715:
656:, and she was sentenced to prison terms in both 1722 and 1737. The punishment of Sweden's "cunning folk" only seemed to have the opposite effect. Ericsson said that his clients had been coming in greater numbers after the rulings against him, and that he would be forced to hide if he was to obey the court and refrain from his practice, and in the Biörn case, the vicar complained that people from throughout the country came to seek her help, and relied on her as a God after her first sentence. The sentences, in reality, had the effect of good advertising, and Brita's daughter and granddaughter's daughter were also healing women.
67:
881:, a bill was passed by parliament designed to illegalise "Conjurations, Enchantments and Witchcrafts", again being aimed at both the alleged witches and the cunning folk. However, this law was not as harsh as its earlier predecessor, with the death penalty being reserved for those who were believed to have conjured an evil spirit or murdered someone through magical means, whilst those for whom the use of magic was a first offence faced a year's imprisonment and four stints in the
913:. Unlike earlier laws, this did not accept the existence of magic, and took the opinion that there never had been any witches, and it, therefore, came down heavier on the cunning folk, who were claiming to perform genuine magical spells. It portrayed the cunning folk as practitioners of "explicitly fraudulent practices designed to fool the credulous" in order to gain money off of them.
31:
1145:, who could help defeat these malevolent entities. Magical tools were also utilised by Italian cunning-folk, and whilst these varied between both regions and practitioners, these commonly include fiber ropes or cords to bind, knives or scissors to cut away illness, and mirrors and weapons to reflect or scare away malevolent spirits.
1137:, which is evident from the use of charms and prayers, which often call upon the aid of saints. Such magical practitioners also widely believed that they dealt with spirit beings, both benevolent (who would aid them) and malevolent (whom they would have to combat). The latter included the unquiet dead as well as supernatural
933:" was once widespread in Germany; however, during the early modern period such practices gradually became less accepted by the authorities, partly because the belief in "white magic" was viewed by the church authorities to be contrary to Biblical teachings and partly due to the loss of revenues for certain groups such as
1197:
usually shunned those said to be witches, unless they felt they needed help against supernatural forces. Impotence, stomach pains, barrenness, hernias, abscesses, epileptic seizures, and convulsions were all attributed to evil (or witchcraft). In Russia, three quarters of those accused of witchcraft were men.
1014:("keening woman"). They were known as seers, and would provide traditional herbal cures and perform funeral tasks like preparing corpses. Gearoid Ă Crualaoich described the bean feasa as "an oracular authority for her community regarding the meaning and significance of experiences they fail to understand."
3229:
856:
believed was due to those in power changing their opinion on the law: they believed that either the death penalty was too harsh for such crimes or that the practice of the cunning craft was a moral issue that was better for the Church to deal with in ecclesiastic courts rather than a problem that had
835:
In
England and Wales, cunning folk had operated throughout the latter part of the Mediaeval and into the Early Modern period. In the 15th and 16th centuries, there had been no attempt to illegalise the cunning craft, although private lawsuits had been brought against some of them by those clients who
623:
that commands the user of the charm to write the words "Agerin, Nagerin, Vagerin, Jagerin, Ipagerin, Sipia" on a piece of paper using a new pen, cut the paper into three small pieces, place the first piece onto the tooth in the evening and in the morning spit the piece into the fire. This should then
1196:
centered on whether someone was using incantations or rites to cause harm. In one case of suspected witchcraft, investigators found a locked box containing something bundled in a kerchief and three paper packets, wrapped and tied, containing crushed grasses. People in
Russian and Ukrainian societies
901:
for instance, whereas around four hundred people had been put on trial for witchcraft, only four of those were identifiably cunning folk. However, many of the professional witch-hunters and theologians continued to proclaim the cunning craft as being the same as witchcraft, with them both being
627:
There is an old idea that it was "Klok gumma" who often fell victim to the Witch Trials in the 17th century, but this does not appear to be true. However, some "wise women" and "wise men" were punished, not for witchcraft but often under the indictment point of "superstition"
690:
The customs persisted well into the 20th century, until the medical doctor became more accessible to the public. In the 19th century, every neighbourhood in Norway had at least one folk-healer. Such beliefs in folk-medicine, magic, and the use of "black books" were taken by
896:
Whilst across
England, many people were accused of witchcraft by members of their local communities and put on trial, the cunning folk very rarely suffered a similar fate. It was unusual for a cunning man or woman to actually be accused of witchcraft; in the county of
848:, which targeted both witches and cunning folk, and which prescribed the death penalty for such crimes as using invocations and conjurations to locate treasure or to cast a love spell. This law was repealed no later than 1547, under the reign of Henry's son
860:
For the following few decades, the magical practices of the cunning folk remained legal, despite opposition from certain religious authorities. It was a time of great religious upheaval in the country as Edward's successor, his sister
614:
is known in
Denmark and Norway) that were left out of the official Old Testament by the learned so that the common folk would not learn the knowledge held within the text. A formulary found in a "black book" recovered from a farm near
3563:
699:
communities around the 1920s with many not having knowledge of the subject or of the "black book". Knowledge of these beliefs did last longer in Norway, even if they were not commonly believed in by
Norwegians.
749:
they were sometimes referred to as "pellars", which some etymologists suggest originated from the term "expellers", referring to the practice of expelling evil spirits. Folklorists often used the term "
832:. However, as historian Owen Davies noted, "although some such pre-Christian magic continued, to label it pagan is to misrepresent the people who used it and the context in which it was used."
1207:
1108:. The former required knowledge about various plants and herbs on the behalf of the cunning-person, although the spiritual healing was believed to come from an inner power, known as
781:
885:. Nonetheless, this law would have little effect on the cunning folk, as "the attention and focus of the courts shifted away from the activities of cunning-folk and towards the
624:
be repeated with the other pieces. Another charm used for helping a woman who is having a difficult labour says to take two white lily roots and give them to the mother to eat.
1396:
by
Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra, Willem de Blécourt, Brian Levack, Ronald Hutton, Jean Sybil La Fontaine and Roy Porter, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1999,
1097:." Unlike in other parts of Europe, such as Britain, the cunning profession survived the 20th century and into the early 21st, allowing Italian-American sociologist
945:
in which periodical action was taken against users of "white magic". The usual punishment was banishment rather than execution as was common for others convicted of
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3173:
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272:
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for "superstition", and again in the 1680s to nine. Per
Ericsson of Dalarna, who read the diseases in wine, was punished both in 1720 and 1726.
3492:
2198:
Chumbley, Andrew (2001). "The Leaper
Between: An Historical Study of the Toad-bone Amulet; its forms, functions, and praxes in popular magic".
714:
3461:
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2310:
1808:
1766:
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As in the rest of Europe, the primary role of the
Italian cunning-folk was apparently in healing, both through the use of herbs and through
2389:
784:, largely because most common people firmly distinguished between the two: witches were seen as being harmful and cunning folk as useful.
2226:
De Blécourt, Willem (October 1994). "Witch
Doctors, Soothsayers and Priests. On Cunning Folk in European Historiography and Tradition".
526:
1425:
Jacob Christenssen (Swedish): Signums svenska kulturhistoria. Stormaktstiden (Signum Swedish Culturhistory. The Great Power Era) (2005)
733:. Such people were also frequently known across England as "wizards", "wise men" or "wise women", or in southern England and Wales as "
3558:
3368:
3133:
2507:
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were added to the existing traditions. For instance, a healing would now be done in the name of Jesus, citing a story from the Bible.
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and Wales that often condemned cunning folk and their magical practices, but there was no widespread persecution of them akin to the
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prayers and incantations, whether spoken, whispered or sung. These incantations have been traditionally accompanied by associated
1093:(witches), although usually only "behind their backs or by those who either are sceptical of their powers or believe they deal in
265:
687:(1793â1851), Anna Brandfjeld (1810â1905) and Valborg Valland (1821â1903) achieved national fame, unusual for women of the time.
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35:
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With the decline in the witch trials in the latter part of the 17th and early 18th centuries, partly due to the rise of the
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155:
66:
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3619:
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3157:
2743:
2514:
258:
160:
150:
2159:
Worobec, Christine D. (1995). "Witchcraft Beliefs and Practices in Prerevolutionary Russian and Ukrainian Villages".
1922:
1895:
753:", though this was infrequently used amongst the ordinary folk as the term "witch" had general connotations of evil.
320:. Although some cunning folk were denounced as witches themselves, they made up a minority of those accused, and the
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practitioner to have either a full set of teeth, or a knife as a symbolic substitute for teeth that were missing.
3517:
3213:
659:
There are many examples of well-known "cunning folk" who were known far beyond their village boundaries, such as
2350:
Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits: Shamanistic Visionary Traditions in Early Modern British Witchcraft and Magic
3543:
3321:
3311:
3221:
3093:
2382:
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1782:
in: Basler Jahrbuch 1935, Seite 41 und in: Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde Heft 2, Band 48/1932, Seite 44
592:
Many Norwegian and Danish practitioners of folk magic and medicine would have a copy of the "Svartebok" (or "
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that had been raging in Scotland and in many parts of continental Europe had finally arrived in England.
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3434:
3429:
3306:
2828:
2584:
2557:
2497:
2116:
Kivelson, Valerie A. (July 2003). "Male Witches and Gendered Categories in Seventeenth-Century Russia".
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676:
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232:
165:
94:
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who were believed to cause harm to people, whilst the former included ancestors, the helpful dead and
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123:
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3165:
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2462:
2457:
2433:
2375:
2303:
Tubelo's Green Fire: Mythos, Ethos, Female, Male & Priestly Mysteries of the Clan of Tubal Cain
1212:
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841:
788:
769:
143:
133:
78:
50:
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authorities believed that the cunning folk, being practitioners of magic, were in league with the
430:
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2141:
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607:
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217:
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436:
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2341:
Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in 16th and 17th-Century England
2325:
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generally made a distinction between the two. The name 'cunning folk' originally referred to
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2629:
2619:
2552:
2445:
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2168:
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1835:
1172:, some of which are, or were, physically demanding and strenuous. One example calls for the
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761:
726:
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560:
138:
128:
1497:
H.P. Hansen: Kloge Folk - Folkemedicin og overtro i Vestjylland (Rosenkilde og Bagger 1960)
1025:
Male practitioners also existed, primarily providing traditional cures. They were known as
725:
The term "cunning man" or "cunning woman" was most widely used in southern England and the
2838:
2738:
2634:
1165:
934:
837:
530:
3482:
3023:
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felt that they had been cheated out of their money. This changed with the first of the
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and Christianization of the traditional rites, in which images of, and lore about,
821:, who appeared as anti-Christian sorcerers in much Irish literature of the period.
811:, the latter of which have been speculated as being anglicised terms for the Irish
792:
757:
101:
2293:
2271:
Magliocco, Sabina (2009). "Italian Cunning Craft: Some Preliminary Observations".
3109:
3053:
3038:
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2893:
2858:
2843:
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2624:
2547:
2322:
The Witch of the West: Or, The Strange and Wonderful History of Thomasine Blight
1839:
1222:
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1015:
972:
who hunted witches and "neutralised" them on behalf of society was always male.
956:
practitioners of folk-magic were almost always female; however, by contrast the
930:
926:
874:
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750:
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said in court that she learned to heal the sick when she spent some time in the
309:
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210:
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2129:
1923:"An Essay on the Druids, the Ancient Churches and the Round Towers of Ireland"
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653:
611:
525:
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317:
305:
237:
205:
58:
1181:
The traditions survived into the Christian era, largely through a process of
1126:(the sign). Such healing was often in the form of removing the malocchio, or
17:
2973:
2755:
2733:
2683:
2678:
2656:
2039:
1779:
849:
620:
598:
563:, were usually elder members of the community who acted as folk healers and
481:
222:
39:
2529:
1133:
Italian cunning craft was, and continued to remain rooted in the country's
30:
1897:
Spatiality and Symbolic Expression: On the Links between Place and Culture
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321:
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1138:
981:
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773:
718:
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Healing by hand: manual medicine and bonesetting in global perspective
1382:
Wicked arts: witchcraft and magic trials in southern Sweden, 1635â1754
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2910:
2823:
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2801:
2728:
1232:
1169:
1142:
680:
637:
472:
3564:
Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
3230:
Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
2172:
3573:
3013:
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2988:
2978:
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2816:
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2668:
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1186:
1042:
898:
818:
765:
730:
713:
524:
504:
85:
29:
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and as such were akin to the more overtly Satanic and malevolent
340:
Names given to folk-healers and magic-workers in Europe include:
3003:
2935:
2703:
2661:
2371:
1276:
The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present
791:
period, various forms of folk magic could be found amongst the
1541:
Remedies and rituals: folk medicine in Norway and the New Land
1510:
Remedies and rituals: folk medicine in Norway and the New Land
1470:
Remedies and rituals: folk medicine in Norway and the New Land
1437:
Kathryn S. Oths, Servando Z. Hinojosa, Rowman Altamira, 2004,
2243:
The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft
1793:
Lucifer ascending: the occult in folklore and popular culture
1751:
Lucifer ascending: the occult in folklore and popular culture
34:
A model of a 19th-century cunning woman in her house, at the
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
909:
amongst the educated elite, a new law was introduced, the
312:
until the 20th century. Their practices were known as the
2264:
Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain
1543:
by Kathleen Stokker, Minnesota Historical Society, 2007,
1512:
by Kathleen Stokker, Minnesota Historical Society, 2007,
1472:
by Kathleen Stokker, Minnesota Historical Society, 2007,
1208:
Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement
2280:
Maple, Eric (December 1960). "The Witches of Canewdon".
1826:Ă Crualaoich, GearĂłid (2005). "Reading the Bean Feasa".
1045:
vary from region to region, although such names include
824:
Some of the spells and charms that had been used in the
721:
of a cunning woman in the Museum of Witchcraft and Magic
1723:
Witchcraft narratives in Germany: Rothenburg 1561-1652
2084:
v sravnitel'nom osveshchenii: Syuzhetika i obraz mira
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1291:
1289:
1173:
1159:
877:. In 1563, after the return of power to the Anglican
929:" to be used for healing and as protection against "
3526:
3505:
3470:
3454:
3412:
3361:
3330:
3299:
3290:
3247:
3240:
3077:
2954:
2794:
2607:
2540:
2416:
2409:
1725:Alison Rowlands, Manchester University Press, 2003
772:. Partly because of this, laws were enacted across
606:, and to others to have been the Sixth and Seventh
596:"), a tome that, according to some, was written by
2240:
1342:"Swedish to English vocabulary list from Freedict"
1087:(sorcerers). At times, they were sometimes called
2266:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
2057:(in Russian). Moscow: Lokid. pp. 204, 521.
1795:Bill Ellis, University Press of Kentucky, 2004,
1753:Bill Ellis, University Press of Kentucky, 2004,
1394:Witchcraft and magic in Europe: the 20th century
1372:Jan-Inge Wall, Hon var engÄng tagen under jorden
636:). In the 1670s, the wise man Johan Eriksson of
462:
456:
450:
2111:
2109:
2107:
3087:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
2209:Cunning-Folk: Popular Magic in English History
3174:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
2383:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
554:
548:
542:
495:
489:
332:for similar people in other parts of Europe.
266:
8:
1368:
1366:
1353:
1351:
967:
957:
584:
578:
572:
399:
393:
384:
378:
345:
1164:âthe use of verbal incantationsâarose from
1009:
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997:
991:
985:
812:
420:
414:
408:
360:
354:
3296:
3244:
2413:
2390:
2376:
2368:
2118:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2096:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2055:777 Zagovorov I Zaklinanii Russkogo Naroda
2024:(in Russian). Moscow: EKSMO. p. 562.
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
671:in the 19th century. In the 16th century,
273:
259:
65:
45:
2273:Journal for the Academic Study of Magic 5
619:contains many formulas such as one for a
559:("The Wise ones"), as they were known in
326:folk-healers and magic-workers in Britain
316:. Their services also included thwarting
1536:
1534:
1505:
1503:
984:, the female cunning-folk were known as
795:, who referred to such practitioners as
1718:
1716:
1263:
1192:Societal concern about the practice of
57:
3493:List of people executed for witchcraft
2089:
1925:. W.B. Kelly – via Google Books.
1101:to make a brief study of them (2009).
1018:(1798â1872) was a famous practitioner
602:, that is, the Saint of Necromancers,
3462:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
2247:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1821:
1819:
1817:
7:
695:. However, many beliefs died out in
567:as well as using folk magic such as
328:, but the name is now applied as an
27:Practitioner of folk magic in Europe
2352:. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
1870:"Discovering the Bean Feasa |"
1041:The names used for cunning-folk in
828:era continued to be used following
583:("wise woman") and collectively as
533:of Gotland (1782â1874), drawing by
3559:Left-hand path and right-hand path
3134:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
2086:(in Russian). Moscow. p. 366.
1894:Richardson, Bill (July 22, 2015).
25:
2022:Russkaya Mifologia. Entsiklopedia
1921:Smiddy, Richard (April 6, 1873).
741:" (knowing man or woman) in the
2211:. London: Hambledon Continuum.
1357:Signum svenska kulturhistoria,
1243:Wise Old Man and Wise Old Woman
857:to be sorted out by the state.
852:, something that the historian
571:. In Denmark, they were called
553:("wise man"), and collectively
3610:Former health care occupations
3257:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
3118:Summis desiderantes affectibus
2305:. Oxford: Mandrake of Oxford.
2080:Vostochnoslavyanskie lechebnye
949:and the use of "black magic"
873:was once again restored under
803:(female), or at times also as
36:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic
1:
2294:10.1080/0015587X.1960.9717250
2275:. Oxford: Mandrake of Oxford.
2053:Aleksandrov, Aleksei (1997).
844:, enacted under the reign of
3262:accusations against children
3158:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
2191:General and cited references
1130:, which had cursed someone.
610:(or "Books of Moses" as the
2020:Madlevskaya, Elena (2005).
1840:10.1080/0015587052000337707
1174:
1160:
383:("soothsayer-healers") and
3636:
3182:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
2078:Agapkina, Tatiana (2010).
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1780:Deutschen Rechtswörterbuch
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1307:
1295:
1152:
1033:("people of traditions").
707:
529:The Swedish cunning woman
243:in the early modern period
3214:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
2130:10.1017/S0010417503000276
1910:– via Google Books.
889:of supposed witches"âthe
675:was often hired by Queen
368:the Finnish and Karelian
3544:Christian views on magic
3222:The Discovery of Witches
3094:Directorium Inquisitorum
1029:("man of knowledge") or
990:("woman of knowledge");
943:Rothenburg ob der Tauber
693:migrants to the Americas
663:in the 18th century and
516:, meaning "cunning men")
413:("woman of knowledge"),
296:, were practitioners of
3150:De praestigiis daemonum
3102:De maleficis mulieribus
2320:Semmens, Jason (2004).
2262:Hutton, Ronald (2009).
2239:Hutton, Ronald (1999).
710:Cunning folk in Britain
640:was sentenced to seven
3206:Compendium Maleficarum
3198:Magical Investigations
3089:(8thâ2nd centuries BC)
2339:Thomas, Keith (1973).
1323:. Theses.univ-lyon2.fr
1122:
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1004:
998:
992:
986:
968:
958:
826:Anglo-Saxon polytheist
817:, a term referring to
813:
787:In England during the
722:
633:
585:
579:
573:
555:
549:
543:
538:
496:
494:("wise old woman") or
490:
463:
457:
451:
421:
415:
409:
400:
394:
385:
379:
361:
355:
346:
43:
2829:Cloak of invisibility
2585:Solitary practitioner
2498:Witch-cult hypothesis
2301:Oates, Shani (2010).
2207:Davies, Owen (2003).
1280:Yale University Press
1069:(women who help) and
1008:("white woman"), and
941:, as was the case in
902:caused by the Devil.
717:
677:Margaret Leijonhufvud
673:Brigitta Andersdotter
528:
359:("magic-doctors") or
233:Witch-cult hypothesis
228:Witch as an archetype
33:
3615:Magic (supernatural)
3549:Magical organization
3064:Witches of Benevento
2348:Wilby, Emma (2005).
541:In Scandinavia, the
3620:Witchcraft in Italy
3605:Folklore characters
3166:Newes from Scotland
3126:Malleus Maleficarum
2503:Anglo-Saxon England
1213:European witchcraft
962:(also a term for a
911:Witchcraft Act 1735
842:Witchcraft Act 1541
807:, practitioners of
683:some women such as
661:Ingeborg i MjÀrhult
467:("women of virtue")
464:mulheres de virtude
308:in Europe from the
3518:Witches in fiction
3506:In popular culture
3080:historic treatises
2343:. London: Penguin.
2161:The Russian Review
723:
697:Norwegian-American
608:books of the Bible
604:Cyprian of Antioch
547:("wise woman") or
539:
380:devins-guérisseurs
302:helpful folk magic
218:Magic and religion
44:
3600:European folklore
3582:
3581:
3539:Witch (archetype)
3501:
3500:
3450:
3449:
2776:Sympathetic magic
2603:
2602:
2312:978-1-906958-07-7
1809:978-0-8131-2289-2
1767:978-0-8131-2289-2
1739:978-0-7190-5259-0
1557:978-0-87351-576-4
1526:978-0-87351-576-4
1486:978-0-87351-576-4
1451:978-0-7591-0393-1
1402:978-0-485-89106-5
1282:. pp. 24â25.
1247:Jungian archetype
1218:Folk Christianity
1135:Roman Catholicism
1106:spiritual healing
1066:donne che aiutano
1002:("female seer");
879:Church of England
867:Roman Catholicism
577:("wise man") and
389:("curse-lifters")
365:("devil-banners")
283:
282:
16:(Redirected from
3627:
3513:Magic in fiction
3343:Northern Moravia
3297:
3277:Papua New Guinea
3245:
3029:Nine sorceresses
2781:Witches' Sabbath
2630:Ceremonial magic
2620:Apotropaic magic
2414:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2344:
2335:
2316:
2297:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2246:
2235:
2222:
2203:
2185:
2184:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2113:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1872:. Archived from
1866:
1860:
1859:
1823:
1812:
1790:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1748:
1742:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1538:
1529:
1507:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1467:
1454:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1404:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1308:De Blécourt 1994
1305:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1268:
1177:
1163:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1099:Sabina Magliocco
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
971:
961:
925:and the use of "
830:Christianization
816:
760:theologians and
729:, as well as in
588:
582:
576:
558:
552:
546:
500:("wise old man")
499:
493:
466:
461:("blessers") or
460:
454:
446:("good walkers")
424:
418:
412:
404:("herb witches")
403:
397:
388:
386:leveurs de sorts
382:
364:
358:
349:
288:, also known as
275:
268:
261:
104:
97:
88:
81:
69:
46:
21:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3522:
3497:
3466:
3446:
3408:
3362:Northern Europe
3357:
3326:
3286:
3236:
3079:
3073:
2956:
2950:
2889:Magical weapons
2839:Flying ointment
2790:
2635:Magical formula
2599:
2536:
2483:Greece and Rome
2405:
2396:
2366:
2360:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2319:
2313:
2300:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2238:
2225:
2219:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2088:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2032:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1791:
1787:
1778:Beleg laut dem
1776:
1772:
1749:
1745:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1563:
1539:
1532:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1468:
1457:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1407:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1287:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1203:
1157:
1151:
1051:(wise people),
1039:
978:
935:barber-surgeons
919:
838:Witchcraft Acts
789:Early Mediaeval
712:
706:
589:("wise folk").
535:Pehr Arvid SĂ€ve
531:Gertrud Ahlgren
523:
449:the Portuguese
440:("healers") or
338:
279:
250:
249:
181:
180:
171:
170:
119:
118:
109:
100:
93:
84:
77:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3633:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3413:Western Europe
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3331:Eastern Europe
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3069:Witch of Endor
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2946:Witch's ladder
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2420:
2418:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2317:
2311:
2298:
2288:(4): 241â250.
2277:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2236:
2228:Social History
2223:
2217:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2173:10.2307/130913
2167:(2): 165â187.
2151:
2124:(3): 606â631.
2103:
2070:
2063:
2045:
2030:
2012:
2008:Magliocco 2009
2000:
1996:Magliocco 2009
1988:
1984:Magliocco 2009
1976:
1972:Magliocco 2009
1964:
1960:Magliocco 2009
1952:
1948:Magliocco 2009
1940:
1936:Magliocco 2009
1928:
1913:
1906:
1886:
1861:
1813:
1785:
1770:
1743:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1561:
1530:
1499:
1490:
1455:
1427:
1405:
1386:
1384:By Per Sörlina
1374:
1362:
1359:Stormaktstiden
1347:
1333:
1321:"2) Aoibheall"
1312:
1300:
1285:
1272:Hutton, Ronald
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1153:Main article:
1150:
1147:
1038:
1035:
1031:lucht pisreoga
977:
974:
921:The belief in
918:
915:
743:Welsh language
739:dyn(es) hysbys
708:Main article:
705:
702:
522:
519:
518:
517:
501:
486:
477:
468:
458:benzedeiros/as
452:curandeiros/as
447:
426:
405:
390:
375:
366:
351:
337:
334:
281:
280:
278:
277:
270:
263:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
246:
245:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
214:
213:
208:
203:
193:
188:
182:
179:Related topics
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
147:
146:
141:
131:
126:
120:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
108:
107:
106:
105:
91:
90:
89:
74:
71:
70:
62:
61:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3632:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:Folk religion
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Three Witches
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Morgan le Fay
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Kitchen witch
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Latin America
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2439:Witch smeller
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2361:
2359:1-84519-078-5
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2331:0-9546839-0-0
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
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1998:. pp. 117â118
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907:Enlightenment
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372:
367:
363:
362:duivelbanners
357:
352:
350:("wise folk")
348:
343:
342:
341:
336:Euopean names
335:
333:
331:
330:umbrella term
327:
323:
322:common people
319:
315:
314:cunning craft
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:folk medicine
295:
291:
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191:Folk religion
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161:North America
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151:Latin America
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64:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
37:
32:
19:
18:Cunning woman
3595:Cunning folk
3534:Witch (word)
3483:Witch's mark
3292:Early Modern
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3190:Daemonologie
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3142:Laienspiegel
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3024:Muma PÄdurii
2955:Folklore and
2926:Sator Square
2879:Magic circle
2874:Magic carpet
2834:Crystal ball
2771:Spiritualism
2595:Witch doctor
2478:Cunning folk
2477:
2349:
2340:
2324:. Plymouth.
2321:
2302:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2242:
2231:
2227:
2208:
2200:The Cauldron
2199:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2121:
2117:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2054:
2048:
2021:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1962:. p.114-116.
1955:
1943:
1931:
1916:
1900:. Springer.
1896:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:the original
1864:
1834:(1): 37â50.
1831:
1827:
1792:
1788:
1777:
1773:
1750:
1746:
1722:
1710:. pp. 20â21.
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1540:
1509:
1493:
1469:
1434:
1430:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1358:
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1315:
1303:
1275:
1266:
1238:Witch doctor
1191:
1180:
1166:Slavic pagan
1158:
1132:
1120:(virtue) or
1103:
1060:fattucchiere
1040:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1019:
979:
959:Hexenmeister
951:
923:cunning folk
922:
920:
904:
895:
886:
865:, reimposed
859:
834:
823:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:Anglo-Saxons
786:
755:
738:
724:
689:
658:
626:
597:
591:
569:magic rhymes
540:
507:
488:the Swedish
480:
479:the Spanish
476:("warlocks")
471:
441:
435:
434:("fixers"),
431:fattucchiere
429:
428:the Italian
401:KrÀuterhexen
395:Hexenmeister
369:
356:toverdokters
339:
313:
293:
290:folk healers
289:
286:Cunning folk
285:
284:
186:Cunning folk
185:
3241:Persecution
3110:Formicarius
3054:Spearfinger
2994:Elbow witch
2894:Magic sword
2859:Julleuchter
2844:Goofer dust
2786:White magic
2699:Incantation
2625:Black magic
2580:Renaissance
2548:Chaos magic
2520:Middle East
2451:Philippines
1741:, pp. 72â73
1708:Davies 2003
1696:Davies 2003
1684:Davies 2003
1674:. p. 06-07.
1672:Davies 2003
1660:Davies 2003
1648:Davies 2003
1636:Davies 2003
1624:Hutton 2009
1614:. pp. 7â13.
1612:Davies 2003
1600:Hutton 1999
1588:Davies 2003
1576:Hutton 1999
1488:. pp. 75â76
1296:Davies 2003
1223:Folk healer
1095:black magic
1084:maghiardzha
1057:(healers),
1016:Biddy Early
969:Hexenfinder
931:black magic
927:white magic
875:Elizabeth I
871:Anglicanism
854:Owen Davies
751:white witch
646:Brita Biörn
634:Vidskepelse
521:Scandinavia
485:("healers")
470:the Slavic
425:("seeress")
392:the German
377:the French
374:("knowers")
344:the Danish
310:Middle Ages
156:Middle East
3589:Categories
3554:Maleficium
3478:Witch-hunt
3282:Witch camp
2941:Witch ball
2884:Magic ring
2869:Love charm
2724:Necromancy
2719:Moon magic
2714:Mediumship
2709:Love magic
2694:Gray magic
2674:Divination
2473:Benandanti
2403:witchcraft
2064:5320002157
1880:2020-04-06
1327:2022-09-15
1254:References
1194:witchcraft
1183:syncretism
1063:(fixers),
1027:fear feasa
1020:bean feasa
999:fĂĄidhbhean
987:bean feasa
947:witchcraft
939:physicians
891:Witch Hunt
887:maleficium
846:Henry VIII
799:(male) or
782:Witch Hunt
685:Mor SĂŠther
654:underworld
612:Pentateuch
594:black book
586:kloge folk
550:klok gubbe
544:klok gumma
497:klok gubbe
491:klok gumma
482:curanderos
443:benandanti
422:fĂĄidhbhean
410:bean feasa
407:the Irish
353:the Dutch
347:kloge folk
318:witchcraft
306:divination
238:Witch hunt
59:Witchcraft
3455:Classical
2974:Baba Yaga
2957:mythology
2766:Spiritism
2756:Sex magic
2734:Shamanism
2729:Occultism
2684:Evocation
2679:Entheogen
2657:Damnation
2608:Practices
2146:145811691
2092:cite book
2010:. p. 120.
1986:. p. 104.
1938:. p. 114.
1856:161524481
1638:. p. 185.
1590:. p. 184.
1298:. p. 163.
1259:Citations
1114:(power),
1054:guaritori
1005:bean bhĂĄn
993:banfhĂĄidh
869:, before
850:Edward VI
809:drycraeft
758:Christian
737:" or as "
735:conjurers
669:Gota-Lena
621:toothache
599:Cyprianus
580:klog kone
574:klog mand
437:guaritori
416:banfhĂĄidh
294:wise folk
223:Shamanism
117:By region
42:, England
40:Boscastle
3488:Pricking
3399:Scotland
3322:Virginia
3312:New York
3307:Maryland
3300:Americas
3049:Sorginak
3039:Pasiphaë
2931:Talisman
2901:Mojo bag
2849:Grimoire
2744:Regional
2689:Familiar
2652:Anathema
2568:Neopagan
2563:Medieval
2468:Akelarre
2282:Folklore
2082:zagovory
2040:70216827
1974:. p.123.
1848:30035237
1828:Folklore
1698:. p. 13.
1626:. p. 47.
1602:. p. 86.
1578:. p. 85.
1274:(2017).
1201:See also
1175:zagĐŸvory
1161:ZagĐŸvory
1155:Zagovory
1128:evil eye
1123:il Segno
1117:la virtĂč
1111:la forza
1048:praticos
778:Scotland
756:Certain
747:Cornwall
727:Midlands
642:gauntlet
565:midwives
556:De kloka
371:tietÀjÀt
95:Feminist
79:Neopagan
51:a series
49:Part of
3527:Related
3471:Related
3389:Iceland
3384:Finland
3379:England
3374:Denmark
3338:Hungary
3034:Obayifo
2964:Agamede
2921:Potions
2854:Incense
2795:Objects
2615:Animism
2590:Warlock
2525:Oceania
2508:Britain
2138:3879463
1811:, p. 22
1686:. p. 7.
1662:. p. 5.
1650:. p. 4.
1559:. p. 23
1528:. p. 78
1170:rituals
1139:witches
1090:streghe
982:Ireland
976:Ireland
964:warlock
954:Germany
917:Germany
883:pillory
774:England
770:witches
719:Diorama
704:Britain
665:Kisamor
650:Gotland
630:Swedish
617:Elverum
561:Swedish
473:vedmaki
166:Oceania
3440:Basque
3425:Geneva
3420:France
3404:Sweden
3394:Norway
3369:Baltic
3353:Russia
3348:Poland
3249:Modern
3233:(1751)
3225:(1647)
3217:(1627)
3209:(1608)
3201:(1599)
3193:(1597)
3185:(1595)
3177:(1593)
3169:(1591)
3161:(1584)
3153:(1563)
3145:(1509)
3137:(1489)
3129:(1487)
3121:(1484)
3113:(1475)
3105:(1440)
3097:(1376)
3044:Sebile
2999:Hecate
2969:Aradia
2916:Poppet
2911:Nkondi
2824:Censer
2807:Athame
2802:Amulet
2761:Sigils
2749:Yellow
2558:Hoodoo
2553:Goetia
2530:MÄkutu
2458:Europe
2429:Azande
2424:Africa
2417:Region
2356:
2328:
2309:
2251:
2215:
2181:130913
2179:
2144:
2136:
2061:
2038:
2028:
1904:
1854:
1846:
1807:
1799:
1765:
1757:
1737:
1729:
1555:
1547:
1524:
1516:
1484:
1476:
1453:. p. 5
1449:
1441:
1400:
1233:Vedmak
1149:Russia
1143:saints
863:Mary I
840:, the
819:druids
762:Church
681:Norway
638:Knutby
512:(from
139:Goetia
134:Europe
124:Africa
102:Dianic
3574:Adept
3435:Spain
3430:Italy
3317:Salem
3272:Nepal
3267:India
3078:Major
3014:Medea
3009:Kalku
2989:Drude
2984:Dayan
2979:Circe
2906:Nkisi
2817:besom
2812:Broom
2739:Black
2669:Demon
2647:Curse
2642:Coven
2573:Wicca
2493:Völva
2488:SeiĂ°r
2463:Italy
2434:Ghana
2410:Types
2399:Magic
2177:JSTOR
2142:S2CID
2134:JSTOR
1852:S2CID
1844:JSTOR
1187:Jesus
1043:Italy
1037:Italy
966:) or
899:Essex
801:wicce
797:wicca
766:Devil
745:. In
731:Wales
679:. In
514:Welsh
505:Welsh
211:White
201:Black
196:Magic
86:Wicca
3004:Huld
2936:Wand
2704:Jinn
2662:Jinx
2541:Form
2446:Asia
2401:and
2354:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2249:ISBN
2234:(3).
2213:ISBN
2098:link
2059:ISBN
2036:OCLC
2026:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1245:, a
1078:maga
1072:mago
937:and
814:drai
667:and
537:1870
503:the
304:and
206:Grey
144:Roma
129:Asia
2290:doi
2169:doi
2126:doi
1836:doi
1832:116
1081:or
996:or
980:In
952:In
805:dry
648:of
419:or
398:or
292:or
38:in
3591::
2286:71
2284:.
2232:19
2230:.
2175:.
2165:54
2163:.
2140:.
2132:.
2122:45
2120:.
2106:^
2094:}}
2090:{{
2034:.
1850:.
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1520:,
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2292::
2257:.
2221:.
2202:.
2183:.
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2100:)
2067:.
2042:.
1950:.
1883:.
1858:.
1838::
1344:.
1330:.
1310:.
628:(
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