340:. After meeting in Mexico, Fidel Castro and Ernesto "Che" Guevara began to plan a guerilla war against the Batista regime in Cuba to take back Cuba for the people. This movement became known as the "26th of July Movement," which began when Castro and Che entered Cuba in 1956 to overthrow dictator Batista, who ultimately fled the country in 1959. Mexico was a prime launching point for their boat since it was much easier to successfully get to Cuba from Mexico than if they had started from another country. Mexico gave Castro the advantage to plan and launch the movement without the backlash that other countries that supported the Batista regime may have given him. On a final note, the Cuban government was backed by the American government at the time, so any movement against Cuba was also against the US. This caused the relations to sour, as soon as Castro became victorious, which also showed Mexico that they needed to understand the need to be cautious with their Cuban relations from now on.
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forms, like murals and prints. This group was seen as having some more radical opinions, especially with their aligning with the leftist views in Mexico. They would portray how they viewed ideas like the
Mexican Revolution and the current issues in Mexico, which was important to the Mexican people. The Mexican government had been trying to limit the amount of leftist public opinions in the country, so this artistic group was not something that the Mexican government would have favored. The TGP had to be careful so that the artists did not do something too extreme that would cause the government to get involved. Overall, though, the TGP helped spread their views and displayed to Mexico, and countries abroad, that there were leftist political opinions in Mexico and that the Mexican people thought about their revolutionary ideals still, decades after the Mexican Revolution.
674:(1976); General Collaboration Agreement (1978); Agreement on Economic, Scientific and Technical Collaboration in Sugar Production and its Derivatives (1979): Agreement on Tourism Cooperation (1980); Trade Agreement (1984); Agreement on Cooperation to Combat International Drug Trafficking (1990); Transportation Agreement (1991); Treaty on the Execution of Criminal Sentences (1996); Agreement on Development Cooperation (1999); Agreement on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments (2001); Agreement of Cooperation in Youth Education, Culture, Physical Education and Sports (2012); Agreement on Mutual Recognition and Revalidation of Titles, Diplomas and Higher Education Studies (2013); Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (2013); Extradition Treaty (2013); Treaty on the Delimitation of the Continental Platform in the Eastern Polygon of the
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to grow could anger the United States. The
Communist Party, therefore, was allowed "to operate, but (the Mexican government) harassed, surveilled, jailed, and disappeared its leaders." Groups like the Communist Party in Mexico demonstrated open support for countries like Cuba within Mexican borders, but the government's treatment of the party was chosen specifically to show loyalty to the United States.
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for Mexico to outright support the revolution, because of the United States' reaction, many
Mexican citizens showed their support through art, music, and other propaganda. After the Cuban Revolution, some Mexicans felt more connected with the socialist country, seeing their struggles for freedom similar to what the Mexican people had endured earlier in the 20th century.
22:
465:"criticizing the United States." To prove that it was forced, Castro produced a recording of his and Fox's conversation. This strain would continue between Cuba and Mexico since Fidel Castro believed Mexico was "too closely aligned with Washington," especially since the US still did not have diplomatic relations with Cuba.
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Batista regime. Mexico later became the site where Fidel Castro, Ernesto "Che" Guevara, and others started their trek back to Cuba to overthrow the regime of
Fulgencio Batista. Mexico's status as a political refuge for Cubans fleeing persecution would eventually establish a sustainable diaspora community in the country.
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important to their country, however they were also interested in other foreign policies and relations. Mexico coined the term "Political
Neutrality". This policy, which Mexico followed during the Cold War, is still being followed today, with Mexico choosing to remain neutral in international disputes.
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In 2023, trade between Cuba and Mexico totaled $ 279 million. Cuba's main exports to Mexico include: rum; cigars; plates; sheets; household goods; malt beer; canary birds; books; and aviation engines. Mexico's main exports to Cuba include: milk powder and tablets; fats and oils; aluminum caps; water;
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Additionally, there was a
Mexican Communist Party that was allowed to operate during the Cold War. More likely to support causes in Cuba and the USSR, the Mexican government had to be careful with how they treated the party. Disbanding them could cause backlash among Mexican citizens, but allowing it
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The
Mexican government had to be cautious with how it conducted its foreign policy. Even though it was obvious that Mexico supported Cuba they also opposed Cuba's actions, to help maintain good relations with the US. Mexico realized that supporting their biggest partner the United States publicly was
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After the Cuban
Revolution, there was an increase in "leftist revolutionary propaganda" in Mexico. Some believed that the Cuban Revolution could be seen as a reflection of the Mexican Revolution decades earlier and they became intrigued by the situation in Cuba. Although it would have been difficult
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The Soviet Union also directly affected the relations between Mexico and Cuba. The USSR had a large influence on Cuba already, which caused the relationship between Cuba and the United States to be problematic and contentious. Cuba's economy and independence from the US would not have been as stable
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was defined by several instances of political instability that generated successive waves of dissidents seeking asylum and safety elsewhere. Mexico became a country where Cubans would flee to when escaping political persecution, including notable Cubans like Fidel Castro, who fled to Mexico from the
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to Mexico. Since 1824, Alamán had held the belief that Mexico should seize Cuba, arguing that "Cuba without Mexico is aimed at imperialist yoke; Mexico without Cuba is a prisoner of the Gulf of Mexico." He believed that the
Mexican forces, with the support of foreign powers such as France or England
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In 2004, Mexico's vote on a similar resolution became the deciding vote in a 22–21 vote against Cuba and its human rights issues. Castro criticized Mexico since the country also had human rights violations, calling Mexico and other Latin
American countries, "'a herd of hypocrites.'" Mexico's vote .
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In 1998, Cuban leader Fidel Castro made a comment that Mexican children recognize Mickey Mouse but do not know important individuals in Mexico's own history. Mexico and Cuba had relatively good relations up until that point, but this comment offended the Mexican government enough that they withdrew
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In 2002, Mexican President Fox, "instructed the Mexican delegation to vote in favor of the UN resolution to criticize Cuba's human right's situation." This was a major shift from prior relations, where Mexico typically supported Cuba or chose to abstain from voting. Shortly after, Fox replaced the
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One of these groups in Mexico dedicated to portraying leftist propaganda was the Taller de Gráfica Popular (TGP). The TGP was a collective of artists who expressed Mexican culture, especially dealing with social issues in Mexico from the Revolution and later on in the century, through various art
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Mexico was the one of only two countries in the Americas to maintain diplomatic ties with Cuba throughout the Cuban missile crisis. This demonstrated Mexico's dedication to keeping ties with Cuba, even when they had to consider how the United States could react. "We have a problem when a foreign
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strengthened the Good Neighbor Policy by implementing his Alliance for Progress program, which helped Latin American countries with "economic growth and development." With increased efforts by the US to bring Latin American countries like Mexico into its own sphere of influence and away from the
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Another diplomatic issue occurred in 2002 when Vicente Fox, Mexico's pro-American president, allegedly "forced (Fidel Castro) to leave a United Nations summit in Mexico so that he would not cross paths with (US) President Bush." Fox also asked Castro not to say anything that could be seen as
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visited Cuba in September 2013 to further the improvements in Mexican–Cuban relations. Many topics, including "trade and investment, as well as matters such as "'tourism, migration, cooperation, education, culture, health energy'" were discussed between officials from both countries.
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influence of countries like the USSR and Cuba, Mexico was put into a difficult situation. This American influence would put a strain on Mexico whenever they wanted to have positive relations with Cuba, as it could have negative repercussions on Mexico's powerful neighbor.
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as it was without the Soviet support they received, making them in debt to the USSR. Mexico had to be careful when dealing with either Cuba or the USSR because of the problems that would be created in Mexican–American relations.
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began, there were rising tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Mexico had to be careful of how its relations with each country could affect the other country's perception of Mexico. The United States had a
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Citing earlier instances of Cuban Communist Party members entering the country on diplomatic passports, Mexican Foreign Secretary Luis Ernesto Debez and Interior Secretary Santiago Creel expelled the Cuban ambassador.
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towards countries like Mexico who were cautious as to whether or not they should support the US or the USSR. Since the United States feared neutrality of countries over anything else, as neutrality can turn into
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their ambassador from Havana. This event caused problems with the relations between Cuba and Mexico and would be the first in a line of events in recent years that would cause strains in their relationship.
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continued to interfere in Mexican affairs, maintaining military garrisons along the Mexican coast. These Spanish holdouts suffered a major setback in 1825 when the Mexican Army captured the key port city of
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government calls our brothers the enemy of the hemisphere. We are not Haiti, Grenada, Bahamas or Jamaica; we are not a colony that will adhere to decisions under American pressure". Mexican President
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Correspondence (1928); Agreement for Economic and Industrial Collaboration (1975); Fishing Agreement (1976); Agreement on the Delimitation of the Maritime Spaces under the establishment of the
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Kennedy, "Mexican Leftist Revolutionary Propaganda of the 1960s" (paper presented at the Rocky Mountain Council for Latin American Studies, Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 3–6, 2013).
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188:. In 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain, but Cuba remained a part of the Spanish Empire for 77 years until it won independence from Spain in 1898 as a result of the
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Mexican President Felipe Calderon visited Havana in 2012 to help improve relations with Cuba. Calderon's visit with then-First Secretary of the Cuban Communist Party
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The Organization of American States (OAS) was an organization formed after World War II in 1948 to help "settle inter-American (hemisphere) disputes." Following the
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region. Mexico had to be especially cautious not to anger the United States when interacting with Cuba or the Soviet Union, making the relations more complicated.
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Richard Corliss and James Poniewozik. "Fateful Meetings." Time Vol. 161, No. 13 (March 31, 2003): A14. Academic Search Premier, (accessed November 3, 2013).
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In September 2021, President Díaz-Canel returned to Mexico to attend Mexico's Independence day celebration as a guest of honor of President López Obrador.
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beyond 200 nautical miles (2017); and an Agreement of Cooperation in Mutual Administrative Assistance and Information Exchange in Customs Matters (2018).
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232:(which had been the first European power to recognize the independence of Mexico on July 16, 1836), could overcome the Spanish in Cuba.
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for contributing to the unrest in Cuba. The foreign ministry sent two navy ships with food and medical supplies to assist Cuba.
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1036:"Cuba Overview." Congressional Digest 92, no. 7 (September 2013): 2–32. Academic Search Premier, (accessed November 3, 2013).
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Mexico's popularity as a destination for Cuban political dissidents gave it an important role in the formative moments of the
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López Obrador condena en La Habana el embargo de EEUU y pide a Cuba que “la revolución sea capaz de renovarse” (in Spanish)
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Domínguez, Jorge I.; Lindau, Juan (1984). "The primacy of politics: comparing the foreign rolicies of Cuba and Mexico".
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began to conduct sorties in the region in the mid-1820s. In early 1828 a squadron of three brigs under the command of
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México reafirma su ‘vínculo especial’ con Cuba con la visita de Díaz-Canel en el día de la Independencia (in Spanish)
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In May 2022, Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador paid an official visit to Cuba where he was granted the
514:. President Díaz-Canel returned to Mexico in July 2019 to hold bilateral discussions with President López Obrador.
490:, brother of Fidel Castro, helped to restore relations after the notable confrontations of the Fox administration.
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Paterson et al., American Foreign Relations, Volume 2: A History (Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2010), 43.
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have had uninterrupted diplomatic relations since their establishment in 1902. Both nations are members of the
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Cameron, Alison (1999). "Buenos Vecinos: African–American printmaking and the Taller de Gráfica Popular".
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Fechas históricas de México: las efemérides más destacadas desde la época prehispánica hasta nuestros días
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began to sortie into the gulf, seeking to disrupt Spanish shipping. One of the three brigs was the 22-gun
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statement during the Cuban missile crisis that pit the United States on a brink of nuclear war in Cuba.
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America's Anchor: A Naval History of the Delaware River and Bay, Cradle of the United States Navy
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fertilizers of animal or plant origin; shampoos; and malt beer. Mexican multinational companies
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Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as an Agreement for the exchange of
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1013:(1821–1854), Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. pp. 54.
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Un presidente cubano en México tras 8 años del "comes y te vas" de Fox (in Spanish)
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In 1923, both nations established resident embassies in their respective capitals.
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Mexico supporting the United States during the Cold War but also supporting Havana
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Viajes realizados al extranjero por el ciudadano Vicente Fox Quesada (in Spanish)
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Cuban ambassador, which led to some distrust from Havana towards President Fox.
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Best, Antony; Hanhimaki, Jussi; Maiolo, Joseph A.; Schulze, Kirsten E. (2004).
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México y Cuba se reacercan tras la visita del presidente Calderón (in Spanish)
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Vivas for Kennedy: John F. Kennedy's 1962 Presidential Visit to Mexico City
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En homenaje a Fidel, Peña refrenda amistad de México con Cuba (in Spanish)
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Mexico votes in favor of UN resolutions against Cuba's human rights issues
361:. Throughout the 20th century, the two countries exerted control over the
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On 20 May 1902, Cuba and Mexico established diplomatic relations. Cuba's
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LLegó a La Habana el presidente mexicano Enrique Peña Nieto (in Spanish)
180:. During Spanish colonization, Cuba was under the administration of the
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by President Díaz-Canel. Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel traveled to
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paid a visit to Mexico to attend the inauguration of Mexican President
424:
Increases in Mexican leftist propaganda and the Mexican Communist Party
1735:
Covarrubias, Ana (2006). "Cuba and Haiti in Mexico's foreign policy".
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Castro: "La relación especial entre Cuba y México avanza" (in Spanish)
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Se reúnen AMLO y el presidente de Cuba, Miguel Díaz-Canel (in Spanish)
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History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Cuba (in Spanish)
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History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Cuba (in Spanish)
353:
The aspect of Mexican–Cuban relations affected the influence of the
1537:"Cronología: Relación México-Cuba, llena de altibajos (in Spanish)"
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later, they pushed nations like Mexico to side with the US. Later,
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Prensa Latina, "Felipe Calderon, Mexican President, Visits Cuba,"
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In from the Cold: Latin America's New Encounter with the Cold War
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was forced to surrender, with the ship's crew (including future
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1396:"Mexico's President Calderon Pays First Official Visit to Cuba"
1367:"Diplomatic spat heats up as Mexico boots out Cuban ambassador"
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Despite the victory of Mexico over the last Spanish bastion in
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1506:"Cuban president to get Mexico's highest medal for foreigners"
196:
lived for a time in Mexico and published several books there.
15:
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1459:"Mexico readies navy ships to bring food, supplies to Cuba"
1584:"IX Cumbre Iberoamericana en La Habana, Cuba (in Spanish)"
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1705:
International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond
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Bilateral agreements between Mexico and Cuba (in Spanish)
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Cuba's expulsion from the Organization of American States
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on an official visit to Cuba along with Cuban President
349:
American and Soviet influence on Mexican–Cuban relations
1436:
Díaz-Canel llega a México para toma de protesta de AMLO
312:, the United States granted Cuba limited sovereignty.
308:, the United States gained control of Cuba. Under the
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Seeking to challenge Spanish control of the gulf, the
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Orozco, Fernando; Orozco, Orozco Linares L. (1996).
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1935:
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1152:"Cuba tries to defuse spat with Mexico over Castro"
902:Orozco, Fernando; L, Orozco Linares Orozco (1996).
686:There are direct flights between both nations with
88:
1007:David Guerrero Flores, Emma Paula Ruiz Ham (2012)
1826:(Master's thesis). University of Texas at Dallas.
755:Mexico has an embassy and a consulate-general in
517:In July 2021, President López Obrador blamed the
573:(1960, 1979, 1981, 1988, 1991, 1994, 2000, 2002)
142:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
1121:
872:"LA CONSOLIDACIÓN DE LA INDEPENDENCIA NACIONAL"
482:Improvements in the Mexican–Cuban relationship
316:Cubans fleeing political persecution to Mexico
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1813:Joseph, Gilbert M.; Spenser, Daniela (2008).
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587:(2018, 2019, 2021, February and October 2023)
8:
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535:in February 2023, to be awarded the Mexican
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1677:Embassy of Cuba in Mexico City (in Spanish)
1424:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yphv8zsV6L4
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1831:Strayer, Robert W.; Reilly, Kevin (2009).
1315:"Mexico and Cuba welcome back ambassadors"
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1833:Ways of the World: a Brief Global History
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1306:
1304:
1302:
930:"Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México"
446:Strains in the Mexican–Cuban relationship
247:against Mexico from the nearby island of
176:nations. They were both colonized by the
59:Learn how and when to remove this message
1688:Embassy of Mexico in Havana (in Spanish)
1661:
1659:
1347:. Americas Quarterly. September 12, 2013
1339:
1337:
1335:
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870:Cabrieles, Leticia Rivera (2010-08-21).
796:
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451:Mexico recalls Havana ambassador in 1998
1280:"Top diplomats of Cuba and Mexico meet"
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1098:
790:
592:Presidential visits from Mexico to Cuba
564:Presidential visits from Cuba to Mexico
3348:Visa requirements for Mexican citizens
1777:International Political Science Review
1345:"Mexican Foreign Minister Visits Cuba"
1150:Andrew Cawthorne (December 11, 1998).
981:Wiggins, Kennard R. Jr. (2019-01-21).
212:and hence the independence of Mexico.
146:Latin American Integration Association
73:
332:Mexico's role in the Cuban Revolution
150:Organization of Ibero-American States
7:
1817:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
960:. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 115.
801:Gaceta del Senado: Cuba (in Spanish)
502:Mexico and Cuba increase cooperation
460:2002 United Nations Summit in Mexico
1835:. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's.
1237:"Mexico's Fox apologises to Castro"
468:
225:Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs
168:Statue of José Martí in Mexico City
1822:Kennedy, Courtney Brianne (2012).
908:(in Spanish). Panorama Editorial.
849:(in Spanish). Panorama Editorial.
506:In December 2018, Cuban President
403:, Cuba was expelled from the OAS.
200:Background on Mexican independence
31:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
2385:Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs
715:and Grupo Altex operate in Cuba.
208:, Spain refused to recognize the
2725:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2479:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2425:
1926:
1872:
1313:Lindsay Thomas (July 30, 2004).
1278:Marc Lacey (December 11, 2009).
300:Background on Cuban independence
243:, but Spain continued to launch
110:
99:
80:
41:guide to writing better articles
20:
1010:El país en formación Cronología
884:from the original on 2010-08-21
215:The Mexican government, led by
138:Association of Caribbean States
1319:Council on Hemispheric Affairs
813:"Martí en México (in Spanish)"
722:Embassy of Cuba in Mexico City
650:(2014, June and November 2016)
344:Cold War relations (1959–1991)
1:
3383:Bilateral relations of Mexico
2276:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
1212:TGP: A Mexico City Pilgrimage
1122:Domínguez & Lindau (1984)
1214:", last modified April 2009.
932:. 2003-12-11. Archived from
727:Resident diplomatic missions
539:by President López Obrador.
441:Post-Cold War to the Present
284:Eventually the Mexican brig
3378:Bilateral relations of Cuba
3314:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2432:Foreign relations of Mexico
2347:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2327:Diplomatic missions of Cuba
1182:Joseph & Spenser (2008)
1110:Joseph & Spenser (2008)
1087:Joseph & Spenser (2008)
1072:Strayer & Reilly (2009)
846:Fechas históricas de México
780:Mexican immigration to Cuba
655:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
613:Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado
512:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
3399:
3286:Rio Grande border disputes
1790:10.1177/019251218400500105
1751:10.1177/002070200606100309
770:Centro Cultural José Martí
736:and consulates-general in
262:
3309:
3298:
3216:
3202:
2452:
2438:
2382:
1924:
1879:Foreign relations of Cuba
1154:. Cubanet. Archived from
620:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
493:Mexican Foreign Minister
122:
109:
98:
79:
537:Order of the Aztec Eagle
182:Viceroyalty of New Spain
732:Cuba has an embassy in
672:Exclusive economic zone
519:US embargo against Cuba
35:used on Knowledge (XXG)
3319:Diplomatic missions of
3281:Colorado river dispute
723:
560:
275:Commodore David Porter
192:. Cuban national hero
169:
39:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
3373:Cuba–Mexico relations
3343:Visa policy of Mexico
2715:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2374:Foreign interventions
1738:International Journal
721:
550:
167:
75:Cuba-Mexico relations
2938:United Arab Emirates
1707:. London: Routledge.
1158:on December 18, 2013
954:Viele, John (1996).
401:Cuban Missile Crisis
375:Good Neighbor Policy
306:Spanish–American War
190:Spanish–American War
172:Cuba and Mexico are
2735:Trinidad and Tobago
2585:Antigua and Barbuda
2320:Diplomatic missions
2018:Trinidad and Tobago
1514:. 10 February 2023.
662:Bilateral relations
606:José López Portillo
529:Order of José Martí
409:Adolfo López Mateos
223:, who was then the
76:
71:Bilateral relations
3333:Castañeda Doctrine
2650:Dominican Republic
1978:Dominican Republic
1285:The New York Times
1264:Covarrubias (2006)
1210:Kevin McCloskey, "
1133:Best et al. (2004)
724:
692:Aeroméxico Connect
648:Enrique Peña Nieto
561:
553:Enrique Peña Nieto
551:Mexican President
495:José Antonio Meade
294:David Dixon Porter
290:United States Navy
217:Guadalupe Victoria
170:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3294:
3293:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
2489:Equatorial Guinea
2391:
2390:
2358:Internationalism
1666:Data México: Cuba
1401:Los Angeles Times
994:978-1-4766-7197-0
967:978-1-56164-179-6
915:978-968-38-0295-8
585:Miguel Díaz-Canel
543:High-level visits
508:Miguel Díaz-Canel
384:President Kennedy
322:post-independence
245:armed expeditions
210:Treaty of Córdoba
126:
125:
69:
68:
61:
33:encyclopedic tone
3390:
3338:Estrada Doctrine
3328:Mexican diaspora
3300:
3204:
3170:Papua New Guinea
2539:Sahrawi Republic
2454:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2395:
1930:
1913:Sahrawi Republic
1877:
1876:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1770:
1731:
1708:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1586:. Archived from
1580:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1539:. Archived from
1533:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1511:Associated Press
1502:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1404:. April 11, 2012
1392:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1363:
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1341:
1330:
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1310:
1297:
1296:
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1292:
1275:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1245:. April 25, 2002
1233:
1227:
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1208:
1199:
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1090:
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1040:
1034:
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1005:
999:
998:
978:
972:
971:
957:The Florida Keys
951:
945:
944:
942:
941:
926:
920:
919:
899:
893:
892:
890:
889:
883:
876:
867:
861:
860:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
824:
818:. Archived from
817:
809:
803:
798:
338:Cuban Revolution
265:Battle of Mariel
259:Battle of Mariel
206:San Juan de Ulúa
114:
113:
103:
102:
84:
77:
64:
57:
53:
50:
44:
43:for suggestions.
24:
23:
16:
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3397:
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3389:
3388:
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3363:
3362:
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3305:
3290:
3212:
3190:
3174:
3143:
2947:
2761:
2573:
2448:
2434:
2424:
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2392:
2387:
2378:
2335:
2315:
2251:
2230:
2216:Solomon Islands
2199:
2138:
2037:
1931:
1922:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1773:
1734:
1715:Print Quarterly
1711:
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1698:
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1675:
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1534:
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1504:
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1394:
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1365:
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1360:
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1343:
1342:
1333:
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1312:
1311:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1277:
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1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1180:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1006:
1002:
995:
980:
979:
975:
968:
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952:
948:
939:
937:
928:
927:
923:
916:
901:
900:
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885:
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874:
869:
868:
864:
857:
842:
841:
837:
828:
826:
822:
815:
811:
810:
806:
799:
792:
788:
766:
729:
708:
684:
668:Radiotelegraphy
664:
641:Felipe Calderón
627:Ernesto Zedillo
599:Luis Echeverría
559:, January 2014.
545:
504:
484:
471:
462:
453:
448:
443:
426:
417:
397:
351:
346:
334:
318:
310:Platt Amendment
302:
267:
261:
255:in the region.
202:
162:
160:Early relations
128:The nations of
115:
111:
104:
100:
72:
65:
54:
48:
45:
38:
29:This article's
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3396:
3394:
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3380:
3375:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3354:
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3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
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3325:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:United Nations
3223:
3221:European Union
3217:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3139:United Kingdom
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:Czech Republic
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
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2935:
2930:
2925:
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2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
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2825:
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2800:
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2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
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2749:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
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2647:
2642:
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2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
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2561:
2556:
2551:
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2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
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2443:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2341:
2340:Related topics
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2317:
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2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:European Union
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
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2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2195:United Kingdom
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
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2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
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2061:
2056:
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2039:
2038:
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2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
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1920:
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1905:
1900:
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1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1771:
1745:(3): 661–676.
1732:
1722:(4): 353–367.
1709:
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1228:
1224:Cameron (1999)
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1169:
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1125:
1114:
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1099:Kennedy (2012)
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856:978-9683802958
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775:Cuban Mexicans
772:
765:
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707:
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683:
682:Transportation
680:
676:Gulf of Mexico
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363:Latin American
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263:Main article:
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178:Spanish Empire
174:Latin American
161:
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154:United Nations
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28:
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2:
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3297:
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3205:
3201:
3187:
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3181:
3177:
3171:
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3163:
3161:
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3150:
3146:
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3117:
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3112:
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3097:
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3087:
3085:
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3062:
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3057:
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3025:
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3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
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2987:
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2740:United States
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2726:
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2708:
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2648:
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2638:
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2608:
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2601:
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2517:
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2512:
2510:
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2500:
2497:
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2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
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2462:
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2419:
2414:
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2407:
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2400:
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2240:
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2222:
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2209:
2208:
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2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:United States
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
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1875:
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1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
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1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:(1): 75–101.
1783:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1590:on 2015-04-05
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1543:on 2014-12-24
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1373:. May 3, 2004
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1226:, p. 353
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1135:, p. 381
1134:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1089:, p. 171
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1074:, p. 661
1073:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1001:
996:
990:
987:. McFarland.
986:
985:
977:
974:
969:
963:
959:
958:
950:
947:
936:on 2003-12-11
935:
931:
925:
922:
917:
911:
907:
906:
898:
895:
880:
873:
866:
863:
858:
852:
848:
847:
839:
836:
825:on 2021-06-03
821:
814:
808:
805:
802:
797:
795:
791:
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
763:
758:
754:
751:
750:Veracruz City
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
726:
720:
716:
714:
705:
703:
701:
697:
696:Magnicharters
693:
689:
681:
679:
677:
673:
669:
661:
656:
652:
649:
645:
642:
638:
635:
631:
628:
624:
621:
617:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
595:
594:
593:
586:
582:
579:
575:
572:
568:
567:
566:
565:
558:
554:
549:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
525:
522:
520:
515:
513:
509:
501:
499:
496:
491:
489:
481:
479:
475:
466:
459:
457:
450:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
423:
421:
414:
412:
410:
404:
402:
392:
388:
385:
381:
376:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
355:United States
348:
343:
341:
339:
329:
326:
323:
315:
313:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
266:
258:
256:
254:
253:project power
250:
246:
242:
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
199:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
159:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
121:
118:
107:
97:
94:
92:
91:
87:
83:
78:
63:
60:
52:
42:
36:
34:
27:
18:
17:
3209:Multilateral
2903:Saudi Arabia
2742:
2639:
2549:South Africa
2257:Multilateral
2242:Soviet Union
2002:
1918:South Africa
1832:
1823:
1814:
1781:
1775:
1742:
1736:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1696:Bibliography
1683:
1672:
1647:
1636:
1625:
1614:
1603:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1578:
1567:
1556:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:the original
1531:
1520:
1509:
1500:
1489:
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1465:. 2021-07-22
1462:
1453:
1442:
1431:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1399:
1375:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1322:. Retrieved
1289:. Retrieved
1283:
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1219:
1184:, p. 67
1160:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1128:
1117:
1112:, p. 97
1105:
1094:
1067:
1055:
1044:
1018:
1008:
1003:
983:
976:
956:
949:
938:. Retrieved
934:the original
924:
904:
897:
886:. Retrieved
865:
845:
838:
827:. Retrieved
820:the original
807:
709:
685:
665:
591:
590:
580:(2010, 2015)
571:Fidel Castro
563:
562:
526:
523:
516:
505:
492:
485:
476:
472:
463:
454:
435:
431:
427:
418:
405:
398:
389:
367:
359:Soviet Union
352:
335:
327:
319:
303:
285:
283:
278:
271:Mexican Navy
268:
234:
221:Lucas Alamán
214:
203:
171:
127:
55:
49:January 2018
46:
30:
3231:Coffee Club
3165:New Zealand
3129:Switzerland
3074:Netherlands
2893:Philippines
2853:South Korea
2848:North Korea
2773:Afghanistan
2720:Saint Lucia
2660:El Salvador
2504:Ivory Coast
2119:South Korea
2114:Philippines
2099:North Korea
1408:November 3,
1351:November 3,
1324:November 3,
1291:November 3,
1249:November 3,
1162:November 3,
734:Mexico City
700:VivaAerobús
634:Vicente Fox
578:Raúl Castro
557:Raúl Castro
488:Raul Castro
186:Mexico City
3367:Categories
3276:World Bank
3186:Yugoslavia
3064:Luxembourg
2843:Kazakhstan
2798:East Timor
2788:Bangladesh
2783:Azerbaijan
2635:Costa Rica
2524:Mozambique
2247:Yugoslavia
2054:Bangladesh
2049:Azerbaijan
1594:2015-04-10
1547:2015-04-10
1469:2021-07-26
940:2021-01-29
888:2021-01-29
829:2022-04-08
786:References
688:Aeroméxico
653:President
646:President
639:President
632:President
625:President
618:President
611:President
604:President
597:President
583:President
576:President
569:President
304:After the
194:José Martí
152:, and the
3323:in Mexico
3304:Diplomacy
3266:Rio Group
3211:relations
3155:Australia
3059:Lithuania
2913:Sri Lanka
2908:Singapore
2888:Palestine
2813:Indonesia
2757:Venezuela
2695:Nicaragua
2670:Guatemala
2590:Argentina
2447:relations
2445:Bilateral
2306:Rio Group
2259:relations
2124:Sri Lanka
2109:Palestine
2069:Indonesia
2033:Venezuela
1988:Guatemala
1943:Argentina
1806:144040603
1767:143790710
1377:April 20,
746:Monterrey
380:communism
3114:Slovenia
3109:Slovakia
3089:Portugal
3029:Holy See
2979:Bulgaria
2928:Thailand
2883:Pakistan
2873:Mongolia
2868:Malaysia
2730:Suriname
2705:Paraguay
2685:Honduras
2645:Dominica
2630:Colombia
2600:Barbados
2578:Americas
2569:Zimbabwe
2554:Tanzania
2494:Ethiopia
2362:Military
2352:Minister
2211:Kiribati
2165:Holy See
2104:Pakistan
2094:Malaysia
2013:Suriname
1953:Barbados
1936:Americas
1898:Ethiopia
1759:40204196
1728:41824990
1371:CBC News
1242:BBC News
879:Archived
764:See also
533:Campeche
370:Cold War
357:and the
292:admiral
286:Guerrero
279:Guerrero
241:Veracruz
3271:UNECLAC
3148:Oceania
3134:Ukraine
3094:Romania
3044:Ireland
3039:Iceland
3034:Hungary
3019:Germany
3009:Finland
3004:Estonia
2999:Denmark
2984:Croatia
2974:Belgium
2969:Belarus
2964:Austria
2959:Andorra
2943:Vietnam
2863:Lebanon
2803:Georgia
2778:Armenia
2752:Uruguay
2690:Jamaica
2665:Grenada
2655:Ecuador
2610:Bolivia
2595:Bahamas
2559:Tunisia
2544:Senegal
2534:Nigeria
2529:Namibia
2519:Morocco
2464:Algeria
2367:Medical
2331:in Cuba
2311:UNECLAC
2296:Oceania
2226:Vanuatu
2204:Oceania
2155:Germany
2134:Vietnam
2028:Uruguay
1998:Jamaica
1983:Grenada
1958:Bolivia
1948:Bahamas
1908:Namibia
1798:1600959
1463:Reuters
368:As the
3179:Former
3124:Sweden
3104:Serbia
3099:Russia
3084:Poland
3079:Norway
3069:Monaco
3054:Latvia
3024:Greece
3014:France
2989:Cyprus
2952:Europe
2933:Turkey
2923:Taiwan
2858:Kuwait
2838:Jordan
2828:Israel
2700:Panama
2675:Guyana
2620:Canada
2615:Brazil
2605:Belize
2564:Uganda
2469:Angola
2457:Africa
2235:Former
2221:Tuvalu
2185:Serbia
2180:Russia
2175:Poland
2170:Kosovo
2160:Greece
2150:France
2143:Europe
2129:Turkey
2084:Israel
2003:Mexico
1968:Canada
1963:Brazil
1893:Angola
1886:Africa
1804:
1796:
1765:
1757:
1726:
991:
964:
912:
853:
757:Havana
742:Mérida
738:Cancún
657:(2022)
643:(2012)
636:(2002)
629:(1999)
622:(1994)
615:(1986)
608:(1980)
601:(1975)
134:Mexico
117:Mexico
3246:USMCA
3119:Spain
3049:Italy
2918:Syria
2898:Qatar
2833:Japan
2808:India
2793:China
2745:Texas
2680:Haiti
2625:Chile
2514:Libya
2509:Kenya
2499:Ghana
2484:Egypt
2281:CELAC
2190:Spain
2089:Japan
2064:India
2059:China
1993:Haiti
1973:Chile
1903:Kenya
1802:S2CID
1794:JSTOR
1763:S2CID
1755:JSTOR
1724:JSTOR
882:(PDF)
875:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
816:(PDF)
713:Cemex
706:Trade
236:Spain
3160:Fiji
2878:Oman
2823:Iraq
2818:Iran
2766:Asia
2710:Peru
2640:Cuba
2474:Chad
2271:ALBA
2079:Iraq
2074:Iran
2042:Asia
2008:Peru
1410:2013
1379:2023
1353:2013
1326:2013
1293:2013
1251:2013
1164:2013
989:ISBN
962:ISBN
910:ISBN
851:ISBN
748:and
698:and
249:Cuba
229:Cuba
132:and
130:Cuba
106:Cuba
3261:OEI
3256:OAS
3251:NIC
3241:IMF
3236:G20
2301:OEI
2291:OAS
2266:ACS
1786:doi
1747:doi
184:in
3369::
3321:/
2329:/
1800:.
1792:.
1780:.
1761:.
1753:.
1743:61
1741:.
1720:16
1718:.
1658:^
1508:.
1461:.
1398:.
1387:^
1369:.
1334:^
1317:.
1301:^
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1472:.
1426:.
1412:.
1381:.
1355:.
1328:.
1295:.
1253:.
1166:.
1062:.
1039:.
997:.
970:.
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891:.
859:.
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759:.
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62:)
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37:.
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