Knowledge (XXG)

Cullin

Source đź“ť

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Zheng N, Schulman BA, Song L, Miller JJ, Jeffrey PD, Wang P, Chu C, Koepp DM, Elledge SJ, Pagano M, Conaway RC, Conaway JW, Harper JW, Pavletich NP (April 2002). "Structure of the Cul1-Rbx1-Skp1-F boxSkp2 SCF ubiquitin ligase complex".
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core of CRLs consists of a RING protein and a cullin family member. For Cul1, the C-terminal cullin-homology domain binds the RING protein. The RING protein appears to function as a docking site for ubiquitin-conjugating
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subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome; both CUL9 and ANAPC2 have ubiquitin ligase activity. The N-terminal region of cullins is more variable, and is used to
272: 151: 1472: 662: 962: 1782: 1537: 1254: 1148: 1729: 1775: 2387: 1677: 829:"Structure of the Cand1-Cul1-Roc1 complex reveals regulatory mechanisms for the assembly of the multisubunit cullin-dependent ubiquitin ligases" 2699: 436:
for ubiquitin-mediated destruction; as such, they are diverse in terms of composition and function, regulating many different processes from
99: 1643: 1194: 2605: 1465: 485: 955: 638: 516:, which was originally found to be conjugated to Cdc53, a cullin component of the SCF (Skp1-Cdc53/CUL1-F-box protein) E3 Ub ligase 1744: 1798: 1749: 1998: 1739: 1633: 1756: 1582: 292: 171: 1458: 2211: 948: 920: 2156: 1264: 481: 1602: 1577: 1562: 1522: 501: 2692: 1724: 1719: 1692: 1405: 1108: 407: 1638: 1597: 1557: 1547: 1542: 1527: 2718: 1714: 1653: 1624: 1507: 1498: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1607: 1532: 1517: 2096: 1489: 934: 539: 522: 1587: 1567: 1552: 1512: 526:(Baker's yeast), and Nedd8 modification has now emerged as a regulatory pathway of fundamental importance for 280: 159: 2421: 1055: 2593: 1612: 1592: 1572: 2723: 2462: 1704: 513: 24: 2685: 1843: 1734: 1387: 1138: 276: 155: 1662: 785: 112: 1806: 558: 2452: 1820: 1400: 1205: 858: 809: 757: 707: 656: 551: 355: 320: 2122: 1395: 899: 850: 801: 749: 699: 644: 634: 611: 445: 363: 267: 146: 2669: 1450: 726: 2382: 2341: 2336: 2311: 2301: 2296: 2286: 2086: 1667: 924: 889: 840: 793: 741: 689: 601: 591: 508:
recognises and subsequently degrades a target protein tagged with K48-linked poly-ubiquitin
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Goldenberg SJ, Cascio TC, Shumway SD, Garbutt KC, Liu J, Xiong Y, Zheng N (November 2004).
259: 138: 2588: 1811: 517: 441: 417: 327:(CRLs) that are highly diverse and play a role in myriad cellular processes, most notably 789: 678:"cul-1 is required for cell cycle exit in C. elegans and identifies a novel gene family" 2135: 2130: 1709: 606: 579: 332: 694: 677: 2712: 1334: 531: 104: 761: 711: 221: 68: 2491: 2473: 1356: 862: 813: 255: 134: 2644: 2630: 1767: 233: 80: 2567: 2435: 1377: 1346: 543: 473: 346: 328: 845: 828: 2397: 1825: 1298: 1182: 971: 527: 505: 496:
With the exception of ANAPC2, each member of the cullin family is modified by
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structure of the cul1-rbx1-skp1-f boxskp2 scf ubiquitin ligase complex
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structure of the cul1-rbx1-skp1-f boxskp2 scf ubiquitin ligase complex
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Kipreos ET, Lander LE, Wing JP, He WW, Hedgecock EM (June 1996).
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CUL1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 5 and 7 each form part of a multi-subunit
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Pan ZQ, Kentsis A, Dias DC, Yamoah K, Wu K (March 2004).
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This article incorporates text from the public domain
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This article incorporates text from the public domain
2541: 2472: 2461: 2144: 2121: 2079: 1819: 1805: 1652: 1623: 1497: 1414: 1386: 1333: 1297: 1288: 1232: 1204: 1147: 1054: 981: 286: 266: 248: 243: 227: 215: 207: 202: 185: 165: 145: 127: 122: 98: 86: 74: 62: 54: 49: 32: 2693: 1783: 1466: 956: 338:The human genome contains eight cullin genes 8: 578:Bosu, Dimple R.; Kipreos, Edward T. (2008). 402:There is also a more distant member called 2700: 2686: 2469: 1816: 1790: 1776: 1768: 1473: 1459: 1451: 1294: 963: 949: 941: 661:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 461:contain a cullin-homology domain, such as 319:appear to have cullins. They combine with 240: 191: 119: 38: 1255:Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein 933:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 893: 844: 725:Petroski MD, Deshaies RJ (January 2005). 693: 605: 595: 23:, a mountain range in Scotland, or with 570: 654: 182: 29: 1538:D-alanine—poly(phosphoribitol) ligase 550:conjugation of a Nedd8 moiety onto a 7: 2654: 2652: 2672:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by 2606:Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein 1678:Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor 14: 186:Cullin protein neddylation domain 2656: 1644:Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase 633:(Sixth ed.). New York, NY. 500:and several cullins function in 502:Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis 2136:Mitochondrial targeting signal 1799:Posttranslational modification 1740:Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1634:Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase 1: 695:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81267-2 631:Molecular biology of the cell 629:Bruce, Alberts (2014-11-18). 504:, a process in which the 26S 424:Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases 325:Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases 244:Available protein structures: 123:Available protein structures: 2212:Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 538:. The only identified Nedd8 307:are a family of hydrophobic 16:Hydrophobic scaffold protein 2500:E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme 2157:Ubiquitin-activating enzyme 1265:Maturation promoting factor 2740: 2651: 2634: 2620: 2483:E1 SUMO-activating enzyme 1725:Holocarboxylase synthetase 1720:Argininosuccinate synthase 1693:Anaphase-promoting complex 1406:Postreplication checkpoint 846:10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.019 408:Anaphase-promoting complex 372:, part of CUL3-BTB complex 311:which provide support for 18: 1757:Glutamate–cysteine ligase 1715:Adenylosuccinate synthase 1508:Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase 239: 190: 118: 37: 2097:Survival of motor neuron 935:Medical Subject Headings 734:Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol 523:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 512:. Nedd8/Rub1 is a small 19:Not to be confused with 2463:Ubiquitin-like proteins 2422:Deubiquitinating enzyme 444:to limb patterning and 406:(or APC2), part of the 2668:-related article is a 1705:Glutathione synthetase 1388:Cell cycle checkpoints 895:10.1038/sj.onc.1207414 514:ubiquitin-like protein 428:Cullin-RING ubiquitin 1735:Asparagine synthetase 1639:Acetyl—CoA synthetase 1415:Other cellular phases 1139:CDK-activating kinase 597:10.1186/1747-1028-3-7 492:Modification by NEDD8 1663:Glutamine synthetase 398:, also known as PARC 1821:Heat shock proteins 790:2002Natur.416..703Z 329:protein degradation 1401:Spindle checkpoint 1206:P53 p63 p73 family 2681: 2680: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2123:Protein targeting 2117: 2116: 1765: 1764: 1656:: Carbon-Nitrogen 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1396:Restriction point 446:circadian rhythms 313:ubiquitin ligases 309:scaffold proteins 302: 301: 298: 297: 293:structure summary 181: 180: 177: 176: 172:structure summary 2731: 2719:Protein families 2702: 2695: 2688: 2660: 2653: 2470: 2383:Ubiquitin ligase 2149:(ubiquitylation) 2087:Alpha crystallin 1817: 1792: 1785: 1778: 1769: 1668:Ubiquitin ligase 1475: 1468: 1461: 1452: 1295: 965: 958: 951: 942: 925:Sanger Institute 908: 907: 897: 873: 867: 866: 848: 824: 818: 817: 772: 766: 765: 731: 722: 716: 715: 697: 673: 667: 666: 660: 652: 626: 620: 619: 609: 599: 575: 530:control and for 486:adaptor proteins 465:, also known as 241: 195: 183: 120: 42: 30: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2649: 2647: 2633: 2619: 2610: 2537: 2512:E3 SUMO ligase 2476: 2465: 2457: 2148: 2140: 2113: 2075: 2054: 2046: 1824: 1812:protein folding 1810: 1801: 1796: 1766: 1761: 1648: 1627:: Carbon-Sulfur 1619: 1501:: Carbon-Oxygen 1493: 1484:: CO CS and CN 1479: 1449: 1440: 1430: 1410: 1382: 1329: 1324: 1310: 1290: 1284: 1228: 1200: 1143: 1050: 977: 969: 931:Cullin+Proteins 917: 912: 911: 888:(11): 1985–97. 875: 874: 870: 826: 825: 821: 798:10.1038/416703a 784:(6882): 703–9. 774: 773: 769: 746:10.1038/nrm1547 729: 724: 723: 719: 675: 674: 670: 653: 641: 628: 627: 623: 577: 576: 572: 567: 494: 442:DNA replication 426: 198: 45: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2737: 2735: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2661: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2467: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2152: 2150: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2131:Signal peptide 2127: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2111: 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56: 52: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2736: 2725: 2724:Protein stubs 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477:(SUMOylation) 2475: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 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1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1149:CDK inhibitor 1146: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 989: 988: 986: 984: 980: 976: 973: 966: 961: 959: 954: 952: 947: 946: 943: 936: 932: 929: 926: 922: 921:Cullin family 919: 918: 914: 905: 901: 896: 891: 887: 883: 879: 872: 869: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 842: 839:(4): 517–28. 838: 834: 830: 823: 820: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 771: 768: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 728: 721: 718: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 691: 688:(6): 829–39. 687: 683: 679: 672: 669: 664: 658: 650: 646: 642: 640:9780815344322 636: 632: 625: 622: 617: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 589: 585: 584:Cell Division 581: 574: 571: 564: 562: 560: 557: 553: 549: 545: 542:are cullins. 541: 537: 533: 532:embryogenesis 529: 525: 524: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 491: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 468: 464: 460: 457:(E2s). Other 456: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 423: 421: 419: 416: 411: 409: 405: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 361: 357: 353: 350: 348: 344: 341: 340: 339: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321:RING proteins 318: 314: 310: 306: 294: 291: 289: 285: 282: 278: 274: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 254: 251: 247: 242: 238: 235: 232: 230: 226: 223: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 194: 189: 184: 173: 170: 168: 164: 161: 157: 153: 150: 148: 144: 140: 136: 133: 130: 126: 121: 117: 114: 110: 106: 103: 101: 97: 94: 91: 89: 85: 82: 79: 77: 73: 70: 67: 65: 61: 57: 53: 48: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 2674:expanding it 2663: 2648: 2474:SUMO protein 2392: 1730:GMP synthase 1672: 1357:Prometaphase 1274: 885: 881: 871: 836: 832: 822: 781: 777: 770: 737: 733: 720: 685: 681: 671: 630: 624: 587: 583: 573: 521: 495: 440:sensing and 427: 412: 401: 337: 324: 304: 303: 211:Cullin_Nedd8 2568:neddylation 1834:Hsp10/GroES 1826:Chaperonins 1378:Cytokinesis 1347:Preprophase 1291:checkpoints 740:(1): 9–20. 546:results in 544:Neddylation 470:cytoplasmic 356:ECS complex 347:SCF complex 203:Identifiers 50:Identifiers 2713:Categories 1860:Hsp40/DnaJ 1807:Chaperones 1603:Tryptophan 1578:Methionine 1563:Isoleucine 1523:Asparagine 1299:Interphase 1289:Phases and 972:Cell cycle 565:References 540:substrates 528:cell cycle 506:proteasome 476:, and the 354:, part of 345:, part of 317:eukaryotes 315:(E3). All 256:structures 135:structures 2645:IPR019559 2631:IPR001373 2146:Ubiquitin 2092:Clusterin 1598:Threonine 1558:Histidine 1548:Glutamine 1543:Glutamate 1528:Aspartate 1422:Apoptosis 1372:Telophase 1362:Metaphase 1157:INK4a/ARF 657:cite book 649:887605755 552:conserved 536:metazoans 450:catalytic 415:ubiquitin 362:- CUL2 - 360:Elongin C 234:IPR019559 93:PDOC00967 81:IPR001373 2641:InterPro 2627:InterPro 2426:Ataxin 3 1608:Tyrosine 1533:Cysteine 1518:Arginine 1492:6.1-6.3) 1367:Anaphase 1352:Prophase 975:proteins 927:website. 904:15021886 882:Oncogene 855:15537541 806:11961546 762:24159190 754:15688063 712:15805562 616:18282298 548:covalent 482:interact 459:proteins 434:proteins 364:SOCS-box 323:to form 273:RCSB PDB 229:InterPro 152:RCSB PDB 76:InterPro 2666:protein 2349:(CDC34) 1588:Proline 1568:Leucine 1553:Glycine 1513:Alanine 1486:ligases 1482:Enzymes 1436:Meiosis 1343:Mitosis 1335:M phase 1316:S phase 1183:cip/kip 863:1606360 814:4423882 786:Bibcode 704:8681378 607:2266742 559:residue 554:cullin 518:complex 472:anchor 455:enzymes 438:glucose 430:ligases 418:complex 305:Cullins 222:PF10557 88:PROSITE 69:PF00888 21:Cuillin 2393:Cullin 1673:Cullin 1613:Valine 1593:Serine 1573:Lysine 1275:Cullin 1161:p14arf 983:Cyclin 937:(MeSH) 902:  861:  853:  812:  804:  778:Nature 760:  752:  710:  702:  647:  637:  614:  604:  556:lysine 510:chains 478:ANAPC2 448:. The 404:ANAPC2 288:PDBsum 262:  252:  208:Symbol 167:PDBsum 141:  131:  113:SUPFAM 58:Cullin 55:Symbol 33:Cullin 2664:This 2584:ATG12 2574:FAT10 2564:NEDD8 2549:ISG15 2542:Other 2531:PIAS4 2526:PIAS3 2521:PIAS2 2516:PIAS1 2466:(UBL) 2448:BIRC6 2408:FANCL 2080:Other 2069:TRAP1 2038:Hsp90 1964:Hsp70 1853:GroEL 1849:HSP60 1844:Hsp47 1839:Hsp27 1683:UBE3A 1431:phase 1325:phase 1311:phase 1250:Cdc42 1245:Cdc25 1233:Other 1015:, B3) 859:S2CID 810:S2CID 758:S2CID 730:(PDF) 708:S2CID 590:: 7. 498:Nedd8 381:CUL4B 376:CUL4A 109:SCOPe 100:SCOP2 25:Culin 2670:stub 2639:and 2637:Pfam 2625:and 2623:Pfam 2599:UBL5 2589:FUB1 2579:ATG8 2559:UFM1 2554:URM1 2504:UBC9 2492:SAE2 2487:SAE1 2453:UFC1 2443:ATG3 2436:CYLD 2431:USP6 2413:UBR1 2403:MDM2 2202:SAE1 2197:NAE1 2192:ATG7 2187:UBA7 2182:UBA6 2177:UBA5 2172:UBA3 2167:UBA2 2162:UBA1 2107:SMN2 2102:SMN1 1698:UBR1 1688:Mdm2 1279:CUL7 1240:Cdc2 900:PMID 851:PMID 833:Cell 802:PMID 750:PMID 700:PMID 682:Cell 663:link 645:OCLC 635:ISBN 612:PMID 474:PARC 463:CUL9 396:CUL9 391:CUL7 386:CUL5 370:CUL3 352:CUL2 343:CUL1 281:PDBj 277:PDBe 260:ECOD 250:Pfam 217:Pfam 160:PDBj 156:PDBe 139:ECOD 129:Pfam 105:1ldj 64:Pfam 2594:MUB 2398:CBL 2388:VHL 2381:E3 2210:E2 2155:E1 2024:12A 1955:C19 1950:C14 1945:C13 1940:C11 1935:C10 1890:B11 1654:6.3 1625:6.2 1499:6.1 1270:Wee 1260:E2F 1224:p73 1219:p63 1214:p53 1195:p57 1191:p27 1187:p21 1177:p19 1173:p18 1169:p15 1165:p16 1119:11B 1114:11A 1056:CDK 890:doi 841:doi 837:119 794:doi 782:416 742:doi 690:doi 602:PMC 592:doi 534:in 520:in 467:p53 331:by 268:PDB 147:PDB 2715:: 2643:: 2629:: 2424:: 2368:V2 2363:V1 2353:R2 2347:R1 2342:Q2 2337:Q1 2317:L6 2312:L4 2307:L3 2302:L2 2297:L1 2287:J2 2282:J1 2267:G2 2262:G1 2257:E3 2252:E2 2247:E1 2242:D3 2237:D2 2232:D1 2064:ER 2029:14 1994:4L 1979:1L 1974:1B 1969:1A 1930:C7 1925:C6 1920:C5 1915:C3 1910:C1 1905:B9 1900:B6 1895:B4 1885:B2 1880:B1 1875:A3 1870:A2 1865:A1 1750:II 1490:EC 1193:, 1189:, 1175:, 1171:, 1167:, 1134:14 1129:13 1124:12 1109:10 1045:E2 1043:, 1041:E1 1031:D3 1029:, 1027:D2 1025:, 1023:D1 1013:B2 1011:, 1009:B1 999:A2 997:, 995:A1 923:- 898:. 886:23 884:. 880:. 857:. 849:. 835:. 831:. 808:. 800:. 792:. 780:. 756:. 748:. 736:. 732:. 706:. 698:. 686:85 684:. 680:. 659:}} 655:{{ 643:. 610:. 600:. 586:. 582:. 561:. 488:. 420:. 410:. 335:. 279:; 275:; 258:/ 158:; 154:; 137:/ 111:/ 107:/ 2701:e 2694:t 2687:v 2676:. 2570:) 2566:( 2373:Z 2358:S 2332:O 2327:N 2322:M 2292:K 2277:I 2272:H 2227:C 2222:B 2217:A 2059:β 2053:2 2051:α 2045:1 2043:α 2019:9 2014:8 2009:7 2004:6 1999:5 1989:4 1984:2 1851:/ 1823:/ 1809:/ 1791:e 1784:t 1777:v 1745:I 1488:( 1474:e 1467:t 1460:v 1429:0 1427:G 1374:) 1345:( 1323:2 1321:G 1309:1 1307:G 1281:) 1277:( 1197:) 1185:( 1179:) 1163:/ 1159:( 1104:9 1099:8 1094:7 1089:6 1084:5 1079:4 1074:3 1069:2 1064:1 1047:) 1039:( 1037:E 1033:) 1021:( 1019:D 1007:( 1005:B 1001:) 993:( 991:A 964:e 957:t 950:v 906:. 892:: 865:. 843:: 816:. 796:: 788:: 764:. 744:: 738:6 714:. 692:: 665:) 651:. 618:. 594:: 588:3 366:) 358:( 27:.

Index

Cuillin
Culin

Pfam
PF00888
InterPro
IPR001373
PROSITE
PDOC00967
SCOP2
1ldj
SCOPe
SUPFAM
Pfam
structures
ECOD
PDB
RCSB PDB
PDBe
PDBj
PDBsum
structure summary

Pfam
PF10557
InterPro
IPR019559
Pfam
structures
ECOD

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