330:
165:
707:
1178:
1170:
857:
543:
268:). In 1839 Andrey Glagolev published "Russian Fortresses", in 1844–1846 Ivan Pushkarev published four volumes on Northern Russian heritage. Professional studies of ancient architecture did not gain momentum until the 1840s, when the country accumulated a critical mass of architects trained in restoration projects in
1128:
of lesser landmarks controlled by the federal government, put on hold in the early 1990s, was allowed in 2008. However, privatization auctions did not catch investors' interest and only about 250 objects changed hands in 2008. Regional listed properties were gradually privatized throughout the 1990s.
796:
programs inherited from Stalin's master plans. Between 1965 and 1984, Moscow's preservation budget increased from 2 to 25 million roubles, or still less than 0.5% of the city's capital construction budget. Meager financing forced the authorities to freeze the heritage register as of its 1974 version.
1274:
A significant share of state-owned landmarks have no legal owner due to disputes between federal and regional authorities and the legal ban on registering title for such properties (lifted in 2008). Saint
Petersburg alone, as of April 2008, had 1,200 listed objects without registered titles. Only in
1251:
No
Russian independent preservation group has sufficient influence to intervene into the plans of city authorities and property developers. Legislation leaves matters of preservation to federal and municipal heritage commissions, neither of which are sufficiently independent to check these plans. As
1136:
collects all relevant information and issues a recommendation to the regional government; then, actual listing is promulgated by a decree of regional government. Professional preservationist organizations usually have significant influence at the early stages of the process, but are barely mentioned
525:
register shrunk from over 3,000 to 1,200. The establishment of the
Academy of Architecture marginally improved attitudes towards the national heritage; the academy provided a new forum for preservationists. In 1940 the academy compiled its own list of top-priority landmarks and assessed the damages,
1287:
was split. The last batch of 90 buildings (the most potentially profitable, rentable properties) was split in May 2009. As a result, after 680 objects were assigned to the city and 424 to federal authorities, at the end of May 2009 Saint
Petersburg had only 13 listed buildings, all former churches,
808:
attempted to appease public opposition, declaring heritage preservation a high priority for the Party and voiced full support for VOOPIK. The message did not appease residents who passed everyday examples of neglect and ruin; Soloukhin wrote: "My book could have contained not four essays but twenty
740:
published a call to stop destroying churches and, literally, "preserve our sacred places". Two months later, in an apparent reversal of
Khrushchev's past, the state announced creation of VOOPIK – a national preservation society controlled by the state. However, preparation for its founding congress
142:
The legal framework of the register, as of May 2009, remains incomplete and the register itself is not yet matched to lists of protected buildings maintained by regional and municipal authorities. It includes around 100,000 items while the local lists total in excess of 140,000. Of these 42,000 are
308:
of 1857 separated responsibility for preservation of historical buildings (17th century and earlier) depending on property type. State properties were now governed by the
Ministry of Internal Affairs, with restoration financed by local taxes. Restoration of urban churches had to be approved by the
1331:
have never recovered from Stalin's denouncement... the public remains very conservative in its tastes." Russian restorers have no experience in handling concrete structures, making restoration itself a threat to their survival, unless the investor hires German restorers. Prejudice against real or
911:
sometimes has no lesser meaning than the original had. Meaningful historical and cultural 'load' carried by the replica is frequently richer and wider than the original architect's solution." Rebuilding is cheaper than restoration and increases rentable space. The same attitude of decision-makers
883:", but failed to check the construction boom that destroyed thousands of historical buildings. Moscow losses of 1900–2006 are estimated at over 640 notable buildings (including 150 to 200 listed buildings, out of a total inventory of 3,500) – some disappeared completely, others were replaced with
783:
In reality, landmarks were informally split into two groups. The most conspicuous ones, the tourist showcases, were largely untouchable and barely maintained; the rest were left to rot without proper maintenance. Sometimes these dilapidated buildings fell prey to one-off "cleanup" campaigns like
437:
The register compiled by
Archaeological Societies was augmented by regional catalogues published by amateurs such as Nikolay Naidenov, author of the four-volume "Moscow Cathedrals, Monasteries and Churches" (1883–1888). Amateurs were not bound by the official borderline between "antiquities" and
233:
decreed compilation of Russia's first nationwide register of architectural "antiquities". The decree prohibited demolition of historical "castles, fortresses and other ancient buildings", imposed local governors' responsibility for their preservation and required them to compile lists of notable
644:
launched his anti-religious campaign of 1959–1964. By 1964 over 10 thousand churches out of 20 thousand were shut down (mostly in rural areas) and many were demolished. Of 58 monasteries and convents operating in 1959, only sixteen remained by 1964; of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959,
823:
heritage register must be expanded three-fold, to at least 180 thousand items. The
Ministry of Culture immediately concurred with the new estimate and ordered restoration of the buildings pinpointed by Likhachev, yet no work was done. The USSR's final years brought no improvement; in 1986 even
887:
replicas while still listed. Only a few cases of destruction (not backed by local authorities) reached the courts; wherever possible, interested developers succeeded in delisting target buildings prior to demolition. As "ethical reference points were swept aside by a torrent of money", former
490:, decreed destruction of tsarist monuments and removal of church properties and at the same time authorized maintenance of cultural heritage registers. In the early 1920s the government supported conversion of significant historical buildings into public museums. Notable preservationists like
405:
1348:
denounced the "flat-faced architecture"; the city's chief architect has spoken against preservation of functional midrise housing built in the 1920s and 1930s, saying, "they are doomed"; some of these blocks have been condemned for demolition. Nevertheless, in 2008 Moscow listed 114 "newly
916:
by Blair Ruble, who identified growing social separation between advocates of preservation and decision-makers: the latter are "among the least identified with the need to preserve", not in the least because the affluent ruling class chooses suburban lifestyle, out of touch with the city.
409:
1140:
Lower-level authorities have limited rights. For example, municipalities cannot register their own objects; instead, they must apply to
Rosokhrankultura representatives. Federal authorities can reclassify any object of regional or municipal significance as a federal landmark.
626:
were developed independently (Moscow, in particular, benefited from its 800-year anniversary celebrated in 1947). Religious buildings dominated the registers, a consequence of a "conciliatory" policy toward the
Russian Orthodox Church that was practiced in the last decade of
835:
that preceded the fall of the Union did not change the situation radically, apart from allowing the Church to gradually repossess its former properties. Takeover incited conflicts, especially where churches had been occupied by public institutions (as was the case of
1214:
that wrecked the skyline of this protected neighborhood. However, the building itself was not listed and no sanctions were imposed; the city architect and other involved executives upheld the developer's interests. The city governor approved construction of
779:
produced a broader and stable version of the national register, reversing the 1960s reductions. In 1978 new practices for heritage monitoring were formulated in new national and republican laws "On protection and usage of monuments of history and culture".
442:
and thus preserved all-inclusive snapshots of their period. In the 1890s protection was gradually extended to selected buildings of the 18th century, however, their classification as heritage remained debatable until the 1900s. Late 18th and 19th century
1370:В московской культуре понятие копии иногда имеет не меньший смысл, чем оригинала. Потому что смысловая, историческая и культурная «нагрузка», которую несет в себе такая «копия», часто может быть и богаче, и глубже первоначального архитектурного решения.
372:(vice-president of the Archaeological Society) instituted a special commission for "the studies of Russian and Orthodox in general, monuments of the Western Territory". In less than ten years the commission catalogued the Orthodox heritage of western
352:(1856–1881) the dominant policy shifted from preservation of buildings to recreation of their perceived, frequently fictional, "original" looks. The change was influenced by Western European experience, particularly works by Jonathan Smith and
1102:
Depending on their significance, objects of cultural heritage are assigned to either federal, regional or local (municipal) level (archaeological sites are automatically assigned to federal level). Top priority federal objects (including all
639:
Between 1951 and 1955, 37 buildings (mostly churches) were struck off the list. In 1960 the government approved a larger, purportedly all-inclusive register of more than 30 thousand buildings. However, shortly before the list was finalized,
1152:, excludes capital investment in restoration. Until January 1, 2008, even this "preservation" was not allowed; at best, regions were allowed to set up independent charities and seek donations. This is particularly important for the city of
126:
significantly altered by humans. The register continues a tradition established in 1947 and is governed by a 2002 law "On the objects of cultural heritage (monuments of culture and history)" (Law 73-FZ). The register is maintained by the
520:
had dual consequences. On one hand, gigantic reconstruction plans demanded demolition of anything caught in the way. In Moscow, the new plans resulted in reducing the heritage register from 474 items in 1925 to just 74 in 1935; national
1111:
which, in addition to immovable properties, includes active institutions (theaters, museums, universities, libraries and archives). "Particularly valuable" objects, by definition, are federal state properties, however, in December 2008
1336:
favors radical rebuilding initiatives. As a result, far more avant-garde buildings perished in modern Russia than in socialist Soviet Union; the art of the 20th century "have proved to be the most vulnerable and poorly defended".
1137:
in law. Regional legislators and municipal authorities are excluded from the process altogether. The federal register was intended to track and incorporate any changes in regional registers, but as of 2009 it had not happened.
1156:
and its suburbs, where an overwhelming majority of notable buildings are rated at federal level. Municipal authorities are still not allowed to finance restoration of regional and federal properties, but under the present
485:
administration had not yet forged its policy on culture; it was outwardly hostile to religion and "upper" classes, at the same time allowing preservationists to have a say in daily life of Soviet cities. The same person,
146:
Natural landmarks and reserves (apart from cultural landscapes), movable art, archives, museum and library collections are not part of the register and are governed by different laws and agencies. A different listing,
1493:, did not suffer from a "consuming passion for preservation" and boldly cleared anything that stood in their way. Thus Alexander's 1805 decree actually predated the preservation movement among professionals.
774:
issues; the dues paid by 15 million "mandatory volunteers" financed restoration projects. The society contributed to the heritage register but was never entrusted to manage it. In 1974 the government of the
864:
as an 18th-century wooden building although it was taken apart and rebuilt in 1994, retaining less than 15% of original structure. The federal heritage register admitted the fact and delisted the property.
321:. Private properties remained largely unregulated. An Imperial Archeological Commission, established in 1859, was tasked with maintenance of the register; however, it was never adequately financed.
3030:
2618:
1327:; the general public identifies the bulk of avant-garde architecture with the bland Soviet industrial past, and as devoid of Russian national character. According to Anna Bronovitskaya, "Modernist
876:
were granted federal protection, while similar buildings elsewhere were considered local, or at best regional, points of interest. It inherited most of the errors present in the 1974 register.
238:
and floorplans. Churches were omitted from the decree, – Nicholas at that time did not want to interfere with clergy; a similar but less strict decree on religious heritage was issued in 1828.
879:
Public affection for surviving heritage remained strong: "Any American preservationist would be jealous of the importance assigned to historic preservation by contemporary residents of
1323:
buildings to the register remains controversial. Western authors noted that preservation of these buildings has a very narrow support base, limited to architects' heirs and selected
1144:
Perhaps worse for the objects is that regional governments cannot legally finance restoration of federal-level buildings unless they are specifically mentioned in jointly-financed
501:
However, in the second half of the 1920s, the policy reversed to outward denial of this heritage and shutting down "redundant" local museums. With the change in values imposed by
872:
approved a new, expanded federal heritage register. The new version suffered from inconsistencies influenced by regional politics: for example, numerous residential buildings in
426:
any changes to listed buildings, but failed; in 1874 these rights were granted to an Imperial Commission composed of members of Archaeological Societies, the Holy Synod,
576:
approved the new comprehensive list of more than 600 top priority buildings and ensembles. Detailed legal instruction on recordkeeping and protection followed in 1948.
143:
rated as national landmarks, while the rest are of regional or local significance. The Ministry of Culture admits that many items on the registers have been destroyed.
135:); the publicly available online database is hosted by the Ministry of Culture. Its primary purpose is to aggregate the regional heritage registers maintained by the
253:
and neoclassicism of the 18th century, regarded as recent foreign influence, were exempt. Recognition of these styles as national heritage did not occur until the
3712:
498:
took over nationalized landmarks for museums of local "people's heritage" and managed to delay their destruction and keep the record of surviving local heritage.
1707:
Naidenov, vol. III. The church partially survived: the right dome still exists; the left dome and belltower were demolished and haven't been rebuilt, as at 2009.
1698:
There weren't many private properties dating back to pre-Petrine times and those that were positively identified as "ancient" were rarely deemed valuable enough.
3041:
2625:
472:
151:, created in 1992, includes the most conspicuous man-made landmarks as well as operating institutions: museums, archives, theatres, universities and academies.
682:
responded with harsh criticism in May. A public call to establish an independent watchdog society was just as harshly rejected. Two years later and six months
797:
In Moscow about 1,200 buildings made the list, while about 1,100 new applications were rejected. 2,200 Moscow landmarks (mostly unlisted) disappeared during
3001:
1095:, including historical urban districts and major archaeological sites). A registered object (or a historical event that is key to an object's notability)
3682:
1300:. The city has over 3,000 "newly found" historical buildings on the waiting list of local heritage commission; they will be either listed or demolished.
899:
in 1989 to barely 8 million in 2004 and at the same time elevated replacement of old buildings with modern replicas to a policy level. In May 2004 mayor
1228:
2822:
505:, the tradition of preservation was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks such as Moscow-based
329:
2151:
In the 1970s VOOPIK was allowed to print only biannual research compilations; in 1979 it was granted permission to publish a semiannual almanac. –
288:, contributed to the formulation of the official Russo-Byzantine style of the 1830s–1850s. Eventually the compilation duties were delegated to the
1955:"The USSR's 1948 Instructions for the Identification, Registration, Maintenance and Restoration of Architectural Monuments under State Protection"
289:
1308:
401:
249:
landmarks. Within the 1830s official and public understanding of "antiquities" was narrowed to Russia's "indigenous" art of pre-petrine periods;
3702:
3677:
3609:
3588:
3442:
3419:
3353:
3217:
3194:
2232:
1303:
Moscow, as of July 2009, has around 2,500 historical buildings waiting for inclusion into the heritage register, including five buildings by
714:
of Moscow, desecrated in the 1930s and gradually reduced into a storage barn, was demolished during a 1972 campaign to clean up the city for
2399:
770:
Nevertheless, VOOPIK provided a forum to preservationists; discussions inside VOOPIK eventually led to legitimising previously suppressed
3692:
742:
3687:
3543:
579:
The 1947 decree limited the scope of protected buildings to "ancient Russian" art, although the register included singular objects of
241:
Nicholas did not explain what, specifically, constituted protected buildings, so initial responses from the provinces listed both pre-
234:
local properties, backed by archive research and where qualified architects were available, by proper architectural drawings of their
169:
3556:
3532:
3469:
2224:
1806:
2039:
1927:
395:
solved the problem of managing the national register; in particular, Uvarov is credited with establishment of the non-governmental
185:
3501:
3479:
595:) and many 19th-century buildings. More than half of listed buildings were located in the historical northern lands of the former
2650:
828:
had to admit in public that "destruction of central Moscow has become a political issue" and praised preservationists' efforts.
222:
buildings. Requirements for a scientific heritage register were formulated in 1823 by Ivan Stempkovsky and enforced by governor
3697:
3315:
1590:
215:
809:
four. I suspect, however, that the effect would have been the same". The policy of empty declarations continued in 1982, when
3087:
114:– landmark buildings, industrial facilities, memorial homes of notable people of the past, monuments, cemeteries and tombs,
3454:
Innovative policies for heritage safeguarding and cultural tourism development: proceedings of the international conference
1589:
Thon already had a wide experience in restoration; he lived in Italy and France in 1819–1829 and was awarded membership in
1099:
be at least forty years old; the memorial home of a notable person may be registered immediately upon that person's death.
668:
Khrushchev's campaign backfired, triggering a rise in public attention to national heritage and to the dismal state of the
645:
thirty were closed and six demolished. The 1960 register also suffered reductions, notably in 1963 when authorities struck
2847:
1293:
1173:
This 1890s building, listed in 2001, was demolished in September 2008. Property developer walked away with a $ 1,500 fine.
1087:
Federal law "On the objects of cultural heritage (monuments of culture and history)", enacted in June 2002, defines these
960:
223:
2602:
Note that the decree on "most valuable" objects was issued in 1992, when privatization of real estate was in its infancy.
2235:). Soloukhin wrote in a 1993 preface (page x) that all 75,000 copies of the first 1980 edition were de facto confiscated.
1132:
New properties are listed through a two-tier procedure. In case of regional and local properties, the regional branch of
1056:
755:
476:
460:
254:
132:
62:
3502:"Russian legislation on the cultural heritage, 1947 – 2002 (including actual historical registers of listed buildings)"
1091:
as either standalone buildings or monuments with adjacent territories, or ensembles of buildings, or "notable places" (
1341:
1182:
935:
572:
raised the politicians' attention to the problems of surviving national heritage. In 1947 Council of Ministers of the
427:
164:
2461:
See, for example, the story of delisting the Institute of Red Professors buildings (still extant as at May, 2009) –
1210:
In Saint Petersburg, the city heritage commissioner attempted to enforce demolition of an addition to a building on
3147:
1289:
136:
3121:
2504:
706:
396:
1040:
1008:
1485:, p. 58, ironically remarks that the greatest neoclassical architects of the last quarter of 18th century,
976:
277:
353:
1284:
1145:
1125:
661:. In an unrelated move, in 1956, Khrushchev shut down the Academy of Architecture, an established venue for
646:
604:
546:
365:
361:
336:
heritage was not deemed notable until the very end of the 19th century. This photo of St. Catherine church (
1954:
741:
demonstrated that the state actually intended to create a powerless front group. It subordinated VOOPIK to
3707:
1024:
992:
517:
349:
1109:
State Code of Particularly Valuable Objects of Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of the Russian Federation
672:. In March, 1962 a group of intellectuals published a bitter article on the destruction of old Moscow in
149:
State Code of Particularly Valuable Objects of Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of the Russian Federation
1594:
509:
were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with
385:
181:
1789:
1252:
a result, listed buildings are easily delisted, or their listing is delayed until the wrecking crews (
341:
3620:
3364:
789:
662:
654:
531:
530:. The few landmarks set aside by the planners of the 1930s remained protected and restored until the
364:
into Western provinces, including restoration of ruined Orthodox churches. To help formulate the new
230:
219:
3272:
3037:
2366:
1202:
regulations, once imposed by municipal authorities, can be lifted in favor of "important" projects.
1280:
1232:
1121:
1104:
845:
841:
805:
723:
588:
208:
115:
3228:
844:
buildings were listed in 1987; by 1990 protection was granted to all Moscow buildings designed by
3651:
3395:
3303:
3259:
2889:
1976:
1195:
1092:
746:
711:
510:
419:
414:(1869), a professional institution that literally "kept the nation's records" and was the public
119:
111:
1177:
495:
218:
limited the scope of protection to Greek and Genoan heritage and denied protection to Tatar and
2403:
1253:
1169:
3643:
3605:
3584:
3552:
3528:
3465:
3438:
3415:
3387:
3349:
3323:
3319:
3295:
3251:
3213:
3190:
2841:
2654:
2228:
2220:
1802:
1447:
1418:
760:
641:
596:
554:
242:
196:
3635:
3379:
3287:
3243:
2794:
1968:
1623:
1365:
1304:
1276:
1211:
1158:
1153:
1133:
810:
526:
but comprehensive national or even regional heritage registers did not reappear until after
430:
and the Academy of Arts. In the same year the state finally formulated the legal meaning of
357:
211:
128:
103:
3562:
3452:
17:
2943:
2657:, Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 10th edition. 2009. Archived from
1959:
1822:
1818:
1486:
1333:
1113:
856:
798:
733:
691:
658:
506:
491:
456:
384:, paying special attention to churches initially built as Orthodox and later converted to
381:
369:
285:
168:
Preservation efforts of the 1830s were limited to undisputed relics like the 11th century
2712:
2658:
1443:
1414:
2043:
1931:
3505:
3486:
2982:
1830:
1490:
1324:
896:
825:
650:
487:
318:
200:
192:
177:
1311:. Around 500 buildings on this list are expected to be denied protection of any kind.
3671:
3655:
3431:
3399:
3307:
3263:
3206:
3095:
Proceedings of the December 2, 2005 conference held by the Moscow Architectural Union
2801:
2342:
2287:
2040:"Decree of the Council of Ministers of RSFSR, No. 1327, August 30, 1967 (in Russian)"
1980:
1224:
869:
793:
785:
750:
737:
715:
628:
550:
392:
305:
246:
3327:
2862:
3125:
3005:
2529:
2508:
1345:
1257:
1220:
900:
873:
861:
745:
bureaucrats and denied it the right to publish a journal. Disillusioned advocates (
600:
562:
527:
452:
444:
27:
Registry of places of historical or cultural significance in the Russian Federation
3599:
3098:
1107:) form a special subset of "most valuable" objects. They are listed in a separate
3578:
3485:(in Russian). Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. 2009. Archived from
3343:
3184:
2219:(translated by Valerie Nollan, published by Northwestern University Press, 1993,
2216:
1928:"Decree of the Council of Ministers of RSFSR, No. 349, May 22, 1947 (in Russian)"
260:
The first regional register (album) of listed buildings was published in 1830 in
2826:
2463:
2436:
1627:
889:
832:
771:
729:
686:
Khrushchev's fall from power, the first truly independent preservation society,
566:
448:
2946:Дом Болконского из романа "Война и мир" не попал в список охраняемых памятников
2533:
565:, conservatively estimated at 3,000 landmarks, and a wartime shift in favor of
2893:
1845:"History of the OIRU (Society for the Studies of Russian Manors) (in Russian)"
1328:
1320:
1236:
337:
310:
281:
3647:
3391:
3299:
3255:
2915:
2737:
1635:
historical artifacts, including quite recent, extant, operational buildings.
1240:
913:
880:
840:
Museum of Art, subject of a bitter public campaign of 1990–1993). The first
837:
669:
619:
502:
482:
439:
415:
377:
265:
188:
129:
Federal Service for Monitoring Compliance with Cultural Heritage Legislation
2470:
1844:
139:, monitor the state of heritage objects and compliance with relevant laws.
2981:
Natalya Dushkina, quoted in this paragraph, is herself a granddaughter of
1842:
OIRU ceased to exist in 1930, their last publication was issued in 1929 –
1450:, Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 10th edition. 2009
1421:, Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 10th edition. 2009
1412:
A roundup of legislation on different preservation topics is provided in:
542:
3154:
2922:
2869:
2769:
2744:
2540:
1149:
1117:
904:
884:
764:
608:
569:
261:
3158:
2890:"K Smolnomy pristroili ... (К Смольному пристроили исторические здания)"
1340:
Moscow Heritage Commission is split on the heritage value of mainstream
1235:
was supported by the city architect. In Moscow, the southward view from
3639:
3383:
3291:
3247:
3186:
Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism and the Soviet State, 1953–1991
1972:
1909:
1905:
1262:
1216:
815:
592:
513:
of peasants; destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932.
373:
333:
250:
123:
69:
3601:
The architecture and planning of classical Moscow: a cultural history
3461:
1199:
678:
623:
584:
314:
273:
235:
204:
34:
3316:"Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 10th edition"
1904:
The number, compiled by the Ministry of Culture, includes losses of
1275:
2008 did the authorities agree to register 393 buildings (including
172:. This architectural drawing was made in 1830, prior to restoration.
82:
1466:
1464:
895:
The city of Moscow reduced its restoration budget from 150 million
459:
of Moscow Architectural Society and the Saint Petersburg school of
388:; these were repossessed and eventually rebuilt to Orthodox canon.
110:) is a registry of historically or culturally significant man-made
1682:
1680:
1667:
1665:
1297:
1194:
Russia has no legal or otherwise generally accepted definition of
1176:
1168:
888:
Minister of Culture Alexander Sokolov described the situation as "
855:
820:
776:
705:
612:
580:
573:
541:
522:
328:
269:
163:
618:
Registers for the other republics of the Union and the cities of
344:'s catalogue in 1883, before official recognition of baroque art.
3090:Современная Москва и проблемы сохранения aрхитектурного наследия
2464:"Ninth bulletin of the Moscow Architecture Preservation Society"
2437:"Ninth bulletin of the Moscow Architecture Preservation Society"
2135:
2133:
1525:
1523:
801:’s tenure (although only three of them were Orthodox churches).
423:
1185:
is contested by authorities and has narrow public support base.
1826:
434:
and ensured equal protection for church and civil properties.
3365:"Heritage at Risk: The Fate of Modernist Buildings in Russia"
2715:Незаконный ремонт памятника в Москве привел к его разрушению)
1283:) as federal property and 243 as city property; ownership of
1124:, became municipal property of the city of Saint Petersburg.
1148:. The law allows financing "preservation" which, in Russian
481:
In the years immediately after the October Revolution, the
108:Единый государственный реестр объектов культурного наследия
3002:"Oligarch leads fight to save Russia's neglected 'Utopia'"
860:
Moscow City Heritage register still lists this house near
3273:"Soviet Legal Documents on the Preservation of Monuments"
1998:
1996:
184:
demanded state protection of archaeological sites on the
3621:"A Critique of the Preservation of Moscow's Planetarium"
2965:
2963:
2255:
2253:
2175:
2173:
1888:
1886:
1884:
3464:; State University – Higher School of Economics. 2005.
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2065:
2063:
2061:
3345:
Architectures of Russian Identity: 1500 to the Present
422:. It tried to secure an exclusive right to approve or
447:
buildings were placed on the register shortly before
3433:
Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union
3150:Конструктивизм: сохранять невыгодно, сносить стыдно
2400:"National Heritage Register, object No. 7720030000"
1825:); Bondarenko – a museum based in private manor in
1239:was similarly deformed in 2005 by a 162 meter tall
1227:was deformed by a highrise built behind the former
924:
615:, largely destroyed during the war, were restored.
88:
78:
68:
58:
50:
40:
3430:
3205:
3097:(in Russian). architector.ru. 2005. Archived from
907:, saying that "In Moscow culture, the notion of a
391:In the second half of the 1860s Gagarin and count
356:, as well as domestic political unrest. After the
2471:"Building profile, delisting status (in Russian)"
759:magazine, shaping a new, nationalist, version of
3522:Pamyatniki arhitektury v dorevolutsionnoy Rossii
2829:. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007
2702:Law 73-FZ, article 13.4 – 2008 and 2007 versions
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1686:
1671:
1656:
1644:
1610:
1598:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1514:
1502:
1470:
284:relics collected in the 1820s–1834, compiled by
3342:Cracraft, James; Rowland, Daniel Bruce (2003).
2560:
2449:
2423:
2386:
2323:
2271:
2139:
1875:
1863:
360:Alexander launched a campaign of reintroducing
3525:Памятники архитектуры в дореволюционной России
3208:The Petrine revolution in Russian architecture
2797:Исчезновение городских панорам Санк-Петербурга
649:and other landmarks. Destruction reached into
3409:Hroniki unichtozhenia staroy Moskvy 1990–2006
3088:"Sovremennaya Moskva i problemy sohraneniya"
2949:(in Russian). newsmsk.com, July 5, 2009. 2009
473:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
8:
3520:Shchenkov, A. S.; et al., eds. (2002).
3229:"Preserving Modernism: A Russian Exception?"
1833:, carefully restored in 1923–1925 – Scherbo.
912:developed in other towns and was studied in
784:those that preceded the 1972 state visit by
30:
3412:Хроники уничтожения старой Москвы 1990–2006
1342:constructivist and rationalist architecture
1332:perceived poor construction quality of the
2619:"Gorodskie pamyatniki zhdet privatizacia"
1799:(in Russian). Moscow:Kushnerev printhouse.
29:
3414:(in Russian). Moscow: Muzey Arhitektury.
2823:"Swissotel Krasnye Holmy (building card)"
2534:"Cho takoe stolichny arhiterturny stil?"
313:, restoration of rural churches by local
3074:
3062:
3024:
3022:
2770:"K mansarde na Moike pridetsa privykat"
2645:
2643:
2536:Что такое столичный архитектурный стиль?
2483:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1892:
1817:Baranovsky supervised a museum based in
3580:The Impact of perestroika on Soviet law
3031:"A vy, Mendelsom, posidite v ocheredi"
2995:
2993:
2991:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2763:
2761:
2698:
2696:
2677:
2675:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2311:
2299:
2286:, p. 351, attributes the quote to
2283:
2105:
2081:
2002:
1482:
1383:
1358:
3480:"Problemy ucheta i vnesenia v Reestr"
3148:"Konstruktivizm: sohranyat nevygodno"
2969:
2839:
2772:К мансарде на Мойке придется привыкать
2651:"Russia: Heritage issues and policies"
2624:(in Russian). Fontanka. Archived from
2580:
2578:
2348:(in Russian). archi.ru, April 30, 2009
2259:
2244:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2164:
2152:
2124:
2093:
2069:
2026:
2014:
1437:
1435:
1349:identified" buildings of this period.
3713:Cultural heritage monuments in Russia
3407:Fyodorov, B. G.; et al. (2006).
2916:"Okhrannye gramoty dany ne kazhdomu"
2740:"Антихудожественное бельмо" – законно
2621:Городские памятники ждет приватизация
1444:"Russia: Sector specific legislation"
1415:"Russia: Sector specific legislation"
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1315:Recognition of modernist architecture
634:
325:Societies and Commissions (1861–1917)
7:
3033:А вы, Мендельсон, посидите в очереди
657:replaced the "old" buildings of the
122:– man-made environments and natural
100:cultural heritage register of Russia
3157:, February 12, 2009. Archived from
2768:Goncharov, Mikhail (May 21, 2009).
2718:(in Russian). Newmsk. April 4, 2009
2617:Goncharov, Mikhail (May 21, 2009).
763:that sharply contradicted official
694:; barely tolerated by authorities,
317:, with prior consent of a civilian
301:Society, established in 1846–1849.
3482:Проблемы учета и внесения в Реестр
2795:"Ischeznovenie gorodskih panoram"
2713:"Nezakonny remont pamyatnika ..."
1794:Moskva. Sobory, monastyri, tserkvi
635:Khrushchev's offensive (1959–1964)
170:Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod
25:
3683:Monuments and memorials in Russia
1797:Москва. Соборы, монастыри, церкви
1266:printshop) reduce them to ruins.
1231:; the latter incursion against a
1161:they have no funds for projects.
852:Post-Soviet Russia (1991–present)
292:
83:https://opendata.mkrf.ru/opendata
2918:Охранные грамоты даны не каждому
2505:"Moscow's past under demolition"
2215:The book is known in English as
892:of uncoordinated construction".
665:and historians of architecture.
176:Local heritage registers in the
3583:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
3551:(in Russian). Moscow: Janus-M.
3212:. University of Chicago Press.
2367:"Moscow City Heritage Register"
2341:Koryakovskaya, Natalya (2009).
1829:; Sytin – a museum in Moscow's
1591:Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze
698:survived into the early 1970s.
3120:Brinney, Marcus (2005-07-04).
3040:, May 22, 2009. Archived from
1597:for actual restoration work –
603:, with a substantial share of
467:Denial of heritage (1917–1941)
1:
3703:2002 establishments in Russia
3527:(in Russian). Moscow: Terra.
3429:Hosking, Geoffrey H. (2006).
2738:"Antihudozhestvennoye belmo"
1294:Church of the Savior on Blood
804:In June 1978 Party executive
753:) moved to a public forum of
702:Formal protection (1965–1991)
538:Post-war recovery (1945–1959)
397:Moscow Archaeological Society
203:relics in sparsely populated
3678:Heritage registers in Russia
3504:(in Russian). Archived from
3437:. Harvard University Press.
3348:. Cornell University Press.
3189:. Harvard University Press.
3122:"Best by damp and Stalinism"
3000:Dyckhoff, Tom (2009-01-24).
2402:(in Russian). Archived from
1309:St. Andrew's Anglican Church
710:The Church of Kazan Icon in
477:Religion in the Soviet Union
461:Russian neoclassical revival
255:Russian neoclassical revival
3598:Schmidt, Albert J. (1989).
3577:Schmidt, Albert J. (1990).
3271:Cohen, Jean-Louis (2008b).
3227:Cohen, Jean-Louis (2008a).
3183:Brudny, Yitzhak M. (2000).
2888:Pushkarskaya, Anna (2008).
2793:Nazaretz, Yevgenia (2009).
2736:Sibirtseva, Polina (2009).
2690:Law 73-FZ, articles 9.1–9.3
2593:Law 73-FZ, articles 4,24,25
2561:Cracraft & Rowland 2003
2424:Cracraft & Rowland 2003
2324:Cracraft & Rowland 2003
1876:Cracraft & Rowland 2003
1183:constructivist architecture
690:, was founded in Moscow by
428:Russian Academy of Sciences
418:for preservation until the
245:buildings and contemporary
18:Cultural heritage of Russia
3729:
3693:Cultural history of Russia
3363:Dushkina, Natalya (2008).
3146:Davydova, Natalya (2009).
2503:Clem, Cecil (2004-10-14).
2473:(in Russian). Archi. 2005.
1953:Anderson, Richard (2008).
1441:English translation as in
721:
470:
137:federal subjects of Russia
3688:Protected areas of Russia
3029:Volodina, Marina (2009).
2846:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2681:Law 73-FZ, article 18.1–9
1369:
1319:Addition of yet unlisted
944:
939:
934:
928:Geographical distribution
927:
340:, 1760s) was included in
160:Early records (1805–1861)
131:(a branch of the federal
107:
3547:
3542:Shcherbo, G. M. (1997).
3524:
3481:
3411:
3204:Cracraft, James (1988).
3149:
3089:
3032:
2945:
2917:
2864:
2861:Ilyicheva, Anna (2008).
2796:
2771:
2739:
2714:
2620:
2535:
2344:
1796:
1755:, pp. 150, 194–198.
278:Imperial Academy of Arts
3619:Zalivako, Anke (2008).
2914:Lebedeva, Kira (2009).
2863:"Avangard na samoteke"
2584:Law 73-FZ, article 18.7
2343:"Ob okhrane avangarda"
2217:A time to gather stones
1290:Saint Isaac's Cathedral
1285:Peter and Paul Fortress
1247:No independent watchdog
1146:federal target programs
903:defended the policy in
647:Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra
547:Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra
451:through the efforts of
358:1863 uprising in Poland
3698:Architecture in Russia
3326:. 2009. Archived from
2865:Авангард "на самотеке"
2775:(in Russian). Fontanka
1912:– Schmidt 1990, p. 352
1229:General Staff building
1186:
1174:
865:
719:
558:
518:Stalinist architecture
494:, Ilya Bondarenko and
432:architectural landmark
345:
290:Russian Archaeological
276:at the expense of the
173:
46:Government agency site
2944:"Dom Bolkonskogo..."
2290:. Who was it, anyway?
1777:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1765:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1753:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1741:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1729:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1717:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1687:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1672:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1657:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1645:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1611:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1599:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1595:Accademia di San Luca
1578:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1566:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1554:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1542:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1530:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1515:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1503:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1471:Shchenkov et al. 2002
1223:while the outline of
1181:Listing of surviving
1180:
1172:
945:Rating of properties
930:of listed properties
859:
722:Further information:
709:
607:wooden architecture.
545:
471:Further information:
332:
264:(including relics of
180:extend to 1805, when
167:
92:No (read-only access)
3604:. DIANE Publishing.
3161:on February 26, 2009
2572:Law 73-FZ, article 3
2450:Fyodorov et al. 2006
2387:Fyodorov et al. 2006
2272:Fyodorov et al. 2006
2140:Fyodorov et al. 2006
1864:Fyodorov et al. 2006
1631:included studies of
1622:In the 19th-century
1105:World Heritage Sites
831:The brief period of
824:hard-line communist
790:1980 Summer Olympics
655:Palace of Congresses
591:and the fortress of
348:During the reign of
257:of the early 1900s.
116:archaeological sites
112:immovable properties
2345:Об охране авангарда
2326:, pp. 208–209.
2314:, pp. 361–363.
1767:, pp. 178–179.
1731:, pp. 290–296.
1719:, pp. 157–158.
1256:building) or fire (
1233:World Heritage Site
1122:World Heritage Site
1120:palaces, part of a
1093:cultural landscapes
846:Konstantin Melnikov
806:Mikhail Solomentsev
724:Brezhnev stagnation
589:Bakhchisaray Palace
214:. In 1821 minister
133:Ministry of Culture
120:cultural landscapes
63:Ministry of Culture
37:
3640:10.1353/fta.0.0001
3384:10.1353/fta.0.0008
3292:10.1353/fta.0.0005
3248:10.1353/fta.0.0006
3008:, January 24, 2009
2511:, October 14, 2004
2046:on October 4, 2011
1973:10.1353/fta.0.0012
1934:on October 4, 2011
1403:Problemy ucheta...
1196:cultural landscape
1187:
1175:
866:
747:Vladimir Soloukhin
720:
712:Yakimanka District
676:monthly; official
559:
503:communist ideology
420:October Revolution
346:
216:Alexander Golitsyn
186:recently conquered
174:
31:Cultural Heritage
3611:978-0-87169-181-1
3590:978-0-7923-0621-4
3545:Sukhareva Bashnya
3444:978-0-674-02178-5
3421:978-5-903228-01-0
3355:978-0-8014-8828-3
3320:Council of Europe
3219:978-0-226-11664-8
3196:978-0-674-00438-2
3101:on August 2, 2008
2655:Council of Europe
2274:, pp. 10–11.
2233:978-0-8101-1127-1
2167:, pp. 71–72.
1819:Boldino Monastery
1790:Naidenov, Nikolay
1544:, pp. 89–91.
1517:, pp. 44–45.
1473:, pp. 48–49.
1448:Council of Europe
1419:Council of Europe
1165:Unsolved problems
1085:
1084:
756:Molodaya Gvardiya
642:Nikita Khrushchev
597:Novgorod Republic
555:Nikita Khrushchev
229:In 1826, emperor
96:
95:
51:Available in
16:(Redirected from
3720:
3659:
3625:
3615:
3594:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3561:. Archived from
3538:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3475:
3459:
3448:
3436:
3425:
3403:
3369:
3359:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3311:
3277:
3267:
3233:
3223:
3211:
3200:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
2997:
2986:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2885:
2874:
2873:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2614:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2500:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2338:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2042:. Archived from
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1930:. Archived from
1924:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1840:
1834:
1815:
1809:
1800:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1624:Russian language
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1344:. Moscow Mayor
1305:Fyodor Schechtel
1277:Hermitage Museum
1212:Moika Embankment
1206:Saint Petersburg
1154:Saint Petersburg
1134:Rosokhrankultura
936:Federal district
925:
811:Dmitry Likhachev
583:culture (Khan's
553:and delisted by
511:collectivization
413:
342:Nikolay Naidenov
299:
295:
212:treasure hunters
109:
38:
21:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3628:Future Anterior
3623:
3618:
3612:
3597:
3591:
3576:
3568:
3566:
3559:
3549:
3541:
3535:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3492:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3428:
3422:
3413:
3406:
3372:Future Anterior
3367:
3362:
3356:
3341:
3333:
3331:
3314:
3280:Future Anterior
3275:
3270:
3236:Future Anterior
3231:
3226:
3220:
3203:
3197:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3044:on June 6, 2011
3034:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3011:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2961:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2877:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2662:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2628:on June 6, 2011
2622:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2512:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1960:Future Anterior
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1823:Smolensk Oblast
1816:
1812:
1798:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:, pp. 157.
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:, pp. 176.
1685:
1678:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1487:Vasily Bazhenov
1481:
1477:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1334:interwar period
1317:
1272:
1249:
1208:
1192:
1167:
954:
941:
929:
923:
854:
799:Leonid Brezhnev
792:, sometimes to
761:Russian history
734:Sergey Konenkov
726:
718:'s state visit.
704:
692:Petr Baranovsky
659:Kremlin Armoury
637:
540:
532:German invasion
492:Petr Baranovsky
479:
469:
457:Ilya Bondarenko
399:
382:Congress Poland
370:Grigory Gagarin
327:
297:
293:
286:Konstantin Thon
280:. Materials on
207:were regularly
162:
157:
43:
32:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3664:External links
3662:
3661:
3660:
3616:
3610:
3595:
3589:
3574:
3557:
3548:Сухарева Башня
3539:
3533:
3517:
3498:
3476:
3470:
3449:
3443:
3426:
3420:
3404:
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3354:
3339:
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3268:
3224:
3218:
3201:
3195:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3153:(in Russian).
3138:
3128:, July 4, 2005
3112:
3079:
3077:, p. 4–5.
3067:
3055:
3038:Nevskoe Vremya
3036:(in Russian).
3018:
2987:
2983:Alexey Dushkin
2974:
2972:, p. xvi.
2959:
2935:
2925:, May 25, 2009
2921:(in Russian).
2906:
2896:, May 22, 2009
2875:
2868:(in Russian).
2853:
2814:
2804:, May 25, 2009
2800:(in Russian).
2785:
2757:
2747:, May 25, 2009
2743:(in Russian).
2728:
2704:
2692:
2683:
2671:
2639:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2574:
2565:
2563:, p. 207.
2553:
2543:, May 19, 2004
2521:
2488:
2476:
2454:
2442:
2428:
2416:
2391:
2379:
2358:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2302:, p. 351.
2292:
2276:
2264:
2262:, p. 142.
2249:
2247:, p. 141.
2237:
2208:
2206:, p. 139.
2196:
2194:, p. 140.
2184:
2182:, p. 138.
2169:
2157:
2144:
2129:
2110:
2108:, p. 357.
2098:
2086:
2084:, p. 353.
2074:
2057:
2031:
2019:
2017:, pp. 44.
2007:
2005:, p. 352.
1992:
1945:
1914:
1897:
1880:
1878:, p. 174.
1868:
1856:
1835:
1831:Sukharev Tower
1810:
1801:2008 reissue:
1781:
1779:, p. 180.
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1676:
1674:, p. 324.
1661:
1659:, p. 175.
1649:
1647:, p. 177.
1637:
1615:
1603:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1491:Matvey Kazakov
1475:
1460:
1431:
1405:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1325:intelligentsia
1316:
1313:
1271:
1270:Property title
1268:
1248:
1245:
1207:
1204:
1191:
1188:
1166:
1163:
1083:
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1021:
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1017:
1014:
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1005:
1004:
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998:
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988:
985:
982:
979:
973:
972:
969:
966:
963:
957:
956:
951:
947:
946:
943:
940:Share in total
938:
932:
931:
922:
919:
897:pound sterling
853:
850:
826:Yegor Ligachev
703:
700:
651:Moscow Kremlin
636:
633:
549:was listed by
539:
536:
488:Vladimir Lenin
468:
465:
354:Viollet-le-Duc
326:
323:
319:city architect
178:Russian Empire
161:
158:
156:
153:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
74:Non-commercial
72:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3725:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Law of Russia
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3663:
3657:
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3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3565:on 2011-05-27
3564:
3560:
3558:5-8037-0001-0
3554:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3534:5-275-00664-0
3530:
3523:
3518:
3508:on 2008-12-26
3507:
3503:
3499:
3489:on 2008-12-26
3488:
3484:
3477:
3473:
3471:5-7598-0384-0
3467:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3330:on 2016-02-08
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
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3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
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3221:
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3210:
3209:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3139:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3075:Dushkina 2008
3071:
3068:
3065:, p. 39.
3064:
3063:Zalivako 2008
3059:
3056:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2992:
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2871:
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2843:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2803:
2802:Radio Liberty
2799:
2789:
2786:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2729:
2717:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2661:on 2009-02-14
2660:
2656:
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2646:
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2640:
2627:
2623:
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2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
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2557:
2554:
2542:
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2531:
2525:
2522:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:Dushkina 2008
2480:
2477:
2472:
2466:. MAPS. 2005.
2465:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2439:. MAPS. 2005.
2438:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2406:on 2011-10-04
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2389:, p. 70.
2388:
2383:
2380:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:Boris Yeltsin
2285:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:0-8101-1127-6
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2155:, p. 141
2154:
2148:
2145:
2142:, p. 10.
2141:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:, p. 68.
2126:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2096:, p. 67.
2095:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2072:, p. 45.
2071:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2029:, p. 63.
2028:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1893:Cracraft 1988
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:5-98339-005-8
1804:
1795:
1792:(1883–1888).
1791:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1761:
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1749:
1746:
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1653:
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1646:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1613:, p. 97.
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1580:, p. 93.
1579:
1574:
1571:
1568:, p. 92.
1567:
1562:
1559:
1556:, p. 45.
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1532:, p. 46.
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1505:, p. 77.
1504:
1499:
1496:
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1312:
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1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1281:Smolny Palace
1278:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:Palace Square
1222:
1219:'s 400-meter
1218:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
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1130:
1127:
1126:Privatization
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
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1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
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986:
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975:
974:
970:
967:
964:
962:
961:North-Western
959:
958:
952:
949:
948:
937:
933:
926:
920:
918:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
870:Boris Yeltsin
863:
858:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
834:
829:
827:
822:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
800:
795:
794:urban renewal
791:
787:
786:Richard Nixon
781:
778:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:
752:
751:Ilya Glazunov
748:
744:
739:
738:Leonid Leonov
735:
731:
725:
717:
716:Richard Nixon
713:
708:
701:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
632:
630:
629:Joseph Stalin
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
568:
564:
556:
552:
551:Joseph Stalin
548:
544:
537:
535:
533:
529:
524:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
484:
478:
474:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
411:
407:
403:
398:
394:
393:Alexey Uvarov
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
339:
335:
331:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
306:building code
302:
300:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:coast. These
190:
187:
183:
179:
171:
166:
159:
154:
152:
150:
144:
140:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
105:
101:
98:The national
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
36:
19:
3634:(1): 38–50.
3631:
3627:
3600:
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3563:the original
3544:
3521:
3510:. Retrieved
3506:the original
3491:. Retrieved
3487:the original
3453:
3432:
3408:
3378:(1): xx-14.
3375:
3371:
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3328:the original
3286:(1): 62–63.
3283:
3279:
3242:(1): x–xvi.
3239:
3235:
3207:
3185:
3177:Bibliography
3163:. Retrieved
3159:the original
3141:
3130:. Retrieved
3126:Times Online
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3094:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3042:the original
3010:. Retrieved
3006:Times Online
2977:
2951:. Retrieved
2938:
2927:. Retrieved
2909:
2898:. Retrieved
2856:
2831:. Retrieved
2817:
2806:. Retrieved
2788:
2777:. Retrieved
2749:. Retrieved
2731:
2720:. Retrieved
2707:
2686:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:the original
2630:. Retrieved
2626:the original
2598:
2589:
2568:
2556:
2545:. Retrieved
2530:Yury Luzhkov
2524:
2513:. Retrieved
2509:Times Online
2486:, p. 3.
2479:
2457:
2445:
2431:
2426:, p. 4.
2419:
2408:. Retrieved
2404:the original
2394:
2382:
2371:. Retrieved
2369:(in Russian)
2361:
2350:. Retrieved
2319:
2312:Schmidt 1990
2307:
2300:Schmidt 1990
2295:
2284:Schmidt 1990
2279:
2267:
2240:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2160:
2147:
2106:Hosking 2006
2101:
2089:
2082:Schmidt 1990
2077:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:the original
2034:
2022:
2010:
2003:Schmidt 1990
1984:. Retrieved
1964:
1958:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1900:
1895:, p. 9.
1871:
1866:, p. 9.
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1838:
1813:
1793:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1652:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1618:
1606:
1601:, p. 83
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1510:
1498:
1483:Schmidt 1989
1478:
1452:. Retrieved
1423:. Retrieved
1408:
1361:
1346:Yury Luzhkov
1339:
1318:
1302:
1273:
1261:
1258:El Lissitzky
1250:
1221:Okhta Center
1209:
1193:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1086:
953:Regional and
908:
901:Yury Luzhkov
894:
878:
874:Kirov Oblast
867:
862:Arbat Street
830:
814:
813:reported in
803:
782:
769:
754:
727:
695:
687:
683:
677:
673:
667:
638:
617:
601:Vladimir Rus
578:
563:World War II
560:
528:World War II
516:The rise of
515:
500:
480:
453:Ivan Mashkov
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