382:, where arrivals have been increasing by almost 10% annually since 2007. Europeans follow next, primarily arriving from Great Britain, Spain, Italy, France and Germany. According to the official government agency, it is unknown exactly how many Americans traveled to Cuba each year as tourists, in violation of U.S. trade policy. According to some statistics around 20,000 to 30,000 Americans illegally traveled to Cuba every year, while the Cuban government put it higher at over 60,000. Americans could either fly on the direct charter flights or reach Cuba via flights from Canada or Mexico. In June 2016, the US government authorized six airlines to start direct scheduled flights to Cuba. In January 2015, the US government had changed their legislation to make it easier for travel from the US to Cuba, further amended in March 2016. While parts of these loosened restrictions were later revoked by President Trump in 2017, travel to Cuba remains legal for US citizens who meet certain requirements. As of 2019, Americans are legally allowed to go to Cuba with an OFAC self-reporting General License if they meet the requirements for one of the 12 categories of legal travel (such as family visits, religious purposes, journalistic work, etc.) Independent travelers to Cuba can qualify for the "Support for the Cuban People" category by maintaining a full-time schedule of activities that fulfill this requirement.
992:
after its collapse saw tourism as an option to reduce the effects of the crisis. Cuba's touring numbers began to decrease during the 1960s through the 1980s due to the U.S embargo during the Cold War. Additionally, almost 62,000 tourists traveled to Cuba in 1960, 4180 tourists in 1961 and then almost zero over the next 20 years. Also, new hotels were built and old hotels were renovated to draw more international visitors. When Raul Castro rose to power in 2008, he implemented infrastructure reform to help reduce the effects of the Cuban revolution. The Cuban government built beach resorts in order to further expand tourism. Castro's reform policies led to increased tourism and large economic success in Cuba. In fact 2.7 million people visited Cuba in 2011, while only 340,000 people toured Cuba in 1990. The
National GDP increased from 30.69 billion in 2002 to 114.10 billion in 2010. While infrastructure reform benefitted Cuba's GDP and tourism numbers, average spending decreased from $ 1,310 in 1995 to $ 876 in 2015. Furthermore, Cuba ranks one of the lowest for returns in the travel industry. Contributing to the low rank: low quality food, poor customer service, and low affordability. These issues must be resolved in order to maintain Cuba's tourism economically in the long-term.
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essentially eradicated on the island due to government initiatives and a significant drop in demand as tourism was minimized. With tourism becoming more prevalent in the 1990s, however, so did the practice of prostitution. The demographic profile of tourists (the overwhelming majority being men between ages 25–60) is a key indicator of the existence of prostitution. Additionally, websites and magazines, such as
Playboy, have outlined the opportunities for both heterosexual and homosexual sex tourism. According to Trumbull, many prostitutes engage in the practice out of economic necessity, but they do not work in oppressive conditions and a large number of prostitutes in contemporary Havana see the work as a way to earn a better living than if they were to work in open jobs throughout the city. Therefore, contemporary prostitution is different than the sex tourism of the 1950s in this regard.
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environmental laws and policies. In 1995 the Cuban government established the
Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment (CITMA) and in 1997 the National Assembly has enacted Law 81 of the Environment, one of the most comprehensive "framework" environmental laws in the region. Pursuant to that Law, the government adopted a number of decree laws and resolutions aimed at ensuring that future development (including tourism development) is sustainable. Of particular importance to tourism development is Decree Law 212, Coastal Zone Management, which establishes setbacks and other siting requirements for new facilities in coastal areas. CITMA Resolution 77/99 requires a thorough environmental assessment of major new construction projects and requires that project developers obtain an environmental license from CITMA.
779:, to allow for the recognition of foreign held capital. By the late 1990s, twenty five joint foreign and domestic venture companies were working within Cuba's tourist industry. Foreign investors and hoteliers from market based economies have found that Cuba's centralized economy and bureaucracy has created particular staffing issues and higher costs than normal. An additional factor cited by foreign investors is the degree of state involvement at the executive level, which is far higher than average.
38:
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continue to struggle with poverty, crime, and general deterioration of living conditions. Since jobs in the tourist sector are so lucrative, these areas experience an incredible influx of residents which cannot possibly be supported by the number of opportunities in the legal job market. As such, many of the citizens who flood tourist areas turn to illicit alternatives such as prostitution or unlicensed self-employment (often offer taxi services, currency exchange, host casas particulares, etc.)
424:
1078:. He described the moves as an economic necessity that would need to be maintained for as long as the country had a need for foreign currency. According to Castro, the government was "pondering formulas" that would allow Cubans to use some of the tourist facilities as a reward for outstanding work, but he believed that giving Cubans access to amenities at the expense of paying foreign tourists would ultimately be a counterproductive move for the economy.
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1089:, helped cause an about-face, although such contact was still frowned upon. Police often demanded identification checks of any Cubans seen in contact with tourists. Tourist identification was usually not checked unless the tourist has dark skin and was mistaken for Cuban. Despite the restrictions, average Cubans thrive on Cuba's tourist industry, and many simply see the policy as inevitable.
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clubs, and beaches making them available to the general public at low rates. Tourist board chief Carlos
Almonia announced a program of huge investment in hotels and the creation of a new airport. But fears of Cuba's post-revolutionary status amongst Americans, who constituted 8 out of 10 visitors, meant a rapid decline in tourism to the island.
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127:, Cuba's government embarked on a major program to restore old hotels, remaining old pre-communism American cars, and restore several Havana streets to their former glory, as well as build beach resorts to bolster the tourist industry in order to bring in much needed finance to the island. To ensure the isolation of
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Between 1990 and 2000, more than $ 3.5 billion was invested in the tourist industry. The number of rooms available to international tourists grew from 12,000 to 35,000, and the country received a total of 10 million visitors over that period. By 1995 tourism had surpassed sugar as Cuba's chief income source.
920:
While the growth of tourism has benefited the city of Havana economically, there have been several negative side effects. One such side effect is the revival of sex tourism in the city. Sex tourism was a central part of the tourism industry before the
Revolution. However, after 1960, prostitution was
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residences elsewhere, is usually referred to as a "casa particular", which simply means "private house". These are typically single-family residences, and are a very popular choice for tourists. Prices can range from 15 to 30 euros per night or less for longer stays. The casas provide an inexpensive
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Cuba remains one of the few countries with an economy established by a centralized government. Among those countries, only Cuba possesses a large international tourism sector. The fall of the USSR and the U.S. embargo imposed in 1961 affected Cuba's tourism sector. Cuba was dependent on the USSR and
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in 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused a crisis in the Cuban economy. The
Soviets were Cuba's chief trading partner, and had effectively sheltered Cuba's sugar industry with large subsidies for 30 years. The lack of economic diversification during this period, and the sudden loss of
317:
ordered the closing of many bars and gambling halls associated with prostitution and the drug trade, effectively ending Cuba's image as a hedonistic escape. A new governmental body, the
National Institute of the Tourism Industry (INTUR), was established to encourage more tourism; taking over hotels,
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and economy has been significant. However, in recent years Cuba's tourism has decreased due to the economic recession, escalating foreign investment conflicts and fears, and internal economic restrictions. Since its reopening to tourism in the mid-1990s Cuba has not met the projected growth, has had
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to be contrary to U.S. foreign policy and against the national interest. Tourism that year dropped to a record low of a mere 4180, forcing a dramatic downsizing of Cuba's tourist plans. Visitors to Cuba during the 1960s, 70s and 80s were comparatively rare. The number of tourists to the island did
1023:
Researchers find that the flocking of citizens to tourist regions such as Havana creates ‘tourist bubbles.’ This means that the isolated areas of the country visible to tourists are well maintained and developed to meet expectations of an ‘authentic’ experience while residents of surrounding areas
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tourism. And what is most important is that tourism product diversification (both product and spatial) can be achieved. Furthermore, by creating spatial and thematic product links as well as synergies (also with all-inclusive tourism), mountaineering, as well as other forms of active tourism (e.g.
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As tourism played an increasing role in the economy, a large percentage of young people migrate to resort towns seeking employment in the tourism industry. Many of them working in menial jobs can earn more through tips than they can employed as professionals. Thus, there is an economic and social
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have been downplayed by Cuban justice minister Maria Esther Reus. According to the Miami Herald, prostitution is not illegal in Cuba, but procuring a prostitute for others is outlawed. The age of sexual consent on the island is 16. According to a travel advice website by the government of Canada,
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Policies were drawn up to satisfy the growing tourist markets of Canada and Europe with an aim to replace Cuba's reliance on the sugar industry and gain much needed foreign currency rapidly. A new
Ministry of Tourism was created in 1994, and the Cuban state invested heavily in tourist facilities.
102:
with Cuba and
Canadians increasingly visited Cuba for vacations. Approximately one third of visitors to Cuba in 2014 were Canadians. The Cuban government has moderated its state ownership policies and allowed for localised and small private business since 1980. It also pursues revitalisation
887:
activity, however, it is not utilized properly. The mountaineering in Cuba should be considered to be one of the key contributors (as well as other forms of active tourism e.g. biking, diving, caving) to the development, prosperity, and well-being of all stakeholders, and especially for the
803:
The Cuban government has established safeguards designed to ensure that tourism and other development do not result in significant environmental impacts. The development of new tourist facilities and related infrastructure in Cuba must, among other things, proceed in accordance with Cuban
917:"Cuba is actively working to prevent child sex tourism, and a number of tourists, including Canadians, have been convicted of offences related to the corruption of minors aged 16 and under. Prison sentences range from 7 to 25 years." It is illegal to import or produce pornography in Cuba.
787:"In the conditions of a small country like Cuba... It is very difficult to develop... relying on one's own resources. It is for this reason that we have no alternative but to associate ourselves with those foreign enterprises that can supply capital, technology, and markets."
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sought to eliminate prostitution after taking power, the discrepancy between typical Cuban wages (less than one US dollar per day) and the spending power of foreign tourists lures some Cubans, including minors, into prostitution. However, allegations of widespread
75:, in the first part of the 20th century Cuba continued to develop with the influence of big investments, the creation of various industries, and growing travel to support mostly US interests and corporations. Its proximity (roughly 90 miles (140 km) from the
827:, generating annual revenues of around $ 40 million for the Cuban economy. Cuba has been a popular health tourism destination for more than 20 years. In 2005, more than 19,600 foreign patients traveled to Cuba for a wide range of treatments including
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where, as much as possible, tourists would be segregated from Cuban society. This was not lost on the average Cuban citizen, and the government tourism policy soon began to be referred to as "enclave tourism" and "tourism apartheid".
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One of the most notable developments in recent years has been China's investment in Cuba's tourism sector. As of 2018, Chinese companies had invested over 700 million U.S. dollars in the construction of hotels other tourism projects.
63:
has long been an attractive destination for tourists. "Cuba treasures 253 protected areas, 257 national monuments, 7 UNESCO World
Heritage Sites, 7 Natural Biosphere Reserves and 13 Fauna Refuge among other non-tourist zones."
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of the 1930s, the end of Prohibition, and World War II severely dampened Cuba's tourist industry, and it wasn't until the 1950s that numbers began to return to the island in any significant force. During this period, American
111:, and the tourism industry has not benefited as much as was predicted from normalised relations with America as the Trump administration reinstated a number of the pre-Cuban Thaw restrictions, and imposed fresh restrictions.
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The influx of foreign capital, and associated capitalist management methods, led outside observers to question whether Cuba's socialist system could survive the resulting transformation. Fidel Castro responded in 1991,
875:, the Cuban government established mechanisms designed to turn the medical system into a profit-making enterprise, thus creating a disparity in the quality of healthcare services between Cubans and foreigners.
870:
asserts that the central revolutionary objective of free, quality medical care for all has been eroded by Cuba's need for foreign currency. Molina says that following the economic collapse known in Cuba as the
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1063:. Those having access to dollars through contact with the lucrative tourist industry suddenly found themselves at a distinct financial advantage over professional, industrial and agricultural workers.
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surpassed Cuba's traditional export industry, sugar, as the nation's leading source of revenue. Visitors come primarily from Canada and western Europe and tourist areas are highly concentrated around
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1945:
Apollo, M. & Rettinger, R. (2018-03-07). "Mountaineering in Cuba: improvement of true accessibility as an opportunity for regional development of communities outside the tourism enclaves".
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Benur, A. M. & Bramwell, B. (2015). Tourism product development and product diversification in destinations. Tourism Management, 50, 213–224. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.005
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and instead advertise Cuba as a travel destination "where wine is flowing". Tourism became Cuba's third largest source of foreign currency, behind the two dominant industries of
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Foreign investment in the Cuban tourism sector has increased steadily since the tourism drive. This has been made possible due to constitutional changes to Cuba's socialist
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Daniel J. Whittle, et al., International Tourism and the Protection of Cuba's Coastal and Marine Environments, in Tulane Environmental Law Journal, Volume 16, Summer 2003.
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1048:, some hotels and resorts were opened only to foreign tourists, leading to accusations of "tourism apartheid". The policy was reversed by the Cuban government in 2008.
1988:
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Castro was also of the belief that despite the undeniable influence of "capitalist ideology", socialism would prevail both in Cuba and the wider "battle of ideas".
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outlawed, and Cubans seen in contact with tourists were regarded as potential thieves by police. Global human-rights groups' complaints, and the upcoming visit of
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option for young or independent tourists. A stay in a private casa allows tourists more opportunity to mix with local Cubans, and engage in Cuban cultural life.
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and a travel ban was imposed on U.S. citizens visiting Cuba. The tourist industry declined to record low levels within two years of Castro's accession to power.
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Some complaints have arisen that foreign "health tourists" paying with dollars receive a higher quality of care than do Cuban citizens. Former leading Cuban
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Cuba's tourism policies of the early 1990s, which were driven by the government's pressing need to earn hard currency, had a major impact on the underlying
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communities outside the tourism enclaves. Furthermore, mountaineering regions mostly lie outside the enclaves, so no conflict will exist between active and
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2307:"The Challenge and Response to Global Tourism in the Post-modern Era: The Commodification, Reconfiguration and Mutual Transformation of Habana Vieja, Cuba"
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outlawed by the Communist regime. Following the collapse of Cuba's chief trading partner the Soviet Union, and the resulting economic crisis known as the
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Hingtgen, Nathan; Kline, Carol; Fernandes, Luci; McGehee, Nancy (2015). "Cuba in transition: Tourism industry perceptions of entrepreneurial change".
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is an industry that generates over 4.7 million arrivals as of 2018, and is one of the main sources of revenue for the island. With its favorable
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in March 2008. As well as officially allowing Cubans to stay in any hotel, the change also opened access to previously restricted areas such as
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In the context of tourism, a private residence in Cuba which has been converted to allow paid lodging, usually on a short-term basis, akin to
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and other pastimes stood in stark contrast to the island's traditionally relaxed attitude to drinking and other pastimes. This is typified by
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1111:. Government-run tour agencies began special offers aimed at the general population, allowing them to spend a few days in beach resorts.
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In 1992, as Cuba entered a period of severe economic austerity, Fidel Castro defended the newly instituted policies in a speech to the
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Until 2015, all visitors paid a $ 25 exit tax at the airport prior to departure but this is now included in the costs of the flight.
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trade to the United States. Despite this, tourist numbers grew steadily at a rate of 8% a year and Havana became known as "the Latin
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In January 1961, relations between the nations sharply deteriorated as a result of bank and business expropriations, mass exodus,
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2489:, Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (ASCE), Volume 10, August 3–5, 2000.
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1391:, Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (ASCE), Volume 10, August 3–5, 2000.
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and the resulting expropriation and nationalisation of businesses, the island became cut off from its traditional market by an
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relatively little restoration, and slow growth. A lack of foreign investment has also had a negative effect. Since then, the
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In Cuba, the link between tourism and prostitution is perhaps more direct than in any other country which hosts sex tourists
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Babb, Florence (2011). "Che, Chevys, and Hemingway's daiquiris: Cuban tourism in a time of globalisation".
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To ensure the isolation of international tourism from Cuban society, tourism was to be promoted in enclave
79:) and close relationship to the United States also helped Cuba's market economy prosper fairly quickly. As
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Sharpley, Richard; Knight, Martin (2009). "Tourism and the State in Cuba: From the Past to the Future".
1982:
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1059:. Two parallel economies and societies quickly emerged, divided by their access to the newly legalized
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1040:. Because of the rapid growth of tourism in Cuba, taxi drivers can earn more than lawyers and doctors.
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The policy of restricting certain hotels and services to tourists was ended by the government of
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2177:"Hotel and Tourism Development in Cuba: Opportunities, Management Challenges, and Future Trends"
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came to dominate the leisure and tourist industries, a modus operandi outlined at the infamous
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1854:"Cuba welcomes more Chinese investment, visitors to boost tourism - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
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Today, travelers from around the world visit Cuba, arriving by a mixture of scheduled and
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where, as much as possible, tourists would be segregated from Cuban society, known to as "
56:
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363:, sent the country into a deep economic depression euphemistically known in Cuba as the
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increase slowly, but it wasn't until 1989 that they equalled pre-Revolutionary numbers.
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2284:"Tourism In Cuba Threatens To Drive Up Income Inequality, Regional Disparities, Risk"
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became common in the United States during this time, after Prohibition was repealed.
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International Tourism and the Formation of Productive Clusters in the Cuban Economy
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International Tourism and the Formation of Productive Clusters in the Cuban Economy
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divide emerging in Cuba between those employed in the tourist industry and others.
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Cuba's so Hot it's Cool: Island's Look Ranges from Quaint Retro to New and Upscale
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to one of Cuba's ten international airports. By far the largest number come from
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1402:"Caribbean Islands List - Caribbean Sea Islands Travel and Tourist Information"
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367:. The crisis precipitated the communist regime to find new avenues of income.
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1623:"Trump recasts Cuba policy, takes harder line than Obama on military, travel"
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from the state isolated Cuban society, it was to be promoted in enclave
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500 Years After Columbus, Cuba's Gardens of the Queen Still Pristine
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Cuba's Fans in Canada Anxiously Picture an Island Awash in Americans
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963:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Catering to Foreigners Instead of Cubans Puts Castro on Defensive
2082:"Cuba's Justice Minister says the government fights prostitution"
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As well as receiving traditional tourism revenues, Cuba attracts
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has surpassed Cuba in tourism, new development, and investment.
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became one of the main markets and the favourite route for the
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Cuba Briefing Paper Series, "Tourist Apartheid", January 1993.
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http://www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/16032860.htm
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Trumbull, C. (2001). "Prostitution and Sex Tourism in Cuba".
855:, has attracted many patients from Europe and North America.
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The recent studies shows that Cuba has a huge potential for
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Gardens of the Queen: Caribbean's Last Pristine Coral Reefs
2404:, I, 3-4 (Winter 1998-Spring 1999), 57-78. Republished in
1591:"Trump Reverses Pieces of Obama-Era Engagement With Cuba"
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Revolution to revolution: why is tourism booming in Cuba?
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Between 1992 and 2008, in order to gain the much-needed
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biking, diving, caving) often develop in destinations.
2137:. American Society for the Study of the Cuban Economy.
1810:"The Sociological Impact of Rising Foreign Investment"
119:
Until 1997, contacts between tourists and Cubans were
103:
programs aimed at boosting tourism. The United States
2385:
Castro and Cuba : From Revolution To The Present
2181:
Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly
1276:"Cuba as a Destination: Ready for the Tsunami? - ACN"
392:
2107:"Travel Advice and Advisories for Cuba: Sex tourism"
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Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, UK
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Until 1997, contact between tourists and Cubans was
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reestablished diplomatic relations with Cuba in 2015
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Hotel and the enormous tourism developments in Cuba
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329:. Tourism travel to Cuba was soon declared by the
1691:http://www.one.cu/aec2010/esp/15_tabla_cuadro.htm
1448:, 22nd Congress. Washington, D.C. Archived from
1342:Cuba 'apartheid' as Castro pulls in the tourists
2445:Cuba: dólares ahondan las diferencias de clase
2005:Contemporary Studies in Environment and Tourism
1246:"One Caribbean - 2004 Cuban tourism statistics"
139:" and "tourism apartheid". By the late 1990s,
55:, beaches, colonial architecture and distinct
3727:
2691:
1435:Figueras, Miguel Alejandro (September 2001).
8:
3185:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
2545:Traveling to Cuba is like Going Back in Time
2371:, February 6, 2002. Retrieved July 10, 2006.
1987:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1096:A street in the popular tourist district of
216:," the lyrics of which ridicule drinking in
81:relations between Cuba and the United States
2128:
2126:
2124:
1935:Center for a free Cuba - link fails 16.9.06
1672:e-CFR:§515.574 Support for the Cuban People
3734:
3720:
3712:
3505:
3311:
3307:
3217:
3000:
2996:
2935:
2723:
2698:
2684:
2676:
2406:DES: A Scholarly Journal of Ethnic Studies
1701:
1699:
356:of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe
274:in Havana. The hotel's guestlist includes
2629:My Seductive Cuba - A Unique Travel Guide
2460:"Cuban Tourism During the Special Period"
2379:
2377:
2200:
2150:International Journal of Tourism Research
2040:"Child Prostitution and Sex Tourism CUBA"
1545:Tourism Development for the Cuban Economy
1362:"Cuban Tourism During the Special Period"
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1195:
1193:
979:Learn how and when to remove this message
3195:Military Counterintelligence Directorate
2636:A five-part series of travel reports by
2518:Cubans allowed to stay at tourist hotels
2420:
2418:
2350:
2348:
2002:Efe, Recep; Ozturk, Munir (2017-05-11).
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1336:
1334:
1309:This Is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives
1031:
36:
28:
2433:Foreign Service Sunday, August 9, 1992.
2251:
2249:
2247:
1189:
1036:"Cocotaxis" in Plaza de la Revolución,
286:, and also played host to the infamous
192:has long been a popular attraction for
2520:Sydney Morning Herald - March 31, 2008
2175:Cerviño, Julio; Cubillo, José (2005).
1980:
1781:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1774:
1736:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1729:
1589:Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (2017-06-16).
1230:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1223:
2049:. ECPAT International. Archived from
301:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
198:Cuba's proximity to the United States
7:
1500:. Courier Corporation. p. 153.
3169:National Revolutionary Police Force
3127:Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)
3070:National Assembly of People's Power
2579:New Resort Area a Touch of Paradise
2498:Amrhein, Saundra and Lush, Tamara.
2226:Bulletin of Latin American Research
2080:Tamayo, Juan O. (16 October 2013).
1523:written and compiled by J.A. Sierra
2818:United States embargo against Cuba
2109:. Government of Canada. 2012-11-16
1693:Cuba National Office of Statistics
1446:Latin American Studies Association
33:Foreign tourist days in Cuba, 2010
25:
3190:Dirección General de Inteligencia
2589:American Tourists at Home in Cuba
2555:The Next Vacation Hot Spot: Cuba?
2008:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
107:, in a period referred to as the
3855:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3695:
3685:
3676:
3675:
2238:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2010.00450.x
1910:Cuba sells its medical expertise
1121:
933:
741:
711:
681:
651:
621:
591:
561:
531:
501:
452:
422:
394:Cuba tourist arrivals by country
41:The beach in the resort town of
3686:
1647:"OFAC License Application Page"
83:deteriorated rapidly after the
2650:Crossing Cuba in a Chinese Bus
2569:Cuba's Revolutionary Mountains
1475:"Singing the Temperance Blues"
396:(>50,000 visitors in 2018)
295:Decline after Cuban Revolution
1:
2412:Department of Ethnic Studies.
2270:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.033
1959:10.1080/13683500.2018.1446920
1494:Herder, Ronald (1998-01-01).
1152:Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act
3980:United States Virgin Islands
2838:Cuban intervention in Angola
1554:. Rockefeller center online.
2671:The Cuban Portal of Tourism
2038:Taylor, Jacqueline (1995).
1313:. West-view Press. p.
1173:Cuba the Pursuit of Freedom
1163:Miguel Alejandro Figueras,
959:the claims made and adding
799:Tourism and the environment
252:of 1946. By the mid-1950s,
228:. Cuban drinks such as the
180:Visitors in Cuba, 1985-2011
151:, the beach areas north of
71:to the United States until
4032:
3147:Territorial Troops Militia
2500:The 'reality tour' of Cuba
2402:Global Development Studies
2341:– via Sage Journals.
1497:500 Best-loved Song Lyrics
999:
900:
816:
347:
341:
338:Reforms and revitalization
305:Immediately upon becoming
298:
3955:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3671:
3508:
3310:
3220:
3003:
2999:
2938:
2858:Fidel's transfer of power
2759:Cuban War of Independence
2613:The Philadelphia Inquirer
2599:Looking for the Real Cuba
2398:During the Special Period
2356:Tourism apartheid in Cuba
1947:Current Issues in Tourism
1359:Espinoza, Maria Dolores.
1015:Social impacts of tourism
4016:Tourism in the Caribbean
3975:Turks and Caicos Islands
3742:Tourism in North America
2646:Preserving Cuba's Oceans
2601:by Matthew D. LaPlante,
2323:10.1177/0042098008089854
2193:10.1177/0010880405275316
925:Tourism: economic reform
359:key markets such as the
85:Cuban Revolution of 1959
2652:(2014-10-08),
2648:(2014-09-30),
2549:San Francisco Chronicle
2457:Espino, María Dolores.
1891:A Novel Tourism Concept
1076:Cuban National Assembly
1028:Tourist vs Cuban hotels
214:I'll See You in C-U-B-A
212:'s 1919 foxtrot song, "
159:. The impact on Cuba's
18:Cuban tourist apartheid
3905:British Virgin Islands
3267:International rankings
3104:Prime Minister of Cuba
3099:Vice President of Cuba
2656:(2014-10-16),
2644:(2014-06-21),
2410:University of Colorado
2383:Ternto, Angelo :
1100:
1041:
789:
291:
181:
69:Spain's closest colony
45:
34:
3845:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2611:by Catherine Watson,
2603:The Salt Lake Tribune
2408:, Volume 1 Number 1,
2305:Bailey, Nick (2008).
1864:on September 20, 2018
1841:Georgetown University
1305:Corbett, Ben (2004).
1095:
1035:
817:Further information:
785:
344:Dollarization of Cuba
342:Further information:
331:U.S. State Department
299:Further information:
270:
239:A combination of the
179:
129:international tourism
40:
32:
3470:Association Football
3455:Scouting and Guiding
3247:Dual economy of Cuba
3018:Council of Ministers
2978:World Heritage Sites
2833:Cuban Missile Crisis
2828:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2772:Spanish–American War
2658:Cuba and the Embargo
2591:by Tracy Wilkinson,
2581:by Monica Zurowski,
2505:St. Petersburg Times
1922:Cuban Medicine Today
1535:Chandana Jayawardena
903:Prostitution in Cuba
849:retinitis pigmentosa
350:Dual economy of Cuba
200:, where restrictive
3860:Trinidad and Tobago
3755:Antigua and Barbuda
2823:Escambray rebellion
2551:, February 26, 2009
1798:Cornell University.
1347:The Daily Telegraph
1147:Visa policy of Cuba
841:Parkinson's disease
397:
3795:Dominican Republic
3272:Telecommunications
3137:Revolutionary Navy
3132:Revolutionary Army
3013:Corruption in Cuba
2739:Colonial governors
2621:by Damien Jaques,
2539:The New York Times
2361:2008-06-20 at the
2317:(5–6): 1079–1096.
2258:Tourism Management
2135:Cuba in Transition
1931:2006-05-29 at the
1900:Caribbean News Net
1896:2010-01-28 at the
1595:The New York Times
1550:2006-09-15 at the
1179:Cuba a new history
1101:
1042:
996:Casas particulares
944:possibly contains
837:multiple sclerosis
835:disorders such as
819:Healthcare in Cuba
771:Foreign investment
393:
323:summary executions
292:
182:
166:Dominican Republic
46:
35:
3988:
3987:
3877:other territories
3709:
3708:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3495:
3494:
3297:
3296:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3087:President of Cuba
3065:Political parties
3048:Human trafficking
3033:Foreign relations
2986:
2985:
2925:
2924:
2879:History of Havana
2593:Los Angeles Times
2547:by Peter Coyote,
2536:(December 2014),
2015:978-1-4438-9218-6
1953:(15): 1797–1804.
1858:www.xinhuanet.com
1507:978-0-486-29725-5
1324:978-0-8133-3826-2
1087:Pope John Paul II
1008:bed and breakfast
989:
988:
981:
946:original research
851:, often known as
808:Tourism by sector
768:
767:
307:President of Cuba
288:Havana Conference
280:Winston Churchill
250:Havana Conference
161:socialist society
16:(Redirected from
4023:
3945:Saint Barthélemy
3875:Dependencies and
3748:Sovereign states
3736:
3729:
3722:
3713:
3699:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3629:Baseball players
3506:
3312:
3308:
3260:Convertible peso
3255:
3218:
3023:Council of State
3001:
2997:
2936:
2915:Santiago de Cuba
2724:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2623:Journal Sentinel
2595:, April 12, 2009
2585:, March 17, 2009
2575:, March 15, 2009
2573:The Sunday Times
2565:, March 11, 2009
2521:
2515:
2509:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2465:. Archived from
2464:
2455:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2424:Farah, Douglas.
2422:
2413:
2394:
2388:
2381:
2372:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2286:. 11 August 2015
2280:
2274:
2273:
2253:
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2241:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2172:
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2165:
2145:
2139:
2138:
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2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
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2062:
2061:
2055:
2044:
2035:
2029:
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2020:
2019:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1942:
1936:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1860:. Archived from
1850:
1844:
1838:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1815:. Archived from
1814:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1757:. Archived from
1756:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1712:. Archived from
1711:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1651:www.treasury.gov
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1567:. Archived from
1561:
1555:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
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1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1443:
1432:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1404:. Archived from
1398:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1367:. Archived from
1366:
1357:
1351:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1312:
1302:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1252:. Archived from
1250:onecaribbean.org
1242:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1206:. Archived from
1205:
1197:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1057:Cuban revolution
1055:espoused by the
984:
977:
973:
970:
964:
961:inline citations
937:
936:
929:
879:Mountain tourism
747:
745:
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655:
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624:
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534:
507:
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458:
456:
455:
428:
426:
425:
398:
376:charter airlines
311:Cuban Revolution
284:Ernest Hemingway
241:Great Depression
100:normal relations
21:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4011:Society of Cuba
4006:Economy of Cuba
4001:Tourism in Cuba
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3878:
3876:
3869:
3743:
3740:
3710:
3705:
3696:
3659:
3602:
3491:
3435:Public holidays
3425:Musical theater
3293:
3253:
3230:Agrarian reform
3199:
3173:
3162:Law enforcement
3157:
3115:
2982:
2921:
2867:
2843:Mariel boatlift
2811:Post-Revolution
2806:
2777:Platt Amendment
2764:Sinking of USS
2713:
2704:
2667:
2609:Warming to Cuba
2571:by Zoë Barnes,
2529:
2527:Further reading
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:, May 12, 2002.
2497:
2493:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:El Nuevo Herald
2441:
2437:
2430:Washington Post
2423:
2416:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2375:
2363:Wayback Machine
2353:
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2277:
2255:
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2174:
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2162:10.1002/jtr.685
2147:
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2132:
2131:
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2016:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1979:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1933:Wayback Machine
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1898:Wayback Machine
1889:
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1812:
1808:
1807:Gunn, Gillian.
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1752:"Archived copy"
1750:
1749:
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1709:
1707:"Archived copy"
1705:
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1552:Wayback Machine
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1521:History of Cuba
1519:
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1488:
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1477:
1473:
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1371:
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1358:
1354:
1340:Rennie, David.
1339:
1332:
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1303:
1290:
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1272:
1268:
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1210:
1203:
1201:"Archived copy"
1199:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1160:
1142:Museums in Cuba
1137:Economy of Cuba
1127:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1030:
1017:
1004:
1002:Casa particular
998:
985:
974:
968:
965:
950:
938:
934:
927:
905:
899:
881:
853:night blindness
825:health tourists
821:
815:
810:
801:
777:command economy
773:
742:
740:
712:
710:
682:
680:
652:
650:
622:
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562:
560:
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481:Overseas Cubans
453:
451:
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421:
395:
391:
352:
346:
340:
303:
297:
246:organized crime
187:
174:
137:enclave tourism
117:
98:has maintained
94:Unlike the US,
89:ongoing embargo
49:Tourism in Cuba
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4029:
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4018:
4013:
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2746:
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2727:Pre-Revolution
2721:
2715:
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2666:
2665:External links
2663:
2662:
2661:
2633:
2632:
2631:by Chen Lizra.
2626:
2625:, June 6, 2009
2616:
2615:, June 7, 2009
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2435:
2414:
2396:Facio, Elisa.
2389:
2373:
2354:Cave, Damien.
2344:
2297:
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2243:
2216:
2187:(2): 223–246.
2167:
2156:(3): 241–254.
2140:
2120:
2098:
2069:
2030:
2021:
2014:
1994:
1937:
1914:
1902:
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1177:Richard Gott,
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1133:
1132:
1116:
1113:
1053:egalitarianism
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1016:
1013:
1000:Main article:
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987:
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901:Main article:
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885:mountaineering
880:
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873:Special Period
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813:Health tourism
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365:Special Period
339:
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315:Manuel Urrutia
296:
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272:Hotel Nacional
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125:Special Period
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3626:
3625:
3622:
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3611:
3609:
3607:By occupation
3605:
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3153:
3152:National Army
3150:
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2934:
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2928:
2916:
2912:
2908:
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2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:Other cities
2889:
2885:
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2877:
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2696:
2694:
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2678:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:Conor Kennedy
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:, May 2, 2009
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2532:Austen, Ian.
2531:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2472:on 2008-07-06
2468:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
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2351:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:Urban Studies
2308:
2301:
2298:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2056:on 2014-01-04
2052:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1822:on 2007-09-28
1818:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1764:on 2019-06-04
1760:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1719:on 2018-02-12
1715:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1571:on 2013-02-08
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1487:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1455:on 2004-08-05
1451:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1408:on 2010-01-16
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1374:on 2008-07-06
1370:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1350:, 08/06/2002.
1349:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1277:
1274:cubanew/ain.
1270:
1267:
1256:on 2011-07-26
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1213:on 2020-01-10
1209:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1171:Hugh Thomas,
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
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1143:
1140:
1138:
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1130:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
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1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1046:hard currency
1039:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1003:
995:
993:
983:
980:
972:
969:December 2017
962:
958:
954:
948:
947:
942:This section
940:
931:
930:
924:
922:
918:
915:
910:
904:
896:
894:
891:
890:all-inclusive
886:
878:
876:
874:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
820:
812:
807:
805:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
778:
770:
763:
760:
757:
754:
752:
750:
739:
738:
734:
731:
728:
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722:
720:
709:
708:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
690:
679:
678:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
660:
649:
648:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
630:
619:
618:
614:
611:
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605:
602:
600:
589:
588:
584:
581:
578:
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572:
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559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
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529:
528:
524:
521:
518:
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510:
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485:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
469:
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461:
450:
449:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
431:
420:
419:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
388:
386:
383:
381:
377:
372:
368:
366:
362:
357:
354:The collapse
351:
345:
337:
335:
332:
328:
324:
319:
316:
312:
308:
302:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Frank Sinatra
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:Irving Berlin
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
185:Early tourism
184:
178:
171:
169:
167:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
114:
112:
110:
106:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
31:
27:
19:
3970:Sint Maarten
3950:Saint Martin
3784:
3528:Cape Verdean
3501:Demographics
3357:Universities
3327:Architecture
3276:
3242:Central bank
3235:Cooperatives
3178:Intelligence
3038:Human rights
3008:Constitution
2797:World War II
2765:
2660:(2014-10-29)
2622:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2583:Canwest News
2582:
2572:
2562:
2548:
2537:
2513:
2503:
2494:
2474:. Retrieved
2467:the original
2453:
2438:
2428:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2384:
2366:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2278:
2261:
2257:
2232:(1): 50–63.
2229:
2225:
2219:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2111:. Retrieved
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2086:Miami Herald
2085:
2064:
2058:. Retrieved
2051:the original
2046:
2033:
2024:
2004:
1997:
1983:cite journal
1950:
1946:
1940:
1926:Hilda Molina
1917:
1905:
1886:
1877:
1866:. Retrieved
1862:the original
1857:
1848:
1824:. Retrieved
1817:the original
1803:
1791:
1766:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1746:
1721:. Retrieved
1714:the original
1686:
1676:, retrieved
1671:
1665:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:
1617:
1606:. Retrieved
1594:
1584:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1559:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1496:
1489:
1478:. Retrieved
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1450:the original
1437:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1396:
1376:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1355:
1345:
1308:
1279:. Retrieved
1269:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:the original
1249:
1240:
1215:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1178:
1172:
1164:
1102:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1050:
1043:
1022:
1018:
1005:
990:
975:
966:
943:
919:
909:Fidel Castro
906:
882:
868:Hilda Molina
860:neurosurgeon
857:
845:orthopaedics
833:neurological
822:
802:
793:
790:
786:
781:
774:
384:
373:
369:
361:Eastern Bloc
353:
320:
304:
238:
188:
120:
118:
108:
93:
77:Florida Keys
67:Having been
66:
48:
47:
26:
3940:Puerto Rico
3850:Saint Lucia
3800:El Salvador
3225:Agriculture
2963:Earthquakes
2893:Timelines:
2787:World War I
2559:Rick Seaney
2264:: 184–193.
1833:(82.5
1627:miamiherald
1565:"Cuba News"
1129:Cuba portal
1105:Raúl Castro
1061:U.S. dollar
914:sex tourism
897:Sex tourism
829:eye surgery
749:Philippines
218:speakeasies
202:prohibition
3995:Categories
3935:Montserrat
3930:Martinique
3925:Guadeloupe
3780:Costa Rica
3614:Architects
3518:Afro-Cuban
3460:Sociolismo
3408:Newspapers
3398:Literature
3386:Censorship
3369:Healthcare
3254:(currency)
3082:Propaganda
3043:Censorship
2968:Hurricanes
2903:Guantánamo
2899:Cienfuegos
2863:Cuban thaw
2853:Maleconazo
2802:Revolution
2754:Little War
2483:(234
2476:2008-06-05
2202:10016/7297
2060:2014-01-04
1868:2019-01-22
1826:2006-10-23
1768:2019-06-10
1723:2018-02-12
1678:2019-01-04
1656:2019-01-04
1632:2019-01-04
1608:2019-01-04
1575:2012-11-22
1480:2024-07-28
1459:August 27,
1412:2010-01-21
1385:(234
1378:2008-06-05
1260:2006-10-24
1217:2020-01-05
1158:References
1098:Old Havana
953:improve it
446:1,109,339
348:See also:
309:after the
109:Cuban Thaw
3920:Greenland
3835:Nicaragua
3810:Guatemala
3445:Rationing
3430:Festivals
3374:Hospitals
3352:Education
3282:Transport
3154:(defunct)
3142:Air Force
3075:President
3028:Elections
2953:Provinces
2931:Geography
2640::
2368:Salon.com
2331:0042-0980
2211:153754361
2113:4 January
2091:2 January
1975:158535778
1967:1368-3500
1603:0362-4331
1185:Footnotes
1109:Cayo Coco
957:verifying
907:Although
864:dissident
719:Argentina
443:1,133,824
440:1,205,809
437:1,300,405
313:of 1959,
262:Las Vegas
258:narcotics
149:Cayo Coco
59:history,
3885:Anguilla
3820:Honduras
3790:Dominica
3765:Barbados
3681:Category
3641:abstract
3636:Painters
3624:Athletes
3583:Lebanese
3568:Japanese
3543:Filipino
3523:American
3475:Baseball
3450:Religion
3393:Language
3381:Internet
3120:Military
2992:Politics
2911:Matanzas
2895:Camagüey
2884:Timeline
2782:Republic
2734:Timeline
2711:articles
2563:ABC News
2359:Archived
2339:53760094
1929:Archived
1912:BBC News
1894:Archived
1777:cite web
1732:cite web
1548:Archived
1226:cite web
1115:See also
1083:de facto
705:136,613
675:167,370
645:171,555
615:177,652
585:189,813
555:197,122
525:208,257
495:600,306
476:637,907
389:Visitors
230:daiquiri
194:tourists
145:Varadero
121:de facto
115:Overview
57:cultural
43:Varadero
3915:Curaçao
3900:Bonaire
3895:Bermuda
3825:Jamaica
3805:Grenada
3760:Bahamas
3691:Outline
3648:Writers
3619:Artists
3593:Spanish
3588:Mexican
3563:Italian
3558:Isleños
3553:Haitian
3538:Ciboney
3533:Chinese
3342:Cuisine
3315:Society
3303:Culture
3287:airline
3277:Tourism
3213:Economy
2958:Islands
2907:Holguín
2744:Slavery
2719:History
2290:31 July
1281:31 July
1068:resorts
951:Please
764:73,864
735:97,358
702:168,949
699:153,340
696:107,903
693:104,948
672:205,562
669:194,815
666:156,052
663:174,343
642:141,540
639:131,353
636:105,767
612:209,239
609:187,468
606:138,972
582:105,258
552:243,172
549:242,355
546:175,507
539:Germany
522:227,829
519:191,585
516:137,970
513:112,298
492:517,561
489:427,747
486:390,111
473:618,346
470:284,552
467:162,972
434:945,248
401:Country
290:in 1946
226:tobacco
206:alcohol
172:History
153:Holguin
141:tourism
133:resorts
53:climate
3840:Panama
3830:Mexico
3775:Canada
3770:Belize
3578:Korean
3573:Jewish
3548:French
3513:Cubans
3480:Boxing
3364:Health
3337:Cigars
3332:Cinema
2973:Rivers
2943:Cities
2872:Cities
2709:
2481:
2337:
2329:
2209:
2012:
1973:
1965:
1924:by Dr
1831:
1601:
1504:
1383:
1321:
1038:Havana
843:, and
761:47,866
758:18,227
755:11,236
746:
732:99,435
729:94,727
726:85,367
723:58,612
716:
686:
656:
633:66,650
629:Mexico
626:
603:80,470
599:France
596:
579:65,386
576:44,208
573:56,245
569:Russia
566:
543:93,136
536:
506:
464:63,046
457:
430:Canada
427:
380:Canada
254:Havana
234:mojito
157:Havana
155:, and
96:Canada
3890:Aruba
3815:Haiti
3701:Index
3653:women
3598:White
3487:Women
3465:Sport
3440:Radio
3420:Music
3403:Media
3347:Dance
3252:Peso
2766:Maine
2470:(PDF)
2463:(PDF)
2335:S2CID
2207:S2CID
2054:(PDF)
2043:(PDF)
1971:S2CID
1820:(PDF)
1813:(PDF)
1762:(PDF)
1755:(PDF)
1717:(PDF)
1710:(PDF)
1453:(PDF)
1442:(PDF)
1372:(PDF)
1365:(PDF)
1211:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
689:Spain
509:Italy
416:2018
222:sugar
3960:Saba
3785:Cuba
3109:list
3092:list
3053:LGBT
2707:Cuba
2387:p114
2327:ISSN
2292:2016
2115:2014
2093:2014
2010:ISBN
1989:link
1963:ISSN
1783:link
1738:link
1599:ISSN
1502:ISBN
1461:2021
1319:ISBN
1283:2016
1232:link
866:Dr.
862:and
839:and
413:2017
410:2016
407:2015
404:2010
327:USSR
282:and
232:and
224:and
190:Cuba
73:1898
61:Cuba
3322:Art
3060:Law
2557:by
2485:KiB
2319:doi
2266:doi
2234:doi
2197:hdl
2189:doi
2158:doi
1955:doi
1835:KiB
955:by
264:".
204:on
3997::
3413:TV
2913:,
2909:,
2905:,
2901:,
2897:,
2561:,
2502:,
2417:^
2400:,
2376:^
2365:,
2347:^
2333:.
2325:.
2315:45
2313:.
2309:.
2262:50
2260:.
2246:^
2230:30
2228:.
2205:.
2195:.
2185:46
2183:.
2179:.
2154:11
2152:.
2123:^
2084:.
2072:^
2063:.
2045:.
1985:}}
1981:{{
1969:.
1961:.
1951:22
1949:.
1856:.
1839:,
1779:}}
1775:{{
1734:}}
1730:{{
1698:^
1649:.
1625:.
1597:.
1593:.
1444:.
1421:^
1387:KB
1344:,
1333:^
1317:.
1315:33
1291:^
1248:.
1228:}}
1224:{{
1192:^
831:,
659:UK
460:US
278:,
147:,
3735:e
3728:t
3721:v
2699:e
2692:t
2685:v
2487:)
2479:.
2321::
2294:.
2272:.
2268::
2240:.
2236::
2213:.
2199::
2191::
2164:.
2160::
2117:.
2095:.
2018:.
1991:)
1977:.
1957::
1871:.
1837:)
1829:.
1785:)
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971:)
967:(
949:.
20:)
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