793: (also called solar pressure) from stars to push large ultra-thin mirrors to high speeds, requiring no propellant. Force from a solar sail scales with the sail's area, this makes sails well suited for use in CubeSats as their small mass results in the greater acceleration for a given solar sail's area. However, solar sails still need to be quite large compared to the satellite, which means useful solar sails must be deployed, adding mechanical complexity and a potential source of failure. This propulsion method is the only one not plagued with restrictions set by the CubeSat Design Specification, as it does not require high pressures, hazardous materials, or significant chemical energy. A small number of CubeSats have employed a solar sail as its main propulsion and stability in deep space, including the 3U
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Specification an extra available volume was defined for use on 3U projects. The additional volume is made possible by space typically wasted in the P-POD Mk III's spring mechanism. 3U CubeSats which utilize the space are designated 3U+ and may place components in a cylindrical volume centered on one end of the CubeSat. The cylindrical space has a maximum diameter of 6.4 cm (2.5 in) and a height no greater than 3.6 cm (1.4 in) while not allowing for any increase in mass beyond the 3U's maximum of 4 kg (8.8 lb). Propulsion systems and antennas are the most common components that might require the additional volume, though the payload sometimes extends into this volume. Deviations from the dimension and mass requirements can be waived following application and negotiation with the
416:(orientation), power management, payload operation, and primary control tasks. COTS attitude-control systems typically include their own computer, as do the power management systems. Payloads must be able to interface with the primary computer to be useful, which sometimes requires the use of another small computer. This may be due to limitations in the primary computer's ability to control the payload with limited communication protocols, to prevent overloading the primary computer with raw data handling, or to ensure payload's operation continues uninterrupted by the spacecraft's other computing needs such as communication. Still, the primary computer may be used for payload related tasks, which might include
226:, of the Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics at Stanford University, and currently a member of the space science faculty at Morehead State University in Kentucky, has contributed to the CubeSat community. His efforts have focused on CubeSats from educational institutions. The specification does not apply to other cube-like nanosatellites such as the NASA "MEPSI" nanosatellite, which is slightly larger than a CubeSat. GeneSat-1 was NASA's first fully automated, self-contained biological spaceflight experiment on a satellite of its size. It was also the first U.S.-launched CubeSat. This work, led by John Hines at NASA Ames Research, became the catalyst for the entire NASA CubeSat program.
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233:. This standard defines specifications for CubeSats including their physical, mechanical, electrical, and operational requirements. It also provides a specification for the interface between the CubeSat and its launch vehicle, which lists the capabilities required to survive the environmental conditions during and after launch and describes the standard deployment interface used to release the satellites. The development of standards shared by a large number of spacecraft contributes to a significant reduction in the development time and cost of CubeSat missions.
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626:. This ability to use inert gases is highly advantageous to CubeSats as they are usually restricted from hazardous materials. Only low performance can be achieved with them, preventing high impulse maneuvers even in low mass CubeSats. Due to this low performance, their use in CubeSats for main propulsion is limited and designers choose higher efficiency systems with only minor increases in complexity. Cold gas systems more often see use in CubeSat attitude control.
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478:(orientation) for CubeSats relies on miniaturizing technology without significant performance degradation. Tumbling typically occurs as soon as a CubeSat is deployed, due to asymmetric deployment forces and bumping with other CubeSats. Some CubeSats operate normally while tumbling, but those that require pointing in a certain direction or cannot operate safely while spinning, must be detumbled. Systems that perform attitude determination and control include
751:. The high efficiency associated with electric propulsion could allow CubeSats to propel themselves to Mars. Electric propulsion systems are disadvantaged in their use of power, which requires the CubeSat to have larger solar cells, more complicated power distribution, and often larger batteries. Furthermore, many electric propulsion methods may still require pressurized tanks to store propellant, which is restricted by the CubeSat Design Specification.
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111:. CubeSats are employed to demonstrate spacecraft technologies intended for small satellites or that present questionable feasibility and are unlikely to justify the cost of a larger satellite. Scientific experiments with unproven underlying theory may also find themselves aboard CubeSats because their low cost can justify higher risks. Biological research payloads have been flown on several missions, with more planned. Several missions to the
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1720:) on the International Space Station. While the P-POD is limited to launching a 3U CubeSat at most, the NRCSD can launch a 6U (10 cm × 10 cm × 68.1 cm (3.9 in × 3.9 in × 26.8 in)) CubeSat and the ISIPOD can launch a different form of 6U CubeSat (10 cm × 22.63 cm × 34.05 cm (3.94 in × 8.91 in × 13.41 in)).
1448:. University students have the opportunity to develop and implement their CubeSat mission with support of ESA specialists. Participating student teams can experience the full cycle from designing, building, and testing to eventually, the possibility of launching and operating their CubeSat. The fourth iteration of the Fly Your Satellite! programme closed a call for proposals in February 2022.
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0.26 US gal) of useful volume, with each unit weighing no more than 2 kg (4.4 lb). The smallest standard size is 1U, consisting of a single unit, while the most common form factor was the 3U, which comprised over 40% of all nanosatellites launched to date. Larger form factors, such as the 6U and 12U, are composed of 3Us stacked side by side. In 2014, two 6U
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ST-16 star tracker both have applications for CubeSats and have flight heritage. Pumpkin's Colony I Bus uses an aerodynamic wing for passive attitude stabilization. Determination of a CubeSat's location can be done through the use of on-board GPS, which is relatively expensive for a CubeSat, or by relaying radar tracking data to the craft from Earth-based tracking systems.
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CubeSat
Deployer (NRCSD) on the International Space Station being the most popular method of CubeSat deployment as of 2014. Some CubeSat deployers are created by companies, such as the ISIPOD (Innovative Solutions In Space BV) or SPL (Astro und Feinwerktechnik Adlershof GmbH), while some have been created by governments or other non-profit institutions such as the X-POD (
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Lithium-ion batteries feature high energy-to-mass ratios, making them well suited to use on mass-restricted spacecraft. Battery charging and discharging is typically handled by a dedicated electrical power system (EPS). Batteries sometimes feature heaters to prevent the battery from reaching dangerously low temperatures which might cause battery and mission failure.
960:. JPL's engineers have also developed a 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) mesh reflector antenna operating at Ka-band and compatible with the DSN that folds in a 1.5U stowage volume. For MarCO, JPL's antenna engineers designed a Folded Panel Reflectarray (FPR) to fit on a 6U CubeSat bus and supports X-band Mars-to-Earth telecommunications at 8 kbit/s at 1AU.
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sensors for lower thermosphere and re-entry research. 35 CubeSats are envisaged to be provided by universities from 22 countries around the world, among them 4 are from the US, 4 from China, 4 from France, 3 from
Australia and 3 from South Korea. Ten 2U or 3U CubeSats are foreseen to serve for in-orbit technology demonstration of new space technologies.
1350:(MRO) flying overhead. MRO forwarded EDL information to Earth using a radio frequency in the X band, but cannot simultaneously receive information in one band if transmitting on another. Confirmation of a successful landing could be received on Earth several hours after, so MarCO was a technology demonstration of real-time telemetry during the landing.
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international organizations over the past decade, for example, proposed in 2012 by NASA and the Jet
Propulsion Lab, the INSPIRE spacecraft is an initial attempt at a spacecraft designed to prove the operational abilities of deep space CubeSats. The launch date was expected to be 2014, but has yet to occur and the date is listed by NASA as TBD.
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1423:(ELaNa) missions have included: BisonSat the first CubeSat built by a tribal college, TJ3Sat the first CubeSat built by a high school and STMSat-1 the first CubeSat built by an elementary school. NASA releases an Announcement of Opportunity in August of each year with selections made the following February.
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The rate at which the batteries decay depends on the number of cycles for which they are charged and discharged, as well as the depth of each discharge: the greater the average depth of discharge, the faster a battery degrades. For LEO missions, the number of cycles of discharge can be expected to be
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used does not reflect the pinout specified in the PCI-104 standard. Stackthrough connectors on the boards allow for simple assembly and electrical interfacing and most manufacturers of CubeSat electronics hardware hold to the same signal arrangement, but some products do not, so care must be taken to
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and is funded by the
European Commission as part of the 7th Framework Programme (FP7). Double-unit (2U) CubeSats (10×10×20 cm) are developed, with one unit (the 'functional' unit) providing the usual satellite functions and the other unit (the 'science' unit) accommodating a set of standardised
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The
Canadian Space Agency announced the Canadian CubeSat Project (CCP) in 2017, and the participating teams were selected in May of 2018. The programme provides funding and support to one university or college in each province and territory to develop a CubeSat for launch from the ISS. The objective
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to ensure the solar panels remain in their most effective orientation toward the Sun, and further power needs can be met through the addition and orientation of deployable solar arrays, which can be unfolded to a substantially larger area on-orbit. Recent innovations include additional spring-loaded
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that provide power during eclipse as well as during peak load times. These satellites have a limited surface area on their external walls for solar cells assembly, and has to be effectively shared with other parts, such as antennas, optical sensors, camera lens, propulsion systems, and access ports.
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Pointing in a specific direction is necessary for Earth observation, orbital maneuvers, maximizing solar power, and some scientific instruments. Directional pointing accuracy can be achieved by sensing Earth and its horizon, the Sun, or specific stars. Sinclair
Interplanetary's SS-411 Sun sensor and
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in stores, Twiggs first settled on the larger ten-centimeter cube as a guideline for the new CubeSat concept. A model of a launcher was developed for the new satellite using the same pusher-plate concept that had been used in the modified OPAL launcher. Twiggs presented the idea to Puig-Suari in the
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Many aspects of CubeSats such as structure, propulsion, material, computing and telecommunications, power, and additional specific instruments or measurement devices pose challenges to the use of CubeSat technology beyond Earth's orbit. These challenges have been increasingly under consideration of
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for any given energy input, but reaction wheel's utility is limited due to saturation, the point at which a wheel cannot spin faster. Examples of CubeSat reaction wheels include the
Maryland Aerospace MAI-101 and the Sinclair Interplanetary RW-0.03-4. Reaction wheels can be desaturated with the use
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Protrusions beyond the maximum dimensions are allowed by the standard specification, to a maximum of 6.5 mm (0.26 in) beyond each side. Any protrusions may not interfere with the deployment rails and are typically occupied by antennas and solar panels. In
Revision 13 of the CubeSat Design
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Standard CubeSats are made up of 10 cm × 10 cm × 11.35 cm (3.94 in × 3.94 in × 4.47 in) units designed to provide 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm (3.9 in × 3.9 in × 3.9 in) or 1 L (0.22 imp gal;
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NASA's CubeSat Launch
Initiative created in 2010, provides CubeSat launch opportunities to educational institutions, non-profit organizations and NASA Centers. As of 2016 the CubeSat Launch Initiative had launched 46 CubeSats flown on 12 ELaNa Missions from 28 unique organizations and has selected
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are relatively low-complexity/high-thrust output, low power requirements, and high reliability. Monopropellant motors tend to have high thrust while remaining comparatively simple, which also provides high reliability. These motors are practical for CubeSats due to their low power requirements and
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cannot be used in small engines due to the complexity of gimbaling mechanisms, thrust vectoring must instead be achieved by thrusting asymmetrically in multiple-nozzle propulsion systems or by changing the center of mass relative to the CubeSat's geometry with actuated components. Small motors may
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The CubeSat specification accomplishes several high-level goals. The main reason for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce the cost of deployment: they are often suitable for launch in multiples, using the excess capacity of larger launch vehicles. The CubeSat design specifically minimizes risk to
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while still providing significant capability. Components and methods that are commonly used in larger satellites are disallowed or limited, and the CubeSat Design
Specification (CDS) requires a waiver for pressurization above 1.2 atm (120 kPa), over 100 Wh of stored chemical energy, and
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NASA initiated the Cube Quest Challenge in 2015, a competition to foster innovation in the use of CubeSats beyond low Earth orbit. The Cube Quest Challenge offered $ 5 million to teams that met the challenge objectives of designing, building and delivering flight-qualified, small satellites
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Three CubeSats were launched on April 25, 2016, together with Sentinel-1B on a Soyuz rocket VS14 launched from Kourou, French Guiana. The satellites were: AAUSAT4 (Aalborg University, Denmark), e-st@r-II (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) and OUFTI-1 (Université de Liège, Belgium). The CubeSats were
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on large rockets launching much larger spacecraft, at prices starting around $ 100,000 as of 2015. Since CubeSats are deployed by P-PODs and similar deployment systems, they can be integrated and launched into virtually any launch vehicle. However, some launch service providers refuse to launch
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and carry CubeSats into orbit and deploy them once the proper signal is received from the launch vehicle. The P-POD Mk III has capacity for three 1U CubeSats, or other 0.5U, 1U, 1.5U, 2U, or 3U CubeSats combination up to a maximum volume of 3U. Other CubeSat deployers exist, with the NanoRacks
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Desiring to shorten the development cycle experienced on OPAL and inspired by the picosatellites OPAL carried, Twiggs set out to find "how much could you reduce the size and still have a practical satellite". The picosatellites on OPAL were 10.1 cm × 7.6 cm × 2.5 cm
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in a single payload, including the Cartosat-2 series and 103 co-passenger satellites, together weighed over 650 kg (1,430 lb). Of the 104 satellites, all but three were CubeSats. Of the 101 nano satellites, 96 were from the United States and one each from Israel, Kazakhstan, the
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Science Mission Directorate CubeSat Integration Panel, which is focused on doing science with CubeSats. As of 12 July 2016, the minimum mission success criterion (one month of science observations) has been met, but the spacecraft continues to perform nominally and observations continue.
92:(LEO) that perform scientific research and explore new space technologies. Academia accounted for the majority of CubeSat launches until 2013, when more than half of launches were for non-academic purposes, and by 2014 most newly deployed CubeSats were for commercial or amateur projects.
1000:. Analysis and simulation of the spacecraft's thermal model is an important determining factor in applying thermal management components and techniques. CubeSats with special thermal concerns, often associated with certain deployment mechanisms and payloads, may be tested in a
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Since nearly all CubeSats are 10 cm × 10 cm (3.9 in × 3.9 in) (regardless of length) they can all be launched and deployed using a common deployment system called a Poly-PicoSatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD), developed and built by Cal Poly.
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fueled motors have been developed, but may require a waiver to fly due to restrictions on hazardous chemicals set forth in the CubeSat Design Specification. Safer chemical propellants which would not require hazardous chemical waivers are being developed, such as AF-M315
318:(SEU) is very low. Spacecraft in a sustained low Earth orbit lasting months or years are at risk and only fly hardware designed for and tested in irradiated environments. Missions beyond low Earth orbit or which would remain in low Earth orbit for many years must use
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NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative launched more than 46 CubeSats on its ELaNa missions over the several years prior to 2016, and 57 were planned for flight over the next several years. No matter how inexpensive or versatile CubeSats may be, they must hitch rides as
1021:, launch prices have been about $ 100,000 per unit, but newer operators are offering lower pricing. A typical price to launch a 1U cubesat with a full service contract (including end-to-end integration, licensing, transportation etc.) was about $ 60,000 in 2021.
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are typically placed on different CubeSat components so that action may be taken to avoid dangerous temperature ranges, such as reorienting the craft in order to avoid or introduce direct thermal radiation to a specific part, thereby allowing it to cool or heat.
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along only one axis to fit the forms of 0.5U, 1U, 1.5U, 2U, or 3U. All the standard sizes of CubeSat have been built and launched, and represent the form factors for nearly all launched CubeSats as of 2015. Materials used in the structure must feature the same
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or communications protocols are specified or required by the CubeSat Design Specification, but COTS hardware has consistently used certain features which many treat as standards in CubeSat electronics. Most COTS and custom designed electronics fit the form of
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interface takes away the amount of work that would previously be required for mating a piggyback satellite with its launcher. Unification among payloads and launchers enables quick exchanges of payloads and utilization of launch opportunities on short notice.
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on the spacecraft but inefficiencies in small propulsion systems cause thrusters to run out of fuel rapidly. Commonly found on nearly all CubeSats are magnetorquers which run electricity through a coil to take advantage of Earth's magnetic field to produce a
298:, which was not designed for CubeSats but presents a 90 mm × 96 mm (3.5 in × 3.8 in) profile that allows most of the spacecraft's volume to be occupied. Technically, the PCI-104 form is the variant of PC/104 used and the actual
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hazardous materials. Those restrictions pose great challenges for CubeSat propulsion systems, as typical space propulsion systems utilize combinations of high pressures, high energy densities, and hazardous materials. Beyond the restrictions set forth by
1616:(VCLS), which will offer a payload mass of 30 kg to 60 kg for each launcher. Five months later, in October 2015, NASA awarded a total of $ 17.1 million to three separate startup launch companies for one flight each: $ 6.9 million to
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pin which cuts all power to prevent operation during loading into the P-POD. Additionally, a deployment switch is actuated while the craft is loaded into a P-POD, cutting power to the spacecraft and is deactivated after exiting the P-POD.
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either into space or into the cooler Earth's surface, if it is cooler than the spacecraft. All of these radiative heat sources and sinks are rather constant and very predictable, so long as the CubeSat's orbit and eclipse time are known.
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The low cost of CubeSats has enabled unprecedented access to space for smaller institutions and organizations but, for most CubeSat forms, the range and available power is limited to about 2 W for its communications antennae.
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capable of advanced operations near and beyond the Moon. Teams competed for a variety of prizes in lunar orbit or deep space. 10 CubeSats from different teams were launched to cislunar space as secondary payloads on board the
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invented the CubeSat, they never imagined that the tiny satellites would be adopted by universities, companies and government agencies around the world. They simply wanted to design a spacecraft with capabilities similar to
436:, and activation of active thermal control components. CubeSat computers are highly susceptible to radiation and builders will take special steps to ensure proper operation in the high radiation of space, such as the use of
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rocket, carrying and later deploying four CubeSats. For CubeSat applications beyond Earth's orbit, the method of deploying the satellites from the primary payload will also be adopted. Eleven CubeSats were launched on the
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1028:, that push their construction cost into the millions of dollars, but a basic 1U CubeSat can cost about $ 50,000 to construct. This makes CubeSats a viable option for some schools, universities, and small businesses.
1640:). The payloads for the three flights under the VCLS contract have not yet been assigned. Other small satellite launch systems are under development that would carry CubeSats alongside a small payload, including the
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to ensure that components unsupported by the P-POD remain structurally sound throughout the launch. Despite rarely undergoing the analysis that larger satellites do, CubeSats rarely fail due to mechanical issues.
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CubeSat structures do not have all the same strength concerns as larger satellites do, as they have the added benefit of the deployer supporting them structurally during launch. Still, some CubeSats will undergo
210:(4 in × 3 in × 1 in), a size that was not conducive to covering all sides of the spacecraft with solar cells. Inspired by a 4 in (10 cm) cubic plastic box used to display
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Hodges, R. E.; Chahat, N.; Hoppe, D. J.; Vacchione, J. D. (2017-01-01). "A Deployable High-Gain Antenna Bound for Mars: Developing a new folded-panel reflectarray for the first CubeSat mission to Mars".
727:. Many of these technologies can be made small enough for use in nanosatellites, and several methods are in development. Types of electric propulsion currently being designed for use in CubeSats include
132:, launched either by universities, state-owned, or private companies. The searchable Nanosatellite and CubeSat Database lists over 4,000 CubeSats that have been or are planned to be launched since 1998.
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Unlike full-sized spacecraft, CubeSats can be delivered as cargo to, and deployed by the International Space Station. This presents an alternative method of achieving orbit apart from deployment by a
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before launch. Such testing provides a larger degree of assurance than full-sized satellites can receive, since CubeSats are small enough to fit inside of a thermal vacuum chamber in their entirety.
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was launched and was the first CubeSat able to transmit live video from orbit, also the first 1U CubeSat to achieve more than 100 watts of power as installed capacity. Later in November same year
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The need for such a small-factor satellite became apparent in 1998 as a result of work done at Stanford University's Space System Development Laboratory. At SSDL, students had been working on the
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that graduate student could design, build, test and operate. For size, the professors settled on a ten-centimeter cube because it was large enough to accommodate a basic communications payload,
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Space Systems Development Laboratory, developed the CubeSat specifications to promote and develop the skills necessary for the design, manufacture, and testing of small satellites intended for
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Chahat, N.; Hodges, R. E.; Sauder, J.; Thomson, M.; Rahmat-Samii, Y. (2017-01-01). "Deep Space Network Telecommunication CubeSat Antenna: Using the deployable Ka-band mesh reflector antenna".
1309:(MarCO); each one is a six-unit CubeSat, 14.4 in × 9.5 in × 4.6 in (37 cm × 24 cm × 12 cm). MarCO is an experiment, but not necessary for the
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202:" had resulted in the development of a launcher system that was "hopelessly complicated" and could only be made to work "most of the time". With the project's delays mounting, Twiggs sought
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lander, separated after launch and then traveled in their own trajectories to Mars. After separation, both MarCO spacecraft deployed two radio antennas and two solar panels. The high-gain,
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Chahat, N.; Hodges, R. E.; Sauder, J.; Thomson, M.; Peral, E.; Rahmat-Samii, Y. (2016-06-01). "CubeSat Deployable Ka-Band Mesh Reflector Antenna Development for Earth Science Missions".
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2032:"Space Is Very Big. Some of Its New Explorers Will Be Tiny. – The success of NASA's MarCO mission means that so-called cubesats likely will travel to distant reaches of our solar system"
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Due to size and weight constraints, common CubeSats flying in LEO with body-mounted solar panels have generated less than 10 W. Missions with higher power requirements can make use of
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On October 5, 2015, AAUSAT5 (Aalborg University, Denmark), was deployed from the ISS. launched in the framework of the "Fly Your Satellite!" programme of the European Space Agency.
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As noted in the linked article, Interorbital promised its Neptune 45 – intended to carry ten CubeSats, among other cargo – would launch in 2011, but as of 2014 it had yet to do so.
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Different CubeSat components possess different acceptable temperature ranges, beyond which they may become temporarily or permanently inoperable. Satellites in orbit are heated by
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375:, and other materials may be used for the structure if a waiver is obtained. Beyond cold welding, further consideration is put into material selection as not all materials can be
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that adhere to the standards described in the CubeSat design specification. Cal Poly published the standard in an effort led by aerospace engineering professor Jordi Puig-Suari.
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in most systems, which makes cold gas the simplest useful propulsion technology. Cold gas propulsion systems can be very safe since the gases used do not have to be volatile or
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920:, claiming a 7× boost in range—potentially able to reach the Moon—but questions linger concerning survivability after micrometeor impacts. JPL has successfully developed
520:. Attitude-control modules and solar panels typically feature built-in magnetorquers. For CubeSats that only need to detumble, no attitude determination method beyond an
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techniques in small satellites include specific component placement based on expected thermal output of those components and, rarely, deployed thermal devices such as
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rocket. This was the largest number of CubeSats (and largest volume of 24U) orbited on a single launch so far, made possible by the new NPS CubeSat Launcher system (
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While nearly all CubeSats are deployed from a launch vehicle or the International Space Station, some are deployed by the primary payloads themselves. For example,
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has been commercially launching foreign CubeSats since 2009 as secondary payloads. On 15 Feb 2017, ISRO set the world record by launching 103 CubeSats on board its
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AESP-14 takes an opportunity of Kibo's paid utilization and is deployed by Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation (JAMSS) at the request of Brazilian Space Agency.
1568:(JAMSS) are two recent companies that offer commercial launch services for CubeSats as secondary payload, but a launch backlog still exists. Additionally, India's
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can largely be ignored and standard consumer grade electronics may be used. Consumer electronic devices can survive LEO radiation for that time as the chance of a
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and have a total area of 32 m (340 sq ft). This test will allow a full checkout of the satellite's systems in advance of the main 2016 mission.
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funding that resulted in the redesign of the launching mechanism into a simple pusher-plate concept with the satellites held in place by a spring-loaded door.
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of the CCP is to provide students with direct hands on experience in the space industry, while preparing them to enter into a career in the space domain.
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1112:(University of Vigo and INTA, Spain). The CubeSats were launched in the framework of the "Vega Maiden Flight" opportunity of the European Space Agency.
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to Earth during entry and landing. This is the first flight of CubeSats outside of the Earth's direct orbit. The mission CubeSat technology is called
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on October 4, 2012, as a technology demonstration of small satellite deployment from the ISS. They were launched and delivered to ISS as a cargo of
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lists over 2,000 CubeSats that have been launched since 1998. One of the earliest CubeSat launches was on 30 June 2003 from Plesetsk, Russia, with
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428:. Tasks which the primary computer typically handles include the delegation of tasks to the other computers, attitude control, calculations for
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The Request for Proposals (RFP) for the QB50 CubeSat was released on February 15, 2012. Two "precursor" QB50 satellites were launched aboard a
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Cubesats use antennas for communication purpose at UHF and S-band. To venture farther in the solar system, larger antennas compatible with the
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679:) for which motors are being or have been designed. A "Water Electrolysis Thruster" is technically a chemical propulsion system, as it burns
1126:) developed at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). The CubeSats were: SMDC-ONE 2.2 (Baker), SMDC-ONE 2.1 (Able), AeroCube 4.0(x3), Aeneas,
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with a form factor of 10 cm (3.9 in) cubes. CubeSats have a mass of no more than 2 kg (4.4 lb) per unit, and often use
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constellation of Earth-imaging CubeSats. Of the other five, two are from other US-based companies, two from Lithuania, and one from Peru.
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A total of thirty-three CubeSats were deployed from the ISS on February 11, 2014. Of those thirty-three, twenty-eight were part of the
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mechanisms that would deploy the panels when commanded. CubeSats may not be powered between launch and deployment, and must feature a
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Athirah, Nur; Afendi, Mohd; Hafizan, Ku; Amin, N.A.M.; Majid, M.S. Abdul (2014). "Stress and Thermal Analysis of CubeSat Structure".
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by implementing multiple primary computers; this could be done on valuable missions to lessen the risk of mission failure. Consumer
215:
summer of 1999 and then at the Japan–U.S. Science, Technology and Space Applications Program (JUSTSAP) conference in November 1999.
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5405:
4739:
180:. The CubeSat, as initially proposed, did not set out to become a standard; rather, it became a standard over time by a process of
4087:
2807:
6816:
6771:
6573:
2660:"Enhancing the electrical and mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelet composites for 3D printed microsatellite structures"
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348:
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has constructed and launched two smaller form CubeSats of 0.5U for radiation measurement and technological demonstration, while
6821:
6655:
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6495:
6165:
6064:
5110:"Spaceflight Partners with Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation (JAMSS) to Launch Eight CubeSats on the JAXA Astro-H Mission"
1387:
1017:
CubeSat forms a cost-effective independent means of getting a payload into orbit. After delays from low-cost launchers such as
5459:
5434:
5378:
3292:
502:. Combinations of these systems are typically seen in order to take each method's advantages and mitigate their shortcomings.
6804:
6431:
6264:
6059:
3653:
Hodges, R. E.; Chahat, N. E.; Hoppe, D. J.; Vacchione, J. D. (2016-06-01). "The Mars Cube One deployable high gain antenna".
1573:
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saw a unique deployment process, when it was deployed by hand during a spacewalk on the International Space Station in 2014.
1565:
789: (also called light sails or photon sails) are a form of spacecraft propulsion using the
4494:
1115:
On September 13, 2012, eleven CubeSats were launched from eight P-PODs, as part of the "OutSat" secondary payload aboard a
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launch vehicle in February 2016, but due to the unavailability of the launch vehicle, 36 satellites were launched aboard
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58:
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mission, to add relay communications to space missions in important time durations, in this case from the time of
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957:
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762:, which relies on an electromagnetic field to act as a sail instead of a solid material. This technology used an
464:
342:
The number of joined units classifies the size of CubeSats and according to the CubeSat Design Specification are
263:
827:
6690:
6620:
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6518:
6443:
6130:
6115:
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4120:
1581:
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Care must be taken in electronics selection to ensure the devices can tolerate the radiation present. For very
198:(Orbiting Picosatellite Automatic Launcher) microsatellite since 1995. OPAL's mission to deploy daughter-ship "
50:
4153:
956:'s engineers developed several deployable high-gain antennas compatible with 6U-class CubeSats for MarCO and
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6610:
6513:
6410:
6387:
6202:
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stationary Mars lander included two CubeSats to fly by Mars to provide additional relay communications from
1212:
1084:
On February 13, 2012, three P-POD deployers containing seven CubeSats were placed into orbit along with the
1042:
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successfully deployed on a Falcon Heavy rocket in 2019, while one CubeSat that was planned to launch on the
579:
562:
384:
108:
4911:
3081:
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P-PODs (Poly-PicoSatellite Orbital Deployers) were designed with CubeSats to provide a common platform for
637:
systems use a chemical reaction to produce a high-pressure, high-temperature gas that accelerates out of a
6710:
6685:
6640:
6523:
6415:
6392:
6018:
5943:
5798:
5192:
1984:
1802:
1116:
1001:
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directly and reflected off Earth, as well as heat generated by the craft's components. CubeSats must also
736:
433:
219:
3524:
2508:
1768:
877:
Deployable high-gain mesh reflector antenna operating at Ka-band (27–40 GHz) for the radar in a CubeSat (
556:. The biggest challenge with CubeSat propulsion is preventing risk to the launch vehicle and its primary
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on 6 December 2015 from where it was deployed on 16 May 2016. It is the first mission launched in the
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for CubeSats, but their deployment and pointing systems are significantly more complex. For example,
861:
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611:
364:
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290:
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Because of tumbling and low power range, radio-communications are a challenge. Many CubeSats use an
574:
methods that allow smaller than fully on thrust, which is important for precision maneuvers such as
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6080:
5684:
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3453:
2132:
1756:
1713:
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819:(NEA Scout). The CubeSat was declared lost when communications were not established within 2 days.
808:
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85:
2059:
2005:
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3006:
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2036:
790:
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315:
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267:
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2249:
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launched in the framework of the "Fly Your Satellite!" programme of the European Space Agency.
6847:
5709:
5667:
4676:
4528:
4045:
3957:
3905:
3806:
3741:
3666:
3565:
3525:"Optimization of CubeSat System-Level Design and Propulsion Systems for Earth-Escape Missions"
2996:
2679:
2093:
1700:
1649:
1621:
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antenna is a flat panel to direct radio waves. MarCO navigated to Mars independently from the
1138:
1085:
977:
969:
901:
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solar arrays that deploy as soon as the satellite is released, as well as arrays that feature
744:
638:
595:
541:
408:
Like larger satellites, CubeSats often feature multiple computers handling different tasks in
351:
as the deployer to prevent jamming. Specifically, allowed materials are four aluminum alloys:
277:
104:
62:
34:
5251:
4726:
4429:"The Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer (MinXSS) » Minimum mission success criteria met"
4267:
4237:
2710:
1660:
rocket. In addition to conventional launch vehicles and facilitators like KSF Space, several
1550:
CubeSats, whether on all launches or only on specific launches, two examples as of 2015 were
723:
typically uses electric energy to accelerate propellant to high speed, which results in high
6345:
5863:
4606:
4124:
3949:
3897:
3798:
3733:
3658:
3555:
3547:
2988:
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2706:
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2192:
2120:
1812:
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1177:
1123:
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724:
641:. Chemical propellant can be liquid, solid or a hybrid of both. Liquid propellants can be a
575:
517:
507:
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devices. Further considerations are made for operation in high vacuum due to the effects of
169:
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149:
119:
mission, where two CubeSats were launched towards Mars in May 2018 alongside the successful
115:
and beyond are planning to use CubeSats. The first CubeSats in deep space were flown in the
77:
2536:
2298:
1342:
entry, descent and landing (EDL) in November 2018, the lander transmitted telemetry in the
460:
103:
Functions typically involve experiments that can be miniaturized or serve purposes such as
6475:
5803:
2837:
1874:
1633:
1490:
1154:
1104:(Warsaw University of Technology, Poland), Robusta (University of Montpellier 2, France),
989:
945:
658:
607:
566:
503:
307:
89:
46:
4025:
578:. CubeSats which require longer life also benefit from propulsion systems; when used for
5413:
5138:
4095:
3945:
3893:
3729:
3543:
2752:
1509:
5808:
2811:
1704:
1657:
1525:
1514:
1482:
1444:"Fly Your Satellite!" is the ongoing CubeSats programme of the Education Office of the
1208:
897:
763:
623:
479:
66:
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6105:
6046:
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1764:
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built with commercial measuring tape. For more demanding needs, some companies offer
759:
748:
712:
634:
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545:
421:
256:
229:
In 2017, this standardization effort led to the publication of ISO 17770:2017 by the
211:
199:
116:
5530:– lists over 2,000 CubeSats that have been and are planned to be launched since 1998
4933:
3969:
3917:
3753:
3680:
2432:
1485:
on June 19, 2014. All 50 CubeSats were supposed to be launched together on a single
1233:. It was launched on 20 May 2015 from Florida. Its four sails are made of very thin
565:, various technical challenges further reduce the usefulness of CubeSat propulsion.
3111:
1470:
1267:) set a record with the launch of 104 satellites on a single rocket. The launch of
984:
Components used to ensure the temperature requirements are met in CubeSats include
873:
747:. Several notable CubeSat missions plan to use electric propulsion, such as NASA's
732:
487:
483:
372:
255:
CubeSats were launched for maritime surveillance, the largest yet at the time. The
5608:
3474:
2413:"Launch of NASA's next Mars mission delayed until at least 2018 | Spaceflight Now"
1536:
are developing means of constructing CubeSats on the International Space Station.
511:
of thrusters or magnetorquers. Thrusters can provide large moments by imparting a
4885:
4211:
2297:
Technical Committee ISO/TC 20/SC 14 (Space systems and operations) (June 2017).
2270:
Technical Committee ISO/TC 20/SC 14 (Space systems and operations) (June 2017).
1612:
to develop a class of rockets designed to launch very small satellites: the NASA
1584:
also offer launch services for CubeSats. SpaceX beat the record in 2021 with the
1096:
Space (Politecnico di Torino, Italy), Goliat (University of Bucharest, Romania),
5639:
5592:
3239:
2675:
2634:
1728:
1637:
1226:
1197:
1162:
1074:
1025:
1005:
804:
798:
794:
343:
54:
5467:
5038:
3499:
3317:
3271:
6365:
5274:"NASA Hosts Media Call on Draft Solicitation for New Class of Launch Services"
4240:[On Technical Verification of Releasing Small Satellites from "Kibo"]
3218:
3162:
2975:(2009). "Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engine Throttling: A Comprehensive Review".
2128:
1827:
1617:
1589:
1555:
1230:
1189:
1176:, which was launched April 21, 2013 on the maiden flight of Orbital Sciences'
836:
786:
771:
654:
553:
491:
468:
445:
437:
327:
270:
has built and deployed a constellation of over one hundred 0.25U CubeSats for
223:
173:
157:
140:
81:
5547:
5406:"Interplanetary Nano-Spacecraft Pathfinder in Relevant Environment (INSPIRE)"
4532:
3961:
3953:
3909:
3901:
3745:
3737:
3662:
3569:
3186:
2683:
5063:
4180:
2992:
2509:"Educational Payload on the Vega Maiden Flight – Call For CubeSat Proposals"
2224:
2165:
1796:
1774:
1741:
1529:
1486:
1433:
1150:
1077:
and DTUSat, the Japanese XI-IV and CUTE-1, the Canadian Can X-1, and the US
1046:
812:
755:
671:
599:
525:
311:
252:
181:
5244:"NASA Solicitations: VENTURE CLASS LAUNCH SERVICE – VCLS, SOL NNK15542801R"
5039:"The Space Review: Reusability and other issues facing the launch industry"
242:
the rest of the launch vehicle and payloads. Encapsulation of the launcher–
5571:
5214:"Sky Skimmer: Rocket Lab Sets Date for Lightweight Spacecraft Test Launch"
3802:
3699:"Dr. Nacer Chahat Interview on High-gain deployable antennas for CubeSats"
3560:
2271:
839:
to convert solar light to electricity that is then stored in rechargeable
5833:
4860:
4706:
3862:
2785:
2613:
1465:
QB50 is a proposed international network of 50 CubeSats for multi-point,
1268:
1193:
1181:
1109:
1078:
933:
878:
680:
646:
603:
571:
449:
188:
69:. As of December 2023, more than 2,300 CubeSats have been launched.
5564:
5166:
2984:
2947:
1211:
also transmitted live video from orbit. Both CubeSats were built by the
17:
5576:
4652:"Announcement of Partnership Opportunity for CubeSat Launch Initiative"
4472:
4296:
3655:
2016 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI)
2137:
1749:
1724:
1498:
1297:
1289:
1219:
1146:
1119:
1097:
925:
767:
557:
368:
177:
121:
4816:
310:(LEO) in which atmospheric reentry would occur in just days or weeks,
5818:
3551:
3344:"Meet LightSail 2, The Planetary Society's new solar sailing CubeSat"
3137:
2585:"Space Radiation Effects on Electronic Components in Low Earth Orbit"
2481:"Swarm gets green light from FCC for its 150-satellite constellation"
1669:
1561:
1473:(90–350 km) and re-entry research. QB50 is an initiative of the
1325:
1165:, and an ISS astronaut prepared the deployment mechanism attached to
1142:
1101:
1093:
997:
921:
684:
299:
295:
185:
4495:"India sets record with launch of 104 satellites on a single rocket"
1196:
in CubeSats. The fourth was a 3U satellite, called Dove-1, built by
5354:
4417:
NASA Briefing to Committee on Achieving Science Goals with CubeSats
4117:"EUROCKOT Successfully Launches MOM – Rockot hits different Orbits"
2323:
506:
are commonly utilized for their ability to impart relatively large
303:
ensure consistent signal and power arrangements to prevent damage.
3368:"LightSail 2 Spacecraft Successfully Demonstrates Flight by Light"
2299:"ISO 17770:2017 Space systems — Cube satellites (CubeSats); Scope"
1822:
1786:
1692:
1687:
1508:
1404:
1279:
1234:
1127:
1041:
1024:
Some CubeSats have complicated components or instruments, such as
913:
872:
826:
704:
698:
615:
459:
367:. Aluminum used on the structure which contacts the P-POD must be
276:
203:
139:
94:
30:
29:
4345:"Planet Labs CubeSats Deployed from ISS with Many More To Follow"
2977:
45th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit
4656:
4632:
4245:
3089:
2188:"Satellite pioneer joins Morehead State's space science faculty"
1753:
1745:
1717:
1605:
1569:
1264:
1252:
1131:
831:
Winglet solar panels increase surface area for power generation.
662:
112:
5612:
1092:
rocket launched from French Guiana. The CubeSats launched were
778:
in that the craft only needs to supply electricity to operate.
259:(MarCO) mission in 2018 launched two 6U cubesats towards Mars.
5907:
4442:
4391:
4145:
1494:
1343:
973:
448:
have been used for computing in some CubeSats, such as NASA's
4372:"It's Official: LightSail Test Flight Scheduled for May 2015"
670:
because their simplicity allows them to be very small. Small
622:, though some systems opt to feature dangerous gases such as
6636:
R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
3839:"Interview: Nacer Chahat Designs Antennas for Mars CubeSats"
1735:
as the primary payload launched on the maiden flight of the
1100:(Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary),
5492:"CubeSat concept – eoPortal Directory – Satellite Missions"
1927:
1332:
lander, making their own course adjustments on the flight.
191:, and approximately 75 CubeSats had entered orbit by 2012.
176:
with capabilities similar to that of the first spacecraft,
1263:
On February 15, 2017, Indian Space Research Organisation (
5588:
5520:
3293:"Lunar IceCube to Take on Big Mission from Small Package"
614:
to produce thrust. Operation is handled by just a single
57:
and structure. CubeSats are deployed into orbit from the
5331:"NASA Picks New Rocket Rides to Launch Small Satellites"
5298:"NASA Issues Request for Proposals for Cubesat Launches"
4553:"NASA Prepares for First Interplanetary CubeSat Mission"
5460:"NPS CubeSat Launcher Design, Process And Requirements"
5064:"Commercial launch of SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket a success"
4839:"Two QB50 satellites with ham radio payloads delivered"
4447:"Student satellites fly freely on their orbit in_space"
4319:"Antares Test Launch "A-ONE Mission" Overview Briefing"
3791:
Chahat, Nacer (13 December 2020). Chahat, Nacer (ed.).
3624:"Inflatable antennae could give CubeSats greater reach"
1759:, also sent CubeSats beyond Earth orbit to use them as
1272:
Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates.
2979:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
1948:
5527:
2088:
Helvajian, Henry; Janson, Siegfried W., eds. (2008).
1767:
A and B, they are the first CubeSats sent beyond the
912:
are developing an inflatable dish antenna based on a
37:, a Norwegian CubeSat (10 cm (3.9 in) cube)
5237:
5235:
4959:"In-Space Satellite Construction May Be Coming Soon"
4521:"NASA Reschedules Mars InSight Mission for May 2018"
4295:(in Japanese). JAXA. October 5, 2012. Archived from
3995:. Southgate Amateur Radio News. 2013. Archived from
3402:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
2734:"The First One Hundred CubeSats: A Statistical Look"
1493:
on 18 April 2017 and subsequently deployed from the
815:) in November 2022 was set to use a solar sail: the
6780:
6735:
6719:
6504:
6424:
6344:
6248:
6201:
6073:
6045:
6017:
5957:
5905:
5862:
5717:
5708:
5660:
5540:
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (
1419:119 CubeSat missions from 66 unique organizations.
540:CubeSat propulsion has made rapid advancements in:
5139:"Brazilian AESP-14 CubeSat was deployed from Kibo"
3768:"A Box of 'Black Magic' to Study Earth from Space"
5193:"FOCUS: CubeSats — A Costing + Pricing Challenge"
4574:"NASA Prepares for First Interplanetary CubeSats"
4176:"Air Force Launches Secret Spy Satellite NROL-36"
4150:"Seven Cubesats launched on Vega's maiden flight"
4088:"Cubesats explained and why you should build one"
3523:Spangelo, Sara; Longmier, Benjamin (2015-04-20).
1830:, a similar but smaller format measuring 5x5x5 cm
4469:"India launches record 104 satellites at one go"
4210:. National Reconnaissance Office. Archived from
2083:
2081:
2079:
1497:. A dozen other CubeSats were manifested on the
184:. The first CubeSats launched in June 2003 on a
5565:CubeSat developer resources and regulatory data
5324:
5322:
4059:"After letdown, solar-sail project rises again"
3588:"Deployable Helical Antenna for Nano-Satellite"
1695:next to its P-POD before integration and launch
262:Smaller, non-standard form factors also exist;
6376:Timeline of first Earth observation satellites
5015:"NASA seeks launchers for smallest satellites"
4018:"Commercial Space Launch Schedule and Pricing"
3581:
3579:
3422:"Status Update: Artemis 1's SmallSat Missions"
3391:McNutt, Leslie; Castillo-Rogez, Julie (2014).
2912:"Small Spacecraft Technology State of the Art"
2277:International Organization for Standardization
2060:"Tiny 'Cubesats' Gaining Bigger Role in Space"
1792:Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program
231:International Organization for Standardization
172:to design, build, test and operate in space a
5624:
3718:IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
1731:, a 3U CubeSat. This was done again with the
1108:(University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy), and
8:
6812:Timeline of first images of Earth from space
5534:Yeh, Jack; Revay, David; Delahunt, Jackson.
5008:
5006:
3446:"CubeSats: Power System and Budget Analysis"
99:Yearly launched CubeSats as of December 2023
4985:"NASA CubeSat Launch Initiative Selections"
4764:"Call for proposals: Fly Your Satellite! 4"
2090:Small Satellites: Past, Present, and Future
1799:, a similar concept applied to small rovers
5714:
5631:
5617:
5609:
4396:"AAUSAT5 CubeSat starts its space mission"
2503:
2501:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1245:Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat
4268:"「きぼう」からの小型衛星放出実証ミッションに係る搭載小型衛星の選定結果について"
3559:
2808:"Sinclair Interplanetary Reaction Wheels"
2161:"CubeSats: Tiny Spacecraft, Huge Payoffs"
2006:"Tiny Cubesats Set to Explore Deep Space"
1592:specializes in launching CubeSats on its
1229:is a 3U CubeSat prototype propelled by a
27:Miniature satellite in 10 cm cube modules
5304:. SpaceRef. 12 June 2015. Archived from
4908:"QB50-ISS CubeSats ready to be launched"
4605:. NASA. 23 February 2015. Archived from
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
218:The term "CubeSat" was coined to denote
5400:
5398:
4740:"Call for Proposals Fly Your Satellite"
4152:. European Space Agency. Archived from
3993:"OSSI-1 Amateur Radio CubeSat launched"
2860:"Sinclair Interplanetary Star Trackers"
2388:"MarCO: Planetary CubeSats Become Real"
2358:Mehrparvar, Arash (February 20, 2014).
2154:
2152:
2125:California Polytechnic State University
2092:. El Segundo, Calif.: Aerospace Press.
1840:
774:to produce thrust. It is similar to an
334:, which may result in mission failure.
154:California Polytechnic State University
74:California Polytechnic State University
4789:"What is the Canadian CubeSat Project"
3934:IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine
3882:IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine
3138:"HYDROS – Water Electrolysis Thruster"
2711:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.426
1970:
1968:
1928:"Nanosatellite & CubeSat Database"
1921:
1919:
1917:
1744:, placing them in the vicinity of the
1566:Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation
5355:"Garvey Spacecraft Corporation – NLV"
4787:Agency, Canadian Space (2018-05-02).
4514:
4512:
4266:Mitsumasa Takahashi (June 15, 2011).
4205:"NROL-36 Features Auxiliary Payloads"
3832:
3830:
3692:
3690:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3112:"Busek Green monopropellant thruster"
3076:
3074:
3022:
3020:
2834:"Sinclair Interplanetary Sun Sensors"
2537:"PCI/104-Express – PC/104 Consortium"
2220:"CubeSat losses spur new development"
1172:Four CubeSats were deployed from the
7:
6193:Spaceflight-related human fatalities
4046:"Space Is Open For Business, Online"
3057:"Propulsion Unit for Cubesats (PUC)"
2782:"Maryland Aerospace Reaction Wheels"
2732:Swartwout, Michael (December 2013).
1860:
1858:
1856:
1848:CubeSat Design Specification Rev. 13
1421:Educational Launch of Nanosatellites
1320:MarCO launched in May 2018 with the
1276:2018 InSight mission: MarCO CubeSats
1069:. The CubeSats were injected into a
1059:Nanosatellite & Cubesat Database
5599:Open Source CubeSat Workshop (OSCW)
5528:CubeSat Database and Nanosatellites
1850:, The CubeSat Program, Cal Poly SLO
952:(X-band and Ka-band) are required.
281:Scientist holding a CubeSat chassis
6745:Communications satellite companies
5171:Indian Space Research Organisation
4628:"NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative"
4343:Debra Werner (February 11, 2014).
3622:Chu, Jennifer (6 September 2015).
3595:Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems
3028:"Spacecraft Propulsion – Chemical"
2030:Stirone, Shannon (18 March 2019).
1808:Israeli Nano Satellite Association
1600:Future and proposed launch systems
1588:carrying 143 spacecraft to orbit.
1317:atmospheric entry to its landing.
1157:) were placed into orbit from the
440:. Some satellites may incorporate
25:
6790:First orbital launches by country
5595:-platform for developing CubeSats
5116:. 5 November 2014. Archived from
4370:Davis, Jason (January 26, 2015).
4324:. Orbital Sciences. 17 April 2013
4236:Kuniaki Shiraki (March 2, 2011).
3532:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
2186:Rob Goldsmith (October 6, 2009).
1977:"Tiny Satellites for Big Science"
1608:announced a program based at the
1049:CubeSats being launched from the
848:on the order of several hundred.
168:in 1999 with the aim of enabling
6817:Timeline of longest spaceflights
5584:from the original on 2021-12-21.
5272:Diller, George H. (7 May 2015).
4677:"NASA CubeSat Launch Initiative"
4664:from the original on 2022-12-25.
4640:from the original on 2023-06-27.
4347:. SpaceNews, Inc. Archived from
3264:"Busek Electrothermal Thrusters"
2971:Casiano, Matthew; Hulka, James;
2433:"AeroCube 6A, 6B (CubeRad A, B)"
2367:The CubeSat Program, CalPoly SLO
2058:Messier, Douglas (22 May 2015).
1949:"Nanosatellites by launch years"
1666:Generation Orbit Launch Services
1386:
1374:
1362:
349:coefficient of thermal expansion
130:countries' first-ever satellites
6822:Timeline of private spaceflight
6496:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
6356:Communications satellite firsts
5085:"CubeSATs launched with SpaceX"
4584:from the original on 2015-07-17
3420:Dickinson, David (2022-12-06).
2887:"Pumkin's Colony I CubeSat Bus"
2699:Applied Mechanics and Materials
1761:relay communications satellites
1576:for various foreign companies.
1053:on the ISS on February 25, 2014
687:which it generates by on-orbit
610:and releases the gas through a
5458:Matthew Richard Crook (2009).
5329:Wall, Mike (14 October 2015).
3240:"Busek Electrospray Thrusters"
2360:"CubeSat Design Specification"
1898:"CubeSat Database – swartwout"
1574:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
1288:A and B during the descent of
1:
6757:Private spaceflight companies
5700:Rocket and missile technology
5242:Wolfinger, Rob (5 May 2015).
4519:Chang, Kenneth (2016-03-09).
3342:Davis, Jason (1 March 2016).
3163:"Busek Hall Effect Thrusters"
2910:Frost, Chad (February 2014).
2885:Kalman, Andrew (4 Nov 2009).
2658:Thomas, Daniel (2021-11-01).
1926:Kulu, Erik (28 August 2020).
1664:vehicles are in the works by
1632:); and $ 4.7 million to
1614:Venture Class Launch Services
582:a propulsion system can slow
6371:Earth observation satellites
6226:Cumulative spacewalk records
4065:. 2009-11-10. Archived from
3697:Chahat, Nacer (2017-02-22).
3318:"Mars missions on the cheap"
1867:Cubesat Design Specification
53:(COTS) components for their
6795:First satellites by country
5435:"The Potential of CubeSats"
5379:"The Potential of CubeSats"
5013:Dean, James (16 May 2015).
4238:"「きぼう」からの小型衛星放出に係る技術検証について"
3393:"Near-Earth Asteroid Scout"
3082:"Aerojet CubeSat Thrusters"
2921:. NASA Ames. Archived from
2741:Journal of Small Satellites
2676:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102215
1975:Prachi Patel (2010-07-12).
1818:Nanosatellite Launch System
1586:Transporter-1 (spaceflight)
1393:Earth and Moon (9 May 2018)
1348:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1295:The May 2018 launch of the
1249:International Space Station
1159:International Space Station
711:will be used to propel the
59:International Space Station
6864:
6486:Medium-lift launch vehicle
6287:Objects at Lagrange points
5604:NEN CubeSat Support (NASA)
4293:"「きぼう」日本実験棟からの小型衛星放出ミッション"
3500:"Lithium Battery Failures"
2117:. 2012-08-13. p. 30.
1703:. P-PODs are mounted to a
1469:measurements in the lower
1188:to demonstrate the use of
1167:Japanese Experiment Module
1134:, CINEMA, and Re (STARE).
1051:NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer
1035:
994:spacecraft thermal control
797:launched in 2010, and the
500:GPS receivers and antennas
128:Some CubeSats have become
6491:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
6481:Small-lift launch vehicle
6270:Landings on other planets
5647:
5570:Murphey, Stephen (2012).
5464:Naval Postgraduate School
1624:); $ 5.5 million to
1501:C38 mission in May 2017.
1440:ESA "Fly Your Satellite!"
1414:CubeSat Launch Initiative
1284:An artist's rendering of
958:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
817:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
465:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
274:communication services.
264:The Aerospace Corporation
6772:Spacecraft manufacturers
6307:leaving the Solar System
5167:"ISRO launches CubeSats"
4121:Eurockot Launch Services
3954:10.1109/MAP.2017.2655561
3902:10.1109/MAP.2017.2655576
3738:10.1109/TAP.2016.2546306
3663:10.1109/APS.2016.7696473
1452:Canadian Cubesat Project
1247:is a 3U launched to the
1073:and included the Danish
1063:Eurockot Launch Services
932:and Radar in a CubeSat (
760:electric solar-wind sail
677:hydroxylammonium nitrate
563:launch service providers
467:concept: a controllable
51:commercial off-the-shelf
6186:timeline by nationality
5652:Timeline of spaceflight
4882:"QB50 launch campaigns"
4841:. AMSAT-UK. 4 May 2014.
4449:. European Space Agency
4398:. European Space Agency
2457:"SpaceBEE 10, ..., 180"
1540:Existing launch systems
1369:Mars (24 November 2018)
1213:Ecuadorian Space Agency
1180:. Three of them are 1U
992:for the battery. Other
928:high-gain antennas for
737:pulsed plasma thrusters
570:also not have room for
385:launch service provider
6805:Constellation missions
6432:Orbital launch systems
6324:Timeline of satellites
6265:Interplanetary voyages
5496:directory.eoportal.org
5062:Stephen Clark (2009).
5043:www.thespacereview.com
4987:. NASA. Archived from
4699:"Cube Quest Challenge"
3794:CubeSat Antenna Design
3657:. pp. 1533–1534.
3586:Ochoa, Daniel (2014).
3452:. 2015. Archived from
3142:Tethers Unlimited, Inc
3116:Busek Space Propulsion
2664:Additive Manufacturing
2218:Leonard David (2006).
2159:Leonard David (2004).
1803:Cubesat Space Protocol
1696:
1672:(in the form of their
1654:Nanosat Launch Vehicle
1521:
1517:rocket launching from
1410:
1292:
1117:United Launch Alliance
1067:Multiple Orbit Mission
1054:
1002:thermal vacuum chamber
986:multi-layer insulation
978:cool by radiating heat
882:
832:
741:electrospray thrusters
716:
472:
282:
145:
100:
38:
6720:Launches by spaceport
6329:Sample-return mission
5843:Civilian spaceflight
4603:"InSight Mars Lander"
4377:The Planetary Society
4092:DIY Space Exploration
3803:10.1002/9781119692720
3450:DIY Space Exploration
3348:The Planetary Society
3187:"Busek Ion Thrusters"
2866:on September 24, 2015
2814:on September 24, 2015
2589:DIY Space Exploration
2516:European Space Agency
1981:Astrobiology Magazine
1733:Cygnus Mass Simulator
1710:University of Toronto
1691:
1644:series of rockets by
1626:Firefly Space Systems
1512:
1505:Launch and deployment
1446:European Space Agency
1408:
1381:Mars (2 October 2018)
1346:radio band to NASA's
1283:
1174:Cygnus Mass Simulator
1071:Sun-synchronous orbit
1045:
916:skin inflated with a
876:
841:lithium-ion batteries
830:
776:electrodynamic tether
729:Hall-effect thrusters
702:
689:electrolysis of water
463:
280:
164:proposed the CubeSat
143:
98:
76:(Cal Poly) professor
33:
6444:Sounding rocket list
6383:Geosynchronous orbit
6319:Missions to the Moon
6091:by year of selection
5559:'GitHub' for science
4857:Von Karman Institute
4299:on November 13, 2012
4217:on February 17, 2013
4148:(13 February 2012).
3479:The CubeSat Cookbook
3215:www.mars-space.co.uk
2928:on February 26, 2015
2840:on November 17, 2015
1674:Small Launch Vehicle
1646:Interorbital Systems
1610:Kennedy Space Center
1475:Von Karman Institute
1186:Ames Research Center
1019:Interorbital Systems
862:remove-before-flight
709:gridded ion thruster
496:angular rate sensors
144:1U CubeSat structure
6781:Other mission lists
6762:Rocket launch sites
6736:Agencies, companies
6032:Crewed Spaceflights
5690:Spaceflight records
5642:lists and timelines
5572:"what are cubesats"
5536:"CubeSats projects"
5191:Jos Heyman (2009).
4938:Gunter's Space Page
4888:on 20 December 2016
4813:"QB50 CubeSat List"
4727:Fly Your Satellite!
4156:on 13 November 2013
3946:2017IAPM...59...39H
3894:2017IAPM...59...31C
3863:"NEA Scout mission"
3730:2016ITAP...64.2083C
3544:2015JSpRo..52.1009S
3059:. CU Aerospace, LLC
2985:10.2514/6.2009-5135
2753:2013JSSat...2..213S
2565:www.cubesatshop.com
2461:Gunter's Space Page
2200:on November 3, 2013
2133:Stanford University
2113:"Cubist Movement".
1881:. 2020. p. 12.
1714:University of Tokyo
1662:air launch to orbit
1088:satellite aboard a
1006:Temperature sensors
809:Space Launch System
721:electric propulsion
695:Electric propulsion
635:Chemical propulsion
630:Chemical propulsion
550:electric propulsion
546:chemical propulsion
522:angular rate sensor
397:structural analysis
162:Stanford University
86:Stanford University
6843:Satellites by type
6681:Thor DM-21 Agena-B
6671:Thor DM-18 Agena-A
6584:Falcon 9 and Heavy
6280:artificial objects
6231:Longest spacewalks
5794:Vostok and Voskhod
4991:on 23 October 2016
4525:The New York Times
4497:. 15 February 2017
4475:. 15 February 2017
4394:(9 October 2015).
4048:, rocketlabusa.com
3092:on August 23, 2015
3086:Aerojet Rocketdyne
2762:on 8 December 2015
2639:space.skyrocket.de
2616:. NASA. 2009-08-09
2614:"Whisker Failures"
2437:space.skyrocket.de
2246:"NASA – GeneSat-1"
2037:The New York Times
1716:), or the J-SSOD (
1701:secondary payloads
1697:
1638:LauncherOne rocket
1596:from New Zealand.
1547:secondary payloads
1522:
1411:
1293:
1203:On April 26, 2013
1055:
964:Thermal management
950:Deep Space Network
918:sublimating powder
902:high-gain antennae
883:
869:Telecommunications
833:
791:radiation pressure
717:
665:. The benefits of
590:Cold gas thrusters
473:
393:vibration analysis
320:radiation-hardened
316:single event upset
283:
268:Swarm Technologies
146:
101:
63:secondary payloads
39:
6830:
6829:
6244:
6243:
5725:Crewed spacecraft
5710:Human spaceflight
5668:Space exploration
5439:www.planetary.org
5383:www.planetary.org
5359:www.garvspace.com
5145:. 5 February 2015
5066:. Spaceflight Now
4793:www.asc-csa.gc.ca
4445:(26 April 2016).
4203:NRO (June 2012).
3837:By (2017-02-22).
3672:978-1-5090-2886-3
3426:Sky&Telescope
3372:www.planetary.org
3324:. USA. 5 May 2014
3002:978-1-60086-972-3
2541:PC/104 Consortium
2487:. 18 October 2019
2392:www.planetary.org
2328:Nanosats Database
2099:978-1-884989-22-3
1769:Earth–Moon system
1650:Garvey Spacecraft
972:emitted from the
811:'s first flight (
645:passed through a
598:typically stores
596:cold gas thruster
494:, Earth sensors,
430:orbital maneuvers
170:graduate students
105:Earth observation
84:, a professor at
61:, or launched as
16:(Redirected from
6855:
6162:Space travelers
6158:Space scientists
6146:African American
5715:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5610:
5585:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5546:. Archived from
5524:
5523:
5521:Official website
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5472:
5466:. Archived from
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5412:. Archived from
5402:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5326:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5250:. Archived from
5239:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5089:Citizen Inventor
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:. 12 August 2015
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4910:. Archived from
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4884:. Archived from
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4859:. Archived from
4849:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4815:. Archived from
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4705:. Archived from
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4580:. 12 June 2015.
4578:www.jpl.nasa.gov
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4516:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
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4480:
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4407:
4405:
4403:
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4382:
4381:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4351:on March 9, 2014
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
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4272:
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4257:
4256:
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4252:
4243:
4233:
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4224:
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4216:
4209:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4123:. Archived from
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4094:. Archived from
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4024:. Archived from
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3877:
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3870:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
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3834:
3825:
3824:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3724:(6): 2083–2093.
3713:
3707:
3706:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3650:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3597:. Archived from
3592:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3552:10.2514/1.A33136
3538:(4): 1009–1020.
3529:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3504:www.mpoweruk.com
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3442:
3436:
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3407:
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3379:
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3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3322:The Space Review
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3270:. Archived from
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3217:. Archived from
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3159:
3153:
3152:
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3149:
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3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3088:. Archived from
3078:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3034:. Archived from
3024:
3015:
3014:
2993:2060/20090037061
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2916:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2862:. Archived from
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2836:. Archived from
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2810:. Archived from
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2788:on July 16, 2015
2784:. Archived from
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2755:. Archived from
2738:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2591:. Archived from
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
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2477:
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2468:
2467:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2411:Clark, Stephen.
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2272:"ISO 17770:2017"
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2248:. Archived from
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2196:. Archived from
2193:Space Fellowship
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2121:Jordi Puig-Suari
2119:When professors
2110:
2104:
2103:
2085:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1983:. Archived from
1972:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1902:sites.google.com
1894:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1813:List of CubeSats
1390:
1378:
1366:
1356:Views from MarCO
1341:
1184:built by NASA's
1169:'s robotic arm.
1038:List of CubeSats
853:attitude control
725:specific impulse
608:pressurized tank
476:Attitude control
456:Attitude control
426:data compression
418:image processing
414:attitude control
308:low Earth orbits
166:reference design
150:Jordi Puig-Suari
78:Jordi Puig-Suari
21:
6863:
6862:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6782:
6776:
6737:
6731:
6715:
6666:Thor DM-18 Able
6574:Delta IV Medium
6506:
6500:
6476:Sounding rocket
6420:
6347:
6340:
6251:
6240:
6197:
6171:by first flight
6069:
6041:
6013:
5953:
5901:
5858:
5704:
5656:
5643:
5637:
5569:
5553:
5551:
5533:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5510:
5509:
5500:
5498:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5443:
5441:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5419:
5417:
5404:
5403:
5396:
5387:
5385:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5363:
5361:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5339:
5337:
5328:
5327:
5320:
5311:
5309:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5282:
5280:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5257:
5255:
5241:
5240:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5198:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5176:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5148:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5123:
5121:
5120:on 9 March 2015
5108:
5107:
5103:
5094:
5092:
5091:. 18 April 2014
5083:
5082:
5078:
5069:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5047:
5045:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5023:
5021:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4983:Galica, Carol.
4982:
4981:
4977:
4968:
4966:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4940:
4932:Krebs, Gunter.
4931:
4930:
4926:
4917:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4866:
4864:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4797:
4795:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4772:
4770:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4748:
4746:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4712:
4710:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4675:Galica, Carol.
4674:
4673:
4669:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4612:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4587:
4585:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4558:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4537:
4535:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4431:. 12 July 2016.
4427:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4244:(in Japanese).
4241:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4130:
4128:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4101:
4099:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4072:
4070:
4069:on May 18, 2015
4057:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4031:
4029:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3847:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3813:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3673:
3652:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3484:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3327:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3277:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3003:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2952:www.tethers.com
2946:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2598:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2324:"Cubesat types"
2321:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1875:San Luis Obispo
1870:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1783:
1686:
1634:Virgin Galactic
1622:Electron rocket
1604:On 5 May 2015,
1602:
1542:
1507:
1491:Cygnus CRS OA-7
1463:
1454:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1339:
1278:
1137:Five CubeSats (
1040:
1034:
1015:
966:
946:Low Earth Orbit
944:Traditionally,
942:
891:omnidirectional
871:
825:
784:
697:
667:monopropellants
632:
592:
567:Gimbaled thrust
538:
504:Reaction wheels
480:reaction wheels
458:
406:
377:used in vacuums
340:
289:No electronics
239:
138:
90:low Earth orbit
47:small satellite
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6861:
6859:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6767:Space agencies
6764:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6741:
6739:
6738:and facilities
6733:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6656:Thor and Delta
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6569:Delta IV Heavy
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6510:
6508:
6507:by rocket type
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6446:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6402:Magnetospheric
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6346:Earth-orbiting
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6289:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6176:by nationality
6173:
6168:
6160:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5963:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5913:
5911:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5721:
5719:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5586:
5567:
5562:
5531:
5525:
5514:
5513:External links
5511:
5508:
5507:
5483:
5450:
5426:
5394:
5370:
5346:
5318:
5289:
5264:
5254:on 18 May 2015
5231:
5220:. May 17, 2017
5205:
5183:
5158:
5130:
5101:
5076:
5054:
5030:
5002:
4975:
4950:
4924:
4899:
4873:
4844:
4830:
4819:on 17 May 2018
4804:
4779:
4755:
4731:
4719:
4690:
4667:
4643:
4619:
4594:
4565:
4555:. 12 June 2015
4544:
4508:
4486:
4460:
4434:
4420:
4409:
4383:
4362:
4335:
4310:
4284:
4258:
4228:
4195:
4167:
4137:
4108:
4079:
4050:
4038:
4009:
3984:
3975:
3923:
3872:
3854:
3826:
3811:
3783:
3759:
3708:
3686:
3671:
3640:
3614:
3575:
3561:2027.42/140416
3515:
3491:
3481:. 9 March 2010
3466:
3437:
3412:
3383:
3359:
3334:
3309:
3284:
3255:
3231:
3202:
3178:
3154:
3129:
3103:
3070:
3048:
3016:
3001:
2963:
2939:
2902:
2877:
2851:
2825:
2799:
2773:
2724:
2689:
2650:
2626:
2605:
2576:
2552:
2528:
2497:
2472:
2448:
2424:
2403:
2379:
2339:
2314:
2289:
2262:
2237:
2210:
2178:
2148:
2144:and a battery.
2105:
2098:
2075:
2050:
2022:
1997:
1964:
1940:
1913:
1884:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1705:launch vehicle
1685:
1682:
1601:
1598:
1541:
1538:
1526:launch vehicle
1506:
1503:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1441:
1438:
1428:
1425:
1415:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1277:
1274:
1209:NEE-02 Krysaor
1178:Antares rocket
1036:Main article:
1033:
1030:
1014:
1011:
970:radiative heat
965:
962:
941:
938:
898:dipole antenna
870:
867:
824:
821:
783:
780:
764:electric field
696:
693:
643:monopropellant
631:
628:
624:sulfur dioxide
591:
588:
537:
534:
528:is necessary.
524:or electronic
518:turning moment
457:
454:
412:including the
405:
402:
339:
336:
332:metal whiskers
238:
235:
220:nanosatellites
200:picosatellites
137:
134:
67:launch vehicle
45:is a class of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6860:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6800:NASA missions
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:and timelines
6779:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6727:Satish Dhawan
6725:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6503:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6445:
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6151:Ibero-America
6149:
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5988:
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5983:Spaceflights
5982:
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5956:
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5928:Spaceflights
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5909:
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5876:Spaceflights
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5600:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5550:on 2020-07-29
5549:
5545:
5543:
5537:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5473:on 2012-08-25
5469:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5451:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5416:on 2019-07-25
5415:
5411:
5410:JPL | CubeSat
5407:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5308:on 2015-06-14
5307:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5279:
5275:
5268:
5265:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5195:. SatMagazine
5194:
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5134:
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5090:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5065:
5058:
5055:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5020:
5019:Florida Today
5016:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4976:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4925:
4914:on 2020-07-29
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4863:on 2015-04-02
4862:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4845:
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4834:
4831:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4794:
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4780:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4709:on 2016-07-26
4708:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4678:
4671:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4609:on 2015-06-13
4608:
4604:
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4444:
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4424:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4402:September 28,
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4336:
4320:
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4285:
4269:
4262:
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4239:
4232:
4229:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4196:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4127:on 2010-03-03
4126:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4098:on 2015-10-13
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4028:on 2015-10-16
4027:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
3999:on 2015-09-24
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3940:(99): 39–49.
3939:
3935:
3927:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3888:(99): 31–38.
3887:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3869:. 2015-10-30.
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3812:9781119692584
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
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3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3604:on 2016-05-13
3600:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
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3533:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3456:on 2015-05-22
3455:
3451:
3447:
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3427:
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3394:
3387:
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3349:
3345:
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3335:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3274:on 2015-12-08
3273:
3269:
3268:www.busek.com
3265:
3259:
3256:
3245:
3244:www.busek.com
3241:
3235:
3232:
3221:on 2015-12-08
3220:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3192:
3191:www.busek.com
3188:
3182:
3179:
3168:
3167:www.busek.com
3164:
3158:
3155:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3038:on 2015-10-04
3037:
3033:
3032:www.sv.vt.edu
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
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2700:
2693:
2690:
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2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2595:on 2015-10-27
2594:
2590:
2586:
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2577:
2566:
2562:
2556:
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2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2252:on 2021-11-14
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2095:
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2084:
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2080:
2076:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2012:. 11 May 2015
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1987:on 2020-11-20
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1918:
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1899:
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1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:deployed the
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1675:
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1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:ISC Kosmotras
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1534:Made in Space
1531:
1527:
1520:
1519:ISC Kosmotras
1516:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:Mars Cube One
1304:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:NEE-01 Pegaso
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:UniCubeSat-GG
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1032:Past missions
1031:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
979:
975:
971:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
939:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:
887:
880:
875:
868:
866:
863:
859:
858:thermal knife
854:
849:
845:
842:
838:
835:CubeSats use
829:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:in May 2015.
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
749:Lunar IceCube
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:ion thrusters
730:
726:
722:
714:
713:Lunar IceCube
710:
706:
701:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
587:
585:
584:orbital decay
581:
580:orbit keeping
577:
573:
568:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
535:
533:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:star trackers
486:, thrusters,
485:
484:magnetorquers
481:
477:
470:
466:
462:
455:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:data analysis
419:
415:
411:
403:
401:
398:
394:
388:
386:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
297:
292:
287:
279:
275:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
257:Mars Cube One
254:
248:
245:
236:
234:
232:
227:
225:
221:
216:
213:
212:Beanie Babies
207:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
142:
135:
133:
131:
126:
124:
123:
118:
114:
110:
109:amateur radio
106:
97:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
19:
6471:Upper stages
6360:
6312:lunar probes
6250:Solar System
6236:Spacewalkers
6221:2015–present
6181:billionaires
5906:
5777:2021–present
5742:Spaceflights
5575:
5558:
5552:. Retrieved
5548:the original
5539:
5499:. Retrieved
5495:
5486:
5475:. Retrieved
5468:the original
5453:
5442:. Retrieved
5438:
5429:
5418:. Retrieved
5414:the original
5409:
5386:. Retrieved
5382:
5373:
5362:. Retrieved
5358:
5349:
5338:. Retrieved
5334:
5310:. Retrieved
5306:the original
5301:
5292:
5281:. Retrieved
5277:
5267:
5256:. Retrieved
5252:the original
5247:
5222:. Retrieved
5217:
5208:
5197:. Retrieved
5186:
5175:. Retrieved
5170:
5161:
5153:
5147:. Retrieved
5142:
5133:
5122:. Retrieved
5118:the original
5113:
5104:
5093:. Retrieved
5088:
5079:
5068:. Retrieved
5057:
5046:. Retrieved
5042:
5033:
5022:. Retrieved
5018:
4993:. Retrieved
4989:the original
4978:
4967:. Retrieved
4962:
4953:
4941:. Retrieved
4937:
4927:
4916:. Retrieved
4912:the original
4902:
4890:. Retrieved
4886:the original
4876:
4865:. Retrieved
4861:the original
4847:
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4817:the original
4807:
4796:. Retrieved
4792:
4782:
4771:. Retrieved
4767:
4758:
4747:. Retrieved
4743:
4734:
4722:
4711:. Retrieved
4707:the original
4702:
4693:
4681:. Retrieved
4670:
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1630:Alpha rocket
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6606:H-II and H3
6549:Delta DM-19
6539:Black Brant
6252:exploration
6027:Expeditions
5967:Expeditions
5917:Expeditions
5872:Expeditions
5640:Spaceflight
5593:Open source
5218:Space Daily
5114:Spaceflight
4768:www.esa.int
4303:December 1,
4160:February 3,
4022:Spaceflight
3475:"Batteries"
2973:Yang, Vigor
2948:"PowerCube"
2766:28 November
2705:: 426–430.
2303:www.iso.org
1953:nanosats.eu
1763:. Known as
1729:NanoSail-D2
1227:LightSail-1
1198:Planet Labs
1163:Kounotori 3
1075:AAU CubeSat
1026:LightSail-1
837:solar cells
805:LightSail-2
799:LightSail-1
795:NanoSail-D2
787:Solar sails
766:to deflect
745:resistojets
715:6U CubeSat.
554:solar sails
492:Sun sensors
446:smartphones
371:to prevent
324:sublimation
148:Professors
55:electronics
6837:Categories
6750:comparison
6676:Thor DM-18
6661:Thor-Agena
6616:Long March
6534:Atlas LV3C
6529:Atlas LV3B
6449:Spacecraft
6437:Comparison
6366:PocketQube
6348:satellites
6126:Cosmonauts
6081:Astronauts
6037:Spacewalks
5999:Spacewalks
5944:Spacewalks
5892:Spacewalks
5852:Suborbital
5735:by program
5695:Space Race
5685:Spacecraft
5554:2016-02-18
5501:2015-10-19
5477:2009-12-30
5444:2019-03-12
5420:2019-03-12
5388:2019-03-12
5364:2015-12-13
5340:2015-10-15
5312:2015-06-15
5283:2015-05-16
5258:2015-05-16
5199:2009-12-30
5177:2015-05-22
5149:2015-05-22
5124:2015-05-22
5095:2015-05-22
5070:2010-07-13
5048:2015-12-21
5024:2015-05-16
4995:18 October
4969:2015-10-21
4918:2020-07-15
4892:7 December
4867:2015-03-30
4798:2022-04-02
4773:2022-04-02
4749:2016-09-28
4713:2016-08-01
4683:18 October
4613:2015-06-12
4588:2015-06-12
4559:2015-06-12
4538:2016-04-28
4184:. Sep 2012
4131:2010-07-26
4102:2015-10-18
4073:2015-10-18
4032:2015-10-18
4003:2014-07-07
3848:2017-02-25
3777:2017-01-22
3634:2015-05-21
3608:2015-05-21
3509:2015-10-20
3485:2015-10-20
3460:2015-05-22
3431:2023-04-23
3406:2015-05-13
3377:2020-02-29
3353:2016-03-01
3328:2015-05-21
3303:2015-09-01
3278:2015-11-27
3249:2015-11-27
3225:2015-11-27
3196:2015-11-27
3172:2015-11-27
3148:2015-06-10
3042:2015-11-26
2957:2015-11-26
2747:(2): 213.
2670:: 102215.
2644:2015-10-18
2620:2015-11-05
2599:2015-11-05
2570:2015-10-22
2546:2015-10-22
2522:2008-12-07
2491:2022-04-12
2485:TechCrunch
2466:2022-04-12
2442:2015-10-18
2418:2016-02-23
2397:2016-02-23
2333:2022-04-12
2308:2023-05-15
2283:2023-05-15
2256:2017-02-11
2231:2008-12-11
2204:2010-09-20
2172:2008-12-07
2129:Bob Twiggs
2115:Space News
2069:2015-05-23
2016:2015-10-20
1991:2015-10-20
1958:2024-01-05
1907:2015-10-19
1835:References
1828:PocketQube
1712:), T-POD (
1684:Deployment
1656:, and the
1618:Rocket Lab
1590:Rocket Lab
1556:Sea Launch
1231:solar sail
782:Solar sail
772:solar wind
602:, such as
576:rendezvous
572:throttling
536:Propulsion
469:solar sail
442:redundancy
434:scheduling
328:outgassing
224:Bob Twiggs
174:spacecraft
158:Bob Twiggs
82:Bob Twiggs
6696:V-2 tests
6594:2020–2022
6589:2010–2019
6564:Delta III
6216:2000–2014
6211:1965–1999
6065:Rollbacks
5829:Gaganyaan
5772:2011–2020
5767:2001–2010
5762:1991–2000
5757:1981–1990
5752:1971–1980
5747:1961–1970
5589:LibreCube
5544:) network
5335:Space.com
4963:Space.com
4934:"PSLV-XL"
4533:0362-4331
4453:April 26,
4221:March 21,
4188:March 21,
4181:Space.com
4063:msnbc.com
3962:1045-9243
3910:1045-9243
3821:242921969
3797:. Wiley.
3746:0018-926X
3570:0022-4650
3011:111415930
2719:110559952
2684:2214-8604
2635:"CubeSat"
2372:March 25,
2225:Space.com
2166:Space.com
2064:Space.com
2010:Space.com
1933:5 January
1797:CubeRover
1775:Chasqui I
1742:Artemis 1
1530:NanoRacks
1487:Cyclone-4
1436:in 2022.
1434:Artemis 1
1427:Artemis 1
1409:NanoRacks
1182:PhoneSats
1151:TechEdSat
1047:NanoRacks
813:Artemis 1
756:ESTCube-1
672:hydrazine
620:corrosive
600:inert gas
526:gyroscope
450:PhoneSats
404:Computing
338:Structure
312:radiation
253:Perseus-M
182:emergence
125:mission.
72:In 1999,
6848:CubeSats
6651:Starship
6621:Minotaur
6579:Delta IV
6559:Delta II
6544:Electron
6505:Launches
6464:heaviest
6454:uncrewed
6425:Vehicles
6361:CubeSats
6302:orbiters
6260:Timeline
6121:European
6060:Missions
6019:Tiangong
6009:Deployed
6004:Visitors
5992:uncrewed
5977:Visiting
5949:Visitors
5937:uncrewed
5897:Visitors
5885:uncrewed
5834:Spacelab
5824:Shenzhou
5730:timeline
5678:timeline
5582:Archived
4943:March 9,
4823:20 April
4703:NASA.gov
4662:Archived
4638:Archived
4582:Archived
4355:March 8,
4328:18 April
4277:June 18,
4251:March 4,
3970:35388830
3918:25220479
3867:NASA.gov
3843:Hackaday
3772:NASA/JPL
3754:31730643
3703:Hackaday
3681:27368017
3628:MIT News
3211:"PPTCUP"
2043:18 March
1781:See also
1594:Electron
1582:Eurockot
1401:Programs
1269:PSLV-C37
1194:avionics
1110:XaTcobeo
1079:Quakesat
940:Antennas
934:RaInCube
894:monopole
879:RaInCube
758:used an
719:CubeSat
681:hydrogen
659:oxidizer
655:combusts
647:catalyst
604:nitrogen
542:cold gas
410:parallel
369:anodized
344:scalable
189:Eurockot
18:CubeSats
6691:Tsyklon
6554:Delta 1
6519:Antares
6166:by name
6111:Chinese
6106:Mercury
6086:by name
6047:Shuttle
5847:Orbital
5839:Artemis
5804:Mercury
5789:Russian
5718:General
5673:outline
5661:General
5577:YouTube
4744:esa.int
4473:Reuters
3942:Bibcode
3890:Bibcode
3726:Bibcode
3540:Bibcode
3118:. Busek
2749:Bibcode
2138:Sputnik
1750:InSight
1737:Antares
1725:FASTSAT
1642:Neptune
1499:PSLV-XL
1467:in-situ
1337:InSight
1335:During
1330:InSight
1322:InSight
1315:InSight
1311:InSight
1303:InSight
1298:InSight
1290:InSight
1220:Flock-1
1147:We-Wish
1130:, CP5,
1120:Atlas V
1098:MaSat-1
998:louvers
990:heaters
926:Ka-band
768:protons
606:, in a
558:payload
508:moments
471:CubeSat
438:ECC RAM
244:payload
186:Russian
178:Sputnik
136:History
122:InSight
43:CubeSat
35:Ncube-2
6706:Vulcan
6626:Proton
6611:Kosmos
6514:Ariane
6459:crewed
6398:Kosmos
6297:active
6292:Probes
6275:rovers
6136:Muslim
6101:Gemini
6096:Apollo
6074:People
5987:crewed
5932:crewed
5880:crewed
5864:Salyut
5819:Skylab
5814:Apollo
5809:Gemini
5784:Soviet
5224:22 May
5173:. 2009
4853:"QB50"
4679:. NASA
4531:
4273:. JAXA
3968:
3960:
3916:
3908:
3819:
3809:
3752:
3744:
3679:
3669:
3568:
3299:. 2015
3144:. 2015
3063:26 Nov
3009:
2999:
2717:
2682:
2518:. 2008
2096:
1757:lander
1670:Boeing
1562:SpaceX
1340:'s
1326:X band
1143:Niwaka
1124:NPSCuL
1102:PW-Sat
1094:e-st@r
922:X-band
743:, and
707:BIT-3
685:oxygen
661:and a
653:which
639:nozzle
612:nozzle
552:, and
513:couple
498:, and
424:, and
363:, and
330:, and
300:pinout
296:PC/104
237:Design
6711:Zenit
6686:Titan
6641:Scout
6524:Atlas
6131:women
6116:Asian
6055:Crews
5799:Soyuz
5471:(PDF)
4322:(PDF)
4271:(PDF)
4242:(PDF)
4215:(PDF)
4208:(PDF)
3966:S2CID
3914:S2CID
3817:S2CID
3750:S2CID
3677:S2CID
3630:. USA
3602:(PDF)
3591:(PDF)
3528:(PDF)
3396:(PDF)
3007:S2CID
2926:(PDF)
2915:(PDF)
2890:(PDF)
2760:(PDF)
2737:(PDF)
2715:S2CID
2561:"FAQ"
2512:(PDF)
2363:(PDF)
1871:(PDF)
1823:OSCAR
1787:AMSAT
1765:MarCO
1693:CSSWE
1658:SPARK
1515:Dnepr
1286:MarCO
1235:Mylar
1139:Raiko
1128:CSSWE
1086:Lares
1013:Costs
930:MarCO
914:mylar
823:Power
770:from
705:Busek
649:, or
616:valve
204:DARPA
117:MarCO
65:on a
6701:Vega
6631:PSLV
6601:GSLV
6411:TDRS
6388:GOES
6334:Mars
6141:Arab
5542:STEM
5302:NASA
5278:NASA
5248:NASA
5226:2017
5143:JAXA
4997:2016
4945:2017
4894:2016
4825:2017
4729:ESA.
4685:2016
4657:NASA
4633:NASA
4529:ISSN
4503:2017
4481:2017
4455:2016
4404:2016
4357:2014
4330:2013
4305:2012
4279:2011
4253:2011
4246:JAXA
4223:2013
4190:2013
4162:2014
3958:ISSN
3906:ISSN
3807:ISBN
3742:ISSN
3667:ISBN
3566:ISSN
3400:NASA
3297:NASA
3124:2015
3098:2015
3065:2015
2997:ISBN
2934:2015
2919:NASA
2897:2015
2872:2015
2846:2015
2820:2015
2794:2015
2768:2015
2680:ISSN
2374:2017
2127:and
2094:ISBN
2045:2019
1935:2024
1754:Mars
1752:, a
1746:Moon
1718:JAXA
1668:and
1606:NASA
1580:and
1570:ISRO
1564:and
1554:and
1532:and
1461:QB50
1265:ISRO
1253:NASA
1243:The
1225:The
1132:CXBN
1090:Vega
1057:The
988:and
924:and
908:and
754:The
703:The
683:and
663:fuel
365:5052
361:5005
357:6061
353:7075
196:OPAL
156:and
113:Moon
80:and
6646:SLS
6416:USA
6406:NRO
6393:GPS
6203:EVA
5972:ESA
5959:ISS
5922:ESA
5908:Mir
5591:an
4443:ESA
4392:ESA
4146:ESA
3950:doi
3898:doi
3799:doi
3734:doi
3659:doi
3556:hdl
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2981:doi
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