1692:
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1743:
1662:
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1669:
1130:
1216:
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1726:
917:
incurred when a product is imported from a non-member country with lower production costs to a member country with a higher cost. This is the price of joining the customs union. When the trade creation effect is greater than the transfer effect, the combined effect of joining the
Customs Union on the member countries is net profit, which means an increase in the economic welfare level of the member countries; otherwise, it is a net loss and a decline in the economic welfare level.
1719:
1625:
1239:
1194:
1523:
1611:
1699:
1487:
988:
1480:
3423:
1151:
1341:
55:
1441:
1418:
1750:
1310:
1411:
1369:
1361:
1334:
1302:
1279:
1590:
3433:
768:(i) duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce (except, where necessary, those permitted under Articles XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV and XX) are eliminated with respect to substantially all the trade between the constituent territories of the union or at least with respect to substantially all the trade in products originating in such territories, and,
942:). After the establishment of the customs union, good conditions have been created for the mutual export of products between member countries. This expansion of the market has promoted the development of enterprise production, allowing producers to continuously expand production scale, reduce costs, enjoy the benefits of
973:
The establishment of a customs union helps to attract external investment. The establishment of a customs union implies the exclusion of products from non-members. In order to counteract such adverse effects, countries outside the alliance may transfer enterprises to some countries within the customs
849:
Reduce tariffs until the tariffs within the union are cancelled. In order to achieve this goal, the alliance often stipulates that the member countries must transition from their current external tariff rates to the unified tariff rates stipulated by the alliance in stages within a certain period of
920:
The trade creation effect is usually regarded as a positive effect. This is because the domestic production cost of country A is higher than the production cost of country A 's imports from country B. The
Customs Union made Country A give up the domestic production of some commodities and change it
965:
and technological progress of various countries. After the formation of the customs union, due to the mutual openness of the markets of various countries, enterprises of various countries face competition from similar enterprises in other member countries. As a result, in order to gain a favorable
792:
In 1834, 18 states joined to form the German
Customs Union with Prussia as the main leader. Thereafter, this alliance was further expanded to all German-speaking regions and became the All-German Customs Union. The contents of the alliance convention included: abolishing internal tariffs, unifying
853:
Formulate a unified foreign trade policy and foreign tariff rates. In terms of foreign affairs, allied members must increase or decrease their original foreign tariff rates within the prescribed time, and eventually establish a common external tariff rate; and gradually unify their foreign trade
815:
It was brought into action by the initiative of
Prussia and joined by most of the German states. Pre- modern conditions ( 30+ currencies, trade barriers etc.) were viewed as an obstacle as obstacles to o economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes, who argued for the creation of a
788:
in the 1870s, there were checkpoints between and within the German states, which hindered the development of industry and commerce. In 1818, Prussia took the lead in abolishing the customs duties in the mainland; it was followed by the establishment of the North German
Customs Union in 1826. Two
916:
There are trade creation effects and trade diversion effects. The trade creation effect refers to the benefits generated by products from domestic production with higher production costs to the production of customs union countries with lower costs. The trade diversion effect refers to the loss
857:
For goods imported from outside the alliance, common different tariffs are levied, such as preferential tax rates, agreed national tax rates, most-favored nation tax rates, ordinary preferential tax rates, and ordinary tax rates, according to the types of commodities and the provider
784:, which was established in 1834, and gradually developed and expanded, was a customs union organization that appeared earlier and played a role in promoting German economic development and political unification at that time. Before the establishment of the unified
933:
The customs union will not only bring static effects to member states, but also bring some dynamic effects to them. Sometimes, this dynamic effect is more important than its static effect, which has an important impact on the economic growth of member countries.
879:
needs to be supplemented by the principle of origin to maintain the normal flow of commodities. Here, instead of the principle of origin, a common 'foreign barrier' is built. In this sense, the customs union is more exclusive than the free trade
1470:
2149:
832:, but also established a common external tariff. In other words, in addition to agreeing to eliminate each other's trade barriers, members of the Customs Union also adopt common external tariff and trade policies.
793:
external tariffs, raising import tax rates, and allocating tariff income to all states in the alliance in proportion. In addition, there is a customs union between France and Monaco, which was established in 1865.
771:(ii) subject to the provisions of paragraph 9, substantially the same duties and other regulations of commerce are applied by each of the members of the union to the trade of territories not included in the union;
836:
stipulates that if the customs union is not established immediately, but is gradually completed over a period of time, it should be completed within a reasonable period, which generally does not exceed 10 years.
2178:. International Scientific Conference "Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism". The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences. Cognitive-Crcs. pp. 805â811.
2150:"Implications of static and dynamic effects of economic integration for investment inflows and outflows using theories on industrial location: A theoretical debate â Nova Science Publishers"
3378:
957:
The establishment of the
Customs Union has promoted competition among enterprises among member countries. Before the member states formed a customs union, many sectors had formed domestic
1555:
2411:
3248:
2376:
1527:
1101:
3240:
3195:
1390:
1782:
The McGill
University Faculty of Law runs a Regional Trade Agreements Database that contains the text of almost all preferential and regional trade agreements in the world.
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2466:
1680:
1601:
801:
3358:
3143:
507:
961:, and several enterprises had occupied the domestic market for a long time and obtained excessive monopoly profits. Therefore, it is not conducive to the
3363:
2487:
1803:
796:
A customs union was established by
Switzerland and Liechtenstein in 1924, by Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg in 1948, by the countries of the
809:
3343:
3338:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3226:
1504:
1023:
1491:
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3383:
3258:
3138:
2589:
1594:
833:
754:
3373:
3278:
2903:
2878:
2216:
2035:
1993:
1833:
668:
480:
118:
2540:
970:, thereby creating a strong competitive atmosphere within the alliance, improving economic efficiency, and promoting technological progress.
765:(a) A customs union shall be understood to mean the substitution of a single customs territory for two or more customs territories, so that
3398:
3388:
3298:
1513:
3313:
3293:
3283:
3273:
3117:
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1547:
1454:
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1229:
921:
to
Country B to produce these commodities. From a worldwide perspective, this kind of production conversion improves the efficiency of
812:. Free trade within the former was limited to industrial products, and no uniform tariffs were imposed on countries outside the Union.
3403:
3393:
3288:
2617:
2480:
2266:
1808:
1381:
1320:
537:
455:
3368:
3323:
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2823:
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2125:
1879:
520:
321:
113:
1184:
3348:
2792:
2507:
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union to directly produce and sell locally in order to bypass uniform tariff and non-tariff barriers. This objectively generates
502:
2511:
2434:
805:
251:
1538:
966:
position in the competition, enterprises will inevitably increase research and development investment and continuously reduce
3221:
2659:
2345:
1461:
1175:
1077:
1032:
3436:
2319:
954:
power. Therefore, the large market effect created by the
Customs Union has triggered the realization of economies of scale.
3467:
2707:
2610:
223:
620:
3426:
3174:
2816:
2749:
2503:
1283:
996:
705:
492:
487:
173:
3333:
3107:
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2702:
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379:
301:
203:
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374:
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306:
238:
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213:
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1086:
758:
557:
552:
311:
233:
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3457:
3169:
3057:
635:
88:
891:
tariffs. In reality, the more typical customs union is the European Economic Community established in 1958.
730:
and establishing closer political and cultural ties between the member countries. It is the third stage of
3211:
1445:
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228:
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organization to a greater extent, so that once a country joins a customs union, it loses its right to
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3072:
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731:
654:
605:
283:
278:
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1068:
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922:
727:
615:
46:
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2853:
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2090:
2059:
Diamond, Peter A.; Mirrlees, James A. (2002). "Optimal Taxation and The Le Chatelier Principle".
2041:
1923:
1718:
1711:
1649:
1615:
978:
that accompany the transfer of production, attracting large amounts of foreign direct investment.
943:
939:
713:
600:
442:
218:
128:
1898:
Flaherty, Jane (2018). "Tariff Wars and the Politics of Jacksonian America by William K. Bolt".
3035:
2527:
2212:
2131:
2121:
2098:
2082:
2031:
1989:
1958:
1915:
1875:
1869:
1559:
625:
437:
183:
156:
66:
2102:
1562:
from their mainland states or have varying arrangements of formal or de facto customs union,
1207:
2963:
2863:
2357:
2282:
2204:
2179:
2072:
2064:
2023:
1981:
1950:
1907:
1134:
1059:
967:
824:
The main feature of the Customs Union is that the member countries have not only eliminated
630:
595:
193:
83:
2263:
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3015:
3005:
2868:
2733:
2654:
2545:
2491:
2380:
2289:
2270:
1818:
1674:
1661:
1570:(or combinations thereof) with the mainland and in regards to third countries through the
975:
938:
The first dynamic effect of the customs union is the large market effect (or economies of
876:
816:
unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
690:
497:
407:
344:
108:
93:
2597:
1677:) from 1852 to 1918. Was replaced by the LiechtensteinâSwitzerland customs union in 1924.
2933:
2692:
2679:
2519:
2499:
2406:
1813:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1567:
738:
640:
532:
364:
349:
198:
188:
138:
103:
37:
3451:
3068:
3020:
2923:
2898:
2669:
2523:
2094:
2045:
1927:
1828:
1563:
883:
It makes the 'national sovereignty' of the member countries to be transferred to the
845:
The exclusive protection measures of the Customs Union mainly include the following:
825:
785:
527:
432:
422:
359:
268:
263:
163:
123:
987:
54:
3063:
2728:
2723:
2341:
1799:
Freedom of movement § Examples of free movement arrangements between countries
1730:
1577:
The European Union is a customs union and therefore sets a common external tariff.
862:
709:
450:
369:
258:
178:
2184:
789:
years later, two customs unions were established in the states of South Germany.
2913:
2602:
2439:
1823:
951:
947:
718:
417:
133:
2435:"Brexit: the impact of the end of the Transition Period on Guernsey and Jersey"
1788:
Michael T. Florinsky. 1934. The Saar Struggle. New York: The Macmillan Company.
3047:
3043:
3025:
3000:
2888:
2641:
2301:
2027:
1644:
1571:
829:
781:
701:
686:
427:
273:
98:
2483:
and some other territories participate partially in the EU single market per
2373:
Iqtisadi: The Israeli-Palestinian Economic Agreement and Current Consequences
2086:
1962:
1919:
17:
2995:
2928:
2135:
1985:
460:
402:
2572:
2208:
1954:
1911:
3122:
1761:
1440:
1050:
958:
888:
2077:
2068:
950:
of enterprises within the alliance, especially for non-member companies
854:
policies, such as foreign discrimination policies and import quantities.
3076:
2262:(EurAsEC) envisioned in its 1997-10-08 agreement, but not implemented.
2018:
Simonova, Aleksandra (2019). "Hackerspaces and Technoparks in Moscow".
1768:
on 1 January 1993 until superseded by both countries' accession to the
208:
2808:
2526:
of their respective mainland state, but are generally not part of its
726:
Purposes for establishing a customs union normally include increasing
2918:
2383:. Ephraim Lavie, Moshe Dayan CenterâTel Aviv University, January 2013
1422:
168:
78:
73:
27:
Type of trade bloc with a free trade area and common external tariff
900:
Economic effects of customs unions can generally be grouped into
3408:
3268:
2495:
2812:
2606:
1976:
Chang, Ha-Joon (2013). "Industrial Policy: Can Africa do It?".
143:
1783:
1648:
in the German states (1834â1919) â Remained in effect after
53:
2485:
part four of the Treaty Establishing the European Community
2460:""UK agrees customs arrangements with crown dependencies"."
2494:; some EU Outermost Regions and other territories use the
745:
and economic and monetary union includes a customs union.
761:
framework defines a customs union in the following way:
2506:; some participate in both unions and some in neither.
1893:
1891:
2231:
Signed 1993-11-5, but entered into force in 1994-12-8.
861:
Formulate unified protective measures, such as import
3239:
3204:
3196:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
3183:
3157:
3131:
3100:
3091:
3034:
2942:
2846:
2773:
2742:
2716:
2678:
2640:
2412:Historisches Lexikon des FĂźrstentums Liechtenstein
2169:
2167:
3217:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
1244:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
1042:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
3165:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia
3149:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
2176:Management of Food Import Substitution in Russia
865:, health and epidemic prevention standards, etc.
2318:. The Peninsula. 3 January 2015. Archived from
1528:United KingdomâCrown Dependencies Customs Union
1102:United KingdomâCrown Dependencies Customs Union
763:
2824:
2618:
1199:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
662:
8:
1681:Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa
1602:Economic Community of Central African States
802:Economic Community of Central African States
3144:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
2541:"Leaders set to approve Arab customs union"
2302:"GCC countries postpone customs union move"
2249:Signed 1994-05-16, but implemented in 1999.
1980:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 114â132.
3097:
2831:
2817:
2809:
2625:
2611:
2603:
1804:European Customs Information Portal (ECIP)
1652:and not dissolved until superseded by the
1112:
669:
655:
31:
2240:Signed 2000-7-7, but implemented in 2005.
2183:
2076:
810:European Economic Community Customs Union
3227:West African Economic and Monetary Union
2120:. Wells, Robin, 1959-. New York: Worth.
1703:1925 French Customs Union over occupied
1505:West African Economic and Monetary Union
1024:West African Economic and Monetary Union
986:
2008:"Free Trade". IGM Forum. 13 March 2012.
1844:
1673:â Customs union between Austria (later
704:where the participant countries set up
700:Customs unions are established through
45:
3139:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
2959:UN Conference on Trade and Development
1850:
1848:
1754:Custom Union between Lebanon and Syria
1595:Southern African Development Community
755:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
2904:Import substitution industrialization
2400:
2398:
2316:"GCC customs union fully operational"
850:time, until finally canceling tariff.
7:
3432:
3158:Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia
2469:from the original on 8 October 2020.
2199:Krugman, Paul; Wells, Robin (2017).
3118:Central American Integration System
2405:Marxer, Roland (31 December 2011).
2392:latest revision is from 2004-07-15.
1978:The Industrial Policy Revolution II
1556:EU member state special territories
2447:from the original on 3 March 2021.
1871:International Economics, Volume IV
1809:List of international trade topics
1558:are sometimes treated as separate
708:(in some cases they use different
685:is generally defined as a type of
25:
2981:International Chamber of Commerce
2884:Export-oriented industrialization
2549:. 18 January 2009. Archived from
2174:Smirnov, Valery (29 March 2019).
1874:. Routledge. pp. 528 pages.
322:International Chamber of Commerce
3431:
3422:
3421:
2508:Territories of the United States
1748:
1741:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1697:
1690:
1667:
1660:
1623:
1609:
1588:
1554:territories such as some of the
1521:
1485:
1478:
1439:
1416:
1409:
1389:
1367:
1359:
1339:
1332:
1308:
1300:
1277:
1257:
1237:
1214:
1192:
1169:
1149:
1128:
2512:Australian External Territories
2458:Sweet, Pat (27 November 2018).
1094: SwitzerlandâLiechtenstein
875:It avoids the problem that the
806:European Free Trade Association
3222:Southern African Customs Union
1574:signed by the mainland state.
1462:Southern African Customs Union
1176:Central American Common Market
1078:Central American Common Market
1033:Southern African Customs Union
946:, and can further enhance the
780:The German Customs Union, the
1:
2708:Complete economic integration
2634:Forms of economic integration
2573:"Lebanon â FOREIGN RELATIONS"
2362:. B'Tselem, 19 September 2012
3379:Telecommunications equipment
3184:Middle East and North Africa
3175:European Union Customs Union
2750:Economic integration effects
2185:10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.02.92
1284:European Union Customs Union
997:European Union Customs Union
706:common external trade policy
398:Intellectual property rights
3108:Andean Community of Nations
2986:Bilateral investment treaty
2954:International Monetary Fund
2703:Economic and monetary union
2588:Agreements Notified to the
2260:Eurasian Economic Community
1900:Journal of Southern History
1705:Territory of the Saar Basin
1345:EUâSan Marino Customs Union
804:in 1964. At that time, the
798:European Economic Community
380:Economic and monetary union
302:International Monetary Fund
239:Voluntary export restraints
3489:
2974:International Trade Centre
2698:Customs and monetary union
2340:Established following the
1630:African Economic Community
743:customs and monetary union
375:Customs and monetary union
317:World Customs Organization
307:International Trade Centre
3417:
3249:Aircraft & Spacecraft
2894:Foreign exchange reserves
2765:Theory of the second best
2650:Preferential trading area
2502:, others are part of the
2116:Krugman, Paul R. (2005).
2061:SSRN Working Paper Series
2028:10.1215/9781478003342-007
2022:. Duke University Press.
1492:SwitzerlandâLiechtenstein
716:is also helpful to avoid
340:Preferential trading area
2969:World Trade Organization
2490:16 November 2013 at the
1868:Winters, Alan L (1991).
1764:from the dissolution of
1683:(UDEAC) â superseded by
1396:Gulf Cooperation Council
1314:EUâAndorra Customs Union
1087:Gulf Cooperation Council
759:World Trade Organization
621:BalassaâSamuelson effect
616:Ricardian trade theories
503:Largest consumer markets
312:World Trade Organization
3170:Eurasian Economic Union
3058:Repeal of the Corn Laws
1986:10.1057/9781137335234_5
1374:EUâTurkey Customs Union
983:Lists of customs unions
808:was different from the
689:which is composed of a
636:Lerner symmetry theorem
3212:East African Community
3093:Regional organizations
2518:territories share the
2407:"Zollanschlussvertrag"
2281:Agreed on 2003-01-01,
2209:10.34156/9783791039237
1446:Southern Common Market
1264:Eurasian Customs Union
1221:East African Community
1105:
1015:East African Community
1006:Eurasian Customs Union
773:
695:common external tariff
611:Gravity model of trade
508:Leading trade partners
413:Government procurement
214:Exchange rate controls
58:
3053:The Wealth of Nations
3011:Special economic zone
2874:Comparative advantage
2203:. Schäffer-Poeschel.
2201:Volkswirtschaftslehre
2020:From Russia with Code
1955:10.1353/btf.2003.0003
1943:Brookings Trade Forum
1912:10.1353/soh.2018.0262
1737:in north-west Germany
1427:Palestinian Authority
990:
776:Historical background
591:HeckscherâOhlin model
586:Competitive advantage
581:Comparative advantage
468:Trade and development
229:Countervailing duties
57:
3468:Economic integration
3073:Economic nationalism
2991:Economic integration
2760:Harmonisation of law
2755:Friction of distance
2660:Economic partnership
2522:and mostly also the
2516:Realm of New Zealand
2379:7 March 2016 at the
2288:5 March 2009 at the
2269:5 March 2009 at the
1949:(1): 227â230. 2002.
885:economic integration
800:in 1958, and by the
732:economic integration
606:Intra-industry trade
334:Economic integration
284:Economic integration
279:Economic nationalism
3329:Integrated circuits
3113:Caribbean Community
2909:Net capital outflow
2859:Balance of payments
2840:International trade
2443:. 18 January 2021.
2069:10.2139/ssrn.331300
1654:Weimar Constitution
1560:customs territories
1514:WT/COMTD/N/11/Add.1
1156:Caribbean Community
1069:Caribbean Community
963:resource allocation
923:resource allocation
728:economic efficiency
234:Anti-dumping duties
174:Non-tariff barriers
119:Import substitution
3241:Exports by product
3191:Arab Customs Union
2854:Absolute advantage
2665:Passport-free zone
2481:Overseas countries
2322:on 18 January 2015
1650:German unification
1616:Arab Customs Union
1546:Additionally, the
1106:
944:economies of scale
714:competition policy
601:Economic geography
408:Competition policy
204:Technical barriers
184:Tariff-rate quotas
129:Trade facilitation
114:Export orientation
59:
3463:Commercial policy
3445:
3444:
3235:
3234:
3205:Subsaharan Africa
3036:Political economy
2806:
2805:
2528:customs territory
2463:Accountancy Daily
2258:Customs Union of
2218:978-3-7910-3923-7
2037:978-1-4780-0334-2
1995:978-1-137-37450-9
1544:
1543:
1455:WT/COMTD/1/Add.17
1286:(EUCU; EUâMonaco)
1122:Recent reference
679:
678:
626:Linder hypothesis
438:Emissions trading
16:(Redirected from
3480:
3435:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3098:
2964:World Bank Group
2864:Balance of trade
2833:
2826:
2819:
2810:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2537:
2531:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2279:
2273:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2080:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1444:
1443:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1394:
1393:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1219:
1218:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1154:
1153:
1135:Andean Community
1133:
1132:
1131:
1113:
1099:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1060:Andean Community
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
968:production costs
896:Economic effects
841:Protect measures
828:and implemented
671:
664:
657:
631:Leontief paradox
596:New trade theory
199:Export subsidies
84:Balance of trade
32:
21:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3413:
3359:Pharmaceuticals
3231:
3200:
3179:
3153:
3127:
3087:
3083:Dedollarisation
3030:
3016:Trade agreement
3006:Free-trade zone
2947:
2945:
2938:
2879:Current account
2869:Capital account
2842:
2837:
2807:
2802:
2769:
2738:
2734:Political union
2717:Shared policies
2712:
2674:
2655:Free-trade area
2636:
2631:
2585:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2553:on 2 April 2015
2546:Gulf Daily News
2539:
2538:
2534:
2492:Wayback Machine
2478:
2474:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2381:Wayback Machine
2370:
2366:
2356:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2290:Wayback Machine
2280:
2276:
2271:Wayback Machine
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2038:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1819:Trade diversion
1795:
1779:
1777:Further reading
1749:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1675:AustriaâHungary
1668:
1666:
1659:
1639:
1624:
1622:
1610:
1608:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1522:
1520:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1438:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1388:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1278:
1276:
1258:
1256:
1238:
1236:
1213:
1193:
1191:
1170:
1168:
1148:
1129:
1127:
1119:Date (in force)
1111:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1001:
999:
992:
985:
976:capital inflows
931:
929:Dynamic effects
914:
906:dynamic effects
898:
877:free trade zone
872:
843:
822:
778:
751:
691:free trade area
675:
646:
645:
576:
568:
567:
523:
513:
512:
483:
473:
472:
443:Trade sanctions
393:
385:
384:
345:Free-trade area
335:
327:
326:
297:
289:
288:
254:
244:
243:
189:Import licenses
159:
149:
148:
109:Trade diversion
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3486:
3484:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3458:Customs unions
3450:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3429:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Aircraft parts
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3066:
3061:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2934:Trading nation
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:Monetary union
2690:
2684:
2682:
2680:Economic union
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2584:
2583:External links
2581:
2579:
2578:
2564:
2532:
2500:currency union
2472:
2450:
2426:
2394:
2385:
2364:
2359:Paris Protocol
2350:
2346:Paris protocol
2333:
2307:
2293:
2274:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2217:
2191:
2163:
2152:. 10 July 2021
2141:
2126:
2118:Microeconomics
2108:
2051:
2036:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1968:
1941:"Discussion".
1933:
1906:(4): 981â982.
1887:
1880:
1860:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1829:Craiovia Group
1826:
1821:
1816:
1814:Trade creation
1811:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1784:ptas.mcgill.ca
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:on 1 May 2004.
1770:European Union
1766:Czechoslovakia
1755:
1738:
1707:
1687:
1678:
1657:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1619:
1605:
1598:
1582:
1579:
1568:currency union
1542:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1188:
1187:
1185:WT/REG93/R/B/2
1182:
1179:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
984:
981:
980:
979:
971:
955:
930:
927:
913:
912:Static effects
910:
902:static effects
897:
894:
893:
892:
881:
871:
868:
867:
866:
859:
855:
851:
842:
839:
826:trade barriers
821:
818:
777:
774:
757:, part of the
750:
749:WTO definition
747:
739:economic union
677:
676:
674:
673:
666:
659:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
641:Terms of trade
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
533:Trading nation
530:
524:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
484:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
464:
463:
458:
453:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
365:Economic union
362:
357:
352:
350:Currency union
347:
342:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
194:Customs duties
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
164:Trade barriers
160:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
141:
139:Domestic trade
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
104:Trade creation
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
70:
65:
64:
61:
60:
50:
49:
43:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3485:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3438:
3430:
3428:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Photovoltaics
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3069:Protectionism
3067:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Trade barrier
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2944:Organizations
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:Trade justice
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:Globalization
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2799:
2798:North America
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Latin America
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Customs union
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2670:Single market
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:customs union
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:WT/COMTD/N/25
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2127:0-7167-5229-8
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1881:9780203028384
1877:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1620:
1617:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:common market
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1407:
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3309:Electronics
3304:Electricity
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2847:Terminology
2793:Middle East
2440:Carey Olsen
2415:(in German)
1824:Open Balkan
1572:trade pacts
1535:2018-11-26
1510:1994-01-10
1471:WT/REG231/3
1401:2015-01-01
1181:2004-10-06
952:competitive
948:externality
719:competition
702:trade pacts
456:Trade costs
418:Outsourcing
134:Trade route
47:World trade
3452:Categories
3384:Telephones
3048:Adam Smith
3044:Free trade
3026:Trade bloc
3001:ATA Carnet
2889:Fair trade
2642:Trade bloc
2596: and
2419:25 October
2326:24 January
2264:WT/REG71/8
1858:, s. 8 (a)
1856:Article 24
1840:References
1645:Zollverein
1548:autonomous
1451:1991-11-29
1448:(MERCOSUR)
1378:1996-01-01
1348:2002-04-01
1317:1991-07-01
1269:2010-07-01
1249:1999-06-01
1226:2005-01-01
1204:2005-01-01
1161:1991-01-01
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959:monopolies
889:autonomous
858:countries.
830:free trade
782:Zollverein
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712:). Common
687:trade bloc
521:By country
428:Fair trade
274:Free trade
224:Safeguards
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94:Trade pact
3279:Computers
3264:Car parts
3259:Aluminium
2996:Incoterms
2929:Trade war
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2087:1556-5068
2046:201508480
1963:1534-0635
1928:158847890
1920:2325-6893
1735:Tax Union
1552:dependent
1158:(CARICOM)
1116:Agreement
543:Argentina
461:Trade war
403:Smuggling
89:Trade law
3427:Category
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3389:Textiles
3334:Iron ore
3299:Diamonds
3123:Mercosur
3101:Americas
2598:in Force
2520:currency
2488:Archived
2467:Archived
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2377:Archived
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2498:of the
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1637:Defunct
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1143:L/6737
1109:Current
870:Meaning
693:with a
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553:Romania
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488:Imports
252:History
219:Embargo
209:Bribery
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3354:Petrol
3294:Cotton
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3274:Coffee
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