Human rights in Cuba

1988:

their school, workers from their employer. Both are controlled by the government. Visa requirements for Cuban citizens are more than the administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Cuba often incorporating (in violation of human rights) these requirement of proof of authorization to travel (Schengen countries EU). Some of the requirements of third countries like financial self sufficiency and financial ties to the country (property, income) can not be met by Cubans due to the site economic situation. Few Cubans have the (proven ) income to show they can pay for travel and stay. Most need a sponsor. In 2014, Cuban citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 61 countries and territories, ranking the Cuban passport 69th in the world. Persons holding dual Spanish and Cuban citizenships are now allowed to travel freely, using their Spanish passport in lieu of a visa for countries normally requiring a visa for the Cuban passport. Moreover, ever since that date, the Cuban government extended the allowable time abroad from 11 to 24 months, allowing Cubans who return within the 24-month time frame to retain their status and benefits of "Cuban Resident of the Interior". Should the citizen remain out of Cuba for more than 24 months, then his status would change to "Cuban Resident of the Exterior" and he would lose his privileges within. By this change, there is no longer such a thing as "illegal" or "unauthorized" travel, and therefore persons who leave Cuba via unconventional means (boats etc.) are no longer violating Cuban law, and therefore not subject to detention or imprisonment.

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social security, and education. The proportion of high school graduates was actually higher among blacks than among whites in Cuba, whereas the opposite was true in both Brazil and the United States. In the area of life expectancy, The life expectancy of nonwhite Cubans was only one year lower than that of whites; life expectancy was basically identical for all racial groups. A powerful indicator of social wellbeing, linked to access to health services (as reflected, particularly, in infant mortality), nutrition and education, the Cuban race gap in life expectancy was significantly lower than those found in more affluent multiracial societies such as Brazil (about 6.7 years) and the United States (about 6.3 years) during the same period. Because of these social reforms the Afro Cuban population is the healthiest longest living black population in the world. In the area of national leadership the vestiges of the pre revolutionary era are still visible when it comes to the question of colour, with Afro Cubans having yet to achieve parity when it comes to representation. Nevertheless, reforms have been introduced since in the 1970s when Castro "worked to increase the number of Afro-Cuban political representatives, with the percentage of Black members on the Council of State expanding from 12.9% in 1976 to 25.8% by 2003".

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conditions. In addition, international human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International are barred from sending fact-finding missions to Cuba. It remains one of the few countries in the world to deny the International Committee of the Red Cross access to its prisons." Yet, activists' networks like Eye on Cuba and Cubalog.eu have continued working with the intention to raise awareness about the true situation concerning human and civil rights on the "island of freedom" and appeal to Europe Union and its members to apply responsible approach to Cuba in their foreign policy. Financial support and legal representation is provided by foreign NGOs as part of the EU Cuba Network.

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prosecution. It was common, in those days, that certain citizens who were authorized travel (primarily medical personnel and other professionals deemed essential to the country) were not permitted to take their children with them overseas. In the event that Cuban doctors defect to the United States when they are sent to a "mission" out of Cuba to any foreign country, any children left behind would not be allowed to join their defector parent for a minimum of ten years, even if they had received a foreign visa, and regardless of their age. Castro opposition leader

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Protection (Sistema Unico de Vigilancia y Protección, SUVP). Rapid Action Brigades (Brigadas de Acción Rapida, also referred to as Rapid Response Brigades, or Brigadas de Respuesta Rápida) observe and control dissidents. The government also "maintains academic and labor files (expedientes escolares y laborales) for each citizen, in which officials record actions or statements that may bear on the person's loyalty to the revolution. Before advancing to a new school or position, the individual's record must first be deemed acceptable".

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trafficking, former drug traffickers, based in southern Florida which now find contraband of humans more lucrative than drugs. These criminals charge 8 to 12 thousand dollars per person, overcrowding the small vessels. The majority of those that attempt to emigrate are individuals that have relatives in the United States, others who do not qualify to be considered as legal immigrants in the US, or those who do not want to wait their turn in the annual quota, assigned under the migratory treaties for legal immigrants

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Assembly's organization, communicating among groups to promote the civil society, using all available means to combat poverty and seeking the betterment of the community's life conditions, developing a true knowledge of Cuba's history, in all its dimensions: economic, social and political, undertaking activities and projects aimed at the protection and conservation of natural resources and the ecosystem, and promoting a true culture on labor rights. The Assembly had its first meeting in May 2005.

3376:"... Los coroneles soviéticos de la KGB Vadim Kochergin y Victor Simonov (ascendido a general en 1970) fueron entrenadores en "Punto Cero" desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Uno de los" graduados" por Simonov en este campo de entrenamiento es Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, más conocido como "Carlos El Chacal". Otro "alumno" de esta instalación del terror es el mexicano Rafael Sebastián Guillén, alias "subcomandante Marcos", quien se "graduó" en "Punto Cero" a principio de los años 80." 1185:—destroying every individual liberty. Yet our aid to his regime, and the ineptness of our policies, enabled Batista to invoke the name of the United States in support of his reign of terror. Administration spokesmen publicly praised Batista—hailed him as a staunch ally and a good friend—at a time when Batista was murdering thousands, destroying the last vestiges of freedom, and stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the Cuban people, and we failed to press for free elections. 2705:

the U.S. have succeeded by narrow voting margins. In the Americas, some governments back the criticism, others oppose it, seeing it as a cynical manipulation of a serious human rights issue in order to promote the isolation of the island and to justify the decades-old embargo. European Union nations have universally voted against Cuba since 1990, though requests that the resolution should contain references to the negative effects of the economic embargo have been made.

1376:. The reported application of ECT in the forensic wards seems, at least in many of the cited cases, not to be an adequate clinical treatment for the diagnosed state of the prisoner—in some cases the prisoners do not seem to have been diagnosed at all. Conditions in the forensic wards have been described in repulsive terms and they are apparently in striking contrast to the conditions in the other parts of the mental hospitals that are said to be well-kept and modern. 1436: 398: 6981: 3344:

mentioned that a Russian workers' delegation had been invited to participate in the May Day celebrations here, but had been delayed. The interpreter with the party, which arrived later and stayed in Cuba a few days, was called Vadim Kotchergin although he was at the time using what he subsequently claimed was his mother's name of Liston (?). He remained in the background, and did not attract any attention.."

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understanding, the public perception in Cuba and among the Cuban community in Miami, is not the same. And since that is not the perception, more and more people continue to illegally leave the island by sea causing fatal consequences. According to studies carried out by Cuban experts on the island, it is estimated that at least 15 percent of those that attempt to cross the sea die before reaching the US.

76: 1364:. In 1977, a report on the alleged abuse of psychiatry in Cuba was published in the United States and it presented cases of ill-treatment in Cuban mental hospitals which dated back to the early 1970s. It presents grave allegations which claim that prisoners who end up in the forensic wards of mental hospitals in Santiago de Cuba and Havana are subjected to methods of ill-treatment which include 6991: 1747: 137: 2685:

Consultative Status which significantly expanded their resources and exposure there. A significant turning point in these efforts came in 1984 when Permuy's Miami-based Center for Human Rights successfully lobbied to have Cuba's diplomatic representative, Luis Sola Vila, removed from a key subcommittee of the United Nations Human Rights Commission and replaced with a representative from

2599:, Fidel Castro, called the persecution of homosexuals whilst he was in power "a great injustice, great injustice!" Taking responsibility for the persecution, he said, "If anyone is responsible, it's me ... We had so many and such terrible problems, problems of life or death. In those moments I was not able to deal with that matter . I found myself immersed, principally, in the 2399:, who has authored extensively on the issue, says that "There is an unstated threat, blacks in Cuba know that whenever you raise race in Cuba, you go to jail. Therefore, the struggle in Cuba is different. There cannot be a civil rights movement. You will have instantly 10,000 black people dead". He says that a new generation of black Cubans are looking at politics in another way. 2754: 1043: 7001: 35: 2544:". Military commanders brutalized the inmates. Carlos Alberto Montaner says "Camps of forced labour were instituted with all speed to "correct" such deviations ... Verbal and physical mistreatment, shaved heads, work from dawn to dusk, hammocks, dirt floors, scarce food ... The camps became increasingly crowded as the methods of arrest became more expedient". 2697:, former Cuban political prisoner of 22 years, as the US Ambassador to the commission. By 1992, there had been a substantial change in Geneva as the UNHRC representatives had shifted from initial rejection, then indifference and towards embrace of the anti-Castro Cuban human rights movement's diplomatic efforts. 3158:

Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. (1990). Exploring Revolution: Essays on Latin American Insurgency and Revolutionary Theory. Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe. P. 63 "Estimates of hundreds or perhaps about a thousand deaths due to Batista's terror are also supported by comments made by Fidel Castro and other

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The Cuban government operates on national health system and assumes full fiscal and administrative responsibility for the health care of its citizens. The government prohibits any private alternatives to the national health system. In 1976, Cuba's healthcare program was enshrined in Article 50 of the

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The 1994 and 1995 migratory accords signed between Havana and Washington, and which emerged due to the crisis in August 1994, are still in effect. These accords force the US to return all those intercepted at sea by US authorities to Cuba, except the cases in which political persecution can be proven

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existed in Cuba's prisons and "hard labor camps". The torture consisted of beatings, biological experiments which included dietary restrictions, violent interrogations and extremely unsanitary living conditions. The jury concurred with allegations of arbitrary arrest; sentencing by court martial with

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The vast majority of those executed directly following the 1959 revolution were policemen, politicians and informers for the Batista regime who were accused of crimes such as torture and murder, and their public trials and executions enjoyed widespread popular support among the Cuban population. Most

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magazine wrote: "Cuba's fanatic, poorly armed rebels last week tried to smash President Fulgencio Batista with the ultimate weapon of civilian revolutions: the general strike. ... Fulgencio Batista got ready for the strike by offering immunity to anyone who killed a striker and by threatening to

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in defense of Cuba, claiming that "the government of the US has no moral authority to elect itself as the judge over human rights in Cuba, where there has not been a single case of disappearance, torture or extrajudicial execution since 1959, and where despite the economic blockade, there are levels

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published an article on illegal immigrants in the US, quoting official sources, pointing out that during the first semester of 2005, 27,396 Brazilians were stopped from illegally crossing US borders, an average of 4,556 per month and 152 a day. In 2004, a total of 1,160,000 foreigners, were stopped

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However, figures of those fleeing other Latin American or Caribbean countries of origin compare similarly with those of Cuba. During the 2005 fiscal year, 3,612 Dominicans were picked up at high seas attempting to illegally reach the US (900 more than Cubans intercepted) and in 2004, 3,229 Haitians

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British Foreign Office. Chancery American Department, Foreign Office, London September 2, 1959 (2181/59) to British Embassy Havana classified as restricted Released 2000 by among British Foreign Office papers FOREIGN OFFICES FILES FOR CUBA Part 1: Revolution in Cuba "in our letter 1011/59 May 6 we

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criticizing Cuba's human rights record. The proposals and subsequent diplomatic disagreements have been described as a "nearly annual ritual". Long-term consensus between Latin American nations has not emerged. The resolutions were passed 1990–1997, but were rejected in 1998. Subsequent efforts by

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The accords were designed to discourage those who would consider emigrating illegally by sea but the Bush administration has not complied with Washington's part of the agreements. Although the Coast Guard says that only 2.5 percent of the Cubans intercepted are granted political asylum, the public

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At the end of the 2005 fiscal year which ended September 30, the US Coast Guard Service reported having intercepted 2,712 Cubans at sea, more than double the 1,225 reported in 2004 The figure for 2005 is the third highest of Cubans intercepted in the Florida straights during the last 12 years. The

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stated that "All human rights, civil and professional associations and unions that exist today in Cuba outside the officialdom of the state apparatus and mass organizations controlled by the government are barred from having legal status. This often puts at risk the individuals who belong to these

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states: "Refusing to recognize human rights monitoring as a legitimate activity, the government denies legal status to local human rights groups. Individuals who belong to these groups face systematic harassment, with the government putting up obstacles to impede them from documenting human rights

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military intervention and a determination "to put a stop to these abuses". Since Cuba achieved independence in 1902, successive Cuban governments have been criticised and condemned by various groups, both within Cuba and internationally, for human rights violations on the island. During the latter

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During the trial, evidence was presented that the defendants had received funds from the U.S. Interests Section. Cuban officials claim that the goal of this funding was to undermine the Cuban state, disrupt internal order, and damage the Cuban economy. For his part, Cason denies offering funds to

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Despite these barriers however, Cuba has oftentimes been praised for advances of the Cuban Revolution in the areas of racial equality. During his leadership, Castro abolished segregation in businesses and public spaces while also ushering in egalitarian reforms in areas such as employment, wages,

1987:

As of January 14, 2013, all Cuban government-imposed travel restrictions and controls have been abolished. Since that date, any Cuban citizen, with a valid passport, can leave the country subject to administrative restrictions imposed by the government. Students need the permission to travel from

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in 1999. However, an exception was made when, in 2003, three members of a gang of ten were executed for a ferry hijacking. The hijackers were attempting to reach Florida, but ran out of fuel only halfway to their destination. After a two-day stand-off, the ferry was escorted by coast guard patrol

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assess that: "It is evident that the exercise of the right to freedom of expression under this article of the Constitution is governed by two fundamental determinants: on the one hand, the preservation and strengthening of the communist State; on the other, the need to muzzle any criticism of the

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between the Cuban government and armed opposition were ongoing, but had declined by the early 1970s. The group asserts that by the time international human rights movements flourished in the 1970s, the most severe period of repression was over, making non-partisan retrospective assessments of the

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in order to protest against prison abuses; he claims the guards denied him water until he became delirious, and they proceeded to urinate in his mouth and on his face. Furthermore, he claimed to require the use of a wheelchair following his longest hunger strike. The Cuban government denied both

339:, an independent human rights group that lacks official authorization and is therefore considered illegal by the government, received more than 7,900 reports of arbitrary detentions from January through August 2016. This represents the highest monthly average of detentions in the past six years. 2085:

provides automatic permanent residency for almost all Cubans arriving legally or illegally after one year and one day in the US. No immigrant from any other nation has this privilege. Controversy over this policy centers around the loss of Cuba's scientists, professionals, technicians and other

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Another important project is the establishment of the Assembly to Promote Civil Society. The Assembly to Promote Civil Society in Cuba is a coalition of 365 independent civil society groups with the stated aims of "forming a democratic culture", "developing a social movement", strengthening the

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A 1999 Human Rights Watch report notes that the Interior Ministry's principal responsibility is to monitor the Cuban population for signs of dissent. In 1991 two new mechanisms for internal surveillance and control emerged. Communist Party leaders organized the Singular Systems of Vigilance and

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The "Cuban National Reconciliation movement", a U.S.-based organisation that claims to act as a forum for discussing Cuban society, has detailed what it believes are complex variables when analysing human rights immediately after the revolution. In the 1960s, violent confrontations known as the

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movements, parties, and organizations) and education (e.g. the International Association of Educators for World Peace), that coalesced around the issue of human rights. An influential force credited with crafting and spearheading the international Cuban human rights effort, particularly in the

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concluded that "Raúl Castro has kept Cuba's repressive machinery firmly in place...since being handed power by his brother Fidel Castro." The report found that "cores of political prisoners arrested under Fidel continue to languish in prison, and Raúl has used draconian laws and sham trials to

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governments to withhold international support until governmental changes were made to address human rights abuses. Though the coalition's NGO-driven human rights effort for Cuba initially struggled to gain traction in the UNHRC, their influence gradually grew, especially as key groups secured

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issued a report on the status of gay people in Cuba which claimed that the Cuban government no longer imposes any legal punishments on its gay citizens, that there is a greater level of tolerance among Cubans for gay, bisexual, and transgender people, and that the Cuban government was open to

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After spending nine months in Cuban clinics, anthropologist Katherine Hirschfeld wrote "My increased awareness of Cuba's criminalization of dissent raised a very provocative question: to what extent is the favorable international image of the Cuban health care system maintained by the state's

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was reported to have been released from prison in April 2007 after serving his full sentence of 17 years and 34 days for having, at the age of 25, shouted slogans against Fidel Castro. García Antúnez was convicted of sabotage after authorities accused him of setting fire to sugar cane fields,

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Various estimates have been made in order to ascertain the number of political executions which have been carried out on behalf of the Cuban government since the revolution. During the first two months of 1959, Castro's government executed more than 300 Batista officials, with Latin American

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In August 1981, the Marxist historian Ariel Hidalgo was apprehended and accused of "incitement against the social order, international solidarity and the Socialist State" and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. In September 1981, he was transported from State Security Headquarters to the

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The US Coast Guard reported that the interceptions in high seas have been characterized as violent confrontations with authorities and by the deaths of immigrants. According to the same authorities, the Cubans are taken to the US on speed boats by a network of criminals specialized in human

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was convicted on a charge of placing bombs in public places and was sentenced to thirty years in prison. He and his supporters contend that he was never part of the Batista police as alleged by Castro supporters, and that his imprisonment was the result of his vocal opposition to the Castro

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magazine, "The strike was short-lived: "With the upper hand, Batista drove boldly around the city while his cops proceeded to make their supremacy complete. When a patrol car radioed that it had clashed with rebels and had 'a dead man and a prisoner', the dispatcher ordered: 'Shoot him.' At

1991:

Prior to January 13, 2013, Cuban citizens could not travel abroad, leave or return to Cuba without first obtaining official permission along with applying for a government issued passport and travel visa, which was often denied. Unauthorized travel abroad had sometimes resulted in criminal

1881:. He escaped from prison and tried to leave Cuba by launching himself from the shore on a tire inner tube. The attempt failed and he was re-arrested near Lenin Park and imprisoned at the notorious El Morro Castle alongside murderers and rapists. After finally escaping from Cuba in the 1980 1944:, calls for the "Cuban authorities to release all prisoners of conscience immediately and unconditionally" and to "revoke all legislation that restricts freedom of expression, assembly and association, and to put a halt to all actions to harass and intimidate dissidents, journalists, and 322:

until 1992, now "permits greater opportunities for religious expression than it did in past years, and has allowed several religious-run humanitarian groups to operate, the government still maintains tight control on religious institutions, affiliated groups, and individual believers".

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boats back to a Cuban port, ostensibly to refuel; when hostages began jumping over the sides of the ship, however, the authorities subdued the hijackers and regained control. Four other men were given life sentences, and the remaining three women involved received 1–5 years in prison.

2074:. In an attempt by the Cuban Navy to stop the tugboat, patrol boats were sent out to intercept the tug. Crewmen and survivors reported that the Cuban interception vessels rammed the tugboat and sprayed its passengers with high-pressure fire hoses, sweeping many overboard. 2007:

From 1959 through 1993, some 1.2 million Cubans (about 10% of the current population) left the island for the United States, often by sea in small boats and fragile rafts. In the early years, a number of those who could claim dual Spanish-Cuban citizenship left for

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A formal structure and system of reporting news not approved by the government was first attempted in 1993. The effort for an independent, uncensored news agency was spearheaded by Cuban human rights activist and then-President of Christian Democratic Movement

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states "The authorities in my country have never tolerated that a black person oppose the revolution. During the trial, the color of my skin aggravated the situation. Later when I was mistreated in prison by guards, they always referred to me as being black".

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Castro is reported to once have asserted that, "in the country, there are no homosexuals", before claiming in 1992 that homosexuality is a "natural human tendency that must simply be respected". Another source reports Castro as having denounced "maricones"

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which he alleged had caused several deaths. Dr. Mendoza had previously been fired from his job in a Cuban hospital three years earlier for establishing an independent medical association. He was later released due to ill-health, subject to his leaving the

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The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people in Cuba have evolved significantly over time, from widespread discrimination in most of the 20th century to what are now considered some of the most progressive LGBT policies in Latin America.

1640:(CTC). The government explicitly prohibits independent trade unions, there is systematic harassment and detention of labor activists, and the leaders of attempted independent unions have been imprisoned. The right to strike is not recognized in law. 1231:

who were often the first to denounce the Cuban government, largely shared an anti-Communist ideology and overlooked violations committed by other regimes, whilst many left leaning observers did not give the claims of Cuban victims due consideration.

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In the late 1960s, because of "revolutionary social hygiene", the Castro government claimed to cleanse the arts of "fraudulent sodomitic" writers and "sick effeminate" dancers. Additionally, men with long hair were locked up and their hair was cut.

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denied these accusations and responded: "Cuba has the right to defend itself and apply punishment just like other nations do, like the United States punishes those who cooperate with a foreign power to inflict damage on their people and territory."

1602:. It formally began in May of that year as Members of Civic Democratic Action, an umbrella group of nearly twenty Castro opposition organizations, formed an alliance with the Independent Cuban Journalists Association. The effort ultimately failed. 1588:

assert that the universal state ownership of the media means that freedom of expression is restricted. Thus the exercise of the right to freedom of expression is restricted by the lack of means of mass communication falling outside state control.

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of 1980, when Castro opened the docks to anyone who wanted to leave. The result of the negotiations was an agreement under which the United States was required to issue 20,000 visas annually to Cuban emigrants. This quota is rarely filled; the

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led an uprising called the Revolt of the Sergeants, as part of a coup which deposed Machado in 1933. Batista then became the strongman behind a succession of puppet presidents until he was himself elected president in 1940. According to

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after quiet negotiations; the majority of the 10,000 or so Jews who were in Cuba in 1959 have left. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, many Cubans now reside in a diverse number of countries, some ending up in countries of the

1547:, free speech was allowed "in keeping with the objectives of socialist society" and that artistic creation was allowed "as long as its content is not contrary to the Revolution". The 2019 Cuban constitution removed the language. 1411:

classifies Cuba as being "Not Free", and notes that "Cuba is the only country in the Americas that consistently makes Freedom House's list of the Worst of the Worst: the World's Most Repressive Societies for widespread abuses of

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At times the exodus was tolerated by the Cuban government as a "release valve"; at other times the government has impeded it. Some Cubans left for economic reasons and some for political ones. Others emigrated by way of the

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However, there is no right to privacy, or a patient's informed consent, or the right to protest or sue a doctor or clinic for malpractice. Moreover, the patient does not have right to refuse treatment (for example, a

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and his forces succeeded in displacing Batista from power. At that time there were fundamental changes in the judicial and political process. During this transitional period there were some concerns voiced about

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Guerra, Lillian (2012). Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959–1971. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 42 "The likely total was probably closer to three to four

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Women head almost 50% of households in Cuba. Sixty percent of Cuban professionals are women. Cuban women also have high representation in the country, with women holding 48.9% of the parliamentary seats in the

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The passage of the 2022 Family Code referendum legalized same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex parents. Cuba now has one of the most progressive stances on LGBT rights of among Latin American countries.

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and independent journalist, Roberto Quiñones Haces. Following the trial in August 2019 and he was sentenced to one-year imprisonment for resistance and disobedience concerning his work as an independent

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Education in Cuba is free at all levels and led by the Ministry for Education. In 1961 the government nationalized all private educational institutions and introduced a state-directed education system.

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jail any employer who closed shop." During the strike, militants and youths stole guns, and threw bombs (one of which may have set up a gas-mains fire), after which some people were killed in clashes."

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was refused by the National Assembly and in response a referendum was held in support of socialism being a permanent fixture of the constitution, for which the government claimed 99% voter approval.

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no public audience or defender; periods of time which prisoners spent in hard labour camps without sufficient food, clothing or medical care; and the arrest of children who were over nine years old.

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report as of October 2006 finds that Internet use is very restricted and under tight surveillance. Access is only possible with government permission and equipment is rationed. E-mail is monitored.

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associations of facing harassment, intimidation or criminal charges for activities which constitute the legitimate exercise of the fundamental freedoms of expression, association and assembly."

2680:'s profile of the Cuban Christian Democrat Movement stated that Permuy spearheaded the international diplomatic strategy to call out the Castro regime's human rights abuses and work with other 1202:

midafternoon, cops burst into a boardinghouse, grabbed three young men who were leaders of Cuba's lay Catholic Action movement, which sympathizes with Castro. Two hours later their stripped,

1725:). These acts occur when large groups of citizens verbally abuse, intimidate and sometimes physically assault and throw stones and other objects at the homes of Cubans who are considered 2395:, describes race as a "social bomb" and he says, "If the Cuban government were to permit black Cubans to organize and raise their problems before ... totalitarianism would fall". 2603:, in the war, in policy questions." Castro personally believed that the negative treatment of gays in Cuba arose out of the country's pre-revolutionary attitudes toward homosexuality. 354:, Amnesty International reported that advances in education were undermined by ongoing online and offline censorship. Cuba remained mostly closed to independent human rights monitors. 2446:. The accused were tried and sentenced to prison terms ranging from 15 to 28 years. In all, 75 people were given lengthy sentences averaging 17 years each. Among those sentenced were 4441: 4343: 2556:") as "agents of imperialism". Castro has also reportedly asserted that "homosexuals should not be allowed in positions where they are able to exert influence upon young people". 1356:

published reports which alluded to cases of possible unwarranted hospitalization and ill-treatment of political prisoners. These reports concerned the Gustavo Machin hospital in

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and "The Coalition of Committees for the Rights of Man in Cuba". The testimonies which were presented at the tribunal, before an international panel, alleged that a pattern of

1177:, in the midst of his campaign for the U.S. presidency, decried Batista's relationship with the U.S. government and criticized the Eisenhower administration for supporting him: 459: 6161: 5273: 1858:

of Valladares standing and walking. Valladares was released from prison after serving twenty-two years of his sentence, due in part to the intercession of France's President

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period difficult. The reconciliation movement also cite the difficulties in assessing accounts of abuses that are commonly split upon partisan lines. According to the group,

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Cuba is a regional front-runner in women's rights. With respect to reproductive rights, Cuban women have up to two years of maternity leave and free access to abortion.

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Family doctors are expected to keep records of their patients' "political integration." Epidemiological surveillance has become juxtaposed with political surveillance.

5843: 455: 3354: 2540:, conscientious objectors, and dissidents were forced to conduct their compulsory military service in the 1960s at UMAP camps, where they were subject to political " 6932: 2787: 477: 2620:

which she leads. Mariela has stated her father fully supports her initiatives, saying that her father has overcome his initial homophobia to support his daughter.

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highest had been reported in 1993 with 3,656 and 1994 when over 30,000 Cubans emigrated illegally due to the so-called migratory crisis between the two countries.

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Dr. Ariel Ruiz Urquiola, whom Amnesty International had declared "a prisoner of conscience" and demanded that he be released "immediately and without conditions".

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I've seen changes in my father since I was a child. I saw him as macho and homophobic. But as I have grown and changed as a person, so I have seen him change.

5251: 6488: 1730: 919: 493: 5893: 5525:"Commission on Human Rights; Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Forty-Eighth Session, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/Misc.1" 5361: 1521:. Ferrer, who heads the Patriotic Union of Cuba (UNPACU), has been kept in detention by the Cuban government and his whereabouts have not been revealed. 1454:

The opposition movement in Cuba is a widespread collection of individuals and nongovernmental organizations, most of whom are working for the respect of

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Although Cuba has been politically connected to the Soviet Union since the United States broke off relations with Cuba shortly after its prime minister

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In early 2003, dozens of persons, including independent journalists, librarians and other opponents of the Castro government were jailed after summary

4223: 4006: 2714: 2572: 2443: 1941: 1933:, with some sentences in excess of 20 years, on the charge of receiving money from the United States in order to carry out anti-government activities. 1580: 4780: 4592: 1106:

part of the Spanish colonial era in Cuba, human rights on the island became a particular international concern. After a visit to the region in 1898,

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The organized and sustained international effort launched by prominent Cuban dissident groups (e.g. Miami's Center for Human Rights, UNIDAD Cubana,

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Human rights groups and international organizations believe that these articles subordinate the exercise of freedom of expression to the state. The

489: 2489:. The action followed a meeting between the Spanish ambassador and Cuba's foreign minister. In subsequent days four more dissidents were released: 548: 2617: 445: 5176:, Peter Tatchell (2002), published in the "Gay and Lesbian Humanist", Spring 2002. An earlier version was published in a slightly edited form as 4106: 2182:

were severely limited and in 1961 all property held by religious organizations was confiscated without compensation. Hundreds of members of the

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refused to comply with the act, issuing only 505 visas to Cubans in the first six months of 2003. It also blocked some Cubans who have visas.

760: 562: 6533: 6001: 4668: 4445: 3272: 3134: 1966: 1764: 1721:

Human rights groups including Amnesty International have long been critical of what the Cuban authorities have termed "Acts of repudiation" (

1536: 1114: 154: 48: 6281: 4852: 3313: 3255: 1863: 1498: 977: 879: 6493: 4087: 4351: 4295: 3221:, pg 209. "Batista engineered yet another coup, establishing a dictatorial regime, which was responsible for the death of 20,000 Cubans." 748: 6472: 6412: 5848: 3005: 2719: 1307:, and other criminals who had been employed by the Batista regime, the people themselves would have taken justice into their own hands. 964: 960: 669: 3406: 659: 6121: 6042: 5968: 5938: 4993: 4964: 4178: 3620: 3556: 3358: 2644: 2405:, a well-known Afro-Cuban human rights and democracy activist who was imprisoned for 17 years, in an interview with the Florida-based 2241:

In 2022, Freedom House rated Cuba's religious freedom as 3 out of 4, noting that religious freedom has improved over the past decade.

946: 941: 5277: 4896: 4511: 3374:(English title: The training camp "Point Zero" where the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) trained national and international terrorists) 3355:"El campo de entrenamiento "Punto Cero" donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales" 2210:

were issued for nineteen foreign priests taking up residence in the country. In addition, other religious groups in Cuba such as the

6368: 5853: 5715: 5234: 5209: 4068: 3820: 3660: 3579: 3238: 3218: 3198: 2565: 2153:

on grounds that his religion forbids it.) Many Cubans complain about politics in medical treatment and health care decision-making.

1830: 1729:. Human rights groups suspect that these acts are often carried out in collusion with the security forces and sometimes involve the 1518: 884: 867: 862: 238: 220: 118: 62: 6085: 3540: 1811: 738: 719: 201: 5963: 4162: 3885: 3053:"Report from the British commissionary judge, Havana, to the Foreign secretary (Lord Stanley)." September 30, 1866. Thomas, Hugh. 2365: 7040: 6430: 3494: 2518: 2407: 1783: 1566: 1559: 902: 828: 526: 482: 438: 173: 5335: 4692: 3387: 2048:

In 1995 the US government entered into an agreement with the Cuban government to resolve the emigration crisis that created the

6944: 6886: 5943: 3747: 1637: 1255: 1021: 813: 85: 3466: 3067: 7004: 6570: 6395: 6014: 5419: 1768: 1073: 1026: 624: 358: 343: 158: 4542: 4049: 3956: 3769: 2950: 1790: 789: 373:

which is not officially recognized by the state, recorded 5,155 arbitrary detentions in 2017, in contrast to 9,940 in 2016.

180: 5833: 817: 7025: 3362: 2772: 2402: 2054: 1951: 1628:

is severely restricted in Cuba, and political dissidents are generally prohibited from meeting in large groups." In 2006,

1491: 1439: 1345: 1291:. The Cuban Government justified such measures on the grounds that in Cuba, the application of capital punishment against 1012: 450: 370: 5743: 5592: 3944:"Dissidents, Reporters Unite to Open News Agency in Cuba". The Miami Herald. The Miami Herald. May 12, 1993. pp. 8A. 3676: 3181:, by the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, 1978, p. 121. "The US-supported Batista regime killed 20,000 Cubans" 6773: 6758: 6660: 6218: 6141: 5898: 5708: 2689:, a Christian-Democratic ally in opposition of the Castro government. Another key moment came in 1987 when US President 1053: 793: 724: 5682: 5648: 2926: 2636:

since the Cuban Revolution. It would become a recurring flashpoint in the backdrop of international dynamic during the

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historian Thomas E. Skidmore says that there had been 550 executions in the first six months of 1959. In an April 1961

687: 6956: 6896: 6891: 6876: 6689: 6321: 6266: 5933: 5788: 5316: 2244:

A 2023 report found that documented Freedom of Religion violations more than doubled from 272 in 2021 to 657 in 2022.

1901: 1797: 1170:

became more influential. Many people were killed, with estimates ranging from hundreds to about 20,000 people killed.

655: 651: 187: 5098: 4022: 1649: 1141:, the post-Machado period was marked by violent reprisals, mass lynchings and a deterioration towards corruption and 950: 369:

and arbitrarily detained in high numbers. The Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation, a Cuban

5953: 5524: 5169: 742: 336: 6851: 6711: 6575: 6450: 5948: 5768: 5259: 3867: 2701: 1697: 1413: 682: 5958: 1926:, a medical doctor, has been sentenced to prison for 25 years for his non-violent, but vocal opposition to Castro. 1668:. If accepted by the government and approved by public vote, the amendments would have established such things as 6677: 6351: 6336: 6206: 6062: 6037: 5994: 5928: 5838: 5823: 5798: 5748: 5482:"United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/MISC.2" 2042: 1779: 1606: 1555: 1365: 1098: 1066: 934: 823: 692: 588: 540: 169: 54: 6075: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5457:"United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/INF.1" 4686:"Raúl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana". 20 Oct. 2008. Retrieved 14 Apr. 2009. 1303:. Some Cuban scholars maintain that if the government had not imposed severe legislation against the torturers, 1122: 780: 7035: 6917: 6440: 6435: 6100: 5908: 5808: 4560: 2581: 2360: 1324: 1181:

Fulgencio Batista murdered 20,000 Cubans in seven years ... and he turned Democratic Cuba into a complete

575: 5873: 5778: 5753: 5481: 2290: 1923: 1487: 1275:

ascertained that there had been 2,113 political executions between the years 1958–67, while British historian

799: 702: 697: 275: 5903: 5888: 5883: 5456: 2285:

of health, education and culture that are internationally recognised." The appeal is signed, for example, by

712: 6826: 6738: 6326: 6271: 6261: 6198: 6090: 5828: 5813: 5793: 5758: 4853:"Cuban former political prisoner Jorge Luis García Perez Antúnez: I felt death was very close several times" 4466: 3411: 2782: 2777: 2494: 2286: 2263: 2227: 2195: 1897: 1757: 1570: 1323:

to the international media. The gathering was sponsored by a US-funded anti-communist group which was named

775: 642: 598: 554: 431: 147: 5878: 4231: 4004: 3733: 2430:

In March 2003, the government of Cuba arrested dozens of people (including self-identified journalists and

1874: 707: 608: 568: 6939: 6927: 6563: 6407: 6402: 6276: 6251: 6246: 6210: 6202: 5818: 5763: 4972: 4777: 4607: 4252: 2537: 2238:, and other figures. The Cuban press noted that the cathedral was the first of its kind in Latin America. 1974: 1859: 1669: 1296: 1128:

After independence, and following a sustained period of instability, the 1924–33 capitalist government of

914: 765: 665: 637: 579: 271: 259: 89: 2909: 1271:

story, the agency stated that about "700 have died before Castro's firing squads" between 1959 and 1961.

770: 291: 6951: 6922: 6901: 6728: 5803: 4831: 4506: 3536: 2729: 2459: 2431: 2396: 2179: 1970: 1945: 1937: 1726: 1629: 1585: 1353: 263: 6590: 4796: 2466: 2455: 2386: 1514: 1287:

scholars agree that those executed were most likely guilty as charged, but their trials did not follow

1155:

To quell the growing discontent amongst the populace—which was subsequently displayed through frequent

804: 327:

has also been at the center of complaints. According to the report of Human Rights Watch from 2017 the

3921: 2498: 2486: 1428:

are subject to smear campaigns and arbitrary arrests, as are artists and academics who demand greater

7030: 6804: 6630: 6550: 6545: 6311: 6214: 6136: 6131: 5987: 4210:

Masters of War: Latin America and U.S. Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton Years

4103: 3091: 2600: 2478: 2082: 2070: 1907:

Desi Mendoza, a Cuban doctor, was imprisoned for making statements criticizing Cuba's response to an

1661: 1276: 1236: 1138: 1101:. The subsequent transportation of African slaves to the island, which lasted over 300 years, led to 1094: 630: 470: 411: 1380:

Carbó-Serviá (forensic) ward of the Havana Psychiatric Hospital and stayed there for several weeks.

6733: 6528: 6455: 6356: 6126: 6095: 2514: 2502: 2482: 2451: 2425: 2342: 1716: 1625: 1551: 1471: 1223: 1166:

to carry out wide-scale violence, torture and public executions. These murders mounted in 1957, as

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when attempting to illegally enter the US, 93 percent of them (close to 1,080,000) were Mexicans.

1804: 331:

continues to rely on arbitrary detention to harass and intimidate critics, independent activists,

194: 6831: 6716: 6706: 6672: 6385: 6346: 6316: 6187: 5695: 3908: 2767: 2694: 2681: 2664: 2652: 2131: 2038: 1878: 1845: 1703: 1665: 1590: 1544: 1530: 1400: 1320: 1159:

and demonstrations—Batista established tighter censorship of the media, while also utilizing his

324: 270:

have drawn attention to the actions of the human rights movement and designated members of it as

267: 5177: 4856: 3310: 2235: 5633: 4716: 4084: 1235:

After coming to power in 1959, Fidel Castro's government built a highly effective machinery of

6748: 6743: 6655: 6585: 6538: 6390: 6331: 6256: 6234: 6182: 6057: 6052: 5415: 5410: 5230: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5106: 4664: 4417: 3656: 3552: 3234: 3214: 3194: 3130: 2977: 2806: 2660: 2199: 2116: 1673: 1540: 1475: 1455: 1429: 1149: 1133: 909: 847: 733: 620: 5667: 5298: 4122: 3524: 2102:

were also picked up (2,000 more than the 1,225 Cubans that fiscal year). The Brazilian daily

1517:

continued detention was brought into notice in a different statement which was issued by the

6778: 6753: 6701: 6684: 6295: 6105: 6067: 4318:"Cuba: Government must release journalist and prisoner of conscience Roberto Quiñones Haces" 4303: 3544: 3416: 3329: 2734: 2677: 2330: 2294: 2175: 2169: 2157:

practice of suppressing dissent and covertly intimidating or imprisoning would-be critics?"

1916: 1677: 1394: 1357: 1300: 1110: 388: 258:

government of committing systematic human rights abuses against the Cuban people, including

4997: 4728: 4186: 3795: 2477:

On November 29, 2004, the Cuban government released three of those arrested in March 2003:

6994: 6881: 6871: 6846: 6650: 6606: 6580: 6516: 6146: 6080: 6047: 6022: 5655: 5507:"Commission begins consideration of rights of indigenous peoples; Press Release HR/CN/733" 5173: 4784: 4501: 4166: 4110: 4091: 4072: 4053: 4010: 3889: 3871: 3317: 3251:

Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 6, 1960

2739: 2380: 2322: 2310: 2214:

community are now permitted to hold public services and to import religious materials and

2207: 2138: 2049: 2001: 1885:, Arenas described the horrors he endured under the Cuban government in his autobiography 1882: 1870: 1613: 1502: 1459: 1435: 1417: 1369: 1174: 1129: 347: 299: 5506: 4065: 3587: 3201:, pg 77. "All told, Batista's second dictatorship cost the Cuban people some 20,000 dead" 2673: 2584:

for transgender individuals are free under law, and are paid for by the government. Also

1993: 1599: 1483: 1467: 283: 5073: 4921: 4546: 4409: 3250: 2880: 2855: 2226:

and other religious visitors from abroad. In October 2008, Cuba marked the opening of a

6866: 6836: 6783: 6667: 6635: 6151: 5510: 4391: 4159: 3904: 3882: 2669: 2613: 2606: 2577: 2553: 2490: 2447: 2354: 2298: 2203: 2022: 1997: 1653: 1612:

Foreign journalists are systematically expelled from Cuba, e.g. notable journalists of

1479: 1463: 1349: 1102: 972: 361:, the report added that human rights activists and political activists continued to be 287: 4658: 3502: 3442: 2659:. These groups sometimes represented a spectrum of different Cuban interests, such as 7019: 6984: 6856: 6790: 6768: 6723: 6696: 6645: 5433:"Emergency intervention of world leaders urged in favor of Cuban political prisoners" 4696: 3391: 3124: 2700:

Since 1990, the United States itself has presented various resolutions to the annual

2690: 2314: 2306: 2253: 1850: 1849:

government. Valladares claims to have been tortured and humiliated while he was on a

1408: 1163: 1152:(President from 1940 to 1944) staged a coup with military backing on March 10, 1952. 1097:, the oppression of the indigenous populations was chronicled at length by clergyman 319: 3755: 1955:

sabotage, spreading "enemy propaganda", and being in illegal possession of a weapon.

397: 5181: 3528: 2391: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2280: 2231: 2061: 2045:, which is blocked on the Cuban (land) side by barbed-wired fences and land mines. 1912: 1904:, to three years in prison for "spreading enemy propaganda" and "rumour-mongering". 1855: 1510: 1341: 1247: 1228: 1210: 1182: 1156: 1107: 366: 100: 5388: 5054: 5036: 5018: 4140: 2541: 1458:

on the island. Some of the best known Cuban members of the opposition include the

96: 17: 4046: 3963: 3650: 2957: 2190:, were permanently expelled from the nation. The Cuban leadership was officially 1558:(RWB). Cuba was named one of the ten most censored countries in the world by the 1295:

and others followed the same procedure which had previously been followed by the

1113:

estimated that up to 200,000 Cubans had died from starvation and disease within "

6821: 6640: 6363: 5700: 5432: 3149:

CIA (1963). Political Murders in Cuba -- Batista Era Compared with Castro Regime

2759: 2616:, has been pushing for lesbian rights with the pro-lesbian government sponsored 2439: 2275: 2146: 1746: 1373: 1288: 1215: 1047: 418: 315: 136: 4755:"Cuba approves law change that opens door to gay marriage, other family rights" 3851: 3071: 1636:

The Cuban authorities only recognize a single national trade union centre, the

335:, and others. This report added that the Cuban Commission for Human Rights and 6763: 6555: 6166: 6156: 4946: 2749: 2533: 2150: 2086:

skilled individuals, but it has also prompted concerns of a migratory crisis.

2013: 1962: 1930: 1657: 1443: 1425: 1421: 1404:

incarcerate scores more who have dared to exercise their fundamental rights."

362: 328: 5110: 4421: 6625: 3704: 2933: 2318: 2302: 1539:

in 1948. One of the key principles in the declaration was the insistence on

1304: 1292: 1167: 351: 332: 6861: 5320: 4593:"Re-examining the Cuban Health Care System: Towards a Qualitative Critique" 2564:

Cuba has made reforms in the 21st century, particularly via the successful

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agent, was seen in Cuba. Jorge Luis Vasquez, a Cuban who was imprisoned in

350:

with the aim of making them silent in criticism. Regarding any progress in

3548: 2230:

Cathedral in Havana in a ceremony attended by Raúl Castro, Vice President

5164: 4145: 2637: 2505:. Seven other prisoners had previously been released for health reasons. 2435: 2219: 1908: 1681: 1535:

Cuba officially adopted the civil and political rights enumerated in the

4729:"Cuba: Documented religious freedom violations more than double in 2022" 4693:"Raúl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana" 3864: 3030: 1466:

for Freedom of Thought), Human Rights Center and Cuban community leader

6841: 5255: 4663:. Internet Archive. New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Publishers. 2686: 2191: 2065: 1771: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1420:." The 2017 World Report by Human Rights Watch writes that independent 1328: 1206:

and bullet-torn bodies were turned over to relatives. Total dead: 43."

1203: 254:

are under the scrutiny of human rights organizations, which accuse the

5577:

Ducassi, Jay (June 17, 1984). "Exile Group Fights Castro With Words".

4922:"Revolutionary Racism : Afro‑Cubans in an Era of Economic Change" 3652:

Medicine betrayed: the participation of doctors in human rights abuses

3407:"True Picture Of Batista Regime's Atrocities In Cuba Begins To Emerge" 6816: 5686: 5616:

Tamayo, Juan O. (March 3, 1992). "Exiles' Message Embraced at U.N.".

5411:

Cubans, an Epic Journey: The Struggle of Exiles for Truth and Freedom

4027:

U.S. Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor

2656: 2655:) made their way to the UNHRC and would become a growing presence in 2632:

Cuban human rights have been repeatedly discussed and debated in the

2585: 2215: 2187: 2183: 2030: 2026: 2017: 1513:

records and its support of the Venezuelan government. In particular,

1361: 1121:. The concern was a contributory factor in garnering support for the 5691: 4104:

Sitio Oficial de la Asamblea para Promover la Sociedad Civil en Cuba

3006:"Cuban women cite gender challenges as they push to open businesses" 1652:

and others from the Christian Liberation Movement, operating as the

262:

and unfair trials. International human rights organizations such as

3607:

Raul Gomez Treto, "Thirty Years of Cuban Revolutionary Penal Law",

3241:, pg 344. "Under Batista at least 20,000 people were put to death." 5274:"Carlos Sanchez, ILGA LAC rep tells us about his cuban experience" 3980: 3677:"New Castro, Same Cuba: Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era" 3301:

The Day After — Cuba: His Brother's Keeper Foreign Policy archive.

2223: 2009: 1434: 1344:

came to power in 1959, few considerable allegations regarding the

1316: 1251: 303: 295: 4478: 1360:

in the southeast of the country and the major mental hospital in

6010: 5979: 4502:"Cuba: The sinking of the "13 de Marzo" Tugboat on 13 July 1994" 2648: 2198:

agreed to allow religious followers to join the party. In 1998,

1506: 342:

Amnesty International's 2017-2018 Annual Report also noted more

318:. According to Human Rights Watch, even though Cuba, officially 255: 5983: 5704: 4392:"Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Cuba" 4224:"MEDICAL LETTER WRITING ACTION | Dr Desi MENDOZA Rivero | CUBA" 2060:

On July 13, 1994, 72 Cubans attempted to leave the Island on a

1242:

As early as September 1959, Vadim Kotchergin (or Kochergin), a

4965:"Welcome to Amnesty International USA's Online Action Center!" 4344:"Reforma migratoria también favorece a los militantes cubanos" 3770:"US Levies New Sanctions on Cuba Over Human Rights, Venezuela" 3471: 2211: 1740: 1569:, the media in Cuba are operated under the supervision of the 1268: 1243: 346:, discriminatory layoffs by state agencies and harassments in 130: 69: 28: 1616:, Anna Bikont and Seweryn Blumsztahn, were expelled in 2005. 4897:"Fidel Castro's Legacy On Race Relations In Cuba And Abroad" 4212:. New York, New York: Seven Stories Press. pp. 467–470. 2274:

In 2005 a group of culture personalities, including several

2202:

visited the island and was allowed to conduct large outdoor

1132:

proved to be authoritarian. Machado extended his rule until

5551:"Ros-Lehtinen, other community leaders salute Jesús Permuy" 4811:

Cuba Mark Q. Sawyer University of California, Los Angeles.

4253:"Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program" 4994:"Cuba Responds to Rough Lies on 75 Imprisoned Mercenaries" 4377:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 264–265. 1576:, which "develops and coordinates propaganda strategies". 1873:

was sent to prison after being charged and convicted of '

1283:

that "perhaps" 5,000 executions had taken place by 1970.

3865:

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Report on Cuba

2856:"Cuba releases dissidents Felix Navarro and Jose Ferrer" 2832:"Everything you need to know about human rights in Cuba" 1148:

From 1940, Cuba had a multiparty electoral system until

5649:

Cuba, the U.N. Human Rights Commission and the OAS Race

5099:"Cuba approves same-sex marriage in historic turnabout" 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4296:"Insufficient medical care for Jorge Luis García Pérez" 2462:

described the trials as "hasty and manifestly unfair."

2141:

protection and care". Healthcare in Cuba is also free.

1319:

in order to present testimonies by former prisoners of

4179:"And when will Miami's terrorist nest be cleared out?" 4023:"2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cuba" 2588:

now has a "lively and vibrant" gay and lesbian scene.

4682: 4680: 4257:

AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society

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revised constitution which states, "Everyone has the

1273:

The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators

306:

was created to support the Cuban dissident movement.

5362:"Fidel Castro takes blame for 1960s gay persecution" 3728: 3726: 3724: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 376:

Cuba is a regional leader in women's rights issues.

314:

Concerns have been expressed about the operation of

6910: 6803: 6618: 6605: 6515: 6481: 6465: 6423: 6294: 6233: 6175: 6114: 6030: 6021: 5862: 5736: 5319:. Inter Press Service. June 6, 2008. Archived from 4660:

Health, politics, and revolution in Cuba since 1898

4637:

Health, politics, and revolution in Cuba since 1898

3957:"Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance" 3939: 3937: 3935: 3900: 3898: 2951:"Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance" 1424:who publish information considered critical of the 161:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5644: 5642: 5317:"HEALTH-CUBA: Free Sex Change Operations Approved" 5197:Insider: My Hidden Life as a Revolutionary in Cuba 4543:"Washington's Weapon to Create a Migratory Crisis" 4410:"Ladies in White stopped from collecting EU award" 1973:urged the Cuban government to immediately release 1866:has since called Valladares a "Human Rights Hero." 4561:"8/28/00: Fact Sheet: Cuba-U.S. Migration Accord" 2956:. Reporters Without Borders. 2006. Archived from 2932:. Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from 1996:has been allowed to travel abroad to receive his 1501:announced that the United States will impose new 1311:Alleged forced labor camps and abuse of prisoners 1161:Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities 2576:endorsing a gay and lesbian rights plank at the 2921: 2919: 2788:Cuban political prisoners hunger strike of 2010 1348:in that country emerged before the late 1980s. 3211:The World Guide 1997/98: A View from the South 2597:First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba 1680:, as well as starting private businesses. The 5995: 5716: 4847: 4845: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4271:"Castro opponent free after 17 years in jail" 3883:CUBA: fundamental freedoms still under attack 3233:, by H.A. Reitsma & J.M.G. Kleinpenning, 2725:International Committee for Democracy in Cuba 2370: 1942:CUBA: fundamental freedoms still under attack 1896:On August 28, 1998, a Havana court sentenced 1074: 280:International Committee for Democracy in Cuba 8: 6489:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution 3955:Voeux, Claire; Pain, Julien (October 2006). 3796:"Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992" 3495:"Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom Hugh Thomas" 3193:, by Samuel Shapiro, Ayer Publishing, 1963, 2366:The Challenges of the Racial Problem in Cuba 1731:Committees for the Defence of the Revolution 1624:As of 2005, Human Rights Watch stated that " 1250:, states that the East German secret police 920:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution 5572: 5570: 5229:(3 ed.). Westview Press. p. 124. 5145: 5143: 5141: 3962:. Reporters Without Borders. Archived from 3846: 3844: 3800:University of Minnesota Human Right Library 3699: 3697: 3611:, Vol. 18, No. 2, Spring, 1991, pp. 114–125 2591:In a 2010 interview with Mexican newspaper 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6809: 6615: 6611: 6521: 6304: 6300: 6239: 6027: 6002: 5988: 5980: 5723: 5709: 5701: 5634:U.N. panel condemns Cuba for rights abuses 5629: 5627: 5252:"Castro's niece fights for new revolution" 4826: 4824: 4822: 3179:Conflict, Order, and Peace in the Americas 2978:"World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Cuba" 2807:"World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Cuba" 2672:, was activist and Cuban community leader 2377:Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba 1315:In 1987, a "Tribunal on Cuba" was held in 1081: 1067: 383: 99:. Please do not remove this message until 5668:U.N. rights panel votes to criticize Cuba 4386: 4384: 2904: 2902: 2715:Cuban Democratic Directorate (Directorio) 2573:International Lesbian and Gay Association 2444:United States Interests Section in Havana 2359:Esteban Morales Dominguez has pointed to 1831:Learn how and when to remove this message 1581:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 239:Learn how and when to remove this message 221:Learn how and when to remove this message 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 6499:Military Counterintelligence Directorate 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4085:"Violations of social and labor rights." 3437: 3435: 3433: 3388:"La Stasi entrenó a la Seguridad cubana" 3031:"Country Fact Sheet | UN Women Data Hub" 1550:Cuba's ranking was on the bottom of the 1446:as a capitulation to the Castro's regime 95:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4500:Amnesty International (June 30, 1997). 4489:– via Florida International Univ. 3854:. The Committee to Protect Journalists. 3467:"Seven including ex-Castroite executed" 3443:"Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls" 3159:Batista critics during the war itself." 2798: 2618:Cuban National Center for Sex Education 2094:to justify exile in the United States. 1854:claims, and provided video evidence to 1702:Cuba placed a moratorium on the use of 1574:Department of Revolutionary Orientation 386: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 4094:Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012. 4075:Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012. 4056:Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012. 3405:Berrellez, Robert (23 February 1959). 3331:Cuban National Reconciliation movement 2980:. Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2017. 2634:United Nations Human Rights Commission 2628:United Nations Human Rights Commission 2438:due to their alleged cooperation with 5593:"Congressional Record House Articles" 5389:"Castro champions gay rights in Cuba" 5299:"Cuba approves sex change operations" 4868: 4866: 4813:Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 3386:Levitin, Michael (November 4, 2007). 3320:Fidel Castro, by Robert E. Quirk 1993 3311:The End of the Rule of Law March 1959 3267: 3265: 1967:Institute for War and Peace Reporting 1877:' and for publishing abroad to evade 1537:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7: 4545:. AIN. February 2006. Archived from 4514:from the original on October 6, 2022 3256:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library 2278:laureates, have signed an appeal on 1769:adding citations to reliable sources 1584:group in power." Human rights group 159:adding citations to reliable sources 6473:National Revolutionary Police Force 6431:Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR) 6374:National Assembly of People's Power 5200:. New York: Bantam Books. pp. 5194:Llovio-Menéndez, José Luis (1988). 5072:Gibbs, Stephen (December 6, 2004). 5055:"Cuba frees sixth jailed dissident" 4945:San Martin, Nancy (20 March 2003). 4717:Freedom House, Retrieved 2023-04-25 4591:Hirschfeld, Katherine (July 2007). 4066:"Independent Trade Unions In Cuba." 3655:. Zed Books. 1992. pp. 74–76. 2881:"Havel hails anti-Castro activists" 2720:Foundation for Human Rights in Cuba 2025:. A large number of Cubans live in 1239:, according to Human Rights Watch. 6122:United States embargo against Cuba 5487:. United Nations. 10 February 1995 4787:United Nations Development report. 4350:. January 23, 2013. Archived from 3361:. November 7, 2005. Archived from 3359:Cuban American National Foundation 2645:Christian Democratic Party of Cuba 25: 6494:Dirección General de Inteligencia 5408:Sam Verdeja, Guillermo Martinez, 5130:Dilip K. Das, Michael Palmiotto. 5074:"Cuba frees dissident journalist" 5037:"Cuba releases leading dissident" 5019:"Cuba frees political dissidents" 4471:tugboat sinking arrives in exile" 4375:Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know 4160:Amnesty International report 2006 3580:"The Resurrection of Che Guevara" 1541:Freedom of expression and opinion 814:Office of the Comptroller General 44:This article has multiple issues. 6999: 6989: 6980: 6979: 5844:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5387:Voss, Michael (March 27, 2008). 4416:. Associated Press. 2005-12-14. 4123:"Cuban Dissidents Cry 'Freedom'" 4047:"Is Cuba a 'Workers Paradise'?." 3985:Committee to Protect Journalists 3279:. April 21, 1958. Archived from 3213:, by University of Texas, 1997, 2752: 2519:Military Units to Aid Production 1745: 1733:or the Rapid Response Brigades. 1567:Committee to Protect Journalists 1560:Committee to Protect Journalists 1041: 396: 359:arbitrary arrests and detentions 135: 74: 33: 6990: 5549:Hamilton, Robert (2018-10-01). 4141:"Cuba ferry hijackers executed" 2611:Communist Party First Secretary 2571:In 2003, Carlos Sanchez of the 1756:needs additional citations for 1737:Notable prisoners of conscience 1648:In 2001 an attempt was made by 1638:Central de Trabajadores de Cuba 146:needs additional citations for 52:or discuss these issues on the 5731:Human rights in North America 5658:Council on Hemispheric Affairs 5462:. United Nations. 9 March 1995 5250:Israel, Esteban (2006-07-03). 5225:Lockwood, Lee (October 1990). 5166:Gay Rights and Wrongs in Cuba, 4947:"35 Cuban dissidents arrested" 4920:Glassman, Naomi (2021-03-07). 4801:, The Guardian, March 26, 2005 4657:Hirschfeld, Katherine (2007). 4477:. May 26, 1999. Archived from 3922:"Direct aid to the persecuted" 3911:. Retrieved September 6, 2012. 3390:. Nuevo Herald. Archived from 3231:The Third World in Perspective 2640:and into the years following. 1281:Cuba or the pursuit of freedom 790:Office of the Attorney General 1: 5334:Tucker, Calvin (2007-03-28). 5184:, Friday Review, 8 June 2001. 4832:"A barrier for Cuba's blacks" 4753:Acosta, Nelson (2022-07-22). 3821:"Cuba's Constitution of 2019" 2910:"Cuba's repressive machinery" 2773:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 2647:, and others) and affiliated 2408:Directorio Democrático Cubano 2383:prevalent in communist Cuba. 1346:political abuse of psychiatry 1336:Political abuse of psychiatry 1254:trained the personnel of the 829:Gladys María Bejerano Portela 6142:Cuban intervention in Angola 5969:United States Virgin Islands 4874:"A Lesson From Cuba on Race" 3852:"10 most censored countries" 3129:. Harvard University Press. 3096:Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom 3068:"Harvard Rhetorical Society" 3055:Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom 2016:were allowed to emigrate to 1889:(1992), English translation 1565:According to American group 1173:On October 6, 1960, Senator 5636:Miami Herald April 19, 2001 5227:Castro's Cuba, Cuba's Fidel 5152:Machos, Maricones, and Gays 4778:The Human Development Index 3736:. Human Rights Watch. 1999. 3609:Latin American Perspectives 3126:Inside the Cuban Revolution 2912:. Human Rights Watch. 1999. 2566:2022 Family Code referendum 2174:In the years following the 1902:Democratic Solidarity Party 942:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 693:Jorge Luis Perdomo Di-Lella 101:conditions to do so are met 7057: 6451:Territorial Troops Militia 3734:"VIII. ROUTINE REPRESSION" 3531:; Gilbert, Joseph (eds.). 2927:"Press Freedom Index 2008" 2702:UN Human Rights Commission 2582:sex reassignment surgeries 2512: 2423: 2352: 2251: 2167: 2129: 2114: 1714: 1698:Capital punishment in Cuba 1695: 1528: 1392: 781:Filiberto Caballero Tamayo 483:José Ramón Machado Ventura 6975: 6812: 6614: 6524: 6307: 6303: 6242: 6162:Fidel's transfer of power 6063:Cuban War of Independence 5944:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5368:. Reuters. 31 August 2010 5132:World Police Encyclopedia 4969:Amnesty International USA 3870:January 28, 2013, at the 3273:"CUBA: Strongman's Round" 2709:Cuban human rights groups 2434:), and charged them with 2081:Since November 1966, the 1607:Reporters Without Borders 1556:Reporters Without Borders 1497:On October 18, 2019, the 1366:electroconvulsive therapy 725:José Amado Ricardo Guerra 5964:Turks and Caicos Islands 3523:Chase, Michelle (2010). 3123:Sweig, Julia E. (2002). 2994:. Amnesty International. 2372:Fundación Fernando Ortiz 2361:institutionalized racism 2222:, as well as to receive 2178:, the activities of the 2012:. Over time a number of 1660:using provisions in the 1620:Restrictions on assembly 1543:. According to the 1992 1499:U.S. Commerce Department 1325:Resistance International 951:Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla 903:Administrative divisions 703:Inés María Chapman Waugh 698:Jorge Luis Tapia Fonseca 282:led by former statesmen 7041:Human rights by country 4635:Hirschfeld, Katherine. 3533:A Century of Revolution 3412:Spokane Daily Chronicle 3316:March 12, 2013, at the 3191:Invisible Latin America 2778:Sebastian Arcos Bergnes 2465:Cuban Foreign Minister 2403:Jorge Luis García Pérez 2264:Cuban National Assembly 1952:Jorge Luis García Pérez 1727:counter-revolutionaries 1492:Jorge Luis García Pérez 1440:Jorge Luis García Pérez 1256:Cuban Interior Ministry 1145:throughout the island. 713:Alejandro Gil Fernández 337:National Reconciliation 272:prisoners of conscience 6571:International rankings 6408:Prime Minister of Cuba 6403:Vice President of Cuba 5894:British Virgin Islands 5555:Miami's Community News 4109:June 15, 2007, at the 3394:on September 28, 2008. 3334:Task force report 2003 2495:Osvaldo Alfonso Valdés 2432:human rights activists 2371: 1975:prisoner of conscience 1961:On September 2, 2020, 1946:human rights defenders 1898:Reynaldo Alfaro García 1862:. Conservative author 1780:"Human rights in Cuba" 1670:freedom of association 1447: 1279:, stated in his study 1187: 1099:Bartolomé de las Casas 961:Diplomatic missions of 776:Yamir Rodriguez Tamayo 739:People's Supreme Court 688:Ramiro Valdés Menendéz 599:Ana María Marí Machado 589:Esteban Lazo Hernández 555:Ana María Marí Machado 541:Esteban Lazo Hernández 260:arbitrary imprisonment 170:"Human rights in Cuba" 5834:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4926:Centre tricontinental 4798:Human rights and Cuba 4549:on February 10, 2013. 4507:Amnesty International 4373:Sweig, Julia (2016). 4322:Amnesty International 4300:Amnesty International 4228:Amnesty International 4208:Nieto, Clara (2003). 4009:May 18, 2006, at the 3828:constituteproject.org 3752:Amnesty International 3549:10.1215/9780822392859 3537:Duke University Press 2730:Cuban Liberty Council 2460:Amnesty International 2291:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 2180:Roman Catholic Church 1983:Travel and emigration 1971:Amnesty International 1938:Amnesty International 1875:ideological deviation 1656:, to have a national 1650:Oswaldo Payá Sardiñas 1586:Amnesty International 1554:2008 compiled by the 1519:U.S. State Department 1438: 1407:US government-funded 1393:Further information: 1354:Amnesty International 1179: 1013:Foreign interventions 708:Ricardo Cabrisas Ruiz 683:Deputy Prime Minister 609:Homero Acosta Álvarez 569:Homero Acosta Álvarez 264:Amnesty International 7026:Human rights in Cuba 6774:Association Football 6759:Scouting and Guiding 6551:Dual economy of Cuba 6322:Council of Ministers 6282:World Heritage Sites 6137:Cuban Missile Crisis 6132:Bay of Pigs Invasion 6076:Spanish–American War 5683:Human rights in Cuba 5043:. November 30, 2004. 5025:. November 29, 2004. 4306:on January 12, 2007. 4183:Granma Internacional 3748:"Report 2004 | Cuba" 2887:. September 18, 2004 2783:Darsi Ferrer Ramírez 2682:Christian-Democratic 2560:21st century reforms 2479:Oscar Espinosa Chepe 2287:Rigoberta Menchú Tum 2234:, Parliament leader 2194:until 1992 when the 2083:Cuban Adjustment Act 1869:In 1973, gay writer 1765:improve this article 1662:Constitution of Cuba 1515:José Daniel Ferrer's 1389:Political repression 1262:Political executions 1123:Spanish–American War 1095:Spanish colonization 766:Maricela Sosa Ravelo 652:Council of Ministers 643:Salvador Valdés Mesa 344:arbitrary detentions 252:Human rights in Cuba 155:improve this article 6127:Escambray rebellion 5849:Trinidad and Tobago 5744:Antigua and Barbuda 5061:. December 2, 2004. 4606:(3). Archived from 4565:1997-2001.state.gov 4398:. 31 December 2005. 4354:on January 18, 2017 3365:on October 30, 2007 2538:Jehovah's Witnesses 2515:LGBT rights in Cuba 2509:LGBT rights in Cuba 2452:Marta Beatriz Roque 2426:Black Spring (Cuba) 2343:Danielle Mitterrand 2055:Bush administration 1887:Antes que anochezca 1860:François Mitterrand 1717:Acts of repudiation 1711:Acts of repudiation 1664:which provided for 1626:freedom of assembly 1552:Press Freedom Index 1509:following its poor 1472:Marta Beatriz Roque 1462:(recipients of the 1368:without the use of 1321:Cuba's penal system 1224:Escambray Rebellion 1119:concentration camps 824:Comptroller General 771:Farah Saucedo Perez 754:Ruben Remigio Ferro 676:Manuel Marrero Cruz 333:political opponents 278:. In addition, the 88:of this article is 6576:Telecommunications 6441:Revolutionary Navy 6436:Revolutionary Army 6317:Corruption in Cuba 6043:Colonial governors 5784:Dominican Republic 5696:Human Rights Watch 5654:2008-07-19 at the 5366:The Globe and Mail 5172:2002-08-21 at the 4783:2006-09-09 at the 4396:Human Rights Watch 4324:. 2 September 2020 4165:2008-07-18 at the 4090:2008-01-18 at the 4071:2008-01-15 at the 4052:2008-01-15 at the 3909:Human Rights Watch 3888:2008-07-18 at the 3681:Human Rights Watch 3499:longitudebooks.com 3283:on August 15, 2009 2811:Human Rights Watch 2768:Disability in Cuba 2695:Armando Valladares 2665:Christian-Democrat 2653:Human Rights Watch 2467:Felipe Pérez Roque 2456:Oscar Elías Biscet 2132:Healthcare of Cuba 1924:Óscar Elías Biscet 1900:, a member of the 1891:Before Night Falls 1879:censorship in Cuba 1846:Armando Valladares 1704:capital punishment 1692:Capital punishment 1666:citizen initiative 1591:Human Rights Watch 1545:Cuban constitution 1531:Censorship in Cuba 1488:Óscar Elías Biscet 1448: 1401:Human Rights Watch 1020:Internationalism: 325:Censorship in Cuba 276:Óscar Elías Biscet 268:Human Rights Watch 18:Cuban Human Rights 7013: 7012: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6799: 6798: 6601: 6600: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6391:President of Cuba 6369:Political parties 6352:Human trafficking 6337:Foreign relations 6290: 6289: 6229: 6228: 6183:History of Havana 5977: 5976: 5866:other territories 5670:Miami Herald 2000 5513:. April 12, 1996. 5154:. pp. 70–72. 4688:Cuban News Agency 4670:978-0-7658-0344-3 4481:on April 29, 2009 3776:. 18 October 2019 3136:978-0-674-01612-5 3108:Bethell, Leslie. 2661:religious liberty 2601:Crisis of October 2389:, writing in the 2387:Enrique Patterson 2200:Pope John Paul II 2164:Religious freedom 2149:cannot refuse an 2117:Education in Cuba 1841: 1840: 1833: 1815: 1674:freedom of speech 1571:Communist Party's 1476:Nobel Peace Prize 1456:individual rights 1399:A 2009 report by 1384:Contemporary Cuba 1150:Fulgencio Batista 1134:Fulgencio Batista 1091: 1090: 978:Visa requirements 935:Foreign relations 855:Recent elections 805:Yamila Peña Ojeda 631:Miguel Díaz-Canel 617:Presidency (9th) 520:National Assembly 471:Miguel Díaz-Canel 456:Central Committee 249: 248: 241: 231: 230: 223: 205: 129: 128: 121: 67: 16:(Redirected from 7048: 7003: 7002: 6993: 6992: 6983: 6982: 6933:Baseball players 6810: 6616: 6612: 6564:Convertible peso 6559: 6522: 6327:Council of State 6305: 6301: 6240: 6219:Santiago de Cuba 6028: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5981: 5934:Saint Barthélemy 5864:Dependencies and 5737:Sovereign states 5725: 5718: 5711: 5702: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5646: 5637: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5618:The Miami Herald 5613: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5597:www.congress.gov 5589: 5583: 5582: 5579:The Miami Herald 5574: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5486: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5461: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5429: 5423: 5414:(2012). p. 241, 5406: 5400: 5399: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5276:. 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Kennedy 1168:socialist ideas 1130:Gerardo Machado 1117:", essentially 1087: 1058: 1054:Other countries 1048:Cuba portal 1042: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1031: 996: 988: 987: 969: 957: 937: 927: 926: 905: 895: 894: 889: 872: 861:Parliamentary: 851: 850:and referendums 840: 839: 595:Vice President 561: 547: 533: 522: 512: 511: 466:First Secretary 434: 432:Communist Party 424: 423: 414: 391: 382: 357:With regard to 348:self-employment 312: 300:Patricio Aylwin 245: 234: 233: 232: 227: 216: 210: 207: 164: 162: 152: 140: 125: 114: 108: 105: 94: 79: 75: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7054: 7052: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7018: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 6997: 6987: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6622: 6620: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6548: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6388: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6308: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6252:Municipalities 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6152:Special Period 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6096:1932 hurricane 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6053:Ten Years' War 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6031:Pre-Revolution 6025: 6019: 6018: 6009: 6007: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5984: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5954:Sint Eustatius 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5899:Cayman Islands 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5689: 5678: 5677:External links 5675: 5673: 5672: 5660: 5638: 5623: 5620:. pp. 7A. 5608: 5584: 5581:. pp. 1B. 5566: 5541: 5516: 5511:United Nations 5498: 5473: 5448: 5424: 5401: 5379: 5353: 5326: 5323:on 2010-06-12. 5308: 5290: 5265: 5262:on 2006-08-22. 5242: 5235: 5217: 5210: 5186: 5157: 5150:Lumsden, Ian. 5137: 5134:. p. 217. 5122: 5083: 5064: 5046: 5028: 5010: 4985: 4956: 4937: 4912: 4888: 4862: 4859:on 2009-04-29. 4841: 4818: 4803: 4789: 4770: 4738: 4733:www.csw.org.uk 4720: 4709: 4676: 4669: 4642: 4616: 4613:on 2009-03-17. 4576: 4552: 4525: 4492: 4458: 4433: 4401: 4380: 4365: 4335: 4309: 4287: 4262: 4244: 4215: 4200: 4170: 4152: 4132: 4114: 4096: 4077: 4058: 4039: 4014: 3997: 3972: 3969:on 2009-03-03. 3947: 3931: 3926:People in Need 3913: 3894: 3875: 3857: 3840: 3812: 3787: 3761: 3739: 3720: 3693: 3668: 3661: 3625: 3613: 3600: 3584:nova.wpunj.edu 3571: 3558:978-0822347378 3557: 3535:. Durham, NC: 3515: 3486: 3458: 3429: 3397: 3378: 3346: 3336: 3322: 3303: 3294: 3261: 3243: 3223: 3203: 3183: 3171: 3161: 3151: 3142: 3135: 3115: 3100: 3084: 3059: 3046: 3022: 2997: 2983: 2966: 2963:on 2009-03-03. 2942: 2939:on 2009-03-03. 2915: 2898: 2872: 2847: 2823: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2707: 2670:United Nations 2629: 2626: 2609:, daughter of 2607:Mariela Castro 2578:United Nations 2561: 2558: 2529: 2528:Discrimination 2526: 2510: 2507: 2442:, head of the 2424:Main article: 2421: 2418: 2379:discusses the 2355:Racism in Cuba 2353:Main article: 2350: 2349:Race relations 2347: 2299:Claudio Abbado 2271: 2268: 2252:Main article: 2249: 2246: 2186:, including a 2168:Main article: 2165: 2162: 2130:Main article: 2127: 2124: 2115:Main article: 2112: 2109: 2043:Guantanamo Bay 2023:European Union 1998:Sakharov Prize 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1959: 1956: 1949: 1934: 1927: 1921: 1905: 1894: 1867: 1864:David Horowitz 1839: 1838: 1753: 1751: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1715:Main article: 1712: 1709: 1696:Main article: 1693: 1690: 1654:Varela Project 1645: 1642: 1621: 1618: 1529:Main article: 1526: 1523: 1480:Sakharov Prize 1464:Sakharov Prize 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1350:Americas Watch 1337: 1334: 1312: 1309: 1263: 1260: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1008: 997: 995:Related topics 994: 993: 990: 989: 986: 985: 980: 975: 968: 967: 956: 955: 954: 953: 938: 933: 932: 929: 928: 925: 924: 923: 922: 915:Municipalities 912: 906: 901: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 891: 890: 888: 887: 882: 875: 873: 871: 870: 865: 858: 852: 846: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 836: 835: 834: 833: 832: 831: 811: 810: 809: 808: 807: 787: 786: 785: 784: 783: 778: 773: 768: 761:Vice President 758: 757: 756: 731: 730: 729: 728: 727: 717: 716: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 680: 679: 678: 666:Prime Minister 649: 648: 647: 646: 645: 638:Vice President 635: 634: 633: 615: 614: 613: 612: 611: 603: 602: 601: 593: 592: 591: 573: 572: 571: 559: 558: 557: 549:Vice President 545: 544: 543: 530: 529: 523: 518: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 508: 507: 497: 487: 486: 485: 475: 474: 473: 453: 448: 442: 441: 435: 430: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 415: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 393: 392: 387: 381: 378: 311: 308: 288:Czech Republic 247: 246: 229: 228: 143: 141: 134: 127: 126: 82: 80: 73: 68: 42: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7053: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7006: 6998: 6996: 6988: 6986: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911:By occupation 6909: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6808: 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6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6194:Other cities 6193: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5861: 5855: 5854:United States 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5726: 5721: 5719: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5612: 5609: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5580: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5542: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5380: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5280:on 2006-06-28 5279: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5243: 5238: 5236:0-8133-1086-5 5232: 5228: 5221: 5218: 5213: 5211:9780553051148 5207: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5153: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5126: 5123: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5000:on 2005-01-08 4999: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4975:on 2004-04-27 4974: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4938: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4913: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4875: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4774: 4771: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4713: 4710: 4699:on 2008-10-24 4698: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4600:Cuban Affairs 4594: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4518:September 13, 4513: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4493: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4467:"Survivor of 4462: 4459: 4448:on 2009-07-09 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4366: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4234:on 2006-04-15 4233: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4189:on 2012-03-04 4188: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3853: 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