2565:
534:
31:
2571:
424:
630:. Furthermore, there is evidence that the Kuiper belt has an 'edge', in that an apparent lack of low-inclination objects beyond 47–49 AU was suspected as early as 1998 and shown with more data in 2001. Consequently, the traditional usage of the terms is based on the orbit's semi-major axis, and includes objects situated between the 2:3 and 1:2 resonances, that is between 39.4 and 47.8 AU (with exclusion of these resonances and the minor ones in-between).
586:. Binaries are quite common on low-inclination orbits and are typically similar-brightness systems. Binaries are less common on high-inclination orbits and their components typically differ in brightness. This correlation, together with the differences in colour, support further the suggestion that the currently observed classical objects belong to at least two different overlapping populations, with different physical properties and orbital history.
3534:
525:
3572:
815:
3596:
3560:
3584:
46:
579:, and more heterogeneous hot population was observed as early as in 2002. Recent studies, based on a larger data set, indicate the cut-off inclination of 12° (instead of 5°) between the cold and hot populations and confirm the distinction between the homogenous red cold population and the bluish hot population.
503:
The vast majority of KBOs (more than two-thirds) have inclinations of less than 5° and eccentricities of less than 0.1 . Their semi-major axes show a preference for the middle of the main belt; arguably, smaller objects close to the limiting resonances have been either captured into resonance or
515:
When the orbital eccentricities of cubewanos and plutinos are compared, it can be seen that the cubewanos form a clear 'belt' outside
Neptune's orbit, whereas the plutinos approach, or even cross Neptune's orbit. When orbital inclinations are compared, 'hot' cubewanos can be easily distinguished by
507:
The 'hot' and 'cold' populations are strikingly different: more than 30% of all cubewanos are in low inclination, near-circular orbits. The parameters of the plutinos’ orbits are more evenly distributed, with a local maximum in moderate eccentricities in 0.15–0.2 range, and low inclinations 5–10°.
480:) is characterised by highly inclined, more eccentric orbits. The terms 'hot' and 'cold' has nothing to do with surface or internal temperatures, but rather refer to the orbits of the objects, by analogy to molecules in a gas, which increase their relative velocity as they heat up.
649:
by J. L. Elliott et al. in 2005 uses formal criteria based on the mean orbital parameters. Put informally, the definition includes the objects that have never crossed the orbit of
Neptune. According to this definition, an object qualifies as a classical KBO if:
295:, which until January 2018 had only the provisional designation (15760) 1992 QB1. Similar objects found later were often called "QB1-o's", or "cubewanos", after this object, though the term "classical" is much more frequently used in the scientific literature.
594:
There is no official definition of 'cubewano' or 'classical KBO'. However, the terms are normally used to refer to objects free from significant perturbation from
Neptune, thereby excluding KBOs in orbital resonance with Neptune
684:
and C. van
Laerhoven in 2007, uses a 10-million-year orbit integration instead of the Tisserand's parameter. Classical objects are defined as not resonant and not being currently scattered by Neptune.
1725:
K. Noll; W. Grundy; D. Stephens; H. Levison; S. Kern (April 2008). "Evidence for two populations of classical transneptunian objects: The strong inclination dependence of classical binaries".
787:
and seven smaller bodies. The objects not only follow similar orbits but also share similar physical characteristics. Unlike many other KBO their surface contains large amounts of water ice (H
182:
442:
There are two basic dynamical classes of classical Kuiper-belt bodies: those with relatively unperturbed ('cold') orbits, and those with markedly perturbed ('hot') orbits.
2157:
1615:
A. Doressoundiram; N. Peixinho; C. de Bergh; S. Fornasier; P. Thebault; M. A. Barucci; C. Veillet (October 2002). "The Color
Distribution in the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt".
736:
516:
their higher inclinations, as the plutinos typically keep orbits below 20°. (No clear explanation currently exists for the inclinations of 'hot' cubewanos.)
175:
38:
1534:"The Deep Ecliptic Survey: A Search for Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs. II. Dynamical Classification, the Kuiper Belt Plane, and the Core Population"
3123:
1476:
Levison, Harold F.; Morbidelli, Alessandro (2003). "The formation of the Kuiper belt by the outward transport of bodies during
Neptune's migration".
1838:
1779:
2344:
706:
have a semi-major axis greater than that of
Neptune (30.1 AU; i.e. excluding centaurs) but less than 2000 AU (to exclude inner-Oort-cloud objects)
3616:
168:
1891:
1444:
1962:
607:(DES) do not list cubewanos (classical objects) using the same criteria. Many TNOs classified as cubewanos by the MPC, such as dwarf planet
1416:
1979:
Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Brunetto, R.; Licandro, J.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Roush, T. L.; Strazzulla, G. (2009). "The surface of (136108) Haumea (
2609:
2235:
2280:
2772:
2564:
1597:
847:
838:
spacecraft has visited the small KBO 486958 Arrokoth at a distance of 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi) on 1 January 2019.
700:
655:
596:
546:
435:
407:
257:
127:
111:
100:
2364:
1897:
1568:
1361:
582:
Another difference between the low-inclination (cold) and high-inclination (hot) classical objects is the observed number of
134:
533:
1263:
853:
Here is a very generic list of classical Kuiper belt objects. As of July 2023, there are about 870 objects with
3550:
742:
Unlike other schemes, this definition includes the objects with major semi-axis less than 39.4 AU (2:3 resonance)—termed
2213:
1281:
Somewhat old-fashioned, but "cubewano" is still used by the Minor Planet Center for their list of
Distant Minor Planets.
2337:
2039:
Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Licandro, J.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Brunetto, R. (2007). "The water ice rich surface of (145453) 2005 RR
795:. The surface composition is inferred from their neutral (as opposed to red) colour and deep absorption at 1.5 and 2.
572:
In addition to the distinct orbital characteristics, the two populations display different physical characteristics.
2098:
772:
in the classical Kuiper belt—a group of objects thought to be remnants from the breakup of a single body—is the
803:
637:
remains blurred. As of 2023, there are 870 objects with perihelion (q) > 40 AU and aphelion (Q) < 48 AU.
612:
661:
2539:
3537:
2330:
284:
82:
72:
822:
As of
January 2019, only one classical Kuiper belt object has been observed up close by spacecraft. Both
1818:
561:
Comparison of the aligned orbits (polar and ecliptic view) of cubewanos, plutinos, and
Neptune (yellow).
550:
1436:
1185:
461:. Plutinos, on the other hand, have more eccentric orbits bringing some of them closer to the Sun than
2553:
2435:
2427:
2416:
2176:
2117:
2062:
2005:
1930:
1794:
1744:
1691:
1634:
1547:
1538:
1487:
1432:
1238:
646:
604:
484:
343:
273:
63:
3600:
3486:
3466:
3456:
3446:
3436:
3329:
3184:
3174:
3101:
3091:
3039:
3029:
2989:
2956:
2926:
2916:
2726:
2686:
2643:
2525:
2460:
1041:
633:
These definitions lack precision: in particular the boundary between the classical objects and the
600:
487:
reports the distributions of the two populations; one with the inclination centered at 4.6° (named
431:
403:
277:
30:
2570:
3588:
3576:
3476:
3307:
3297:
3287:
3277:
3248:
3238:
3216:
3194:
3164:
3154:
3081:
3071:
3061:
3009:
2946:
2936:
2906:
2886:
2856:
2834:
2824:
2781:
2746:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2653:
2194:
2166:
2133:
2107:
2078:
2052:
2021:
1995:
1954:
1915:
1810:
1760:
1734:
1707:
1681:
1650:
1624:
1511:
1203:
1140:
1128:
1111:
1077:
1065:
978:
966:
954:
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
769:
617:
371:
360:
1423:
715:
423:
3144:
3134:
3019:
2876:
2866:
2498:
1946:
1887:
1503:
1440:
1215:
1174:
1152:
1089:
1053:
877:
446:
382:
349:
265:
3564:
3128:
2999:
2896:
2736:
2633:
2455:
2422:
2308:
2184:
2125:
2070:
2066:
2013:
2009:
1938:
1802:
1752:
1699:
1642:
1555:
1495:
1478:
1244:
1227:
1191:
1024:
1007:
995:
681:
677:
206:
3427:
2545:
2531:
2479:
1122:
1100:
823:
583:
576:
393:
335:
261:
139:
34:
1331:
2180:
2121:
1934:
1798:
1748:
1695:
1638:
1551:
1491:
1450:
1365:
1313:
830:
was the first mission to visit a classical KBO. After its successful exploration of the
3115:
2808:
2617:
2599:
2465:
2288:
1703:
1168:
989:
948:
634:
509:
476:) and near-circular orbits, lying between 42 and 47 AU. A smaller population (the
473:
427:
339:
121:
77:
1914:
Brown, Michael E.; Barkume, Kristina M.; Ragozzine, Darin; Schaller, Emily L. (2007).
1387:
1364:. IAU Minor Planet Center. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from
3610:
2586:
2377:
2372:
773:
288:
2198:
2137:
2082:
2025:
1711:
1654:
1601:
1390:. IAU Minor Planet Center & Tamkin Foundation Computer Network. 12 December 2006
2818:
2813:
2441:
2353:
2260:
1958:
1814:
1669:
1593:
1515:
1412:
1327:
1105:
1018:
871:
866:
827:
524:
454:
321:
317:
312:
302:
292:
2296:
2017:
1876:
1764:
1672:(August 2008). "Color-inclination relation of the classical Kuiper belt objects".
1575:
2074:
1756:
2803:
2680:
2627:
2622:
2096:
Chiang, E.-I. (July 2002). "A Collisional Family in the Classical Kuiper Belt".
1290:
As of 2008. The four brightest objects of the family are situated on the graphs
1163:
1035:
806:. Several other collisional families might reside in the classical Kuiper belt.
331:
327:
245:
88:
3509:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3317:
3258:
3204:
2844:
2675:
2394:
1425:
Solar System Update : Topical and Timely Reviews in Solar System Sciences
814:
796:
778:
153:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3226:
3049:
2966:
2756:
2594:
2189:
2152:
2264:
2151:
de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (11 February 2018).
1950:
1507:
2492:
2387:
2112:
2057:
1629:
800:
608:
458:
308:
17:
1942:
1499:
826:
have passed through the region before the discovery of the Kuiper belt.
3500:
3270:
2667:
2399:
2382:
2272:
627:
554:
462:
450:
253:
144:
105:
50:
27:
Kuiper belt object, not controlled by an orbital resonance with Neptune
45:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2484:
2473:
792:
399:
1986:), the largest carbon-depleted object in the trans-Neptunian belt".
2309:"Plot of the current positions of bodies in the Outer Solar System"
2214:"The PI's Perspective: Why Didn't Voyager Explore the Kuiper Belt?"
2171:
2129:
1806:
1646:
1560:
1533:
818:
New Horizons trajectory and the orbits of Pluto and 486958 Arrokoth
2449:
2000:
1739:
1686:
831:
813:
575:
The difference in colour between the red cold population, such as
269:
249:
54:
44:
29:
2322:
835:
2326:
2153:"Dynamically correlated minor bodies in the outer Solar system"
221:
2287:, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, archived from
215:
236:
1870:
1868:
1362:"MPEC 2010-B62: Distant Minor Planets (2010 FEB. 13.0 TT)"
324:, each considered the largest TNO at the time of discovery
2236:"New Horizons prepares for encounter with 2014 MU69"
230:
49:
The orbits of various cubewanos compared to the orbit of
1916:"A collisional family of icy objects in the Kuiper belt"
1875:
Gladman, B. J.; Marsden, B.; van Laerhoven, C. (2008).
272:, do not cross Neptune's orbit. That is, they have low-
491:) and another with inclinations extending beyond 30° (
457:, for example, has a near-circular orbit close to the
3548:
2043:: a case for a carbon-depleted population of TNOs?".
718:
233:
227:
212:
209:
1407:
1405:
218:
3499:
3426:
3114:
2981:
2794:
2771:
2666:
2608:
2585:
2578:
2408:
224:
730:
568:Cold and hot populations: physical characteristics
2158:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1778:Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Brown, Michael E. (2001).
468:The majority of classical objects, the so-called
1527:
1525:
305:(aka 1992 QB1 and gave rise to term 'Cubewano')
2315:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
402:was provisionally listed as a cubewano by the
2338:
1853:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
760:for the orbits between these two resonances.
748:, or more than 48.7 (1:2 resonance) – termed
676:An alternative classification, introduced by
176:
8:
1780:"The Radial Distribution of the Kuiper Belt"
61:
1833:
1831:
848:List of trans-Neptunian objects § List
283:The name "cubewano" derives from the first
2582:
2569:
2563:
2345:
2331:
2323:
667:its average eccentricity is less than 0.2.
183:
169:
60:
2188:
2170:
2111:
2056:
1999:
1882:. In Barucci, M. A.; et al. (eds.).
1738:
1685:
1628:
1559:
717:
445:Most cubewanos are found between the 2:3
413:
298:Objects identified as cubewanos include:
37:, the first classical Kuiper belt object
1877:"Nomenclature in the Outer Solar System"
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
422:
406:in 2006, but was later found to be in a
3555:
2273:"The Kuiper Belt Electronic Newsletter"
1886:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
1305:
1274:
611:, are classified as ScatNear (possibly
504:have their orbits modified by Neptune.
1388:"MPEC 2006-X45: Distant Minor Planets"
687:Formally, this definition includes as
545:TNO distribution of cubewanos (blue),
2234:Lakdawalla, Emily (24 January 2018).
1417:"The Solar System Beyond The Planets"
472:, have low inclinations (< 5
7:
1360:Brian G. Marsden (30 January 2010).
846:For a more comprehensive list, see
311:, the largest known cubewano and a
280:orbits like the classical planets.
1532:J. L. Elliot; et al. (2006).
709:are not being scattered by Neptune
645:Introduced by the report from the
626:may be an inner cubewano near the
25:
2281:"List of Trans-Neptunian objects"
776:. It includes Haumea, its moons,
664:with respect to Neptune exceeds 3
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3533:
3532:
2212:Stern, Alan (28 February 2018).
1968:from the original on 2018-07-23.
1903:from the original on 2012-11-02.
1668:Peixinho, Nuno; Lacerda, Pedro;
597:resonant trans-Neptunian objects
532:
523:
434:of cubewanos (blue) compared to
244:"QB1-o"), is a low-eccentricity
205:
1884:The Solar System Beyond Neptune
1332:"Classical Kuiper Belt Objects"
1294:the circle representing Haumea.
2365:List of possible dwarf planets
419:: 'hot' and 'cold' populations
258:orbital resonance with Neptune
135:Extreme trans-Neptunian object
1:
3617:Classical Kuiper belt objects
1264:Lists of astronomical objects
738:(to exclude detached objects)
508:See also the comparison with
260:. Cubewanos have orbits with
1757:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.022
1704:10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1837
287:(TNO) found after Pluto and
256:and is not controlled by an
197:classical Kuiper belt object
2311:. IAU Minor Planet Center.
2283:, IAU Minor Planet Center,
2018:10.1051/0004-6361/200809733
1849:. IAU Minor Planet Center.
449:with Neptune (populated by
3633:
2075:10.1051/0004-6361:20077294
2045:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1988:Astronomy and Astrophysics
845:
731:{\displaystyle e<0.240}
699:are non-resonant (see the
590:Toward a formal definition
3528:
2561:
2360:
2099:The Astrophysical Journal
1787:The Astrophysical Journal
791:O) and no or very little
453:) and the 1:2 resonance.
1674:The Astronomical Journal
1617:The Astronomical Journal
754:, and reserves the term
712:have their eccentricity
701:definition of the method
615:by Neptune) by the DES.
2067:2007A&A...468L..25P
2010:2009A&A...496..547P
1415:; Delsanti, A. (2006).
1314:"Distant Minor Planets"
691:all objects with their
83:Trans-Neptunian objects
39:visited by a spacecraft
819:
732:
510:scattered disk objects
439:
285:trans-Neptunian object
122:Scattered disc objects
58:
42:
2369:Former dwarf planets
2313:minorplanetcenter.org
2285:minorplanetcenter.org
2190:10.1093/mnras/stx2765
1851:minorplanetcenter.net
1824:on 19 September 2006.
817:
733:
672:SSBN07 classification
662:Tisserand's parameter
426:
64:distant minor planets
48:
33:
1539:Astronomical Journal
1239:88611 Teharonhiawako
834:system in 2015, the
751:outer classical belt
745:inner classical belt
716:
647:Deep Ecliptic Survey
605:Deep Ecliptic Survey
485:Deep Ecliptic Survey
344:88611 Teharonhiawako
2301:johnstonarchive.net
2238:. Planetary Society
2181:2018MNRAS.474..838D
2122:2002ApJ...573L..65C
1943:10.1038/nature05619
1935:2007Natur.446..294B
1799:2001ApJ...554L..95T
1749:2008Icar..194..758N
1696:2008AJ....136.1837P
1639:2002AJ....124.2279D
1552:2005AJ....129.1117E
1500:10.1038/nature02120
1492:2003Natur.426..419L
1368:on 4 September 2012
757:main classical belt
601:Minor Planet Center
404:Minor Planet Center
89:Kuiper belt objects
66:
2265:"Kuiper belt site"
1581:on 23 August 2006.
1456:on 29 January 2007
824:Voyager spacecraft
820:
770:collisional family
728:
641:DES classification
440:
276:and sometimes low-
268:range and, unlike
264:in the 40–50
248:object (KBO) that
154:Oort cloud objects
59:
43:
3546:
3545:
3524:
3523:
2291:on 27 August 2010
1893:978-0-8165-2755-7
1604:on 19 April 2007.
1486:(6965): 419–421.
1446:978-3-540-26056-1
447:orbital resonance
193:
192:
16:(Redirected from
3624:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3554:
3536:
3535:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3492:
3482:
3472:
3462:
3452:
3442:
3428:Detached objects
3419:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3313:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3190:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3140:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3045:
3035:
3025:
3015:
3005:
2995:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2962:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2830:
2787:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2583:
2573:
2567:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2276:
2268:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2174:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2115:
2113:astro-ph/0205275
2093:
2087:
2086:
2060:
2058:astro-ph/0703098
2036:
2030:
2029:
2003:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1817:. Archived from
1784:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1742:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1689:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1632:
1630:astro-ph/0206468
1612:
1606:
1605:
1600:. Archived from
1590:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1574:. Archived from
1573:
1565:
1563:
1546:(2): 1117–1162.
1529:
1520:
1519:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1449:. Archived from
1430:
1421:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1186:79360 Sila–Nunam
1182:
1180:
1179:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1078:(278361) 2007 JJ
1073:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:(202421) 2005 UQ
1032:
1030:
1029:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1003:
1001:
1000:
986:
984:
983:
979:(145453) 2005 RR
974:
972:
971:
967:(145452) 2005 RN
962:
960:
959:
955:(144897) 2004 UX
945:
943:
942:
938:(120178) 2003 OP
933:
931:
930:
926:(119951) 2002 KX
921:
919:
918:
914:(308193) 2005 CB
909:
907:
906:
902:(444030) 2004 NT
897:
895:
894:
890:(307616) 2003 QW
885:
883:
882:
878:(307261) 2002 MS
860:
856:
786:
784:
783:
768:The first known
737:
735:
734:
729:
625:
623:
622:
618:(119951) 2002 KX
536:
527:
418:
417:
390:
388:
387:
379:
377:
376:
368:
366:
365:
357:
355:
354:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
199:, also called a
185:
178:
171:
140:Detached objects
67:
21:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2767:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2604:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2404:
2356:
2351:
2320:
2307:
2295:
2279:
2271:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2033:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1929:(7133): 294–6.
1918:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1428:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1245:(90568) 2004 GV
1243:
1230:
1229:
1228:(86047) 1999 OY
1226:
1218:
1217:
1216:(85633) 1998 KR
1214:
1206:
1205:
1204:(85627) 1998 HP
1202:
1194:
1193:
1192:(79983) 1999 DF
1190:
1177:
1176:
1175:(69987) 1998 WA
1173:
1155:
1154:
1153:(55637) 2002 UX
1151:
1143:
1142:
1141:(55636) 2002 TX
1139:
1131:
1130:
1129:(55565) 2002 AW
1127:
1123:53311 Deucalion
1114:
1113:
1112:(52747) 1998 HM
1110:
1101:486958 Arrokoth
1092:
1091:
1090:(33001) 1997 CU
1088:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1066:(24978) 1998 HJ
1064:
1056:
1055:
1054:(24835) 1995 SM
1052:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1025:(19255) 1994 VK
1023:
1010:
1009:
1008:(16684) 1994 JQ
1006:
998:
997:
996:(15807) 1994 GV
994:
981:
980:
977:
969:
968:
965:
957:
956:
953:
940:
939:
936:
928:
927:
924:
916:
915:
912:
904:
903:
900:
892:
891:
888:
880:
879:
876:
858:
854:
851:
844:
812:
790:
781:
780:
777:
766:
714:
713:
674:
643:
620:
619:
616:
592:
577:486958 Arrokoth
570:
565:
564:
563:
562:
539:
538:
537:
529:
528:
501:
470:cold population
421:
415:
414:
394:486958 Arrokoth
385:
384:
383:(55637) 2002 UX
381:
374:
373:
372:(55565) 2002 AW
370:
363:
362:
361:(55636) 2002 TX
359:
352:
351:
350:(33001) 1997 CU
348:
336:53311 Deucalion
309:136472 Makemake
262:semi-major axes
208:
204:
189:
114:(1:2 resonance)
108:(2:3 resonance)
78:Neptune trojans
35:486958 Arrokoth
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3124:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà
3120:
3118:
3116:Scattered disc
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2277:
2269:
2255:
2254:External links
2252:
2250:
2249:
2226:
2204:
2165:(1): 838–846.
2143:
2130:10.1086/342089
2106:(1): L65–L68.
2088:
2051:(1): L25–L28.
2040:
2031:
1982:
1971:
1906:
1892:
1864:
1827:
1807:10.1086/320917
1793:(1): L95–L98.
1770:
1717:
1660:
1647:10.1086/342447
1607:
1585:
1561:10.1086/427395
1521:
1468:
1445:
1401:
1379:
1345:
1319:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1241:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1183:
1171:
1169:66652 Borasisi
1166:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1120:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1033:
1021:
1016:
1004:
992:
990:148780 Altjira
987:
975:
963:
951:
949:120347 Salacia
946:
934:
922:
910:
898:
886:
874:
869:
863:
843:
840:
811:
808:
788:
765:
762:
740:
739:
727:
724:
721:
710:
707:
704:
673:
670:
669:
668:
665:
658:
642:
639:
635:scattered disk
603:(MPC) and the
591:
588:
584:binary objects
569:
566:
541:
540:
531:
530:
522:
521:
520:
519:
518:
500:
497:
478:hot population
428:Semimajor axis
420:
412:
397:
396:
391:
346:
340:66652 Borasisi
325:
315:
306:
191:
190:
188:
187:
180:
173:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
132:
131:
130:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
109:
98:
95:Classical KBOs
80:
75:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3629:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3556:
3552:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3406:
3397:
3394:
3385:
3382:
3373:
3370:
3361:
3358:
3349:
3346:
3337:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3315:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3256:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3224:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3202:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3047:
3044:
3037:
3034:
3027:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2842:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2754:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2587:Asteroid belt
2584:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:Dwarf planets
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:Jewitt, David
2258:
2257:
2253:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1975:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1852:
1848:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:Jewitt, David
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1333:
1329:
1328:Jewitt, David
1323:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1225:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
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839:
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829:
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809:
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774:Haumea family
771:
763:
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747:
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719:
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573:
567:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:resonant TNOs
544:
535:
526:
517:
513:
511:
505:
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494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
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471:
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456:
452:
448:
443:
437:
436:resonant TNOs
433:
429:
425:
411:
409:
405:
401:
400:136108 Haumea
395:
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389:
378:
367:
356:
347:
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164:
163:
155:
152:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:Resonant SDOs
126:
125:
123:
120:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:Resonant KBOs
99:
96:
93:
92:
90:
87:
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84:
81:
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74:
71:
70:
69:
68:
65:
56:
52:
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3601:Solar System
2795:
2552:
2538:
2524:
2505:
2491:
2472:
2448:
2434:
2415:
2319:
2312:
2300:
2289:the original
2284:
2240:. Retrieved
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2207:
2162:
2156:
2146:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2048:
2044:
2034:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1926:
1922:
1909:
1883:
1855:. Retrieved
1850:
1845:Q < 48 AU
1841:q > 40 AU
1819:the original
1790:
1786:
1773:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1602:the original
1588:
1576:the original
1543:
1537:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1458:. Retrieved
1451:the original
1424:
1392:. Retrieved
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:the original
1336:. Retrieved
1322:
1308:
1291:
1286:
1277:
1106:50000 Quaoar
1019:174567 Varda
872:20000 Varuna
867:15760 Albion
859:Q < 48 AU
855:q > 40 AU
852:
828:New Horizons
821:
767:
756:
755:
750:
749:
744:
743:
741:
695:orbits that
692:
688:
686:
675:
660:its average
644:
632:
593:
581:
574:
571:
558:
542:
514:
506:
502:
499:Distribution
492:
488:
482:
477:
469:
467:
455:50000 Quaoar
444:
441:
398:
322:20000 Varuna
318:50000 Quaoar
313:dwarf planet
303:15760 Albion
297:
293:15760 Albion
282:
274:eccentricity
200:
196:
194:
94:
3589:Outer space
3577:Spaceflight
2297:"TNO pages"
1680:(5): 1837.
1623:(4): 2279.
1164:58534 Logos
1036:19521 Chaos
810:Exploration
553:(grey) and
432:inclination
332:58534 Logos
328:19521 Chaos
278:inclination
246:Kuiper belt
97:(cubewanos)
53:(blue) and
2982:Other KBOs
2600:Interamnia
2461:Atmosphere
2428:Atmosphere
2395:Mesoplanet
2172:1710.07610
1994:(2): 547.
1733:(2): 758.
1594:Jewitt, D.
1569:"Preprint"
1413:Jewitt, D.
1301:References
682:B. Marsden
678:B. Gladman
654:it is not
557:(yellow).
156:(ICO/OCOs)
3565:Astronomy
3129:Dziewanna
2796:Cubewanos
2579:Candidate
2409:Consensus
2001:0803.1080
1740:0711.1545
1687:0808.3025
1598:"Plutino"
1394:3 October
1270:Footnotes
689:classical
613:scattered
62:Types of
18:Cubewanos
3611:Category
3538:Category
3501:Sednoids
2773:Twotinos
2668:Plutinos
2618:Chariklo
2610:Centaurs
2540:Gonggong
2493:Makemake
2242:13 March
2219:13 March
2199:73588205
2138:18671789
2083:18546361
2026:15139257
1963:Archived
1951:17361177
1898:Archived
1712:16473299
1655:30565926
1596:(2004).
1508:14647375
1433:Springer
1258:See also
804:spectrum
801:infrared
764:Families
656:resonant
628:plutinos
609:Makemake
555:sednoids
459:ecliptic
451:plutinos
408:resonant
201:cubewano
145:Sednoids
112:Twotinos
106:Plutinos
73:Centaurs
3551:Portals
3510:2012 VP
3487:2008 ST
3477:2007 JJ
3467:2005 TB
3457:2004 XR
3447:2003 QX
3437:2003 FY
3412:2021 LL
3400:2021 DR
3388:2018 VG
3376:2018 AG
3364:2017 FO
3352:2015 RR
3340:2015 KH
3330:2014 WK
3318:2014 UZ
3308:2014 EZ
3298:2014 AN
3288:2013 FY
3278:2010 VZ
3271:2010 TJ
3259:2010 JO
3249:2010 RF
3239:2010 RE
3227:2010 KZ
3217:2008 OG
3205:2006 QH
3195:2005 RM
3185:2005 QU
3175:2004 XA
3165:2002 TC
3155:2001 UR
3145:1996 TL
3135:1996 GQ
3102:2015 RR
3092:2015 AM
3082:2014 UM
3072:2013 FZ
3062:2011 GM
3050:2011 FW
3040:2010 VK
3030:2010 JO
3020:2002 XW
3010:2000 YW
3000:1999 DE
2990:1999 CD
2967:2010 FX
2957:2005 UQ
2947:2005 RN
2937:2004 UX
2927:2004 TY
2917:2004 PF
2907:2004 NT
2897:2004 GV
2887:2003 QW
2877:2002 UX
2867:2002 MS
2857:2002 KX
2845:2002 CY
2835:2002 AW
2825:1998 SN
2809:Salacia
2782:2002 WC
2757:2017 OF
2747:2007 JH
2737:2003 VS
2727:2003 UZ
2717:2003 AZ
2707:2002 XV
2697:2002 VR
2687:2001 QF
2654:2014 NW
2644:2013 TC
2634:1999 OX
2456:Geology
2423:Geology
2400:Planemo
2267:. UCLA.
2177:Bibcode
2118:Bibcode
2063:Bibcode
2006:Bibcode
1981:2003 EL
1959:4430027
1931:Bibcode
1857:31 July
1815:7982844
1795:Bibcode
1745:Bibcode
1692:Bibcode
1635:Bibcode
1548:Bibcode
1516:4395099
1488:Bibcode
1460:2 March
1372:26 July
793:tholins
779:2002 TX
693:current
599:). The
549:(red),
463:Neptune
410:orbit.
254:Neptune
252:beyond
124:(SDOs)
91:(KBOs)
85:(TNOs)
51:Neptune
2819:Varuna
2628:Pholus
2623:Chiron
2595:Hygiea
2507:Quaoar
2474:Haumea
2388:Pallas
2378:Triton
2373:Phoebe
2197:
2136:
2081:
2024:
1957:
1949:
1923:Nature
1890:
1813:
1765:336950
1763:
1727:Icarus
1710:
1653:
1514:
1506:
1479:Nature
1443:
1437:Praxis
1338:1 July
1334:. UCLA
1292:inside
559:Right:
438:(red).
416:Orbits
289:Charon
250:orbits
57:(pink)
2814:Varda
2804:Chaos
2681:Ixion
2554:Sedna
2518:Rings
2480:Moons
2466:Moons
2450:Pluto
2436:Orcus
2417:Ceres
2383:Vesta
2195:S2CID
2167:arXiv
2134:S2CID
2108:arXiv
2079:S2CID
2053:arXiv
2022:S2CID
1996:arXiv
1966:(PDF)
1955:S2CID
1919:(PDF)
1901:(PDF)
1880:(PDF)
1822:(PDF)
1811:S2CID
1783:(PDF)
1761:S2CID
1735:arXiv
1708:S2CID
1682:arXiv
1651:S2CID
1625:arXiv
1579:(PDF)
1572:(PDF)
1512:S2CID
1454:(PDF)
1429:(PDF)
1420:(PDF)
832:Pluto
726:0.240
543:Left:
270:Pluto
55:Pluto
2676:Huya
2546:Moon
2532:Moon
2526:Eris
2513:Moon
2499:Moon
2485:Ring
2442:Moon
2244:2018
2221:2018
1947:PMID
1888:ISBN
1859:2023
1843:and
1504:PMID
1462:2006
1441:ISBN
1396:2008
1374:2010
1340:2013
857:and
842:List
836:NASA
723:<
551:SDOs
493:Halo
489:Core
483:The
430:and
320:and
3513:113
3489:291
3469:190
3459:190
3449:113
3439:128
3367:161
3355:245
3343:162
3332:509
3321:224
3262:179
3208:181
3187:182
3177:192
3167:302
3157:163
3104:245
3094:281
3042:201
3032:179
3012:134
2992:158
2959:513
2929:364
2919:115
2848:248
2837:197
2827:165
2729:413
2699:128
2689:298
2646:146
2185:doi
2163:474
2126:doi
2104:573
2071:doi
2049:468
2014:doi
1992:496
1939:doi
1927:446
1803:doi
1791:554
1753:doi
1731:194
1700:doi
1678:136
1643:doi
1621:124
1556:doi
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1207:151
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364:300
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