31:
180:
80:
172:
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2609:
340:
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156:
371:
the cushion may not deform and will not cushion the shock. If the load-bearing area is too small, the product may “bottom out” during a shock; the shock is not cushioned. Engineers use “cushion curves” to choose the best thickness and load-bearing area for a cushioning material. Often two to three inches (50 – 75 mm) of cushioning are needed to protect fragile items.
164:
674:
370:
The amount of shock transmitted by a particular cushioning material is largely dependent on the thickness of the cushion, the drop height, and the load-bearing area of the cushion (static loading). A cushion must deform under shock for it to function. If a product is on a large load-bearing area,
393:
The process for vibration protection (or isolation) involves similar considerations as that for shock. Cushions can be thought of as performing like springs. Depending on cushion thickness and load-bearing area and on the forcing vibration frequency, the cushion may 1) not have any influence on
792:
68:. It is designed to absorb shock by crushing and deforming, and to dampen vibration, rather than transmitting the shock and vibration to the protected item. Depending on the specific situation, package cushioning is often between 50 and 75 mm (2 and 3 in) thick.
790:, Moren, Michael S.; Schindler, Fred & Loga, Randall K., "Packaging for fragile articles within container", published 1996-05-14, assigned to Plastofilm Inc. and Robert Stephens, VanAmburg Packaging Inc.
970:
Singh, J., Ignatova, L., Olsen, E. and Singh, P., "Evaluation of the Stress-Energy
Methodology to Predict Transmitted Shock through Expanded Foam Cushions", ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Volume 38, Issue 6, November
3427:
362:
Knowledge of the product to be packaged is critical. Field experience may indicate the types of damage previously experienced. Laboratory analysis can help quantify the fragility of the item, often reported in
409:
of prototype designs are required. The design of a package and its cushioning is often an iterative process involving several designs, evaluations, redesigns, etc. Several (ASTM, ISTA, and others) published
213:
Paper can be manually or mechanically wadded up and used as a cushioning material. Heavier grades of paper provide more weight-bearing ability than old newspapers. Creped cellulose wadding is also available.
233:
Multi-layer or cut-and-folded shapes of corrugated board can be used as cushions. These structures are designed to crush and deform under shock stress and provide some degree of cushioning.
351:, reputable vendor, consultant, or independent laboratory. An engineer needs to know the severity of shock (drop height, etc.) to protect against. This can be based on an existing
595:
3151:
367:. Engineering judgment can also be an excellent starting point. Sometimes a product can be made more rugged or can be supported to make it less susceptible to breakage.
71:
Internal packaging materials are also used for functions other than cushioning, such as to immobilize the products in the box and lock them in place, or to fill a void.
1063:
302:
consists of sheets of plastic film with enclosed “bubbles” of air. These sheets can be layered or wrapped around items to be shipped. A variety of engineered
2197:
567:
Singh, S. P.; Chonhenchob and Burges (1994). "Comparison of
Various Loose Fill Cushioning Materials Based on Protective and Environmental Performance".
414:
protocols are available to evaluate the performance of a proposed package. Field performance should be monitored for feedback into the design process.
2107:
191:
Some cushion products are flowable and are packed loosely around the items in the box. The box is closed to tighten the pack. This includes expanded
3144:
3027:
965:
922:
716:
3486:
3437:
3406:
1509:
1018:
3137:
2644:
2493:
2463:
1311:
638:
Wang, Dong-Mei; Wang, Zhi-Wei (October 2008). "Experimental investigation into the cushioning properties of honeycomb paperboard".
2433:
2669:
2167:
2021:
1866:
3533:
3422:
3401:
3298:
3052:
2272:
108:
381:
Cushion design requires care to prevent shock amplification caused by the cushioned shock pulse duration being close to the
275:
foams. These fill the box, fully encapsulating the product to immobilize it. It is also used to form engineered structures.
2383:
1336:
883:
855:
Burgess, G (March 2000). "Extensnion and
Evaluation of fatigue Model for Product Shock Fragility Used in Package Design".
761:
3476:
3396:
1539:
910:
543:
3469:
3391:
3207:
2804:
2428:
2312:
1544:
1326:
406:
203:. The amount of loose fill material required and the transmitted shock levels vary with the specific type of material.
947:
2734:
2709:
2071:
468:
267:. These can be molded engineered shapes or sheets which are cut and glued into cushion structures. Convoluted (or
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1301:
1271:
1161:
271:) foams are sometimes used. Some degradable foams are also available. Foam-in-place is another method of using
347:
Proper performance of cushioning is dependent on its proper design and use. It is often best to use a trained
2903:
2794:
2779:
2759:
2443:
2066:
1986:
1846:
1374:
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during shipment and loading/unloading are controlled by cushioning to reduce the chance of product damage.
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611:
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444:
D6537 Standard
Practice for Instrumented Package Shock Testing For Determination of Package Performance
435:
D4168 Standard Test
Methods for Transmitted Shock Characteristics of Foam-in-Place Cushioning Materials
787:
30:
3218:
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3186:
3104:
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1951:
1266:
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398:, or 3) isolate the product from the vibration. Proper design is critical for cushion performance.
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Pulp can be molded into shapes suitable for cushioning and for immobilizing products in a package.
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951:
Russel, P G, and Daum, M P, "Product
Protection Test Book", Institute of Packaging Professionals
885:
Drop Test
Simulation of a Cooker Including Foam, Packaging and Pre-stressed Plastic Foil Wrapping
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D1596 Standard Test Method for
Dynamic Shock Cushioning Characteristics of Packaging Material
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429:
D3332 Standard Test
Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility of Products, Using Shock Machines
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are also being used. Some correlations to laboratory drop tests have been successful.
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545:
Effect of temperature on the cushioning properties of some foamed plastic materials
488:
432:
D3580 Standard Test
Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products
272:
264:
260:
83:
438:
D4169 Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
960:
Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
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the choice of cushioning depends on many factors, including but not limited to:
35:
954:
Root, D, “Six-Step Method for Cushioned Package Development”, Lansmont, 1997,
832:
818:. link is to abstract only. Full text is available via Google Scholar: 103966.
807:
426:
D2221 Standard Test Method for Creep Properties of Package Cushioning Materials
343:
Equipment for a drop test of cushioned package to measure the transmitted shock
318:
Several other types of cushioning are available including suspension cushions,
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739:
ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – International Journal of Engineering
234:
155:
717:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1522(199905/06)12:3<101::AID-PTS457>3.0.CO;2-L
596:"Shock cushioning by corrugated fiberboard pads to centrally applied loading"
3432:
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3308:
3178:
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2724:
2699:
2571:
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2172:
2061:
2051:
2041:
1996:
1971:
1816:
1701:
1656:
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1366:
1211:
1143:
1027:
808:"The use of visco-elastic materials for the design of helmets and packaging"
518:
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580:
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3259:
3161:
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2132:
2127:
2076:
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1534:
1389:
891:, 9th International LS-DYNA Users Conference, Simulation Technology (4)
457:
364:
319:
200:
868:
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1931:
1629:
1494:
1459:
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1429:
1409:
255:
are used for cushioning, the most common being expanded polystyrene,
651:
1936:
1856:
1756:
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338:
208:
178:
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162:
154:
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29:
2719:
1766:
1706:
1444:
245:
127:
effects of temperature, humidity, and air pressure on cushioning
3133:
2626:
1000:
703:
Burgess, G (1999). "Cushioning properties of convoluted foam".
1861:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1434:
1404:
675:"The Effect of Foam Configuration on the Cushion Performance"
996:
306:
are also available. Note that inflated air pillows used for
2622:
955:
732:"Define Cushion Curves for Environmentally Friendly Foams"
199:), similar pieces made of starch-based foams, and common
598:. Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper, FPL-RP-184
986:
981:
183:
Coiled cable mount for heavy duty reusable containers
460:, utilizes gel and silicone to absorb violent shocks
3452:
3415:
3372:
3329:
3291:
3258:
3227:
3173:
3122:
3067:
3012:
3005:
2917:
2876:
2833:
2660:
2502:
2321:
2090:
1720:
1365:
1152:
1034:
441:
D6198 Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design
394:input vibration, 2) amplify the input vibration at
946:MIL-HDBK 304C, “Package Cushioning Design”, 1997,
911:"Transportation, Distribution, and Product Damage"
763:Design Parameters for Deformable Cushion Systems
222:or embossed pulp before putting them into boxes.
1064:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
130:cleanliness of cushioning (dust, insects, etc.)
812:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
3145:
2638:
1012:
133:effect on size of external shipping container
8:
2198:Hazard analysis and critical control points
3152:
3138:
3130:
3009:
2645:
2631:
2623:
1019:
1005:
997:
218:often wrap objects with several layers of
111:(whether it performs for multiple impacts)
2108:Automatic identification and data capture
831:
760:Khangaldy, Pal; Scheumeman, Herb (2000),
992:Westpak webinar on protective packaging
534:
118:– cushion deformation under static load
2735:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
987:International Safe Transit Association
730:Mojzes, Akos; Folders, Borocz (2012).
620:
609:
359:and publications, field studies, etc.
175:Thermoformed end caps for a hard drive
2675:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
2670:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
917:, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 367–369,
679:Journal of Applied Packaging Research
98:effective protection of product from
7:
3487:List of environmental health hazards
3407:List of environmental health hazards
1510:Flexible intermediate bulk container
982:Institute of Packaging Professionals
594:Stern, R. K.; Jordan, C.A. (1973).
3292:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
2494:Vertical form fill sealing machine
25:
2464:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
1312:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
2824:
2818:
2710:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
2685:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
2608:
2607:
2434:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
705:Packaging Technology and Science
640:Packaging Technology and Science
569:Packaging Technology and Science
542:Hatton, Kayo Okubo (July 1998).
326:materials, and various types of
45:is used to protect items during
2690:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
2168:Electronic article surveillance
2022:Shock and vibration data logger
1867:Linear low-density polyethylene
389:Design for vibration protection
86:showing internal shock mounting
60:Cushioning is usually inside a
3053:Category:Plastics applications
2800:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
2795:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
2780:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
2273:Radio-frequency identification
402:Evaluation of finished package
310:are not suited for cushioning.
238:composite honeycomb structures
1:
2760:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
2384:Extended core stretch wrapper
1337:Single-serve coffee container
240:are also used for cushioning.
3477:Persistent organic pollutant
3438:Toxic Substances Control Act
3397:Persistent organic pollutant
2680:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
1540:Insulated shipping container
915:Food and Package Engineering
124:labor costs and productivity
3470:Great Pacific garbage patch
3392:Great Pacific garbage patch
2805:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
2720:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
2429:Material-handling equipment
2313:Verification and validation
1545:Intermediate bulk container
1327:Self-heating food packaging
407:Verification and validation
335:Design for shock protection
3550:
3433:Japan Toxic Substances Law
3228:Miscellaneous plasticizers
2072:Time temperature indicator
833:10.1016/j.jmps.2020.103966
469:Coefficient of restitution
159:End caps and corner blocks
151:Common types of cushioning
143:sensitivity of product to
3507:
3428:European REACH regulation
3423:California Proposition 65
3166:polyhalogenated compounds
3043:High-performance plastics
2868:High-performance plastics
2816:
2605:
2527:Environmental engineering
2489:Turntable stretch wrapper
2419:Lineshaft roller conveyor
2409:Injection molding machine
1347:Toothpaste pump dispenser
1207:Disposable food packaging
1049:Child-resistant packaging
857:J. Testing and Evaluation
374:Computer simulations and
322:, thermoformed end caps,
2853:Fibre-reinforced plastic
2790:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
2414:Label printer applicator
2283:Shearing (manufacturing)
1882:Low-density polyethylene
1302:Pharmaceutical packaging
1272:Low plastic water bottle
1162:Alternative wine closure
956:http://www.lansmont.com/
806:Rice, N C (March 2020).
2904:Biodegradable additives
2444:Orbital stretch wrapper
2067:Temperature data logger
1987:Pressure-sensitive tape
1847:Humidity indicator card
1375:Aerosol spray dispenser
514:Shock response spectrum
479:Damper (disambiguation)
464:Buffer (disambiguation)
385:of the cushioned item.
376:finite element analysis
304:inflatable air cushions
3319:Perfluorooctanoic acid
2755:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
2750:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
2695:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
2163:Die forming (plastics)
1872:Liquid packaging board
1575:Multilayered packaging
1307:Plastic milk container
1287:Optical disc packaging
882:Neumayer, Dan (2006),
769:, IoPP, Transpack 2000
619:Cite journal requires
581:10.1002/pts.2770070504
494:Packaging and labeling
344:
287:is made from recycled
184:
176:
168:
167:Molded pulp cushioning
160:
87:
39:
3534:Plastics applications
3499:Biodegradable plastic
2848:Thermosetting polymer
2745:Polylactic acid (PLA)
2592:Sustainable packaging
2542:Life-cycle assessment
2522:Closed-loop box reuse
2469:Seed-counting machine
1802:Corrugated fiberboard
1752:Biodegradable plastic
1475:Corrugated box design
1129:Sustainable packaging
1119:Shelf-ready packaging
1094:Packaging engineering
355:, published industry
342:
228:Corrugated fiberboard
182:
174:
166:
158:
82:
33:
3510:Identification codes
3110:Foam food containers
3033:Engineering plastics
2562:PET bottle recycling
2424:Logistics automation
1952:Plastic-coated paper
1099:Resealable packaging
909:Morris, S A (2011),
27:Protective packaging
3349:Endocrine disruptor
2947:Compression molding
2899:Polymer stabilizers
2614:Category: Packaging
2449:Packaging machinery
2258:Product development
2057:Tamper-evident band
1897:Modified atmosphere
1237:Foam food container
824:2020JMPSo.14103966R
524:Vibration isolation
3364:Polymer fume fever
3023:Commodity plastics
2997:Rotational molding
2967:Fiberglass molding
2927:Injection moulding
2909:Filler (materials)
2858:Corrugated plastic
2810:Tritan copolyester
2765:Polypropylene (PP)
2715:Polycarbonate (PC)
2577:Reusable packaging
2537:Industrial ecology
2298:Ultrasonic welding
2263:Production control
2213:Injection moulding
2098:Aseptic processing
1807:Corrugated plastic
1677:Steel and tin cans
1647:Shipping container
1585:Packet (container)
1322:Seasonal packaging
1222:Evidence packaging
1202:Currency packaging
1197:Cosmetic packaging
1104:Reusable packaging
349:packaging engineer
345:
291:and is recyclable.
185:
177:
169:
161:
145:static electricity
136:environmental and
88:
62:shipping container
43:Package cushioning
40:
3516:
3515:
3494:Plastic recycling
3460:Plastic pollution
3446:
3445:
3380:Plastic pollution
3160:Health issues of
3118:
3117:
3014:Plastics industry
2932:Plastic extrusion
2785:Polyurethane (PU)
2775:Polysulfone (PES)
2730:Polyethylene (PE)
2705:Polybutylene (PB)
2620:
2619:
2582:Reverse logistics
2567:Plastic recycling
2439:Multihead weigher
2359:Cartoning machine
2354:Cap torque tester
2268:Quality assurance
2243:Plastic extrusion
2208:Induction sealing
2178:Extrusion coating
2037:Staple (fastener)
2007:Security printing
1842:Hot-melt adhesive
1415:Biodegradable bag
1257:Glass milk bottle
1139:Tamper resistance
1079:Package pilferage
1054:Contract packager
966:978-0-470-08704-6
924:978-0-8138-1479-7
869:10.1520/JTE12084J
383:natural frequency
296:Inflated products
251:Several types of
16:(Redirected from
3541:
3385:Rubber pollution
3235:Organophosphates
3154:
3147:
3140:
3131:
3010:
2982:Filament winding
2957:Transfer molding
2884:Polymer additive
2828:
2822:
2770:Polystyrene (PS)
2647:
2640:
2633:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2597:Waste management
2587:Source reduction
2404:Industrial robot
2308:Vacuum packaging
2233:Package tracking
2188:Glass production
2148:Corona treatment
2138:Containerization
2002:Screw cap (wine)
1917:Oxygen scavenger
1380:Aluminium bottle
1332:Screw cap (wine)
1277:Luxury packaging
1109:Reuse of bottles
1074:Package delivery
1059:Edible packaging
1044:Active packaging
1021:
1014:
1007:
998:
935:
934:
933:
931:
906:
900:
899:
898:
896:
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664:
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617:
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584:
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553:
539:
34:Molded expanded
21:
3549:
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3542:
3540:
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3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3503:
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3442:
3411:
3368:
3325:
3287:
3254:
3223:
3169:
3158:
3124:
3114:
3063:
3001:
2987:Solvent bonding
2977:Plastic welding
2919:
2913:
2872:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2814:
2725:Polyester (PEs)
2662:
2656:
2651:
2621:
2616:
2601:
2557:Paper recycling
2552:Packaging waste
2532:Glass recycling
2504:
2498:
2454:Pallet inverter
2374:Conveyor system
2329:Barcode printer
2317:
2293:Track and trace
2248:Plastic welding
2183:Flame treatment
2153:Curtain coating
2086:
1907:Nonwoven fabric
1892:Metallised film
1797:Container glass
1724:
1722:
1716:
1692:Tub (container)
1590:Padded envelope
1361:
1187:Case-ready meat
1154:
1148:
1084:Package testing
1036:
1030:
1025:
978:
943:
941:Further reading
938:
929:
927:
925:
908:
907:
903:
894:
892:
888:
881:
880:
876:
854:
853:
849:
805:
804:
800:
793:
786:
785:
781:
772:
770:
766:
759:
758:
754:
744:
742:
734:
729:
728:
724:
702:
701:
697:
687:
685:
673:Liu, X (2022).
672:
671:
667:
652:10.1002/pts.808
637:
636:
632:
618:
608:
601:
599:
593:
592:
588:
566:
565:
561:
551:
549:
541:
540:
536:
532:
454:
420:
412:package testing
404:
391:
337:
253:polymeric foams
153:
90:When designing
77:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3278:Vinyl chloride
3275:
3272:Polycarbonates
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Packaging film
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3068:Specific goods
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2992:Vacuum forming
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2863:Polymeric foam
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Polyimide (PI)
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Polyamide (PA)
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2517:Can collecting
2514:
2512:Biodegradation
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Tape dispenser
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:Barcode reader
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Vacuum forming
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Graphic design
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Blow fill seal
2110:
2105:
2103:Authentication
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Shock detector
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1992:Pump dispenser
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Plastic pallet
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:Package handle
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Aluminium foil
1734:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:Stand-up pouch
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:Plastic bottle
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:Folding carton
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:Euro container
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:Disposable cup
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:Antistatic bag
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:Fuel container
1244:
1242:Food packaging
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:Ammunition box
1164:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1134:Tamper-evident
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1001:
995:
994:
989:
984:
977:
976:External links
974:
973:
972:
968:
958:
952:
949:
942:
939:
937:
936:
923:
901:
874:
863:(2): 116–120.
847:
798:
779:
752:
722:
711:(3): 101–104.
695:
665:
646:(6): 309–373.
630:
621:|journal=
586:
575:(5): 229–241.
559:
533:
531:
528:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
509:Shock detector
506:
504:Shock absorber
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
453:
450:
449:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
419:
418:ASTM Standards
416:
403:
400:
390:
387:
336:
333:
332:
331:
316:
312:
311:
297:
293:
292:
281:
277:
276:
249:
242:
241:
231:
224:
223:
211:
205:
204:
189:
152:
149:
148:
147:
141:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:material costs
119:
114:resistance to
112:
106:
76:
75:Design factors
73:
66:corrugated box
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3546:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3465:Garbage patch
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3331:Health issues
3328:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Shopping bags
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:(Agriculture)
3059:
3058:Plasticulture
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Geosynthetics
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Thermoforming
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Thermoplastic
2841:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2615:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Shrink tunnel
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Check weigher
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Bottling line
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Thermoforming
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Roll slitting
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Laser cutting
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Hermetic seal
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Security tape
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Polypropylene
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:Packaging gas
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Shipping tube
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Flexible tank
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
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1089:Package theft
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1069:Overpackaging
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484:Damping ratio
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353:specification
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257:polypropylene
254:
250:
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244:
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239:
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229:
226:
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217:
212:
210:
207:
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198:
195:foam pieces (
194:
190:
187:
186:
181:
173:
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63:
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48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
3175:Plasticizers
3123:Environment
3075:Blister pack
3028:Construction
2937:Blow molding
2503:Environment,
2118:Blow molding
2047:Stretch wrap
1977:Polyethylene
1967:Plastic wrap
1957:Plastic film
1942:Paper pallet
1877:Living hinge
1782:Coated paper
1662:Spray bottle
1642:Security bag
1635:Water sachet
1625:Salvage drum
1620:Retort pouch
1525:Glass bottle
1420:Blister pack
1385:Aluminum can
1352:Water bottle
1252:Gas cylinder
1227:Field ration
1124:Shelf-stable
928:, retrieved
914:
904:
893:, retrieved
884:
877:
860:
856:
850:
815:
811:
801:
782:
771:, retrieved
762:
755:
743:. Retrieved
738:
725:
708:
704:
698:
686:. Retrieved
682:
678:
668:
643:
639:
633:
612:cite journal
600:. Retrieved
589:
572:
568:
562:
550:. Retrieved
544:
537:
489:Impact force
405:
392:
380:
373:
369:
361:
346:
328:shock mounts
324:viscoelastic
307:
273:polyurethane
268:
265:polyurethane
261:polyethylene
197:foam peanuts
89:
84:Transit case
70:
59:
55:impact shock
42:
41:
3416:Regulations
3268:Bisphenol A
2952:Calendering
2894:Plasticizer
2834:Mechanical
2399:Heat sealer
2364:Case sealer
2238:Papermaking
2158:Die cutting
2123:Calendering
2027:Shrink wrap
1902:Molded pulp
1887:Meat diaper
1852:Kraft paper
1832:Foam peanut
1822:Double seam
1792:Coextrusion
1762:Bubble wrap
1742:Bail handle
1687:Thermal bag
1610:Plastic bag
1425:Boil-in-bag
1357:Wine bottle
1342:Spray paint
1297:Popcorn bag
1292:Oyster pail
1177:Beer bottle
602:12 December
474:Damped wave
300:Bubble wrap
285:Molded pulp
280:Molded pulp
220:kraft paper
193:polystyrene
36:polystyrene
3523:Categories
3344:Carcinogen
3309:Organotins
3179:Phthalates
3125:and health
2972:Pultrusion
2962:Laminating
2920:processing
2479:Staple gun
2459:Palletizer
2349:Can seamer
2218:Lamination
2143:Converting
2032:Slip sheet
1947:Paperboard
1812:Cushioning
1772:Cellophane
1747:Bioplastic
1725:components
1712:Wooden box
1682:Tetra Brik
1605:Paper sack
1580:Multi-pack
1530:Gunny sack
1400:Bag-in-box
1367:Containers
1232:Flour sack
1217:Egg carton
1192:Coffee bag
1172:Banana box
1114:Shelf life
788:US 5515976
447:and others
248:structures
235:Paperboard
188:Loose fill
109:resilience
64:such as a
38:cushioning
18:Cushioning
3529:Packaging
3373:Pollution
3339:Teratogen
3270:(BPA, in
2918:Plastics
2889:Colorants
2877:Additives
2661:Chemical
2572:Recycling
2379:Drum pump
2322:Machinery
2173:Extrusion
2091:Processes
2062:Tear tape
2052:Susceptor
2042:Strapping
1997:Screw cap
1972:Polyester
1817:Desiccant
1721:Materials
1702:Unit load
1657:Skin pack
1600:Paper bag
1470:Clamshell
1212:Drink can
1144:Wrap rage
1028:Packaging
842:218992908
741:: 113–118
688:20 August
660:135800336
519:Vibration
396:resonance
357:standards
308:void-fill
289:newsprint
138:recycling
104:vibration
92:packaging
51:Vibration
3354:Diabetes
3260:Monomers
3240:Adipates
3162:plastics
3016:segments
3006:Products
2654:Plastics
2505:post-use
2394:Heat gun
2344:Calender
2253:Printing
2082:Velostat
2077:Tinplate
1912:Overwrap
1837:Gel pack
1827:Flip-top
1732:Adhesive
1667:Squround
1570:Mesh bag
1555:Jerrycan
1500:Envelope
1440:Bulk box
1317:Sand bag
1282:Milk bag
1267:Juicebox
1182:Box wine
1155:packages
548:(Thesis)
452:See also
320:biofoams
47:shipment
3482:Dioxins
3402:Dioxins
3359:Obesity
3100:Cutlery
3090:Bottles
2228:Molding
2133:Coating
2128:Canning
1787:Coating
1777:Closure
1535:Inhaler
1390:Ampoule
1262:Growler
1153:Product
1035:General
895:7 April
820:Bibcode
458:Betagel
201:popcorn
3199:(BBzP)
3168:(PHCs)
3080:Chairs
3048:Nurdle
2612:
2547:Litter
2389:Filler
1932:Pallet
1630:Sachet
1495:Endcap
1460:Carton
1455:Carboy
1430:Bottle
1410:Barrel
1037:topics
964:
930:13 Feb
921:
840:
794:
658:
552:18 Feb
269:finger
263:, and
216:Movers
140:issues
3453:Waste
3299:PBDEs
3210:(DOP)
2836:types
2663:types
1937:Paper
1857:Label
1757:BoPET
1480:Crate
889:(PDF)
838:S2CID
773:8 Mar
767:(PDF)
745:8 Mar
735:(PDF)
656:S2CID
530:Notes
499:Shock
315:Other
209:Paper
116:creep
100:shock
3314:PFCs
3304:PCBs
3280:(in
3244:DEHA
3219:DINP
3214:DIDP
3208:DEHP
3203:DIHP
3187:DIBP
3164:and
3095:Bags
1767:Bung
1707:Vial
1697:Tube
1595:Pail
1490:Drum
1465:Chub
1450:Case
1445:Cage
971:2010
962:ISBN
932:2015
919:ISBN
897:2020
775:2012
747:2012
690:2024
625:help
604:2011
554:2016
246:Foam
230:pads
102:and
53:and
3282:PVC
3249:DOA
3197:BBP
3192:DBP
1862:Lid
1723:and
1565:Keg
1560:Jug
1550:Jar
1435:Box
1405:Bag
865:doi
828:doi
816:141
713:doi
648:doi
577:doi
365:g's
3525::
3177::
913:,
861:28
859:.
836:.
826:.
814:.
810:.
737:.
709:12
707:.
683:14
681:.
677:.
654:.
644:21
642:.
616::
614:}}
610:{{
571:.
259:,
49:.
3284:)
3274:)
3251:)
3242:(
3153:e
3146:t
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1013:t
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871:.
867::
844:.
830::
822::
749:.
719:.
715::
692:.
662:.
650::
627:)
623:(
606:.
583:.
579::
573:7
556:.
330:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
