carroll K.C., Butel J.S., Morse S.A., Mietzner T.A. (Eds),

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Shukla HD, Sharma SK (2005). "Clostridium botulinum: a bug with beauty and weapon".

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Paul CJ, Twine SM, Tam KJ, Mullen JA, Kelly JF, Austin JW, et al. (May 2007).

2847:"Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine" 2057: 852: 354: 342: 323:, which is an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen. 169: 7825: 5342: 4345: 4297: 4199: 3699: 3595: 3070:

Hill KK, Xie G, Foley BT, Smith TJ, Munk AC, Bruce D, et al. (October 2009).

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that are commonly found in soil and are able to survive under adverse conditions.

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from the wound site should be attempted, as growth of the bacteria is diagnostic.

1057:) straddling other species, implying that they each deserve to be a genospecies. 7805: 7750: 7525: 7495: 6844: 6798: 6786: 6643: 6590: 6540: 6446: 6441: 6431: 6396: 6381: 6247: 5915: 5886: 5706: 5684: 5621: 5611: 5484: 4538: 3128:"Genomes, neurotoxins and biology of Clostridium botulinum Group I and Group II" 2180: 1647:

type B predominates. In general, the incidence is usually lower in soil than in

1602: 1539: 1490:" medical purposes, such as treating severe facial pain, such as that caused by 1141: 959: 941: 763: 130: 4638:"High-dose Botulinum Toxin Therapy: Safety, Benefit, and Endurance of Efficacy" 2622: 2455: 2311: 2175:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 364. pp. 1–20. 1727: 7678: 7663: 7652: 7515: 7396: 7324: 7169: 7143: 6969: 6876: 6813: 6730: 6708: 6653: 6616: 6560: 6530: 6520: 6461: 6451: 6436: 6421: 6416: 6401: 6321: 6306: 6222: 6212: 6207: 6197: 6164: 5854: 5814: 5631: 5626: 4892: 4875: 4809: 4603: 4061: 3911: 3898: 3883: 3850: 3825: 3627: 2041: 1692: 1688: 1421: 972: 901: 890: 395: 391: 390:

producing B and F toxin types have been isolated from human botulism cases in

334: 212: 100: 7796: 4663: 3653:"Guidance for Commercial Processors of Acidified & Low-Acid Canned Foods" 3442: 3410: 2870: 2006: 1937:

Schneider KR, Silverberg R, Chang A, Goodrich Schneider RM (9 January 2015).

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region were surveyed after outbreaks of botulism among commercially reared

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All other botulinum toxin-producing bacteria, not otherwise classified as

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Peck MW (2009). "Biology and genomic analysis of Clostridium botulinum".

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10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199806)21:6<701::aid-mus1>3.0.co;2-b

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Floppy movements due to muscle weakness and trouble controlling the head

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type A was found to be present in soil samples from mountain areas of

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A "mouse protection" or "mouse bioassay" test determines the type of

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Purified botulinum toxin is diluted by a physician for treatment of:

1242: 1177: 949: 847:

is a flagellum. Though this structure is not found in all strains of

803: 783: 728: 457:, where preservation systems are designed to destroy or inhibit only 379: 312: 7767: 4585:

Schulte M, Hamsen U, Schildhauer TA, Ramczykowski T (October 2017).

1215:

Other tests that may be helpful in ruling out other conditions are:

1004:

implicated in a botulism outbreak. The isolate was originally named

5541: 5524: 5374:

Portinha IM, Douillard FP, Korkeala H, Lindström M (January 2022).

4978: 4135:"Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Botulism, 2021" 3205:

Portinha IM, Douillard FP, Korkeala H, Lindström M (January 2022).

1617:(average pH 7.5), while type-B strains were isolated from slightly 6555: 6471: 6466: 6336: 6257: 5596: 5156:

Hauschild AH (1989). "Clostridium botulinum.". In Doyle MP (ed.).

3996:"Clostridium botulinum A str. ATCC 3502 genome assembly ASM6358v1" 1700: 1535: 1471: 897: 886: 750:. Group III organisms mainly cause diseases in non-human animals. 3954:

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

3795:"Studies on organisms concerned as causative factors in botulism" 3570:

Ito KA, Chen JK, Lerke PA, Seeger ML, Unverferth JA (July 1976).

2956:

Smith T, Williamson CH, Hill K, Sahl J, Keim P (September 2018).

2129:

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

1938: 1655:

found a low level of contamination; all strains were proteolytic

401:

Evidence indicates the neurotoxin genes have been the subject of

6720: 6628: 4587:"Effective and rapid treatment of wound botulism, a case report" 4280:

Dezfulian M, McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL, Dowell VR (March 1981).

3315:"Coproexamination for Botulinal Toxin and Clostridium botulinum" 1861:

Košenina S, Masuyer G, Zhang S, Dong M, Stenmark P (June 2019).

1652: 1606: 1594: 1381:

Spasmodic dysphasia (the inability of the muscles of the larynx)

1137: 498: 374:(BoNT) production is the unifying feature of the species. Seven 346: 7838: 7771: 6936: 5567: 3859:

type G and some nonttoxigenic strains previously identified as

1080:

strains that do not produce a botulin toxin are referred to as

6565: 5094:

Sharma SK, Ferreira JL, Eblen BS, Whiting RC (February 2006).

4478:"Foodborne Botulism: Clinical Diagnosis and Medical Treatment" 2069: 2067: 1542:-labeled antibodies can also be used to detect the toxin, and 1067:

type G (= group IV) strains are since 1988 their own species,

1001: 3855:: a genetically homogeneous group composed of all strains of 2644:

Hall JD, McCroskey LM, Pincomb BJ, Hatheway CL (April 1985).

1691:

areas. In a well-defined area of the Darling-Downs region of

437:

A few strains from organisms genetically identified as other

3489: 3487: 1299:

Reduced or absent deep tendon reactions, such as in the knee

4013:

Cherington M (June 1998). "Clinical spectrum of botulism".

3024:

10.1371/currents.outbreaks.6ed2fe754b58a5c42d0c33d586ffc606

787: 4133:

Rao AK, Sobel J, Chatham-Stephens K, Luquez C (May 2021).

2514: 2512: 3849:

Suen JC, Hatheway CL, Steigerwalt AG, Brenner DJ (1988).

2487:(2013). Chapter 11. Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli: 2123:

Dobritsa AP, Kutumbaka KK, Samadpour M (September 2018).

1222:(EMG) or antibody studies may help with the exclusion of 819:

spores will sporulate as it enters the stationary phase.

4561:"Injection Drug Use and Wound Botulism | Botulism | CDC" 2076:"Clostridium | Occurrence of Clostridium botulinum" 727:

Although group II cannot degrade native protein such as

497:

Physiological differences and genome sequencing at 16S

5171:

Bott TL, Johnson J, Foster EM, Sugiyama H (May 1968).

3266:"Sporulation and Germination in Clostridial Pathogens" 3121: 3119: 3117: 2497:

Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology

4880:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

1237:(CSF) protein and blood assist with the exclusion of 311:, the organism survives in an environment that lacks 4231:

Akbulut D, Grant KA, McLauchlin J (September 2005).

1675:. Type-B organisms were detected in marine mud from 7780: 7734: 7686: 7677: 7650: 7616: 7580: 7539: 7523: 7514: 7477: 7434: 7386: 7349: 7338: 7323: 7279: 7246: 7217: 7185: 7134: 7125: 7063: 7035: 7026: 7015: 7000: 6991: 6837: 6744: 6718: 6707: 6662: 6604: 6498: 6487: 6256: 6113: 6084: 6020: 5957: 5904: 5877: 5830: 5796: 5769: 5682: 5673: 5662: 5653: 5642: 3510:"Chapter 13: Clostridium botulinum Toxin Formation" 1695:, a study showed the prevalence and persistence of 1053:, with at least four clearly-defined "groups" (see 981: 970: 958: 948: 933: 735:, and cooked meat particles, it is able to degrade 4720:Harris RA, Anniballi F, Austin JW (January 2020). 1916:, and Other Anaerobes. In Ryan K.J., Ray C (Eds), 1651:. In Italy, a survey conducted in the vicinity of 5151: 5149: 3733:Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten 3468:"Botulism: take care when canning low-acid foods" 3055:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 353:do not match because of the ability of the toxin 276:), and wound botulism (infection of a wound with 3903:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 3871:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 3447:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 337:groups (I-IV) and is also classified into seven 4916:"Botulism - Guide for Healthcare Professionals" 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 1734:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 1163:in 2007. This strain encodes a type "A" toxin. 1759: 1757: 1755: 1643:In soil and sediment from the United Kingdom, 6948: 5579: 2788:Patterson-Curtis SI, Johnson EA (June 1989). 2118: 2116: 2114: 1970:Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers 1900: 1898: 1721: 1719: 1687:suburbs and types A and B were isolated from 1140:and would cause an unjustified change of the 1111:. This group still contains three genogroups. 996:was first recognized and isolated in 1895 by 907:The control of food-borne botulism caused by 319:tolerates traces of oxygen due to the enzyme 8: 5160:. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 111–189. 1546:can detect the toxin genes in the organism. 1119:(2018) argues that group I should be called 1020:proposed that both be placed into the genus 928: 5384:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 4113:"Botulism: Rare but serious food poisoning" 3496:Biological Safety: principles and practices 3215:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2333:Hatheway CL, McCroskey LM (December 1987). 1807: 1805: 786:-positive microorganism that grows between 7768: 7683: 7536: 7520: 7346: 7335: 7131: 7032: 7023: 7012: 6997: 6955: 6941: 6933: 6715: 6495: 5802: 5679: 5670: 5659: 5650: 5586: 5572: 5564: 4776:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3550:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 1508:as it is so potent that it takes about 75 927: 519: 449:had produced type F toxin. The ability of 42: 31: 6511:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin 5540: 5493:Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 5405: 5395: 5350: 5196: 5129: 5119: 5035: 5025: 5008:Sundeen G, Barbieri JT (September 2017). 4891: 4747: 4737: 4653: 4612: 4602: 4503: 4493: 4305: 4256: 4207: 4158: 3910: 3882: 3707: 3603: 3498:. Vol. 2000. ASM Press. p. 267. 3418: 3289: 3236: 3226: 3153: 3143: 3097: 3087: 3032: 3022: 2981: 2878: 2821: 2721: 2669: 2585: 2536: 2464: 2454: 2409: 2399: 2358: 2239: 2229: 2140: 1878: 1837: 1316:Facial weakness on both sides of the face 770:that use a chemical reaction to replace O 746:is predominantly caused by group I or II 241:, these bacteria all produce the toxin. 1573: 1534:. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( 1060:The situation as of 2018 is as follows: 762:is usually isolated in tryptose sulfite 229:groups I–IV. Along with some strains of 7232:Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection 5319:"Distribution of Clostridium botulinum" 4642:Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements 2164: 2162: 2160: 1715: 1699:type B after many cases of botulism in 1136:. This argument is not accepted by the 843:The most common motility structure for 5323:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 5100:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 4182:Lindström M, Korkeala H (April 2006). 3680:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3576:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3383:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3177:Madigan MT, Martinko JM, eds. (2005). 3048: 2794:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2082:. Academic Press. pp. 1407–1413. 1949:. University of Florida IFAS Extension 1812:Lindström M, Korkeala H (April 2006). 1278:Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps 827:to initiate the sporulation process. 27:Species of endospore forming bacterium 4327: 4325: 3799:Bulletin (Hygienic Laboratory (U.S.)) 3372: 3370: 3259: 3257: 3200: 3198: 2691: 2689: 2382:Poulain B, Popoff MR (January 2019). 1370:Beneficial effects of botulinum toxin 835:cannot spread from person to person. 521:Phenotypic groups of toxin-producing 501:level support the subdivision of the 7: 7914:de5dd4b1-9e04-42d2-bf80-a7864e20dee8 7366:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 4184:"Laboratory diagnostics of botulism" 4092:"Diagnosis and Treatment | Botulism" 3632:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 3282:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0017-2018 1814:"Laboratory diagnostics of botulism" 1504:is often believed to be a potential 1454:There used to be a formalin-treated 1008:, after the Latin word for sausage, 441:species have caused human botulism: 258:is commonly associated with bulging 4722:"Adult Intestinal Toxemia Botulism" 4455:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.01.041 3655:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2439:type C, D, C/D, and D/C: An update" 1553:in different geographical locations 1470:is used to prepare the medicaments 1341:Constipation (often the first sign) 810:is not known. Different strains of 5865:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) 5304:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1963.tb01153.x 4410:Mechem CC, Walter FG (June 1994). 3905:. 49 Pt 1 (1): 339. January 1999. 3674:Odlaug TE, Pflug IJ (March 1979). 2611:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2566:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1205:Adult enteric and infant botulism: 1090:since 1999. Group I also contains 513:. What used to be group IV is now 25: 7602:Clostridial necrotizing enteritis 5458:The Australian Journal of Science 4139:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 1313:Difficulty swallowing or speaking 1228:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome 6917: 6916: 4286:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 4237:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 4050:Critical Reviews in Microbiology 3853:Clostridium argentinense sp.nov. 3331:10.1001/jama.1977.03280180033021 3181:(11th ed.). Prentice Hall. 2650:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2351:10.1128/JCM.25.12.2334-2338.1987 2339:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2030:Critical Reviews in Microbiology 1766:Advances in Microbial Physiology 1384:Achalasia (esophageal stricture) 1159:ATCC 3502 has been sequenced at 859:Growth conditions and prevention 357:to be horizontally transferred. 67: 7207:Group B streptococcal infection 7155:Group A streptococcal infection 5949:Extracellular adenylate cyclase 5292:Journal of Applied Bacteriology 5121:10.1128/AEM.72.2.1231-1238.2006 4416:Veterinary and Human Toxicology 4249:10.1128/JCM.43.9.4342-4348.2005 3935:"Species: Clostridium combesii" 3818:Clostridial Diseases of Animals 3526:from the original on 2021-02-08 3179:Brock Biology of Microorganisms 3126:Carter AT, Peck MW (May 2015). 2845:Schantz EJ, Johnson EA (1992). 2814:10.1128/aem.55.6.1544-1548.1989 2525:Journal of Medical Microbiology 2300:Current Opinion in Pharmacology 1939:"Preventing Foodborne Illness: 1390:Paralysis of the facial muscles 1161:Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute 1045:evidence exists to demonstrate 5485:"Studies in the physiology of 5189:10.1128/jb.95.5.1542-1547.1968 5158:Food-borne Bacterial Pathogens 2088:10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00255-8 1429:Weakness in arms and hand area 790:of 4.8 and 7.0 and cannot use 445:has produced type E toxin and 333:is divided into four distinct 1: 6101:Fibronectin binding protein A 5343:10.1128/aem.39.4.764-769.1980 4346:10.1080/23744235.2021.1919753 4298:10.1128/JCM.13.3.526-531.1981 4200:10.1128/CMR.19.2.298-314.2006 4188:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3700:10.1128/aem.37.3.496-504.1979 3596:10.1128/aem.32.1.121-124.1976 2924:10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00157-X 2662:10.1128/JCM.21.4.654-655.1985 2074:Austin JW (January 1, 2003). 1830:10.1128/cmr.19.2.298-314.2006 1818:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1778:10.1016/S0065-2911(09)05503-9 1362:Difficulty sucking or feeding 1041:. Substantial phenotypic and 268:is responsible for foodborne 7745:Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 5529:Clinical Infectious Diseases 5277:10.1016/0044-8486(84)90198-4 5242:10.1016/0044-8486(82)90104-1 4967:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3145:10.1016/j.resmic.2014.10.010 2863:10.1128/MMBR.56.1.80-99.1992 1918:Sherris Medical Microbiology 1726:Tiwari A, Nagalli S (2021). 798:Transmission and sporulation 782:(groups I through III) is a 303:, rod-shaped, spore-forming 207:with the ability to produce 5842:Staphylococcus aureus alpha 5820:Panton–Valentine leukocidin 5010:"Vaccines against Botulism" 3546:"Home Canning and Botulism" 2181:10.1007/978-3-642-33570-9_1 1636:was suggested to be a true 1132:, leaving only group II in 1054: 802:The exact mechanism behind 7986: 7950:Bacteria described in 1896 5860:Toxic shock syndrome toxin 5483:Ohye DF, Scott WJ (1957). 2456:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1099184 2312:10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006 885:, high ratio of dissolved 865:Botulism § Prevention 862: 364: 244:Botulinum toxin can cause 7160:Streptococcal pharyngitis 6912: 6899: 6757:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A 5805: 4893:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.386 4810:10.3109/15563651003596113 4604:10.1186/s12893-017-0300-4 4062:10.1080/10408410701364562 3912:10.1099/00207713-49-1-339 3884:10.1099/00207713-38-4-375 3826:10.1002/9781118728291.ch1 2443:Frontiers in Microbiology 2042:10.1080/10408410590912952 1621:soils (average pH 6.23). 1399:Anti-cancer drug delivery 1387:Strabismus (crossed eyes) 720: 405:, possibly from a viral ( 159: 152: 64:Scientific classification 62: 50: 41: 34: 7640:Pseudomembranous colitis 7634:Clostridioides difficile 6150:beta-Nitropropionic acid 5523:Sobel J (October 2005). 3861:Clostridium subterminale 3132:Research in Microbiology 2747:Archives of Microbiology 2623:10.1093/infdis/154.2.207 2007:10.1016/j.fm.2010.03.005 1404:Adult intestinal toxemia 1319:Blurred or double vision 1287:Difficulty in swallowing 1207:isolation and growth of 1123:and group III be called 721:N/A (already a species) 403:horizontal gene transfer 284:produces heat-resistant 7591:Clostridium perfringens 7302:Urinary tract infection 5934:Heat-labile enterotoxin 5925:heat-stable enterotoxin 5177:Journal of Bacteriology 4853:10.1378/chest.120.2.562 4699:10.1001/jama.285.8.1059 3027:(inactive 2024-09-12). 2851:Microbiological Reviews 2265:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1880:10.1002/1873-3468.13446 1728:"Clostridium Botulinum" 1521:entire human population 1174:Guillain–Barré syndrome 1155:The complete genome of 7970:Gram-positive bacteria 7697:Ureaplasma urealyticum 7490:Listeria monocytogenes 7194:bacitracin resistant, 7053:Pneumococcal infection 6043:Bacillus thuringiensis 5317:Huss HH (April 1980). 4739:10.3390/toxins12020081 4495:10.3390/toxins12080509 4151:10.15585/mmwr.rr7002a1 3966:10.1099/ijsem.0.005481 3865:Clostridium hastiforme 3089:10.1186/1741-7007-7-66 2538:10.1099/jmm.0.012567-0 2401:10.3390/toxins11010034 2142:10.1099/ijsem.0.002942 1378:Congenital pelvic tilt 1239:Guillan-Barre syndrome 421:Toxin types in disease 221:is a diverse group of 7891:clostridium-botulinum 7812:Clostridium botulinum 7782:Clostridium botulinum 7718:Mycoplasma pneumoniae 7711:Mycoplasma genitalium 7550:Clostridium botulinum 7296:Enterococcus faecalis 7071:Viridans streptococci 5487:Clostridium botulinum 5378:Clostridium botulinum 5027:10.3390/toxins9090268 3857:Clostridium botulinum 3270:Microbiology Spectrum 3209:Clostridium botulinum 2974:10.1128/mbio.01469-18 2578:10.1093/infdis/jiv327 2437:Clostridium botulinum 2231:10.3390/toxins9010038 2172:Botulinum Neurotoxins 1941:Clostridium botulinum 1532:monoclonal antibodies 1393:Failure of the cervix 914:environmental factors 558:Proteolysis (casein) 232:Clostridium butyricum 181:Clostridium botulinum 163:Clostridium botulinum 52:Clostridium botulinum 36:Clostridium botulinum 7724:Mycoplasma pneumonia 7703:Ureaplasma infection 7413:novobiocin resistant 7371:Toxic shock syndrome 7310:Enterococcus faecium 5944:Pseudomonas exotoxin 5431:Current Microbiology 5397:10.3390/ijms23020754 3793:Bengston IA (1924). 3403:10.1128/AEM.02623-06 3228:10.3390/ijms23020754 1904:(2010). Chapter 19. 1530:toxin present using 1492:trigeminal neuralgia 1034:spore-forming rods. 754:Laboratory isolation 372:Botulinum neurotoxin 321:superoxide dismutase 7656:(non-spore forming) 7266:Streptococcus bovis 7226:Streptococcus iniae 6974:Infectious diseases 5335:1980ApEnM..39..764H 5269:1984Aquac..41..293E 5234:1982Aquac..27....1E 5112:2006ApEnM..72.1231S 4798:Clinical Toxicology 4535:"Botulism Symptoms" 4443:Pediatric Neurology 4381:10.1212/wnl.50.1.88 4334:Infectious Diseases 3692:1979ApEnM..37..496O 3588:1976ApEnM..32..121I 3395:2007ApEnM..73.2963P 2916:2001Txcn...39.1703J 2806:1989ApEnM..55.1544P 2759:1990ArMic.154..443L 1575: 1396:Blinking frequently 1235:cerebrospinal fluid 1189:Foodborne botulism: 930: 929:Genomic information 839:Motility structures 758:In the laboratory, 650:chromosome/plasmid 647:chromosome/plasmid 525: 481:. Hall A strain of 341:(A–G) based on the 238:Clostridium baratii 223:pathogenic bacteria 7564:Clostridium tetani 7447:Bacillus anthracis 7064:optochin resistant 6979:Bacterial diseases 6860:Alpha-Bungarotoxin 6030:Lipopolysaccharide 5988:Pore-forming toxin 5443:10.1007/bf02091912 5073:10.1002/lary.24286 4015:Muscle & Nerve 3758:(Suppl 8): S2–S6. 3752:Movement Disorders 3443:"Prevent Botulism" 3313:Dowell VR (1977). 2767:10.1007/BF00245225 2714:10.1101/gr.6282807 2277:10.1007/BF00395840 1910:Peptostreptococcus 1683:has been found in 1574: 1512:to kill a person ( 1258:Foodborne botulism 1030:was restricted to 1016:spore formers, so 1006:Bacillus botulinus 998:Emile van Ermengem 983:Year of completion 520: 351:phylogenetic trees 7965:Food microbiology 7937: 7936: 7922:Open Tree of Life 7774:Taxon identifiers 7765: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7736:Anaeroplasmatales 7673: 7672: 7612: 7611: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7430: 7429: 7319: 7318: 7275: 7274: 7242: 7241: 7121: 7120: 6930: 6929: 6895: 6894: 6865:Beta-Bungarotoxin 6809:Pumiliotoxin 251D 6703: 6702: 6109: 6108: 6096:Clumping factor A 6016: 6015: 5900: 5899: 5873: 5872: 5792: 5791: 5505:10.1071/BI9570085 3835:978-1-118-72829-1 3764:10.1002/mds.20003 3472:extension.umn.edu 3188:978-0-13-144329-7 2910:(11): 1703–1722. 2505:978-0-07-179031-4 2345:(12): 2334–2338. 2190:978-3-642-33569-3 2097:978-0-12-227055-0 1995:Food Microbiology 1979:978-1-55581-208-9 1968:Doyle MP (2007). 1947:edis.ifas.ufl.edu 1926:978-0-07-160402-4 1873:(12): 1403–1410. 1787:978-0-12-374790-7 1707: 1706: 1593:predominates the 1463:Use and detection 1325:Trouble breathing 1284:Trouble breathing 1224:myasthenia gravis 1182:myasthenia gravis 1086:. Both names are 991: 990: 924:Taxonomic history 725: 724: 309:obligate anaerobe 250:flaccid paralytic 177: 176: 145:C. botulinum 16:(Redirected from 7977: 7930: 7929: 7917: 7916: 7907: 7906: 7894: 7893: 7881: 7880: 7868: 7867: 7855: 7854: 7842: 7841: 7829: 7828: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7769: 7688:Mycoplasmataceae 7684: 7664:Finegoldia magna 7537: 7521: 7419:S. saprophyticus 7347: 7336: 7132: 7033: 7024: 7013: 6998: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6934: 6920: 6919: 6848: 6804:Histrionicotoxin 6750: 6724: 6716: 6668: 6622:Alpha-latrotoxin 6610: 6504: 6496: 6228:Sterigmatocystin 6180:, Fumonisin B3, 6144:epsilon-amanitin 6063:B. thuringiensis 5892:Diphtheria toxin 5835: 5803: 5772: 5688: 5680: 5671: 5660: 5651: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5565: 5554: 5544: 5535:(8): 1167–1173. 5509: 5508: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5409: 5399: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5200: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5153: 5144: 5143: 5133: 5123: 5106:(2): 1231–1238. 5091: 5085: 5084: 5061:The Laryngoscope 5056: 5050: 5049: 5039: 5029: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4751: 4741: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4693:(8): 1059–1070. 4682: 4676: 4675: 4657: 4655:10.5334/tohm.527 4633: 4627: 4626: 4616: 4606: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4531: 4518: 4517: 4507: 4497: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4412:"Wound botulism" 4407: 4401: 4400: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4243:(9): 4342–4348. 4228: 4222: 4221: 4211: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4162: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3914: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3820:. pp. 1–5. 3813: 3807: 3806: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3607: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3514: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3422: 3389:(9): 2963–2975. 3374: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3261: 3252: 3250: 3240: 3230: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3157: 3147: 3123: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3091: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3046: 3036: 3026: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2985: 2953: 2936: 2935: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2882: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2825: 2800:(6): 1544–1548. 2785: 2779: 2778: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2725: 2708:(7): 1082–1092. 2693: 2684: 2683: 2673: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2589: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2540: 2516: 2507: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2468: 2458: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2413: 2403: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2362: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2243: 2233: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2166: 2155: 2154: 2144: 2135:(9): 3068–3075. 2120: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2025: 2019: 2018: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1934: 1928: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1882: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1841: 1809: 1800: 1799: 1772:: 183–265, 320. 1761: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1723: 1576: 1544:quantitative PCR 1220:Electromyography 1146:Prokaryotic Code 1121:C. parabotulinum 1000:from home-cured 966: 944: 931: 851:, most produce 667:Close relatives 526: 432:quantitative PCR 165: 72: 71: 46: 32: 21: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7940: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7925: 7920: 7912: 7910: 7902: 7897: 7889: 7884: 7876: 7871: 7863: 7858: 7850: 7845: 7837: 7832: 7824: 7819: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7776: 7766: 7757: 7730: 7669: 7646: 7608: 7576: 7502: 7473: 7461:Bacillus cereus 7426: 7382: 7327: 7315: 7271: 7238: 7213: 7181: 7175:Rheumatic fever 7117: 7059: 7004: 7002:Lactobacillales 6987: 6961: 6931: 6926: 6908: 6891: 6887:Cardiotoxin III 6843: 6838: 6833: 6745: 6740: 6719: 6711: 6699: 6663: 6658: 6605: 6600: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6387:Resiniferatoxin 6252: 6105: 6087: 6080: 6045:delta endotoxin 6012: 5953: 5939:Pertussis toxin 5907: 5896: 5869: 5831: 5826: 5788: 5784:Listeriolysin O 5770: 5765: 5683: 5665: 5645: 5638: 5592: 5562: 5557: 5522: 5518: 5516:Further reading 5513: 5512: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5154: 5147: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4541:. June 13, 2015 4533: 4532: 4521: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4118: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3492: 3485: 3476: 3474: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3452: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3333: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3125: 3124: 3115: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3047: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2955: 2954: 2939: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2702:Genome Research 2695: 2694: 2687: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2531:(Pt 1): 55–64. 2518: 2517: 2510: 2486: 2482: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2191: 2168: 2167: 2158: 2122: 2121: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2027: 2026: 2022: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1903: 1896: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1788: 1763: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1742: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1712: 1555: 1517: 1498:Botulinum toxin 1465: 1452: 1436: 1406: 1372: 1335: 1333:Infant botulism 1306: 1293:Muscle weakness 1260: 1255: 1195:Wound botulism: 1169: 1088:conserved names 1070:C. argentinense 1024:, as the genus 1018:Ida A. Bengtson 964: 940: 926: 867: 861: 841: 800: 777: 773: 768:commercial kits 756: 714:C. haemolyticum 691:C. beijerinckii 685: 542:C. argentinense 515:C. argentinense 495: 471: 427:botulinum toxin 423: 369: 367:Botulinum toxin 363: 294: 209:botulinum toxin 173: 167: 161: 148: 66: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7983: 7981: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7942: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7918: 7908: 7895: 7882: 7869: 7856: 7843: 7830: 7817: 7802: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7740: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7714: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7692: 7690: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7659: 7657: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7629: 7627: 7619:Clostridioides 7614: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7586: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7572: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7545: 7543: 7534: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7485: 7483: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7467:Food poisoning 7457: 7456: 7455: 7442: 7440: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7405:S. epidermidis 7392: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7355: 7353: 7344: 7341:Staphylococcus 7333: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7287: 7285: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7191: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7140: 7138: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7042: 7040: 7030: 7021: 7010: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6976: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6937: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6851: 6849: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6829:Zetekitoxin AB 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6713: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6613: 6611: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6505: 6493: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6377:Pseudaconitine 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6317:Djenkolic acid 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6140:gamma-amanitin 6132:alpha-amanitin 6125: 6119: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6008: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5963: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5927: 5919: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5879:Actinomycetota 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5838: 5836: 5833:Staphylococcus 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5775: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5691: 5689: 5677: 5668: 5657: 5648: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5561: 5560:External links 5558: 5556: 5555: 5542:10.1086/444507 5519: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5475: 5448: 5437:(5): 317–321. 5421: 5366: 5309: 5282: 5263:(4): 293–309. 5247: 5212: 5163: 5145: 5086: 5067:(2): 413–417. 5051: 5000: 4979:10.1086/422318 4973:(3): 357–362. 4956: 4932: 4907: 4886:(2): 386–389. 4866: 4847:(2): 562–566. 4831: 4804:(3): 177–183. 4788: 4763: 4712: 4677: 4628: 4577: 4552: 4519: 4468: 4449:(6): 605–607. 4433: 4422:(3): 233–237. 4402: 4359: 4340:(9): 647–660. 4321: 4292:(3): 526–531. 4272: 4223: 4194:(2): 298–314. 4174: 4125: 4104: 4083: 4056:(2): 109–125. 4040: 4021:(6): 701–710. 4005: 3987: 3944: 3926: 3890: 3841: 3834: 3808: 3785: 3742: 3723: 3686:(3): 496–504. 3666: 3644: 3619: 3582:(1): 121–124. 3562: 3537: 3501: 3483: 3459: 3434: 3366: 3342: 3305: 3253: 3194: 3187: 3169: 3138:(4): 303–317. 3113: 3062: 2997: 2937: 2894: 2837: 2780: 2753:(5): 443–447. 2737: 2685: 2656:(4): 654–655. 2636: 2617:(2): 207–211. 2601: 2572:(3): 379–385. 2552: 2508: 2480: 2425: 2374: 2325: 2306:(3): 274–279. 2290: 2271:(5): 511–514. 2255: 2204: 2189: 2156: 2110: 2096: 2063: 2020: 2001:(2): 183–191. 1985: 1978: 1960: 1929: 1894: 1853: 1824:(2): 298–314. 1801: 1786: 1751: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1659:types A or B. 1627: 1623: 1622: 1587: 1586:North America 1583: 1582: 1580: 1554: 1548: 1515: 1464: 1461: 1451: 1448: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1415:Blurred vision 1413: 1412:Abdominal pain 1405: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1305: 1304:Wound botulism 1302: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1281:Slurred speech 1279: 1276: 1271: 1270:Blurred vision 1268: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1233:Collection of 1231: 1213: 1212: 1202: 1192: 1168: 1165: 1113: 1112: 1097: 1074: 989: 988: 985: 979: 978: 975: 968: 967: 962: 956: 955: 952: 946: 945: 938: 925: 922: 860: 857: 840: 837: 825:quorum-sensing 799: 796: 775: 771: 755: 752: 723: 722: 719: 718: 717: 710: 700: 699: 698: 693: 686: 684: 683: 678: 670: 668: 664: 663: 660: 657: 654: 653:bacteriophage 651: 648: 645: 641: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 618: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 595: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 581:Saccharolysis 578: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 555: 554: 549: 544: 539: 536: 533: 530: 494: 491: 470: 467: 461:but not other 422: 419: 365:Main article: 362: 359: 293: 290: 175: 174: 168: 157: 156: 150: 149: 142: 140: 136: 135: 128: 124: 123: 121:Clostridiaceae 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 60: 59: 56:gentian violet 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7982: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7818: 7813: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7770: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7713: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7666: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7312: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7201:S. agalactiae 7197: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7165:Scarlet fever 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7146:susceptible: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7047:S. pneumoniae 7044: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7018:Streptococcus 7014: 7011: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6946: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6923: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6819:Samandaridine 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6792:Marinobufagin 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6762:Batrachotoxin 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516:Charybdotoxin 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6427:Solauricidine 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6372:Protoanemonin 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6357:Oenanthotoxin 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6233:Trichothecene 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6193:Ibotenic acid 6191: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6136:beta-amanitin 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6083: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5930:Cholera toxin 5928: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5903: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5829: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5779:Anthrax toxin 5777: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:Tetanospasmin 5700: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5641: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5488: 5479: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5379: 5370: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5183:(5): 1542–7. 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4957: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4921: 4920:Health Canada 4917: 4911: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4789: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4578: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4126: 4115:. Mayo Clinic 4114: 4108: 4105: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3845: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3667: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3011:PLOS Currents 3008: 3001: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2099: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1972:. ASM Press. 1971: 1964: 1961: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1267:Double vision 1266: 1265: 1264: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197:isolation of 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1083:C. sporogenes 1079: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1055:§ Groups 1052: 1048: 1047:heterogeneity 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 986: 984: 980: 977:2 (1 plasmid) 976: 974: 969: 963: 961: 957: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 936: 932: 923: 921: 919: 915: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 892: 888: 884: 879: 876: 871: 866: 858: 856: 854: 850: 846: 838: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 809: 805: 797: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 769: 765: 761: 753: 751: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 731:, coagulated 730: 716: 715: 711: 708: 707: 703: 702: 701: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 687: 682: 679: 677: 676: 675:C. sporogenes 672: 671: 669: 666: 665: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 642: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 619: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 596: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 579: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 556: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 527: 524: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 492: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 468: 466: 464: 460: 456: 455:food industry 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 433: 428: 420: 418: 416: 412: 408: 407:bacteriophage 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 384: 381: 377: 373: 368: 360: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301:Gram-positive 298: 297:C. botulinum 291: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 261: 257: 253: 251: 247: 242: 240: 239: 234: 233: 228: 224: 220: 216: 214: 211:, which is a 210: 206: 203: 199: 198:spore-forming 195: 191: 187: 186:gram-positive 183: 182: 171: 166: 164: 158: 155: 154:Binomial name 151: 147: 146: 141: 138: 137: 134: 133: 129: 126: 125: 122: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111:Eubacteriales 109: 106: 105: 102: 99: 96: 95: 92: 89: 86: 85: 82: 79: 76: 75: 70: 65: 61: 57: 54:stained with 53: 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 30: 19: 7781: 7743: 7716: 7709: 7695: 7662: 7651: 7632: 7617: 7597:Gas gangrene 7589: 7581: 7562: 7549: 7548: 7540: 7524: 7488: 7478: 7459: 7445: 7435: 7417: 7412: 7403: 7395: 7358: 7339: 7308: 7294: 7282:Enterococcus 7280: 7264: 7224: 7199: 7147: 7111:S. anginosus 7110: 7102: 7097:S. sanguinis 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7045: 7016: 6903: 6882:Calcicludine 6872:Calciseptine 6855:Bungarotoxin 6824:Tarichatoxin 6772:Arenobufagin 6736:Tetrodotoxin 6695:Tetrodotoxin 6649:Vanillotoxin 6586:Phaiodotoxin 6489:Invertebrate 6412:Solasodamine 6347:Lotaustralin 6182:Fumonisin B4 6178:Fumonisin B2 6174:Fumonisin B1 6160:Cytochalasin 6062: 6042: 5994: 5980: 5974:Superantigen 5966: 5922: 5810:Streptolysin 5752: 5751: 5732: 5713: 5694: 5532: 5528: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5478: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5329:(4): 764–9. 5326: 5322: 5312: 5298:(1): 43–47. 5295: 5291: 5285: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5157: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5017: 5013: 5003: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4948:. 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Retrieved 1731: 1697:C. botulinum 1696: 1681:C. botulinum 1680: 1669:C. botulinum 1668: 1657:C. botulinum 1656: 1645:C. botulinum 1644: 1642: 1634:C. botulinum 1633: 1630:C. botulinum 1629: 1591:C. botulinum 1590: 1566:C. botulinum 1565: 1559:quantitative 1557:A number of 1556: 1551:C. botulinum 1550: 1528:C. botulinum 1527: 1525: 1502:C. botulinum 1501: 1500:produced by 1496: 1468:C. botulinum 1467: 1466: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1407: 1373: 1350:Irritability 1336: 1307: 1296:Constipation 1261: 1214: 1209:C. botulinum 1208: 1204: 1199:C. botulinum 1198: 1194: 1188: 1170: 1157:C. botulinum 1156: 1154: 1149: 1134:C. botulinum 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1109:C. botulinum 1108: 1107:, is called 1105:C. butyricum 1104: 1100: 1091: 1081: 1078:C. botulinum 1077: 1068: 1065:C. botulinum 1064: 1059: 1039:C. botulinum 1038: 1036: 1025: 1021: 1009: 1005: 994:C. botulinum 993: 992: 918:C. botulinum 917: 916:. 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Dobritsa 1142:type strain 1093:C. combesii 1049:within the 1022:Clostridium 973:chromosomes 960:Genome size 891:green beans 804:sporulation 764:cycloserine 681:C. combesii 662:chromosome 659:chromosome 644:Toxin gene 523:Clostridium 463:Clostridium 439:Clostridium 315:. However, 307:. It is an 248:, a severe 132:Clostridium 7944:Categories 7679:Mollicutes 7653:Finegoldia 7582:nonmotile: 7516:Clostridia 7397:novobiocin 7325:Bacillales 7170:Erysipelas 7144:bacitracin 6877:Taicatoxin 6814:Samandarin 6767:Bufotoxins 6731:Ciguatoxin 6709:Vertebrate 6654:Huwentoxin 6634:Cupiennins 6617:Latrotoxin 6561:Kaliotoxin 6531:Margatoxin 6521:Maurotoxin 6462:Toxalbumin 6452:Tinyatoxin 6437:Strychnine 6422:Solasonine 6417:Solasodine 6402:Solanidine 6322:Falcarinol 6307:Delphinine 6223:Phalloidin 6213:Ochratoxin 6208:Orellanine 6198:Lolitrem B 6165:Ergotamine 6115:Mycotoxins 5959:Mechanisms 5918:/Verotoxin 5855:Exfoliatin 5815:Leukocidin 5632:phototoxin 5627:neurotoxin 5525:"Botulism" 5390:(2): 754. 5020:(9): 268. 4950:2023-11-01 4926:2023-11-01 4781:23 October 4772:"Botulism" 4597:(1): 103. 4571:2024-04-17 4488:(8): 509. 4119:2017-11-18 4098:2017-10-08 3628:"Botulism" 3477:2023-04-23 3453:2023-04-23 3360:2024-04-16 3351:"Botulism" 3336:2024-04-11 3221:(2): 754. 1953:7 February 1920:, 5th ed. 1745:2021-09-23 1732:StatPearls 1710:References 1693:Queensland 1665:Australia 1422:Dysarthria 1144:under the 1130:sensu lato 1101:C. baratii 971:Number of 902:corn syrup 875:mesophilic 863:See also: 823:relies on 547:C. baratii 538:Group III 507:C. baratii 469:Metabolism 447:C. baratii 396:California 392:New Mexico 335:phenotypic 286:endospores 213:neurotoxin 190:rod-shaped 101:Clostridia 7626:-forming) 7533:-forming) 7360:S. aureus 7218:ungrouped 7196:CAMP test 7090:S. oralis 7083:S. mutans 6966:Bacillota 6782:Bufotenin 6777:Bufotalin 6747:Amphibian 6690:Saxitoxin 6680:Eledoisin 6675:Conotoxin 6546:Hefutoxin 6362:Oleandrin 6342:Linamarin 6332:Helenalin 6292:Cicutoxin 6287:Chaconine 6267:Amygdalin 6238:Vomitoxin 6188:Gliotoxin 6170:Fumonisin 6123:Aflatoxin 6086:Virulence 6022:Endotoxin 5753:botulinum 5734:difficile 5644:Bacterial 5617:hemotoxin 5607:cytotoxin 5499:: 85–94. 5464:(1): 20. 4732:(2): 81. 4664:2160-8288 4369:Neurology 3982:251470203 3805:: 101 fv. 3659:8 October 3411:0099-2240 3082:(1): 66. 2871:0146-0749 2394:(1): 34. 2224:(1): 38. 1679:. 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CDC 4074:S2CID 3978:S2CID 3960:(8). 3776:S2CID 3718:36843 3524:(PDF) 3513:(PDF) 3276:(6). 2968:(5). 2281:S2CID 2054:S2CID 1689:urban 1536:ELISA 1472:Botox 898:Honey 887:sugar 630:C, D 473:Many 425:Only 299:is a 184:is a 7904:1491 7899:NCBI 7886:LPSN 7873:ITIS 7847:GBIF 7826:WBL8 7376:MRSA 7330:Cat+ 7007:Cat- 6721:Fish 6629:CSTX 5906:Gram 5846:beta 5664:Gram 5547:PMID 5466:PMID 5412:PMID 5357:PMID 5203:PMID 5136:PMID 5077:PMID 5042:PMID 4983:PMID 4898:PMID 4857:PMID 4814:PMID 4783:2016 4754:PMID 4703:PMID 4687:JAMA 4668:PMID 4660:ISSN 4619:PMID 4547:2016 4510:PMID 4459:PMID 4424:PMID 4385:PMID 4350:PMID 4312:PMID 4263:PMID 4214:PMID 4165:PMID 4066:PMID 4031:PMID 4000:NCBI 3970:PMID 3917:PMID 3830:ISBN 3768:PMID 3714:PMID 3661:2016 3639:2021 3614:9898 3610:PMID 3557:2021 3532:2022 3425:PMID 3407:ISSN 3319:JAMA 3296:PMID 3251:> 3243:PMID 3183:ISBN 3160:PMID 3104:PMID 3057:link 3039:PMID 2988:PMID 2962:mBio 2928:PMID 2885:PMID 2867:ISSN 2828:PMID 2771:PMID 2728:PMID 2676:PMID 2627:PMID 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