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but it was not statistically significant, and he suggested "strongest indications...towards the use of a quantum close in value to 5 MI at certain sites" and that "the apparent quantum seems strongly associated with ringed cups." Davis made an initial effort to build on Thom's start, and to answer the question he posed: "Why should a man spend hours – or rather days – cutting cups in a random fashion on a rock? It would indeed be a breakthrough if someone could crack the code of the cups."
450:
rings, and also produced evidence in the ring diameters for the use of a unit of measurement close to Thom's MI (and 5 MI) that was of high statistical significance. The evidence is consistent with the use of rough measures such as hand- and finger-widths (rather than the formal, accurate system proposed by Thom), but the important conclusion is that a similar design ritual, apparently involving a consistent measurement system of some kind, was in use over a wide geographical area.
311:
750:
222:, features cup marks engraved into megalithic stones, some of which are set upright to form a semi-circle which has been referred to as resembling the UK's Stonehenge but smaller, with ceremonially buried bodies at the site, and potential alignments to the solstice, and/or to other stars, still being hypothesized as the site was only discovered in 2009 and undersea sites are difficult and expensive to explore. Further inland, dating to
762:
38:
307:), the best known are distributed along the Chisone, Susa and ViĂą valleys; also the La Bessa site is to be cited. Strictly referring to cup-and-rings, it is possible to cite in the western Alps only the Novalesa stone, in the Cenischia Valley, near the Italian-French border. Found in 1988, it shows 4 concentric circles, with a central cup-mark; all around a network of 20 cup-marks and channels.
373:
207:
738:, Switzerland), where Latin derived languages mingle with German. The first engraved rocks were discovered in 1965, during the building of an iron electricity framework. Carschenna engravings are mainly characterized by cup-marks with from 1 to 9 concentric circles. Spirals, sun-like figures, riding scenes, and schematic horses are also present.
415:
that the initial Early
Neolithic impetus to create the marks was forgotten and that the practice fell into abeyance until a second phase of creation continued the basic tradition but with less precision and more variability in design. The markers of this second phase moved the art from natural stones
246:
circles, but much smaller than Rogem Hiri) estimated to contain 40,000,000 kg of stones moved by humans, with an opening in the outer circle which aligns to the summer solstice (just as sites throughout
Eurasia also align to solstices) and which has a burial chamber in the center, with thousands
445:
This whole idea has been ignored almost completely apart from a critical analysis carried out by Alan Davis in the 1980s, who tested Thom's hypothesis on cup and ring sites in
England by examining the separations of neighbouring cupmark centres. He found some weak evidence for the "Megalithic Inch"
274:
has more up-ended megaliths dating to only 1550 BCE which are aligned to Earth's north and south physical poles, but Tel Gezer's cupmarks have only recently been surveyed (2012) and do not appear to have been dated (as to whether they were made before, concurrent to or after the 1550 BCE megaliths)
449:
Subsequently, Davis investigated the idea that the prehistoric carvers used an elementary method of diameter-construction in laying out the carvings. This investigation (incorporating both
Scottish and English sites) suggested a possible explanation for many of the characteristic shapes of carved
407:
Where they are etched onto natural, flat stone it has been observed that they seem to incorporate the natural surface of the rock. Those at
Hunterheugh are mostly connected to one another by gutters that can channel rainwater from one to the next, down the sloping top of the stone. It has been
434:, in 1970, "I have an idea, entirely nebulous at the moment, that the cup and ring markings were a method of recording, of writing, and that they may indicate, once we can read them, what a particular stone was for. We have seen the cup and ring markings on the stone at
773:
705:
occupation evidence around the rock carvings there and this dating is generally accepted for most of the art. Another particularly rich source of cup-marked boulders is the
Derrynablaha townland on the
438:, and that's on the main stone but we can't interpret them ...yet." He created diagrams and carried out analysis of over 50 of the cup and ring markings from which he determined a length he termed the
251:
nearby, a "dolmen" being a 3rd and younger type of megalith found elsewhere in
Eurasia, the oldest of which, thus far, are found in the UK, but date only to the 3rd millennium BCE in Israel.
154:
depression, no more than a few centimetres across, pecked into a rock surface and often surrounded by concentric circles also etched into the stone. Sometimes a linear channel called a
419:
Their purpose is unknown although some may be connected with natural stone outcrops exploited by
Neolithic peoples to make polished stone axes. A religious purpose has been suggested.
344:, which has given them the name of 'Galician style'. These types, the cup-and-ring, cup-and-ring with gutter and the gapped concentric circles motifs are shared between this part of
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Systematics: The
Journal of the Institute for the comparative study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences, Vol. 6, Number 3, Coombe Spring Press., December 1968
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761:
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A replica of an unusual cup-and-ring-marked stone from Museum of
Ayrshire Country Life and Costume, Dalgarven, North Ayrshire, Scotland.
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1567:
MacKie, E. W.; Davis, A. (1989). "New light on neolithic rock carvings: the petroglyphs at Greenland (Auchentorlie), Dunbartonshire".
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2.67 metres (8 ft 9 in) high with various concentric circles patterns crossed by engraved channels and central cup-marks.
722:
3028:
1005:"Pica, Geophagy and Rock Art in the Eastern United States" in The Rock-Art of Eastern North America: Capturing Images and Insight
380:
Precisely dating megalithic art is difficult: even if the megalithic monument can be dated, the art may be a later addition. The
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Rockart – Web Access to Rock Art: the Beckensall Archive of Northumberland Rock Art – University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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827:
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1361:"Archivio Online - arte rupestre ed etnografia delle Alpi piemontesi (a cura del Gruppo Ricerche Cultura Montana)"
1311:"Archivio Online - arte rupestre ed etnografia delle Alpi piemontesi (a cura del Gruppo Ricerche Cultura Montana)"
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210:"...and on a projecting boss of rock close by is the only "cup and ring" mark I have seen in Palestine."
191:
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324:(the 'painted stone', which is carved, not painted) or Stele di Boeli, at Mamoiada: an impressive
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2105:
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76:) – and in Mediterranean Europe – Italy (in Alpine valleys and Sardinia), Azerbaijan and Greece (
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to megaliths as its symbolism was reinterpreted by Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people.
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Kiva - the Tumamoc Hill Survey: An Intensive Study of a Cerro de Trincheras in Tucson, Arizona
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Prehistoric Rock Art of County Durham, Swaledale and Wensleydale. County Durham Books.
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218:, abandoned circa 6300 BCE and now under Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast south of
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Larissa <<ella>> Second Revised Edition 2005 spapinvest@yahoo.gr
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relationship with other, datable features. Some cup marks have been found in
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Numerous cup-marked stones have been found in the alpine valleys, comprising
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1237:
Mitchell, Eric; Jason M. Zan; Cameron S. Coyle; Adam R. Dodd (31 Dec 2012).
812:
698:
619:
592:
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271:
266:
dated to the fourth millennium BCE and the third millennium BCE, and in the
242:) type of megalith, consisting of concentric circles (as cup marks also are
215:
195:
96:
1762:
1385:
A rock record in the western Alps, TRACCE Online Rock Art Bulletin 12, 2000
868:"Irakleia spiral shaped Petroglyph 4 - Rock Art in Greece in Greek Islands"
151:
88:(Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland) and in Switzerland (at Caschenna in
3272:
3208:
3013:
2753:
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2656:
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1434:"R. Bradley et al., Rock art and the prehistoric Landscape of Galicia..."
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1992:
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41:
Typical cup and ring marks at Weetwood Moor, in the English county of
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2019:
1987:
1961:
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329:
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1462:"M. Stewart, Strath Tay in the Second Millennium BC. A Field Survey"
779:
Cup-and-ring mark at Monte Tetón, Tomiño, the largest one in Galicia
230:
4000 BCE (unexcavated layer, under the layer which is exposed), is
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Sardinia is rich in cup-and-rings stones. The best known is the
171:
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2621:
1887:
1792:
945:
https://www.rockartscandinavia.com/images/articles/a19india.pdf
914:
Alpert, Barbara Olins (1962). "Cupoles, Circles and Mandalas".
3018:
2726:
2492:
2450:
1737:
Die Felszeichnungen von Carschenna, Gemeinde Sils im Domleschg
767:
Deer and cup-and-ring motifs, TourĂłn, Ponte Caldelas, Galicia.
424:
30:"Cup mark" redirects here. For a carved depression alone, see
1597:, in Valcamonica Symposium, 1968, pp. 135-142, Capo di Ponte.
352:, manifesting, together with other cultural expressions like
95:
Similar forms are also found throughout the world including
730:
An open air rock art site in the Swiss Alps is situated at
275:
yet; however, excavations at Gezer are ongoing as of 2014.
262:
Age, for example at several sites in and around modern-day
162:
on natural boulders and outcrops and also as an element of
1260:
791:
Cup and ring petroglyph in lava rock, island of Hawaii, US
64:
found in the Atlantic seaboard of Europe (Ireland, Wales,
1608:"Rock Art in the Alps – The engraved rocks of Carschenna"
1145:
Hadashot Arkheologiyot, Excavations and Surveys in Israel
1765:(Currently only covers Northumberland and County Durham)
1739:, Helvetia Archaeologica, Bd. 28, Heft 111/112, 1997,
1036:
Ferg, Alan (1979). "The Petroglyphs of Tumamoc Hill".
726:
Switzerland Carschenna concentric circles and cupmarks
392:
have recently been demonstrated to date back into the
158:
leads out from the middle. The decoration occurs as a
1779:
BBC Archive - Chronicle | Cracking the Stone Age Code
1536:
Records in Stone: Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom
1408:"The strange case of snow-circles and cup-and-rings"
3512:
3325:
3152:
2999:
2864:
2828:
2677:
2634:
2424:
2255:
2228:
2153:
2070:
1975:
1900:
1784:The strange case of snow-circles and cup-and-rings
1723:600 Written Rocks. Channels of primeval knowledge
404:contexts but these may represent re-used stones.
1539:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 392–422.
1533:Alan Davis in Clive Ruggles (13 February 2003).
1071:(2736). Reed Business Information Ltd.: 40, 41.
1008:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 65–74.
254:The cup marks are still present in other proto-
1528:
1526:
755:Galicia, where hundreds of stations are known.
618:Craigmaddie Muir by the Alud Wives Lifts near
1804:
1117:"The Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site of Atlit-Yam"
319:
139:. The oldest known forms are found from the
8:
2996:
2979:
2631:
2618:
2076:
1897:
1884:
1811:
1797:
1789:
1774:El Laberinto Atlántico - Galician Rock Art
1213:"עיריית מודיעין מכבים רעות, גבעת התיתורה"
670:Dun Borve, Isle of Harris, Western Isles
1695:Ancient Carvings in Britain; A Mystery.
1653:Prehistoric Rock Art in Northumberland.
1191:"Modi'in, Horbat Hadat and Be'erit (A)"
859:
745:
458:Sites with cup and ring marks include:
1165:"Dolmens - prehistoric megalith tombs"
967:
956:
360:, a cultural link along the coasts of
985:Francis Scott Elliot, George (1915).
7:
1709:The Prehistoric Rock Art of Argyll.
1189:van den Brink, Edwin (2 Dec 2007).
673:Juniper Green, Edinburgh, Scotland
287:Novalesa cup-and-rings stone Italy
25:
2935:Megalithic architectural elements
1336:"Rock art and cup marks of Bessa"
1065:"Deep Secrets: Atlit-Yam, Israel"
1063:Marchant, Jo (25 November 2009).
226:3000 BCE (exposed) and estimated
1667:Prehistoric Rock Art in Cumbria.
784:
772:
760:
748:
466:Wood, Sheffield, South Yorkshire
3554:Evolutionary origin of religion
1595:Incisioni rupestri a Carschenna
1286:"Western Alps rock art records"
991:. Seeley, Service. p. 398.
1569:Glasgow Archaeological Journal
566:Blackshaw Hill, North Ayrshire
545:Ballochmyle cup and ring marks
472:Moor, Bradford, West Yorkshire
340:Similar patterns are known in
1:
3167:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2697:British megalith architecture
988:Prehistoric Man and his story
314:Sardinia mamoiada perda pinta
3162:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2702:Nordic megalith architecture
1239:"Tel Gezer, Regional Survey"
1121:Israel Antiquities Authority
893:debandrandall.blogspot.co.uk
848:Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
649:Lordenshaws, Northumberland
604:Kilpatrick Hills Strathclyde
479:and Fowberry petroglyphs in
268:City of David, Old Jerusalem
1758:British Rock Art Collection
1002:Callahan, Kevin L. (2004).
828:European Megalithic Culture
432:Cracking the Stone Age Code
3702:
3310:British Isles and Brittany
3231:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1707:Morris, Ronald W.B. 1977.
1581:10.3366/gas.1988.15.15.125
1261:"Home - Tel Gezer Project"
942:www.rockartscandinavia.com
679:, Rothbury, Northumberland
653:Long Meg and Her Daughters
303:. Regarding western alps (
29:
3681:History of Northumberland
2995:
2978:
2630:
2617:
2079:
1896:
1883:
1826:
818:Great dolmen of Dwasieden
258:sites as recently as the
1763:Era – England's Rock Art
1665:Beckensall, Stan. 2002.
1651:Beckensall, Stan. 2001.
384:cup and ring marks near
72:), Portugal, and Spain (
3542:Evolutionary musicology
2945:Oldest extant buildings
2872:Archaeological features
2391:Prepared-core technique
1693:Hadingham, Evan. 1974.
1683:Kilmartin House Trust.
1638:and Laurie, Tim. 1998.
601:, Dumfries and Galloway
579:Tomnaverie stone circle
27:Form of prehistoric art
3504:Unchambered long cairn
3352:Mound Builders culture
2685:Neolithic architecture
1820:Prehistoric technology
1721:Papanikolaou Stelios.
1679:Butter, Rachel. 1999.
1243:Hadashot Arkheologiyot
1195:Hadashot Arkheologiyot
889:"East McDonnel Ranges"
727:
630:Boho, County Fermanagh
532:Street House cairn in
377:
320:
315:
288:
211:
50:
3179:List of Stone Age art
2381:Microblade technology
2329:Langdale axe industry
1927:Ard / plough
1499:The Spectator, p. 608
725:
718:Switzerland (Grisons)
375:
313:
286:
209:
40:
3586:Prehistoric medicine
3581:Prehistoric counting
3564:Prehistoric religion
3559:Paleolithic religion
3537:Behavioral modernity
2894:Causewayed enclosure
2786:Abri de la Madeleine
1910:Neolithic Revolution
166:on purposely worked
68:, Scotland, France (
3625:Prehistoric warfare
2371:Magdalenian culture
2334:Levallois technique
2265:Earliest toolmaking
1669:Tempus Publishing.
1655:Tempus Publishing.
1091:"Israel's Atlantis"
597:Tongue Croft, near
299:), associated with
176:Food Vessel culture
82:Irakleia (Cyclades)
3666:Megalithic symbols
3576:Origin of language
3569:Spiritual drug use
3479:Rectangular dolmen
3381:Dartmoor kistvaens
3194:Carved stone balls
2906:Circular enclosure
2865:Other architecture
2808:Alp pile dwellings
2396:Solutrean industry
2307:Gravettian culture
1957:Secondary products
1217:www.modiin.muni.il
1169:www.biblewalks.com
1095:The Jerusalem Post
734:, Rethic Alps (in
728:
475:Chatton Sandyford
396:era through their
378:
358:Bronze Age culture
316:
289:
212:
150:They consist of a
54:Cup and ring marks
51:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3598:Prehistoric music
3547:music archaeology
3204:Cup and ring mark
3029:Clothing/textiles
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2416:Yubetsu technique
2401:Striking platform
2366:Lithic technology
2251:
2250:
2236:Game drive system
2155:Projectile points
2047:Mortar and pestle
1697:Garnstone Press.
1593:ZINDEL C., 1970.
1546:978-0-521-53130-6
1396:it:Stele di Boeli
966:Missing or empty
708:Iveragh peninsula
382:Hunterheugh Crags
170:such as the slab
84:), as well as in
16:(Redirected from
3693:
3613:Divje Babe flute
3520:Archaeoastronomy
3263:Petrosomatoglyph
2997:
2980:
2829:Water management
2632:
2619:
2522:Denticulate tool
2344:Lithic reduction
2077:
1898:
1885:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1636:Beckensall, Stan
1623:
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1612:www.rupestre.net
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1471:. Archived from
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1365:www.rupestre.net
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1315:www.rupestre.net
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1290:www.rupestre.net
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1265:www.telgezer.com
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1152:
1151:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
999:
993:
992:
982:
976:
975:
969:
964:
962:
954:
952:
951:
938:
932:
931:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
864:
838:Petrosomatoglyph
788:
776:
764:
752:
646:, Northumberland
608:Kilpatrick Hills
541:, North Ayrshire
413:Clive Waddington
323:
141:Fertile Crescent
66:Northern England
21:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3676:Prehistoric art
3656:
3655:
3654:
3641:
3508:
3494:Stone box grave
3464:Megalithic tomb
3369:Cotswold-Severn
3321:
3226:Guardian stones
3154:Prehistoric art
3148:
2991:
2966:
2955:Timber trackway
2860:
2824:
2820:Wattle and daub
2673:
2652:Standing stones
2626:
2605:
2420:
2247:
2224:
2149:
2066:
1976:Food processing
1971:
1920:New World crops
1892:
1879:
1822:
1817:
1754:
1735:Schwegler Urs,
1711:Dolphin Press.
1632:
1630:Further reading
1627:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1575:(15): 125–155.
1566:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1478:on 11 June 2007
1475:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1414:. 24 April 2012
1406:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1044:(1/2): 95–118.
1035:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1001:
1000:
996:
984:
983:
979:
965:
955:
949:
947:
940:
939:
935:
913:
912:
908:
898:
896:
887:
886:
882:
873:
871:
866:
865:
861:
856:
843:Prehistoric art
799:
792:
789:
780:
777:
768:
765:
756:
753:
744:
720:
695:County Monaghan
687:
682:
624:Reyfad Stones (
528:Kincardineshire
456:
440:Megalithic Inch
423:suggested in a
394:Early Neolithic
370:
362:Atlantic Europe
338:
281:
204:
62:prehistoric art
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3699:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3603:Alligator drum
3595:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3530:lunar calendar
3527:
3516:
3514:
3513:Other cultural
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3317:Venus figurine
3314:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3248:Megalithic art
3245:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3199:Cave paintings
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
3001:Material goods
2993:
2992:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2717:Cliff dwelling
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Fire hardening
2299:
2294:
2292:Clovis culture
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2215:Manis Mastodon
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:throwing stick
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1906:
1904:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1752:External links
1750:
1749:
1748:
1733:
1719:
1705:
1691:
1677:
1663:
1649:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1599:
1586:
1559:
1545:
1522:
1513:
1489:
1453:
1425:
1399:
1388:
1377:
1352:
1327:
1302:
1277:
1252:
1229:
1204:
1181:
1156:
1132:
1108:
1082:
1055:
1028:
1014:
994:
977:
933:
922:(3): 171–178.
906:
880:
858:
857:
855:
852:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:Dalgarven Mill
820:
815:
810:
805:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
783:
781:
778:
771:
769:
766:
759:
757:
754:
747:
743:
740:
719:
716:
697:has uncovered
686:
683:
681:
680:
674:
671:
668:
662:
659:Great Langdale
656:
650:
647:
641:
632:
622:
616:
612:Clava Cairns,
610:
605:
602:
595:
585:
576:
567:
564:
555:
542:
539:Dalgarven Mill
536:
530:
520:
511:
501:
492:
483:
481:Northumberland
473:
467:
460:
455:
452:
421:Alexander Thom
390:Northumberland
369:
368:United Kingdom
366:
337:
334:
280:
277:
203:
200:
184:passage graves
164:megalithic art
117:Daraki-Chattan
60:are a form of
43:Northumberland
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3698:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Simple dolmen
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Passage grave
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3420:Gallery grave
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:Burial mounds
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Statue menhir
3293:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3283:Stone carving
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Sewing needle
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Timber circle
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:Tor enclosure
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:fulacht fiadh
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
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2801:
2799:
2796:
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2789:
2787:
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2779:
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2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
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2511:
2508:
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2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
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2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
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2350:
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2345:
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2337:
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2327:
2323:
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2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
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2278:
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2176:
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2156:
2152:
2144:
2141:
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2134:
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2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:spear-thrower
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:Bow and arrow
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Grinding slab
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Domestication
1940:
1938:
1937:Digging stick
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Founder crops
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
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1856:New Stone Age
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1097:. 21 May 2009
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1069:New Scientist
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916:Anthropologie
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684:
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663:
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651:
648:
645:
644:Weetwood Moor
642:
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623:
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583:Aberdeenshire
580:
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568:
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562:Isle of Arran
559:
556:
554:
553:East Ayrshire
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
512:
510:
506:
505:portal dolmen
502:
500:
496:
495:Gardom's Edge
493:
491:
487:
486:Rombalds Moor
484:
482:
478:
474:
471:
468:
465:
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459:
453:
451:
447:
443:
441:
437:
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430:documentary,
429:
426:
422:
417:
414:
411:
410:archaeologist
408:suggested by
405:
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399:
398:stratigraphic
395:
391:
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367:
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359:
355:
351:
350:British Isles
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
322:
312:
308:
306:
302:
301:rock drawings
298:
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180:stone circles
177:
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63:
59:
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48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3430:wedge-shaped
3415:Funeral pyre
3408:Great dolmen
3364:Chamber tomb
3345:Round barrow
3300:Stone circle
3203:
3172:Blombos Cave
3100:Grooved ware
3024:Chalcolithic
2928:Thornborough
2846:Flush toilet
2781:Blombos Cave
2776:Rock shelter
2732:Quiggly hole
2624:Architecture
2599:illustration
2241:Buffalo jump
2062:Storage pits
2025:Aşıklı Höyük
2015:Ground stone
1851:Subdivisions
1747:, S. 76–126.
1736:
1722:
1708:
1694:
1680:
1666:
1652:
1639:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1535:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1498:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1473:the original
1468:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:rupestre.net
1411:
1402:
1391:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1264:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1144:
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1094:
1085:
1068:
1058:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1004:
997:
987:
980:
968:|title=
948:. Retrieved
941:
936:
919:
915:
909:
897:. Retrieved
892:
883:
872:. Retrieved
870:. 2014-07-08
862:
729:
712:County Kerry
688:
457:
448:
444:
431:
418:
406:
379:
339:
317:
293:Val Camonica
290:
260:Chalcolithic
253:
243:
232:Rujm el-Hiri
227:
223:
214:The site of
213:
186:such as the
149:
137:the Americas
94:
57:
53:
52:
3452:unchambered
3447:Long barrow
3437:Grave goods
3393:Court cairn
3388:Clava cairn
3340:Bowl barrow
3278:Rock cupule
3221:Golden hats
3214:Hill figure
3115:Unstan ware
3095:Cord-marked
2960:Sweet Track
2882:Burnt mound
2803:Stilt house
2791:Sibudu Cave
2584:Tally stick
2552:Quern-stone
2537:Hammerstone
2527:Fire plough
2498:Pesse canoe
2456:Bannerstone
2426:Other tools
2339:Lithic core
2287:Aurignacian
2175:Bare Island
2057:Quern-stone
1021:20 February
895:. July 2010
635:Eston Hills
524:long barrow
490:Ilkley Moor
436:Temple Wood
321:Perda PintĂ
190:and on the
188:clava tombs
86:Scandinavia
47:Google Maps
32:Rock cupule
3660:Categories
3591:trepanning
3484:Ring cairn
3442:Jar burial
3425:transepted
3357:U.S. sites
3258:Petroglyph
3184:Bird stone
3142:wine press
2815:Stone roof
2798:Roundhouse
2690:long house
2667:Stonehenge
2635:Ceremonial
2579:Stone tool
2406:Tool stone
2376:Metallurgy
2280:Mousterian
2257:Toolmaking
2195:Cumberland
2168:Transverse
2138:Schöningen
2030:Qesem cave
1998:Earth oven
1952:Irrigation
1863:Technology
1831:Prehistory
1681:Kilmartin.
1469:ahds.ac.uk
1150:2022-07-09
1126:2022-11-04
1101:4 November
950:2024-06-19
874:2022-11-04
854:References
833:Petroglyph
732:Carschenna
703:Bronze Age
701:and early
587:Balblair,
522:Dalladies
518:Lancashire
499:Derbyshire
488:including
428:television
244:concentric
160:petroglyph
133:Mozambique
3686:Neolithic
3635:symbolism
3499:Tor cairn
3457:Grønsalen
3398:Cremation
3290:Sculpture
3268:Pictogram
3253:Petroform
3073:amber use
3041:Cosmetics
2851:Reservoir
2836:Check dam
2766:Pueblitos
2761:Pit-house
2744:Longhouse
2678:Dwellings
2547:Microlith
2478:Bow drill
2473:Bone tool
2466:prismatic
2275:Acheulean
2190:Cresswell
2163:Arrowhead
2089:Boomerang
2005:Granaries
1967:Terracing
1846:Stone Age
1745:0018-0173
1077:0262-4079
813:Goldbusch
808:Cupstones
699:Neolithic
691:Drumirril
677:Simonside
667:, Cumbria
661:, Cumbria
655:, Cumbria
639:Cleveland
620:Milngavie
593:Inverness
570:Kilmartin
549:Mauchline
534:Cleveland
464:Ecclesall
354:megaliths
272:Tel Gezer
256:Canaanite
216:Atlit Yam
196:Newgrange
192:capstones
168:megaliths
97:Australia
58:cup marks
18:Cup marks
3671:Rock art
3273:Rock art
3236:painting
3209:Geoglyph
3034:timeline
3014:Beadwork
2754:Mehrgarh
2749:Mudbrick
2657:megalith
2532:Fire-saw
2354:debitage
2349:analysis
2317:Hand axe
2297:Cupstone
1875:Glossary
1836:Timeline
1617:23 March
1552:30 April
1506:28 April
1482:23 March
1446:23 March
1418:23 March
1370:23 March
1345:23 March
1340:bessa.it
1320:23 March
1295:23 March
1270:23 March
1222:23 March
1174:23 March
1141:"Shamir"
1050:30247666
959:cite web
928:26295871
899:23 March
797:See also
689:Work at
665:Grasmere
614:Culloden
514:Anderton
503:Bachwen
402:Iron Age
348:and the
305:Piedmont
224:at least
121:Dwarahat
78:Thessaly
70:Brittany
3630:Symbols
3241:pigment
3127:Weaving
3090:Cardium
3085:Pottery
3080:Mirrors
3068:Jewelry
3009:Baskets
2989:culture
2841:Cistern
2647:Pyramid
2589:Weapons
2567:Scraper
2557:Racloir
2517:Cleaver
2505:Chopper
2411:Uniface
2322:Grooves
2312:Hafting
2270:Oldowan
2229:Systems
2180:Cascade
2143:woomera
2133:harpoon
2106:history
2072:Hunting
2052:Pottery
1993:Cooking
1902:Farming
1868:history
1841:Outline
1441:csic.es
803:Bullaun
742:Gallery
736:Grisons
685:Ireland
558:Brodick
509:Gwynedd
470:Baildon
386:Alnwick
342:Galicia
249:dolmens
240:tumulus
178:, some
174:of the
152:concave
90:Grisons
74:Galicia
3608:flutes
3403:Dolmen
3327:Burial
3137:winery
3110:Linear
2940:Midden
2918:Cursus
2911:Goseck
2771:Pueblo
2722:Dugout
2707:Burdei
2386:Mining
2210:Lamoka
2205:Folsom
2185:Clovis
2042:Metate
2020:Hearth
1988:Basket
1962:Sickle
1743:
1729:
1715:
1701:
1687:
1673:
1659:
1645:
1543:
1502:. 1970
1075:
1048:
1012:
926:
626:Reyfad
599:Borgue
591:, nr.
589:Beauly
574:Argyll
442:(MI).
346:Iberia
330:menhir
264:Modiin
202:Canaan
156:gutter
129:Mexico
125:Israel
109:Hawaii
105:Greece
3525:sites
3469:Mummy
3189:Cairn
3105:JĹŤmon
3056:shoes
3051:Hides
2923:Henge
2877:Broch
2739:Jacal
2594:Wheel
2542:Knife
2488:Canoe
2483:Burin
2461:Blade
2359:flake
2220:Plano
2128:baton
2118:Spear
2084:Arrow
2037:Manos
1890:Tools
1476:(PDF)
1465:(PDF)
1437:(PDF)
1046:JSTOR
924:JSTOR
477:cairn
454:Sites
336:Spain
326:stele
297:Italy
279:Italy
236:cairn
228:up to
220:Haifa
172:cists
145:India
113:India
101:Gabon
3618:gudi
3376:Cist
3305:list
3132:Wine
3061:Ă–tzi
3046:Glue
3019:Beds
2987:and
2985:Arts
2856:Well
2712:Cave
2642:Kiva
2572:side
2562:Rope
2510:tool
2444:bone
2434:Adze
2200:Eden
2113:Nets
1983:Fire
1947:Goad
1932:Celt
1741:ISSN
1727:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1619:2018
1554:2011
1541:ISBN
1508:2011
1484:2018
1448:2018
1420:2018
1372:2018
1347:2018
1322:2018
1297:2018
1272:2018
1224:2018
1176:2018
1103:2022
1073:ISSN
1023:2020
1010:ISBN
972:help
901:2018
234:, a
182:and
135:and
119:and
92:).
80:and
2727:Hut
2662:row
2493:Oar
2451:Axe
2439:Awl
1577:doi
1247:124
1199:119
710:in
693:in
628:),
507:in
497:in
425:BBC
388:in
356:or
328:or
247:of
194:at
143:to
123:),
56:or
3662::
1610:.
1573:15
1571:.
1525:^
1467:.
1439:.
1410:.
1363:.
1338:.
1313:.
1288:.
1263:.
1245:.
1241:.
1215:.
1197:.
1193:.
1167:.
1143:.
1119:.
1093:.
1067:.
1042:45
1040:.
963::
961:}}
957:{{
920:33
918:.
891:.
714:.
637:,
581:,
572:,
560:,
551:,
547:,
526:,
516:,
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270:.
198:.
147:.
131:,
127:,
111:,
107:,
103:,
99:,
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1583:.
1579::
1556:.
1510:.
1486:.
1450:.
1422:.
1374:.
1349:.
1324:.
1299:.
1274:.
1249:.
1226:.
1201:.
1178:.
1153:.
1129:.
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1052:.
1025:.
974:)
970:(
953:.
930:.
903:.
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295:(
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115:(
49:)
45:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
