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might have been the "author" of the document, the prevalent opinion today seems to be that the emperor himself took the initiative for the legislation, that the document was elaborated by the chancellery on the basis of negotiations between the emperor and the electors, and that it reflects on the whole the emperor's own policy. The personality of the man, however, who determined the German constitutional form for the next four and a half centuries is not yet seen quite clearly The qualities that made him one of the most successful statesmen on the imperial throne were unpopular qualities – unpopular in his own time, and unpopular also with later historians. He was a devout
Christian the figures of his two patrons, Charlemagne and Saint Wenceslas, were of equal influence in determining his conception of rulership as a Roman emperor and a king of Bohemia. His sensitiveness to history and tradition, however, was not romantic; he was a master of rational politics, averse to violent solutions when diplomacy could achieve results. He was a careful administrator and house-holder, and he was probably the only prince of his time who never lacked money. His financial resources he used circumspectly for political purposes and with a thoroughness that can be explained only by a profound contempt of human nature and by the experience that almost every man has his price. The curious mixture of devotional Christianity and rational statecraft, the assertion of imperial claims – he was the last emperor to be crowned as king of Burgundy – on the one hand and the construction of the empire as an oligarchy of the princes on the other, his position over or between the nations—these complexities are probably why one of the great Western statesmen has remained to this day in a relative historical obscurity.
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that
Charles IV's intention was to end contested royal elections (from the Luxembourghs' perspective, they also had the advantage that the King of Bohemia had a permanent and preeminent status as one of the Electors himself). Peter H.Wilson opines that the document was a compromise between emperor and princes, which helped stabilizing national politics and extending the Empire's existence, as part of the trend towards consensus politics. It also signified a break with Rome by linking the imperial dignity to the act of election in Germany rather than the coronation in Rome. Michael Lindner and Paul-Joachim Heinig opine that the Golden Bull depended on a set of contemporary political conditions and only gained it long-term structure-defining importance over the course of time. While Heinig sees the document as a complex compromise rather than representation of the formation of the Electoral College or imperial innovation, Lindner sees it as Charles's declaration of sovereignty against the Papacy.
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advisors (who were of high noble origins) and replace them with economic experts who were needed to fix the shattered economy. In recent times, the traditional dichotomy between
Charles (as the good king) and Wenceslaus (as the bad king, the good-for-nothing son who destroyed his father's inheritance) has been reviewed. While a completely reversed verdict is not formed, Wenceslaus is now seen in a more sympathetic light and some of his difficulties are traced back to problems arising from Charles's reign. Brady Jr. remarks that Charles's court's inability to deal with the great number of German-speaking immigrants in Bohemia (and the religious tensions this situation brought about) weakened public stability and decreased the chance for the Luxembourg imperial project's success. According to Brady, there was a contrast between the glittening, cultured court and the "reign of terrors" some commoners – mostly German immigrants alleged to be
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198:. According to Geary, "His autobiography, which describes the life of the pan-European aristocracy during his time, is one of the first true autobiographies of a layperson in the West." The work corresponds to the first thirty years of his life and also provides insights about Charles's concept of an ideal ruler.
319:
under the patronage of
Charles. The likeness of Charles in the St. Wenceslaus Chapel "focus on Charles mainly as a ruler of the Czech lands, emphasizing his continuity with the sainted king of the Czechs, St. Wenceslas." Crossley remarks that the St.Wenceslaus Chapel is the ideological nucleus of the
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The changes in the German political structure found their recognition and formalization in the Golden Bull of 1356, in the reign of
Charles IV (1347–1378). On the negotiations that determined the content of the instrument we have little information. After a period of suggestions and guesses as to who
80:
opines that
Charles governed well as emperor and king, and praised him for improving administration and commerce as well as providing relative peace. In 1978, Ferdinand Seibt wrote a sympathetic biography that affirms Charles's image as a clever diplomat, a restless worker and a prince of peace (that
307:
The Castle of
Karlstein houses the imperial treasury and his collection of relics, providing an abundant of images of the emperor himself. There are three representations of Charles in a famois frescoed triptych, and many donation-scenes. Another key image, emphasizing dynastic continuity as well,
166:
The emperor was once informed that a certain man had been seduced by his enemy with a large sum of money. Charles wrote to the man as the following: "I am sorry it has not been in your power to portion your daughter, who is now marriageable. Accept these 1,000 ducats for that purpose.” The man felt
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which reached the apex of political and cultural power under his reign. In the Holy Roman Empire, his Golden Bull of 1356 marked a point of change concerning the political structure of the Empire – some historians opine that this gave recognition to the victory of the particularism of the princes,
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failed to understand his father's style of ruling. Wihoda opines that based on Monnet's portrayal alone, Charles's much praised diplomacy skills did not appear that impressive and that
Wenceslaus had to bear the price of debt and isolation. In that context, Wenceslaus had to abandon Charles's old
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issued in 1356 by
Charles IV is the subject of debates: on one hand, it helped to restore peace in the lands of the Empire, that had been engulfed in civil conflicts after the end of the Hohenstaufen era; on the other hand, the "blow to central authority was unmistakable". Thomas Brady Jr. opines
59:
Charles IV's era has been remembered as the Golden Age of the Czech nation and he has been praised for bringing great cultural prosperity to
Bohemia – Prague became the center of the Holy Roman Empire and the "cultural capital of Eastern-Central Europe". He is widely considered to be the greatest
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A Bohemian citizen lent the emperor 100,000 ducats, and received from Charles IV a bond. The next day, this citizen invited the emperor and many from the imperial court to a banquet. When they brought the dessert to the table, the host ordered the bond to be placed inside a golden cup, which was
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called him "arch-stepfather of the Empire" (playing on the epithet "Father of the Fatherland" given to Charles at his funeral). Nevertheless, nineteenth century German historians in general neither glorified nor denigrated Charles's legacy, while the Czechs were careful not to let their hero be
735:
Karl IV. Kaiser von Gottes Gnaden : Kunst und Repräsentation des Hauses Luxemburg 1310-1437 ; [zur Ausstellung "Karl IV. - Kaiser von Gottes Gnaden. Kunst und Repräsentation unter den Luxemburgern 1347-1437" ... 16. Februar - 21. Mai 2006, Bildergalerie der Prager Burg ; The
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is model after Charles IV: the emperor, who has to struggle with a rival emperor and then distribute his powers to vassals, is portrayed with a "combination of luxurious ostentation and poverty" (and essential powerlessness). Goethe based his portrayal on
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appears on the so-called Coronation route of the Bohemian kings, on the gate tower of Charles Bridge. Charles also appears kneeling as a patron in several important images, among them the mosaic above the south (main) portal of St. Vitus.
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while others think of the document as an achievement that maintained balance of power in the Empire and brought a measure of peace. Recently, some darker aspects of his rule like religious persecution have also attracted attention.
1445:"Wenzel IV. (1361 – 1419). Neue Wege zu einem verschütteten König / New Approaches to a Superimposed King | H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften | Geschichte im Netz | History in the web"
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Die Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker, oder, Leben und Werke der berühmtesten Baumeister, Bildhauer, Maler, Kupferstecher, Formschneider, Lithographen etc. von den frühesten Kunstepochen bis zur Gegenwart
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presented to Charles, and gave this speech: "The other part of this repast, Sire, you share equally with the rest of my guests. This cup belongs to you only, and I must beg you to accept it as present."
2292:
1939:
PhD, Prof PhDr Lenka Bobková, CSc , Ing Ivana Dvořáková, Mgr Jakub Chaloupka, PhDr Kateřina Kubínová, PhD ,Mgr Pavel Martinovský, PhDr Kamil Štěpánek, CSc , Mgr et MgA Iva Vachková (2016).
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Charles's reputation as Holy Roman Emperor and German king is more controversial. In his lifetime, his opponents criticized his alliance with the papacy and dubbed him "the pope's king".
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was King of Bohemia (1346–1378) and Holy Roman Emperor (1355–1378). A powerful and intellectual ruler, Charles has been remembered for his munificient patronage, especially in the
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Charles was a generous patron of architecture. The most important buildings he built include the Castle of Karlstein, St. Vitus Cathedral and the Charles Bridge.
72:, Charles was "the greatest ruler of the German Late Middle Age" and "probably also the foremost among the great European kings of the late European century". In
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500:. In 2016, in commemoration of the 700th year of his birth, various exhibitions and events about the ruler's life were organized in Czech and Germany.
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he had strived to build for himself during his lifetime – Eva Schlotheuber notes that he chose this image because he lacked "knightly talents").
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The Charles Bridge displays the emperor's power, combining the shields of the Holy Roman Empire (with the eagle) and Bohemia (with the lion).
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structure and is so foreign to Parler's usual oeuvre that it can only be attributed to Charles's functional and ideological interests.
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is also an important work that displays the author's devotion to the "national saint" (Charles's original name was also Wenceslaus).
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Physical and personality traits of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia: A medical-anthropological investigation
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473:'s depiction, that recounts a story about Charles IV being detained by a butcher of Worms for failing to pay his expenses.
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Magister Theodoricus, Court Painter to Emperor Charles IV: The Pictorial Decoration of the Shrines at Karlstejn Castle
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Czech ruler (in a 2005 television competition, he also received the most votes as the greatest Czech overall).
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2195:
476:
1092:
Moraw, Peter (31 December 1993). "Rudolf von Habsburg: Der 'kleine' König im europäischen Vergleich".
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1061:
The Uses of the Middle Ages in Modern European States: History, Nationhood and the Search for Origins
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Kaiser Karl IV., 1316-2016: erste Bayerisch-Tschechische Landesausstellung : Ausstellungskatalog
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216:) is a collection of theological and moral reflections, especially on the virtues of a king.
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2257:"From Bavaria to Bohemia a joint exhibition will show Baroque art in a new light"
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The Power of Place: Rulers and Their Palaces, Landscapes, Cities, and Holy Places
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H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften
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2232:"700 Years of Charles IV – exhibition at the Lidice Memorial · #VisitCzechia"
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1198:"SEHEPUNKTE - Rezension von: Die Goldene Bulle - Ausgabe 10 (2010), Nr. 4"
1763:"The politics of presentation. The architecture of Charles IV of Bohemia"
407:
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Vademecum für Künstler und Kunstfreunde: Teil. Bildnisse von Meisterhand
1834:
Vademecum für Künstler und Kunstfreunde: Teil. Bildnisse von Meisterhand
736:
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 19. September 2005-3. Januar 2006
151:
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appropriated by the Germans In modern time, for some researchers like
642:
Karl IV. [i.e. der Vierte]: ein Kaiser in Europa, 1346-1378
311:
The current Gothic building of the St.Vitus Cathedral was built by
1489:
The West: From the Advent of Christendom to the Eve of Reformation
614:
Autobiography of Emperor Charles IV and his Legend of St Wenceslas
487:), "a lyrical comedic romance", is about Charles IV and his court.
336:
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ashamed and chose to retire, full of gratitude toward the emperor.
83:
50:
162:
There are anecdotes that reflect Charles's graceful personality.
2196:"Charles IV and Prague – 700 years When all roads led to Prague"
1890:(in German). Verlag von Ebner & Seubert. 1864. p. 639.
1945:(in Czech). Národní institut pro další vzdělávání. p. 77.
349:
by Johann Franz Brentano (1840), is part of a series depicting
996:. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press. p. 71.
88:
Charles IV and the dignitaries of Paris. Illustration from
2125:
Modern Czech Theatre: Reflector and Conscience of a Nation
876:
The Medieval Inquisition. A Study in Religious Persecution
915:
The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Eastern Europe
551:
Cultural depictions of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
546:
Cultural depictions of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
2083:
Schulte, Hans; Noyes, John; Kleber, Pia (5 May 2011).
2044:
Schulte, Hans; Noyes, John; Kleber, Pia (5 May 2011).
709:
German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400-1650
541:
Cultural depictions of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
2293:
Cultural depictions of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1128:
The Reformation: The Story of Civilization, Volume VI
150:. Charles IV is enthroned and sits next to the Pope (
1649:
Auffarth, Christoph; Stuckenbruck, Loren T. (2004).
993:
In Quest of History: On Czech Statehood and Identity
572:
Art and Propaganda: Charles IV of Bohemia, 1346-1378
556:
Cultural depictions of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
536:
Cultural depictions of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
516:
Cultural depictions of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
531:
Cultural depictions of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
411:in Frankfurt. Hausmann also produced the statue of
341:
František Čermák - Karel IV. se svými rádci (1874 )
1533:. J. Sibbald, Parliament-Square. 1797. p. 168
617:. Central European University Press. p. 177.
1993:"Hausmann, Friedrich Frankfurter Personenlexikon"
800:Waley, Daniel; Denley, Peter (26 November 2013).
684:. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press.
2018:Vary, Infocentrum města Karlovy (5 March 2013).
1913:Vary, Infocentrum města Karlovy (5 March 2013).
1230:The Collapse and Recovery of Europe, AD 476–1648
990:Přibáň, Jiří; Hvížďala, Karel (1 October 2019).
496:Charles IV is commemorated widely in the modern
125:, Wihoda disagrees with Monnet's assertion that
842:Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia
385:built the Column of Charles IV in Karlovy Vary.
295:St.Wenceslaus Chapel in the St. Vitus Cathedral
1281:The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia
1027:The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown
678:Vlček, Emanuel; Royt, Jan (1 September 2016).
1694:(in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 391.
1356:Voegelin, Eric; Moulakis, Athanasios (1998).
1192:
1190:
8:
1977:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1558:. University of Toronto Press. p. 603.
1523:
1521:
670:Kaiser Karl IV. im deutschen Spätmittelalter
1803:. Princeton University Press. p. 234.
1058:Evans, R.; Marchal, G. (20 December 2010).
394:, depicting the king as a wise, ideal king.
2298:Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Emperors
2089:. Cambridge University Press. p. 62.
1725:
1723:
1530:Edinburgh Magazine: Or Literary Miscellany
1227:Schwartzwald, Jack L. (20 November 2015).
777:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
372:the establishment of the Prague University
1769:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 99–172.
1486:Tadgell, Christopher (5 September 2013).
112:write about Charles IV as the following:
2128:. University of Iowa Press. p. 18.
954:Historical Dictionary of the Czech State
839:Emmerson, Richard K. (18 October 2013).
158:) in the left foreground. Fresco (1366).
141:
17:
1732:"03.01.06, Rosario, Art and Propaganda"
1165:"Ferdinand Seibt: Karl IV. - Rezension"
912:Hupchick, D.; Cox, H. (30 April 2016).
792:
521:Cultural depictions of Barbara of Cilli
1970:
1688:Achnitz, Wolfgang (27 December 2011).
1426:
1416:
770:
596:(in German). Národní galerie v Praze.
388:In 1874, František Čermák painted the
121:Reviewing Pierre Monnet's recent work
2212:from the original on 24 February 2022
1767:Courts and regions in medieval Europe
1473:
1278:Mahoney, William (18 February 2011).
1265:
706:Brady, Thomas A. Jr. (13 July 2009).
526:Cultural depictions of Otto the Great
351:emperors who reigned from 768 to 1806
7:
2086:Goethe's Faust: Theatre of Modernity
2047:Goethe's Faust: Theatre of Modernity
1862:(in German). Paul Neff. p. 16.
1742:from the original on 19 October 2015
1691:Reiseberichte und Geschichtsdichtung
1597:
1585:
1552:Geary, Patrick J. (1 January 2010).
1298:from the original on 6 February 2022
1247:from the original on 5 February 2022
1175:from the original on 20 October 2007
55:The seal of the Golden Bull of 1356.
2167:(in Czech). Librix.eu. p. 40.
873:Gorham, Charles T. (30 July 2013).
590:Fajt, Jiří; Hörsch, Markus (2016).
428:bronze statue of Charles IV at the
353:(created from 1839 to 1853) in the
1837:(in German). Paul Neff. p. 13
1730:Jekely, Zsombor (1 January 2003).
951:Fawn, Rick; Hochman, Jiří (2010).
645:(in German). Süddeutscher Verlag.
14:
2142:from the original on 20 June 2022
2103:from the original on 20 June 2022
2064:from the original on 20 June 2022
1959:from the original on 27 June 2022
1894:from the original on 27 June 2022
1708:from the original on 27 June 2022
1669:from the original on 27 June 2022
1630:from the original on 27 June 2022
1506:from the original on 27 June 2022
1455:from the original on 27 June 2022
1337:from the original on 27 June 2022
1317:Wilson, Peter H. (23 July 1999).
1208:from the original on 12 July 2021
1145:from the original on 27 June 2022
1102:10.7788/boehlau.9783412310349.185
971:from the original on 20 June 2022
932:from the original on 20 June 2022
893:from the original on 27 June 2022
820:from the original on 27 June 2022
190:Charles IV was a writer himself.
2267:from the original on 16 May 2022
1866:from the original on 8 June 2022
1797:Rollason, David (19 July 2016).
1616:. National Gallery. p. 91.
1362:. University of Missouri Press.
803:Later Medieval Europe: 1250-1520
738:. München: Dt. Kunstverl. 2006.
563:Bibliography and further reading
436:In 1955, Karlovy Vary installed
287:
273:
257:
243:
2122:Burian, Jarka (25 April 2002).
1856:Sauerhering, Friedrich (1904).
1831:Sauerhering, Friedrich (1904).
1320:The Holy Roman Empire 1495-1806
1094:Rudolf von Habsburg (1273-1291)
879:. Edizioni Savine. p. 25.
755:Karl IV. Der europäische Kaiser
611:Nagy, Balázs (2 October 2001).
399:The sculptor Friedrich Hausmann
251:Charles's portrait in Karlštejn
194:Charles's autobiography is the
123:Karl IV. Der europäische Kaiser
2050:. Cambridge University Press.
1997:frankfurter-personenlexikon.de
712:. Cambridge University Press.
31:Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1:
381:In 1858, the Prague sculptor
181:Arts under Charles IV's reign
92:, BnF, Ms fr. 6465, fol. 442v
2161:Vrchlický, Jaroslav (2007).
1555:Readings in Medieval History
1125:Durant, Will (7 June 2011).
1030:. Hoover Press. p. 67.
1024:Agnew, Hugh LeCaine (2004).
957:. Rowman & Littlefield.
90:Grandes Chroniques de France
1451:(in German). 27 June 2022.
391:Charles IV and his advisors
104:The political philosophers
2314:
1359:History of Political Ideas
1233:. McFarland. p. 116.
224:
203:Legend of Saint Wenceslaus
1323:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
806:. Routledge. p. 73.
639:Seibt, Ferdinand (1978).
74:The Story of Civilization
1284:. ABC-CLIO. p. 51.
918:. Springer. p. 10.
673:(in German). Oldenbourg.
438:the statue of Charles IV
403:the statue of Charles IV
1761:Crossley, Paul (2000).
1390:Wihoda, Martin (2021).
753:Monnet, Pierre (2021).
422:Between 1897 and 1900,
397:Between 1896 and 1897,
281:Charles Bridge at night
265:The Castle of Karlstein
22:Charles IV's statue in
2020:"Statue of Charles IV"
1915:"Column of Charles IV"
1655:. BRILL. p. 186.
1652:The Fall of the Angels
1131:. Simon and Schuster.
368:Josef Matyáš Trenkwald
342:
186:Writings by Charles IV
159:
127:Wenceslaus (Wenzel) IV
119:
93:
56:
26:
1942:Karel IV. a jeho doba
667:Moraw, Peter (1979).
569:Rosario, Iva (2000).
340:
180:
145:
114:
87:
54:
21:
2236:www.visitczechia.com
485:A night at Karlstein
146:Andrea di Bonaiuto.
1736:The Medieval Review
1610:Fajt, Jiří (1998).
235:St. Vitus Cathedral
148:Santa Maria Novella
36:House of Luxembourg
477:Jaroslav Vrchlický
448:(Charles IV Park).
376:Charles University
347:Charles's portrait
343:
176:Depictions in arts
160:
94:
57:
40:Kingdom of Bohemia
27:
2263:. 22 April 2022.
2174:978-80-7399-040-4
2164:Noc na Karlštejně
2135:978-1-58729-335-1
2096:978-1-139-49608-7
2057:978-1-139-49608-7
1952:978-80-86956-96-1
1810:978-0-691-16762-6
1701:978-3-598-44141-7
1662:978-90-04-12668-8
1623:978-80-7035-160-4
1565:978-1-4426-0120-8
1499:978-1-135-66652-1
1369:978-0-8262-1154-5
1330:978-1-349-27649-3
1291:978-0-313-36306-1
1240:978-1-4766-6230-5
1202:www.sehepunkte.de
1138:978-1-4516-4763-1
1111:978-3-412-04193-9
1071:978-0-230-28310-7
1037:978-0-8179-4492-6
1003:978-80-246-4267-3
964:978-0-8108-5648-6
925:978-1-137-04817-2
886:978-88-96365-35-9
852:978-1-136-77519-2
813:978-1-317-89018-8
764:978-3-8062-4271-3
745:978-3-422-06598-7
719:978-0-521-88909-4
691:978-80-246-3377-0
652:978-3-7991-6015-5
624:978-963-386-556-9
603:978-80-7035-613-5
582:978-0-85115-787-0
575:. Boydell Press.
481:Noc na Karlštejně
361:Frankfurt am Main
313:Matthias of Arras
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1590:
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47:Historiography
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1492:. Routledge.
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845:. Routledge.
844:
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757:. Darmstadt.
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491:
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471:Edward Gibbon
467:
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461:
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456:
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443:
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421:
418:
414:
413:Maximilian II
410:
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387:
384:
380:
378:) by Charles.
377:
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37:
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32:
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20:
16:
2269:. Retrieved
2260:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2235:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2202:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2163:
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2124:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2085:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2046:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2024:Karlovy Vary
2023:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1961:. Retrieved
1941:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1919:Karlovy Vary
1918:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1886:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1858:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1833:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1799:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1766:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1735:
1710:. Retrieved
1690:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1651:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1612:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1554:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1529:
1508:. Retrieved
1488:
1481:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1407:. Retrieved
1392:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1358:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1319:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1280:
1273:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1229:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1201:
1177:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1127:
1120:
1093:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1064:. Springer.
1060:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1026:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
992:
985:
973:. Retrieved
953:
946:
934:. Retrieved
914:
907:
895:. Retrieved
875:
868:
856:. Retrieved
841:
834:
822:. Retrieved
802:
795:
754:
734:
723:. Retrieved
708:
695:. Retrieved
680:
669:
656:. Retrieved
641:
628:. Retrieved
613:
592:
571:
495:
484:
480:
463:
445:
429:
426:created the
424:Ludwig Cauer
416:
406:
390:
354:
317:Peter Parler
302:
221:Architecture
213:
209:
202:
195:
189:
161:
147:
134:– suffered.
122:
120:
115:
103:
95:
89:
73:
65:Maximilian I
62:
58:
29:
28:
15:
1999:(in German)
1096:: 185–208.
442:Otakar Švec
440:created by
333:Visual arts
210:Moralitates
196:Vita Caroli
156:Innocent VI
132:Waldensians
98:Golden Bull
78:Will Durant
70:Peter Moraw
34:, from the
2287:Categories
1474:Brady 2009
1302:6 February
1266:Brady 2009
1251:5 February
787:References
356:Kaisersaal
214:Moralities
2203:Prague.eu
1973:cite book
1598:Nagy 2001
1586:Nagy 2001
1429:ignored (
1419:cite book
773:cite book
383:Josef Max
374:(now the
370:depicted
366:In 1855,
227:Karlštejn
138:Anecdotes
24:Karolinum
2265:Archived
2241:8 August
2207:Archived
2140:Archived
2101:Archived
2062:Archived
1957:Archived
1892:Archived
1864:Archived
1740:Archived
1706:Archived
1667:Archived
1628:Archived
1504:Archived
1453:Archived
1335:Archived
1296:Archived
1245:Archived
1206:Archived
1173:Archived
1143:Archived
969:Archived
930:Archived
891:Archived
818:Archived
509:See also
479:'s 1884
415:for the
110:Moulakis
106:Voegelin
2271:27 June
2216:27 June
2180:20 June
2146:20 June
2107:20 June
2068:20 June
2029:28 June
2003:28 June
1963:27 June
1924:28 June
1898:27 June
1841:27 June
1816:27 June
1782:27 June
1746:27 June
1712:27 June
1673:27 June
1634:27 June
1571:27 June
1537:27 June
1510:27 June
1459:27 June
1409:27 June
1393:Karl IV
1375:29 June
1341:27 June
1212:27 June
1179:27 June
1149:27 June
1077:27 June
1043:27 June
1009:20 June
975:20 June
936:20 June
897:27 June
858:27 June
824:27 June
725:18 June
697:18 June
658:18 June
630:27 June
453:Theater
405:at the
152:Urban V
2171:
2132:
2093:
2054:
1949:
1870:6 June
1807:
1773:
1698:
1659:
1620:
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1366:
1327:
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1135:
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922:
883:
849:
810:
761:
742:
716:
688:
649:
621:
600:
579:
460:Goethe
401:built
233:, and
2210:(PDF)
2199:(PDF)
504:Notes
465:Faust
417:Römer
408:Römer
2273:2022
2243:2023
2218:2022
2182:2022
2169:ISBN
2148:2022
2130:ISBN
2109:2022
2091:ISBN
2070:2022
2052:ISBN
2031:2022
2005:2022
1979:link
1965:2022
1947:ISBN
1926:2022
1900:2022
1872:2022
1843:2022
1818:2022
1805:ISBN
1784:2022
1771:ISBN
1748:2022
1714:2022
1696:ISBN
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1657:ISBN
1636:2022
1618:ISBN
1573:2022
1560:ISBN
1539:2022
1512:2022
1494:ISBN
1461:2022
1431:help
1411:2022
1398:ISBN
1377:2022
1364:ISBN
1343:2022
1325:ISBN
1304:2022
1286:ISBN
1253:2022
1235:ISBN
1214:2022
1181:2022
1151:2022
1133:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1079:2022
1066:ISBN
1045:2022
1032:ISBN
1011:2022
998:ISBN
977:2022
959:ISBN
938:2022
920:ISBN
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881:ISBN
860:2022
847:ISBN
826:2022
808:ISBN
779:link
759:ISBN
740:ISBN
727:2022
714:ISBN
699:2022
686:ISBN
660:2022
647:ISBN
632:2022
619:ISBN
598:ISBN
577:ISBN
315:and
208:His
201:His
108:and
96:The
1098:doi
462:'s
444:in
359:in
154:or
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1971:{{
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