Permanente Quarry - Knowledge

41: 837:. The owner, Emil Tscheulin was one of the first German industrialists to back Adolf Hitler in the mid-1920s. In turn he received war contracts but also exported aluminum foil to the U.S. and other countries before the war. Sheets of light gauge aluminum came from the Kaiser Spokane plant. The foil was used for electronic, radio, refrigeration and air conditioning equipment and as protective packaging for food, tobacco, chewing gum, candy, and medical supplies. At the time it was the only aluminum foil plant west of the Mississippi River. By that time Kaiser was producing 20% of the nation's aluminum. 760:. The material was designed to stick to ceilings and other surfaces and burned at a high temperature which could not be easily extinguished. 88% of the city was destroyed, killing 1,767 people. The night before the raid two B-29s dropped leaflets over Aomori, and ten other target cities, warning the population that 5-6 of the cites would be bombed and urging them to evacuate. The Japanese government ordered that the leaflets be turned in without being read and any discussion could result in imprisonment. 516:

plant, the government had several government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) operations, all of which combined to end the Dow monopoly. Different plants used different processes to produce magnesium, but the Permanente plant was the only one to use the Hansgirg process. Total U.S. production increased from 12 million pounds in 1940, to nearly 600 million pounds in early 1944. Mobilization officials cut back on production in 1944 as it far outweighed demand by nearly 100 million pounds annually.

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Metals Company (RMC), a wartime government corporation, bought PMC magnesium at a higher price than was paid to other producers to offset the losses incurred by Kaiser. In 1943 the subsidy amounted to $ 2.75 million. In November 1943 the RMC cancelled Permanente's magnesium subsidy. Even with improved efficiency, continued production of the metal would require PMC to sell below the cost of production. In 1944 the War Production Board shut down nine GOCO plants including Manteca.

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the Santa Cruz Portland Cement Company, and the Yosemite Portland Cement Company, which had often been the only bid on other large Bureau of Reclamation projects. After the bids were opened, the Institute offered to beat the Kaiser bid and they claimed that Kaiser's lack of a cement plant, and experience, would make it impossible for him to meet the contract. Ignoring their offer and protests, the Bureau awarded the contract to the Permanente Corp.

149:. He planted vineyards, built a winery and other buildings, expending about $ 25,000 in the process. When that venture failed, Swayne sold the property for $ 1500. Granite Rock Company of Watsonville bought it from the subsequent owner for $ 2500 to mine the limestone. In 1902 the Alvarado Sugar Company contracted with Granite Rock to produce 5,000 tons of limestone to be shipped at the rate of two carloads per day. The Alvarado (now 49: 33: 938:, Virginia, built the same version of Kaiser's dome as the one in Honolulu as an auditorium at their convention center. It was dismantled in 1994. There was another built to house the gymnasium at Palomar Junior College and a slightly smaller one at the National Orange Show Grounds, both in Southern California. Both of those domes are still in use. The dome in Honolulu was demolished in 1999 to make way for another hotel tower. 772:

one used mostly in Germany-was commendable, it wasn't until the M-47 goop bomb was developed that you really went to town. The goop bomb was really the fourth and highest step in the development of incendiaries for the army and navy air forces." Dawson said, "Only four out of every 100 war production plants in the United States have registered sufficiently excellent production to obtain the "E" award".

655:, telling her that Fritz could not publicly criticize Hitler because their son was in the German Army and would suffer retaliation. Marie Hansgirg wrote Mrs. Roosevelt that if her husband was reinstated, then, "his loyalty and integrity may again be recognized in this country, you may know you will have the undying gratitude of his wife". The letter was forwarded to FBI Director, 1088:, killing three coworkers and wounding six others. He later shot and wounded a woman and attempted to carjack her a few hours after the shooting. The shooting prompted a manhunt which caused a lockdown to some schools and businesses in nearby communities. Allman was confronted by Santa Clara County sheriff's deputies the next day in a neighborhood in 703:

magnesium casing and thermite, a mixture of aluminum powder and iron oxide. The bomb was based on the British Mark III bomb. PMC would make the flammable magnesium bomb casings. In the early years of the war only 5% of U.S. magnesium production went into bombs while most of it was used in combination with aluminum for aircraft parts.

968:, became chairman of the board. KACC controlled 196 plants in 34 states and 50 countries, employed 90,000 with sales over $ 2 billion. In 1987 Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical was reorganized as a subsidiary of KaiserTech Limited, a holding company. The next year KaiserTech was acquired by MAXXAM Group, a subsidiary of MAXXAM Inc. 608:

resulting in magnesium hydroxide. That mixture was heated in a 203-foot long, nine-foot diameter rotary kiln, causing it to decompose into water vapor and magnesium oxide. Most of the sea water was returned to Monterey Bay. After processing and cooling, the resulting white powder magnesium oxide was trucked to Permanente.

620:. Initial production was shipped to aircraft and munitions factories, but work was proceeding on adding a fabrication plant and a mill to turn out rolled sheet magnesium and tubing. The eventual goal was 24,000-tons by June which would have been enough for 48,000 airplanes, assuming each utilized 985 pounds of magnesium. 373:, later adding three more there, and three along the Columbia River in Portland and Vancouver, WA. After the British ships were built, Todd pulled out of the partnership to focus on their own shipbuilding business. These seven shipyards produced about 25% of the total U.S. production of ships during World War 2. 458:, with just one plant capable of producing six million tons per year, was the only magnesium manufacturer in the country. The government declared magnesium to be a strategic metal, with all production to be used in national defense. The government introduced a $ 400 million program in 1941 to spur production. 103:. With increased production Kaiser supplied all of the cement used by the Navy in the Pacific Theater of World War 2. At 7 million barrels, it was more cement than the Shasta Dam project. Roughly 70 percent of the cement used in the communities of Santa Clara County was acquired from the cement plant. 1167:

related to quarry operations and the cement plant have resulted in sediment discharges into Permanente Creek that are 3.5 times what would be expected under undeveloped conditions. Sediment loads in the upper Permanente Creek mainstem are 15 times those in the West Fork Permanente Creek, which drains

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On a site adjacent to the hotel, a central 96' mast was raised, and the diamond-shaped panels were bolted together as they were raised by the mast. The job was completed in only 20 hours. After completion, the mast was removed, and the center hole was enclosed. The dome stood 50' high and was 145' in

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In 1948 Kaiser bought an aluminum foil plant from the Foreign Liquidation Commission. It was the first German plant offered to American companies under the war reparations agreement. It was dismantled, shipped to Permanente where it was reassembled at the former magnesium foundry building and machine

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The end of World War II meant the end of shipbuilding and magnesium production by Permanente Metals Corporation, but the void was filled by Kaiser's entry into the aluminum business in 1946. There was a great demand for aluminum for aircraft and construction materials, but production was limited by a

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Tragedy struck the plant again on July 30, 1946, while experimentation on a new commercial explosive was being conducted at a lab on the property. A premature explosion instantly killed Mrs. Jean Targhetta whose body was hurled more than 100 feet against the side of the canyon. Eugene Bayne died from

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where he taught chemistry and physics. He continued to do research on the production of magnesium giving 205 of the shares in his North Carolina Magnesium Development Company to the college. After leaving the college, Hansgirg worked for various companies until he died unexpectedly in July 1949, at

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As work progressed in early 1942, Hansgirg managed the construction and production from twelve miles away in the Santa Clara County Jail. He was rumored to have use of a private telephone. The 50-year-old Hansgirg was described by Sheriff Emig as a, "charming old man". Kaiser did his best to get him

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resulted in the annexation of Austria into the German Reich and Hitler declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941. According to Sheriff William Emig, Hansgirg professed a hatred for Adolf Hitler, and although he had worked in Japanese-controlled Korea, it was for a branch of the American

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Permanente was given the contract to supply all of the bulk cement for Pacific airfields, fortifications, and other wartime installations. Shipments averaged 5000 barrels daily from the bulk silos in Honolulu during 1942–43. The dollar volume was $ 15 million saving the government $ 7.5 million using

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Initially the Navy was against using bulk cement in the tropics fearing the moisture would cause the cement to deteriorate. Kaiser was confident that would not be the case and guaranteed acceptable quality delivered right to the construction site, using compressed air to blow the cement in and out of

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as he explored Alta California, for the King of Spain. Rio Permanente was so named, as it continued to flow all year, unlike most streams in California which dry up in the summer. Bess Kaiser suggested the name for the medical program at the shipyards, which after the War were made available to the

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Another kiln was added in 1940 to boost output to 12,000 barrels/day. Even before production was a full capacity for Shasta, Permanente Cement Co. had contracts for a half million barrels each, from the Navy for dry docks and air bases in the Hawaiian Islands, and from the ready-Mix Concrete Company

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rejected the second bid tendered by the Portland Cement Institute which was $ 1.6 million higher than Kaiser. The Institute bid came from a consortium the Beaver Portland Cement Company, the Calaveras Portland Cement Company, the Monolith Portland Cement Company, the Pacific Portland Cement Company,

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When the two bids to build Shasta Dam were opened in June 1938, they were only $ 262,000 apart on the $ 35 million project. The winning bid went to Pacific Constructors Inc. of Los Angeles, a consortium of twelve companies. The losing bid was entered by the Shasta Construction Company, a consortium

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In 1963 the Southern Pacific Los Altos Branch was abandoned when Santa Clara County wanted the right-of-way to build Foothill Expressway. The Vasona Branch tracks were realigned, eliminating the "Wye" at Simla, and leading directly to the Permanente Plant. That right-of-way remained in use until the

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On August 29, 1945, a ceremony was held at the Permanente Plant where the Army presented the Army-Navy "E" Award for outstanding production of war materials, especially "goop". Capt. George E. Dawson of the Chemical Warfare Service told the 500 employees, "While your work on the M-76 incendiary-the

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that according to Sheriff William Emig, professional safe crackers burglarized the Hoo Hoo House and stole $ 4200 in Permanente Magnesium payroll funds. There was no explanation as to why PMC funds were in the safe of the Hoo Hoo House resort, which was located about two miles east of the Permanente

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The production of magnesium was extremely dangerous due to its volatility. Just as production was ramping up in August 1941, three men were killed as a blaze erupted when powdered magnesium was funneling through a rubber coupling into a cylindrical retort. In November 1941, another worker was burned

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When Henry Kaiser purchased the quarry land, he also got a stone-and-redwood building high in the hills at the headwaters of Permanente Creek. According to legend, the house, served by only one road, had been a speakeasy. Kaiser converted it to a lodge and he, and his wife, Bess, spent time in the

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From the outset objections to the plant were lodged by neighboring farmers who were afraid that cement dust would adversely affect their wine grapes, apricot, cherry, and prune trees. A lawsuit was filed by 290 residents. There was a suspicion that the objections were raised by the cement industry

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Henry J. Kaiser said, "Pink makes you feel good." He was so enamored with the color that he used it extensively in furniture and linens at the Hawaiian Village Hotel. The hotel also featured speedboats, catamarans, and outrigger canoes. Customers at the adjoining car rental agency could rent bright

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Kaiser bought the plant for $ 203.000 and spent about $ 800,000 rehabilitating the machinery, doubling the speed of production and increasing the capacity from 150-pound coils to 750 pounds. The 900-foot coil of sheet aluminum passed through five cold-reducing mills into thirteen miles of aluminum

821:, LA to be separated into alumina powder and ore. The alumina was shipped to two plants in Washington State to be reduced to ingots and to a third plant in Washington to be turned into plate, sheet and strip aluminum. The government granted patent rights to Kaiser to establish a third competitor to 748:

The March 9–10, 1945, firebombing of Tokyo, utilizing the M69 bomb, loaded with napalm, killed more than 80,000 people. On May 25–26, 464 Boeing B-29s bombers dropped 3,251 tons of incendiaries on Tokyo. 348 tons of those bombs were M76 bombs filled with Permanente "goop". Seventeen square miles

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On June 5, 1939, the Columbia Construction Company, one of Henry Kaiser's many companies, won the bid to provide the 7.6 million tons of aggregate and 2.8 tons of sand required for the construction of Shasta Dam. Twenty years earlier, when Kaiser was building roads in the area, he purchased rights

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Board of Supervisors approved amendments to the 1985 Permanente Quarry Reclamation Plan for Lehigh Southwest Cement Company, including approval of a new waste material storage area (EMSA) at the east end of the quarry. The newly approved Reclamation Plan has 89 conditions (significantly more than

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Under the terms of a 1985 reclamation plan, the quarry was not supposed to dump quarry waste materials more than 100 feet higher than the natural chaparral ridge known as Permanente Ridge. This waste material storage area, or WMSA, was piled on and above the Permanente Ridge and this brownish-gray

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In July 1946 Kaiser announced the completion at the Permanente plant of the first test model of intercity bus for Santa Fe Trailways. The 63-passenger was 60-feet long with three sets of wheels and articulated in the middle with front and back wheels which turned automatically, giving it a 38-foot

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In March 1942 tragedy again struck the Permanente Plant when Harry P. Davis, the Plant Manager and Superintendent, and Henry J. Monsees, the Chief of Guards, died when the car that Davis was driving veered off the roadway and struck a tree in nearby Los Altos. Among the honorary pall bearers were

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The magnesium plant, a venture of the Chemical Engineering Division of the Todd California Shipbuilding Corp., was located adjacent to the Permanente Cement Plant. 2000 men worked 24-hours a day, seven days a week to build the plant. The plant was referred to being on, "Hill 835" as that was the

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electric shovels put the limestone into diesel-powered Caterpillar-Le Tourneau rubber-tired 20-ton buggies and then onto four miles of gravity flow conveyor belts at the rate of 1000 tons per hour. As the gravity conveyor belt moved the rock one mile to the cement plant, energy was recovered from

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Hanson Permanente Cement filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy with the US Bankruptcy Court in 2016. The bankruptcy is related to more than 14,000 injury lawsuits. The previous year, Hanson Permanente Cement was ordered to spend $ 5 million to install an advanced wastewater treatment plant along with $

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filed a lawsuit against Santa Clara County, challenging the reclamation plan for Lehigh Southwest Cement's Permanente Quarry near Cupertino, saying its environmental impact report failed to analyze and mitigate the project's impacts on air quality, hazardous materials, recreation, groundwater and

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The foil plant was shut down in May 1990 after the company had the plant on the market for two years. The final products made there were honeycomb foil used in the aircraft industry and coil for window blinds. Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical were trying to get out of the foil business. The final 100

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Kaiser was producing aluminum foil for household use by 1952. They continued to make upgrades to the Permanente plant, and by 1954, Kaiser Aluminum was fully integrated with the purchase of bauxite mines in Jamaica. With additional space added, the Permanente facility was 60,000 square feet. They

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From the time that the magnesium plant effort began, PMC was exploring the idea of making incendiary bombs. Incendiary devices were under the purview of the Chemical Weapons Service (CWS). In 1941 PMC was interested in making the M50 bomb, a four-pound device, delivered in clusters, that used a

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The magnesium production plant at Permanente was part of a massive undertaking by the U.S. government to increase production. Until 1941, Dow Chemical Co. was the only magnesium producer in the country. In addition to providing government subsidies to the privately owned Permanente Metals Corp.

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Permanente is 300 miles (480 km) south of Shasta Dam, requiring the cement to be moved by rail. Southern Pacific built a 1.9-mile spur from the Los Altos Branch line to the plant site. That line required a wye at the Simla Junction. On October 1, 1939, Permanente became a Class A, non-agency

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The cement kiln closed temporarily in April 2020. It was later decided that it would not reopen, thus permanently ending cement production. Quarry activity will also end at a date to be determined. In August 2023, the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors agreed to the permanent closure of the

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for the time-frame that it had been listed as an "impaired water body" by both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. Lehigh's own water quality analyses have demonstrated that quarry pit wastewater that Lehigh discharges into the

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Kaiser engineers created "PT Mix," an incendiary compound for bombs consisting of 39% "microscopic magnesium dust", 10% asphalt, 5% distillate, 27% gasoline, 10% magnesium crystals, 5% sodium nitrate, 3% isobutyl methacrylate gel, and 1% ammonium percolate. The first three ingredients comprised

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One of Henry J. Kaiser's more famous quotes is, "Problems are only opportunities in work clothes." He put that into action when confronting the reduced demand for magnesium metal and taking advantage of the unique product in the Hansgirg process. The rapid cooling of the extremely hot magnesium

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The Hansgirg process was never as efficient in practice as it was on paper resulting in the Permanente plant being the only one that was losing money. Total production for the entire war was 10,000 tons of magnesium ingot which was less than the initial plan of 12,000 tons annually. The Reserve

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to supply the Southern California market. As the top producer on the West Coast, Permanente's total capacity was 11 million barrels which accounted for 20% of the total market in the Pacific Coast states and British Columbia. They continued to ship bulk cement to Hawaii, other Pacific islands,

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The country was still in the Depression, so it was no surprise when hundreds of men showed up at the construction gate looking for work. They were turned away as it was a union job site. Out of state workers who showed up at the Labor Temple of San Jose of Local 270 of the Laborer's Union were

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miles from the Southern Pacific railhead which required the construction of a conveyor belt between the pit and the railroad. At the suggestion of one of Kaiser's engineers, a 9.6-mile conveyor belt system was built, completely bypassing the railroad, and delivering the aggregate at $ .18/ton.

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plant where dolomite, a calcium-magnesium carbonate was quarried, crushed, and calcined (heated) in a kiln, separating calcium-magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide. The material was trucked to Moss Landing where it was mixed with sea water, which contains a small amount of magnesium chloride,

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for four acres of land for 20 years for spur tracks, storage silos and bulk ship loading equipment. Cement was brought by rail and truck from the Permanente plant and loaded into the two ships. The port facility made it possible to fulfill the Navy contracts which by November 1941 included

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in whose valley it lies. Kaiser intended to use the quarry to provide the majority of the cement used in the construction of the Shasta Dam, supplying the 6 million barrels (950,000 m) of cement. Additionally, Kaiser Cement Company built Highway 101, Highway 85 and other major Northern

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the 73 conditions in the 1985 Amendment), and calls for higher performance standards for re-vegetation of all disturbed areas, minimizing selenium runoff and an increased level of reporting and monitoring. The Board also ratified the Final Environmental Impact Report in accordance with the

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Seven million barrels of Permanente cement was delivered to Contractors, Pacific Naval Air Bases (CPNAB), a construction firm building fortifications in the Pacific. No Permanente cement shipment ever failed to be delivered on time, even when ordered on short notice or in large quantity.

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bulk cement over sacked cement. This does not consider how much the bulk operations saved in ship-hours or the man-hours necessary in handling the cement. The savings in man-hours probably was twice that of the product. Permanente was the only American company to provide bulk cement.

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The cement operation began with two 12-by 363-foot kilns, four Fuller coolers, 100-foot silos, crushing equipment and packing equipment. The plant employed many revolutionary production methods in order to produce the 7,000 barrels of cement each day needed for the Shasta Dam project.

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was not able to determine whether "goop", napalm or other incendiaries were the most effective as they all inflicted heavy damage on the predominantly wood structures in Japanese cities. "Goop" accounted for about 9% of the total incendiary materials used by the U.S. during the War.

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In 1943 Charles Rabella, a 38-year old truck driver died from burns suffered as he hauled a load of excavated material from the magnesium plant up the canyon. The debris fell from the truck and struck a pile of magnesium-carbon residue igniting a flash fire which engulfed his truck.

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foil. The three lines could produce about 500,000 pounds per month but operated at a reduced capacity when it opened in 1949, due to a buyer's market. As the only foil plant in the West, they looked at the dried fruit packing industry as a possible market. At the time the nearby

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and pollutant which is concentrated in the aquatic food web, was found to be 5.8 to 6.7 times higher in precipitation near the cement plant than at a control location 2.0 miles (3.2 km) away. A 2011 study showed a significant geographic association between the occurrence of

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As with many of Kaiser's entities the Permanente operation was a web of bank loans and partnerships with the other construction companies. Bank of America loaned $ 7 million for the cement plant and another $ 3.5 million was capitalized with investments from the other members of

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After losing the bid to build Shasta Dam, Henry J. Kaiser bid on supplying the cement, and another bid to provide the aggregate and sand to mix with the cement, to produce the 15 million tons of concrete used to build what would then be the second most massive dam in the world.

255:. Kaiser had 25.5%; Utah Company, J.F. Shea and General Construction had 13.5% each and the others varied from 1.5% for Pacific Bridge to 10.4% for MacDonald & Kahn. No government money was involved. Within a few years, it generated an annual profit of $ 2–3 million. 1029:

sued Lehigh Southwest Cement Company and Heidelberg Cement in federal court to stop its unpermitted discharges of selenium and other toxic water pollutants into Permanente Creek. The Sierra Club maintains that Lehigh has been polluting Permanente Creek in violation of the

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turning radius. Built of aluminum and magnesium, it was powered by a 275-hp Cummins Diesel engine, mounted under the floor. It featured swivel chair seats with 40 inches of leg room instead of 35 inches, observation-car windows, air conditioning and lavatories.

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It only took until September 1941 to produce the first metal, and by January 1942 production was up to five tons per week, with a goal of fifteen tons a day by the end of February. In addition to the 12000-KVA furnaces, they built a complex of thirty-six large

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in the creek downstream from the quarry ranged from 13 to 81 micrograms/liter (μg/L). A North Quarry water sample in January 2010 had a dissolved selenium concentration of 82 μg/L, indicating that the quarry is the source of the selenium pollution. Selenium is

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A state mining report in 1906 lists it as the El Dorado Sugar Company Quarry, located in Section 18 of Township 7 S, Range 2 W. That location is approximately 1.8 miles west of the end of Stevens Creek Blvd. The rock was transported nine miles by wagon to

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In 1940, Hansgirg was hired by Henry J. Kaiser to build a magnesium plant at Permanente utilizing his carbothermic magnesium process. Kaiser paid Emil Winter $ 750,000 for the patent of the carbothermic process. He received a loan for $ 9,250,000 from the

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In 1938 Henry Kaiser signed a three-year lease for 1000 acres along Arroyo Permanente, from the Santa Clara Holding Co. Ltd., at a cost of $ 12,000/year. On July 14, 1939, a deed recording revealed that the Permanente Corp bought the land for $ 235/acre.

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CPNAB was a consortium of construction companies. Although Kaiser was not among those companies, some his partners from the Six Companies, including W. A. Bechtel Company, Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc., and the Utah Construction Company, were involved.

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A new crushed rock facility was added at the Permanente Quarry in 1957 to turn quarry overburden, normally a waste material, into base rock for highway construction. It was expected that the new plant would provide 500,000 tons of materials annually.

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had a much higher payload. The development of napalm did not stop PMC from working on "goop". "Goop" was developed by F. W. Van Loenen, a research engineer at Permanente who also represented PMC while working with the British on incendiary devices.

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diameter with 16,500 sq. ft. of pillar-less interior space capable of holding 1800-2000 people. The dome was anchored to 25 concrete piers around the floor. The cost was $ 80,000. Kaiser engineers stressed the strength and low cost of the structure.

580:. Because of the proximity of the magnesium facility and the cement plant, the natural gas was used to cool the magnesium process then burned in the cement kilns. The magnesium carbonate and magnesite ore arrived by rail from Kaiser-owned mines in 484:. Hansgirg also set up other chemical processing plants at the same location until 1940 when Japanese pro-Axis militarism caused Hansgirg to leave for the United States. Among the other systems that Hansgirg left behind was one for the production 1092:, in which he pointed a firearm towards them and three deputies responded with gunfire. It was initially reported that Allman died from the officer's gunshots, but it was later determined he died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. 323:

of Honolulu. At the time these contracts were announced in February 1940, Henry J. Kaiser Jr. the plant manager, said the dust control apparatus was functioning perfectly and capturing 70-100 tons of cement dust a day which was used over again.

1014:– despite claims from the 2004 owner, Hanson Cement, that it was hydroseeded annually with native grass mix and that they planted 80% of the area in trees and shrubs, it remains a barren zone, degrading the aesthetic value of the adjacent 992:

in 1970. Carrying the pink vehicle idea one step further, Kaiser Cement and Kaiser Sand & Gravel trucks, many operating from the Permanente plant were painted pink with the slogan, "Find a need and fill it." painted on the vehicles.

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Hanson Cement acquired Kaiser Cement for $ 200 million in 1986. The cement company was renamed Hanson Permanente Cement in 1999. At the time of sale, Kaiser Cement was the 5th largest producer of cement in the entire United States.

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since 2007, the latter (along with the limestone itself) is a major source of mercury emissions. The cement plant was responsible for 29 percent of total Bay Area airborne mercury emissions and was shown to impact a rural site,

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On October 5, 2011, the Lehigh Southwest Cement plant was the site of a shooting committed by a disgruntled employee, 47-year-old Shareef Allman. During a safety meeting at 4:00 a.m., Allman opened fire with a .223-caliber

406:, at about 0930 they saw a group of Japanese planes circling over the harbor in preparation of a dive-bombing attack. Vega fired her anti-aircraft guns, but three bombs were dropped, one hitting the water just 30 yards off 508:(RFC) to construct a magnesium production and fabricating facility. Construction on the $ 11.5 million plant began in March 1941 on the first eight-million-pound unit. The RFC loan eventually amounted to $ 22.75 million. 722:

In late 1943, CWS purchased 3 million pounds of "goop" at a price of $ .36/pound ($ 1,080,000 total.) The sale of "goop" replaced magnesium ingots and allowed PMC to finally turn a small profit on magnesium production.

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third-degree burns. Two other men received minor injuries. The blast was felt ten miles away and ignited numerous grass fires. The explosion took place on Hill 835, the same elevation as the original magnesium plant.

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When Pearl Harbor was attacked, 65,000 barrels were available in the Pacific, most of it in Permanente's privately owned bulk facilities in Honolulu, making it possible to quickly put the airfields back into action.

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A market was found in the growing television industry. Aluminum foil of 99.8% purity and 0.003 inches thick was used for television condensers. The product was shipped to television parts producers in New England.

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Sarah E. Rothenberg; Lester McKee; Alicia Gilbreath; Donald Yee; Mike Connor; Xuewu Fu (March 2010). "Wet deposition of mercury within the vicinity of a cement plant before and during cement plant maintenance".

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collected dust from smokestacks on electrodes and trapped it into bins to be used for the manufacture of by- products. A consultant for the company argued that precipitators would remove 99% of the cement dust.

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Two days before the cement supply bids for Shasta Dam were opened on April 31, 1939, the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors voted to permit the construction of a $ 4,000,000 cement plant at Permanente.

863:. They renovated the cottages giving them a Polynesian look and low-rise hotel buildings were added. They added high-rise towers in what became one of the first modern hotels in Waikiki. They later took on 727:"goop" while the other ingredients were napalm. Commercial dough mixers were used at the CWS Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland to produce the PT Mix, 170 pounds of which was loaded into 500-pound bomb casings. 314:

plant in Salinas, CA to be used to purify beet sugar, a product which was enjoying a boom during the War. A deposit of low-alkali clay was also found in the quarry and was used for a high-strength cement.

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could produce foil up to 54-inches wide, as large as any in the nation. The annual capacity was 18,000,000 pounds per year which was about 30% of the nation's output. They employed 175 people at the time.

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Ferrosilicon production resumed in 1949 for some years, with the product shipped to the Manteca plant. The silica byproduct was also used as a binder in refractory bricks made at the Moss Landing plant.

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employees were laid off with the shutdown. The need to divest the plant at Permanente was because MAXXAM had to shed KaiserTech assets to pay debts due to junk bond financing. MAXXAM was connected with

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In October 1946, Permanente launched a $ 1,000,000 expansion program to increase cement production by 10% to 5,500,000 barrels (22,000,000 sacks) per year to meet demand in Hawaii and the Seattle area.

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when a reduction retort flared up. The powdered magnesium was mixed with oil to exclude air as it was put into the retorts. The temperature could build up and spontaneously combust causing a flare up.

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Demand for "goop" varied month to month as changes in the execution of the aerial war took place. The CWS preferred "goop" to napalm but still used both materials. In late 1944 orders for use in the

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In 2013, Lehigh settled the lawsuit by paying at least $ 10 million "to implement a water treatment system". Part of the settlement is "a $ 12 million surety bond to guarantee that the work is done."

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oxide and carbon compound, produced a highly volatile fine powder. Kaiser engineers mixed the magnesium powder with asphalt to create, "goop", a compound they believed was more effective than napalm.

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in the Pacific, PMC received an order for 5 million pounds per month. The PT Mix was used in both the 10-pound M74 bombs dropped in clusters and the 500-pound M76 bomb in both theaters of the War.

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In 1906 the sugar refining industry was using much of the limestone quarried in California and only a small amount was used in road construction. Large amounts were also used for the manufacture of

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released from custody. When first arrested, Hansgirg was allowed to visit the plant in the custody of a deputy sheriff, but the FBI later stopped the visits, claiming it was in a prohibited area.

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in engine mounts, wing surfaces and other parts to enable their planes to fly farther and faster than the British planes. This created a demand for magnesium production in the U.S. At the time,

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magnesium reduction process in 1928 in Radenthein, Austria. He set up a pilot plant using his process. His senior partner, Emil Winter of the Pittsburgh Steel Company, owned the patent rights.

129:. Microfossils in the limestone deposits suggest that the mountain originated as a seamount at 22 degrees north in the tropical Pacific about 100 million years ago and was transported to 2787:

Sarah E. Rothenberg; Lester McKee; Alicia Gilbreath; Donald Yee; Mike Connor; Xuewu Fu (March 2010). "Evidence for short-range transport of atmospheric mercury to a rural, inland site".

961:

On July 2, 1964, the Permanente Cement Co. became Kaiser Cement & Gypsum Corp. Owned 39% by Kaiser Industries Corp, it retained Permanente as the trademark of the cement products.

779:, directing general of the British Petroleum Warfare Department visited Permanente to acknowledge their efforts in the development of flame thrower fluids and the creation of "goop". 169:

where it was burned into quicklime and used to refine sugar. The stone was described as, "being good road material as it was in small pieces that would not require further grinding".

2663: 40: 4056: 1152:

in the aquatic food web. Safety standards for selenium concentrations in fresh water are 5 μg/L under the California Toxics Rule (same as the National Toxics Rule set by the

636:

Magnesium Metals Corporation. At the time of his arrest, Hansgirg was supervising the connection of the first and second units and he was the only one who knew how to do so.

2929: 386:. The shipyards, steel plant in Fontana, CA and magnesium productions facilities operated as the Permanente Metal Corp. after Todd left Todd-California Shipbuilding Corp. 224:, approximately nine miles from the Shasta Dam construction site. Southern Pacific Railroad wanted $ .27/ton to move the material to the construction site. The gravel was 794:

Although only one bus was ever produced, it was used by Santa Fe Trailways in advertisements. The bus operated between San Francisco and Los Angeles until the mid-1950s.

1804: 988:

Surrey Gala Jeeps with pink-stripped cloth tops and upholstery. Kaiser Motors bought the Willys-Overland Company in 1953 and produced Jeeps until selling the company to

2174:""Making 'Goop' Out of Lemons: The Permanente Metals Corporation, Incendiary Bombs, and the Costs of Industrial Over Expansion during World Was II." 03 October 2011" 2954: 910:

and Sylvester "Pat" Weaver, with the plan of building dome theaters all over the world to accommodate wide movie screens. Mike Todd was an original participant in

576:

to be heated to 3800 °F and then rapidly cooled to 380 °F in one thousandth of a second to precipitate the metals. This was achieved by using very cold

319:

turned away as there weren't enough jobs for local residents. Those who wanted to work had to pay $ 31.50 to join the union and then pay $ 1.50 a month for dues.

310:

There were different grades of limestone within the Permanente Quarry. As lower grades of limestone were used for cement, a high-grade limestone was sold to the

137:. These rocks occur as jagged gray boulders and outcrops just southwest of the radio towers on the summit of Black Mountain, as well as in the Permanente Quarry. 195:. There was a stop at Monta Vista where the tracks crossed Stevens Creek Road. This eliminated the nine-mile wagon journey between the quarry and the railroad. 512:

elevation of the land which was leveled off for construction. The changes in elevation to allow the materials to utilize gravity to move through the process.

1035:

creek have been 16 times higher than Clean Water Act stream standards. Such pollution would be especially harmful to aquatic life in downstream areas such as

706:

In June 1942 PMC delivered 70,000 pounds of magnesium alloy (containing 5% aluminum) to four California metal fabricators to make into M50 bomb casings. The

2970:

Effects of Limestone Quarrying and Cement-Plant Operations on Runoff and Sediment Yields in the Upper Permanente Creek Basin, Santa Clara County, California

107: 53: 36:

Aerial view of Permanente Quarry (Kaiser Permanente Cement Plant) in Santa Clara County, California, with background view of the South Bay and Mount Diablo

1251: 3516: 3045: 616:

to distill the metal into the final product. The retorts were moved by a large moveable hammerhead crane which came from Kaiser's construction job at

3087: 1055: 3282: 1233: 859:

In 1955 Kaiser, and Fritz Burns, his California home building partner, bought the Niumamu Hotel, a group of dilapidated cottages at the west end of

366: 2636: 1938:"Making 'Goop' Out of Lemons: The Permanente Metals Corporation, Incendiary Bombs, and the Costs of Industrial Over Expansion during World War II" 891: 307:

Construction on the quarry and cement plant began in June 1939 and the first cement was shipped in December, even before it was needed at Shasta.

262:

Kaiser offered to deliver 5.58 million barrels of low-heat Portland cement at $ 1.90/barrel for a total cost of a little over $ 11 million. The

848:

In November 1949 Permanente Metals became Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation (KACC). It was the nation's third largest aluminum producer.

4046: 3451: 2597: 1015: 764: 398:

was moored at Pier 31-A in the Honolulu Harbor, offloading cement to the storage facility located there. Just 10–15 feet from her bow was the

115: 2912: 1311: 1286: 500:

to use in their own atomic bomb program. The United States also utilized Hansgirg's CECE process for heavy water in atomic bomb production.

2686: 3182: 2858:

Blanchard KS, Palmer RF, Stein Z (May 2011). "The value of ecologic studies: mercury concentration in ambient air and the risk of autism".

1153: 1048: 496:

in control of the north. That allowed the Soviets to take possession of the former Hansgirg plants who transferred the technology back to

2449: 889:

Kaiser spent $ 100,000 to install a curved movie screen and seat risers, complete with loge seating to make the dome more like a theater.

300:

the brakes and used to power the electric shovels. There was a 1200-foot difference in elevation between the quarry and the cement plant

4007: 3471: 3110: 1224: 2767: 906:

A few months after the Honolulu event, Kaiser launched Dome Enterprises, a new venture in which he partnered with Mike Todd, architect

505: 2173: 1937: 2748: 2902: 402:, a Navy cargo ship loaded with 130 tons of explosives. According to the after-action report filed by the commanding officer of 3015: 2560: 3713: 3155: 1229: 1124: 270:

The cement plant was founded by Kaiser as the Kaiser Permanente Cement Plant in 1939, taking the name of the business from the

1018:. This barren ridge line, referred to by Lehigh Southwest as the West Materials Storage Area (WMSA) is visible to much of the 931:

Mike Todd was killed in an airplane crash just a few weeks after the Dome Enterprise announcement, ending of the new venture.

4051: 3918: 3628: 3431: 1132: 1043: 1036: 72: 1603: 691:

property, rather than the well-guarded industrial complex. The Army required all visitors to be photographed and signed in

659:, who consulted with the director of the Alien Enemy Control Unit. Hansgirg was released to the custody of the treasurer of 531:

process" to produce magnesium metal. The Manteca plant began production in June 1942, making 10 tons of magnesium per day.

2549:

Kaiser Cement OKs Bid by Unit of Hanson Trust : Competitor, Lone Star, Will Sell Some Holdings to Another British Firm

714:

as the incendiary material. By early 1944 there was a move away from small cluster bombs to 500-pound bombs as the larger

3080: 964:

The foil plant and cement plant at Permanente were still in operation when Henry J. Kaiser died in August 1967. His son,

399: 3028: 2711: 3506: 3486: 3466: 3461: 3275: 644: 3050: 2735: 4061: 3723: 3648: 3335: 3197: 1911: 534:

A ferrosilicon plant operated at Permanente from 1942–1944 to supply the Manteca operation. Quartz from White Rock in

950:

Mexico, Central and South America and South Asia. Silos at their Redwood City port terminal filled the holds of SS

3320: 3244: 1992:

Jenkins, Fred (July 25, 1943). "Magnesium to Hurl at Hitler in Form of Aircraft Comes From Plant on Monterey Bay".

1855: 737:

PMC delivered about 38 million pounds of "goop" in 1945, about equal to deliveries in 1944. Just days after Gen.

734:

decreased as the Air Forces had plenty of incendiary materials on hand and they were nearing the end of that war.

3496: 3360: 715: 524: 351: 162: 158: 1389:

Aubrey, Lewis (January 1906). "Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California - El Dorado Sugar Company Quarry".

3763: 3441: 3375: 3192: 3130: 3073: 782:

Kaiser was able to make the final payment on the $ 28.5 million to the RFC loan, five years ahead of schedule.

631:

arrested Dr. Hansgirg at the Permanente plant for being an enemy alien. Hansgirg left Austria in 1934 but the

3481: 1039:, where selenium concentrations are often more than five times higher than state and federal standards allow. 928:

TV show. The Dome Enterprises plan offered an inexpensive way to build new theaters to house the big screens.

369:, and then winning a bid from the British to build thirty cargo ships. He started by building a shipyard in 3533: 3395: 3355: 3268: 3228: 3115: 868: 826: 311: 95:. Limestone was mined beginning in 1902 but remained a small operation until 1939 when it was purchased by 3793: 3553: 3491: 3380: 3345: 1194: 1011: 660: 84: 2548: 1438:

Grams, Gilbert. "California Irrigation, Power Plan Now Under Construction After Many Years of Planning".

3653: 3405: 3390: 3370: 3340: 3330: 3315: 2991: 2772: 946: 604: 462: 378: 284: 263: 130: 76: 165:

trains at a rate of 30-60 tons per day in the dry season. The rock was taken to the sugar factory in

3968: 3678: 3558: 3410: 3400: 3385: 3350: 3310: 2948: 2832: 2796: 1340: 924: 651:

denied his wife, Josephine Marie, the right to visit him, she wrote a personal letter to First Lady,

455: 370: 2664:"County Upholds Planning Commission Approval of Lehigh Permanente Quarry Reclamation Plan Amendment" 2608: 2574: 882:(Fuller owned the patent of a British design) to fabricate an aluminum dome at the Permanente site. 377:

quiet surroundings. Rio Permanente or sometimes, Arroyo Permanente, was discovered in 1776 by Col.

3788: 3758: 3538: 3501: 3325: 3305: 3125: 2904:

Selenium Assessment in Aquatic Ecosystems: A guide for hazard evaluation and water quality criteria

1128: 1081: 600: 492:

from 1910 until 1945 when it was portioned with the United States in control of the south, and the

221: 68: 44:

Waste quarry material piled over natural "Permanente Ridge" is visible from much of the South Bay.

3933: 3853: 3843: 3568: 3365: 3249: 3202: 2883: 1785: 1356: 1144: 907: 875: 842: 742: 585: 188: 2997:(Report). Santa Clara Valley Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program (SCVURPPP). January 2006 1453: 1327:

John A. Tarduno; Michael McWilliams; Michel G. Debiche; William V. Sliter; M. C. Blake (1985).

817:

from mines in South America (Kaiser later owned their bauxite mines in Jamaica) was shipped to

338:. The ships were converted into bulk carriers, with a capacity of 40,000 barrels each, at the 3923: 3583: 3426: 3160: 3140: 2908: 2875: 1307: 1282: 833:

shop. The plant was known as Aluminumwerke Tscheulin which was in the French military zone in

652: 447: 383: 292: 92: 647:. He was then moved to alien internment camps in Texas and Oklahoma. When Attorney General 3953: 3928: 3903: 3878: 3733: 3673: 3446: 3223: 3218: 3145: 2867: 2840: 2804: 1775: 1348: 1329:"Franciscan Complex Calera limestones: accreted remnants of Farallon Plate oceanic plateaus" 1111: 900: 731: 679:

was killed instantly when he was crushed under a seven-ton retort fell while being hoisted.

617: 473: 271: 146: 122: 111: 3055: 3753: 3703: 3663: 3633: 3436: 3120: 3096: 2180: 1948: 1199: 1149: 1031: 989: 965: 656: 558: 554: 535: 180: 173: 96: 48: 32: 1973:"Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation (Permanente Metals Corp.) Ferrosilicon Plant". 291:

The Calera (Franciscan) limestone quarry, at an elevation of 1850-feet, lies between the

17: 3029:"Lehigh Cement Plant in South Bay closes permanently after decade's worth of violations" 2836: 2800: 1588: 1344: 756:, dropped almost 80,000 M74 bombs, all filled with "goop" on the small Japanese city of 3883: 3833: 3476: 3291: 1164: 1106: 1019: 973: 942: 935: 664: 648: 362:

construction projects at Midway, Guam, Wake, and other American-owned Pacific islands.

57: 52:

A view of Lehigh Southwest Cement's Permanente Quarry looking north from the summit of

2687:"Cupertino: Open space district files lawsuit against county over Lehigh Cement's EIR" 4040: 3908: 3808: 3738: 3623: 3456: 3187: 3135: 1881: 1789: 1306:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 172. 1169: 1089: 879: 864: 572:

Hansgirg's carbothermic magnesium reduction process required the magnesium oxide and

539: 339: 248: 134: 2887: 519:

In addition to the Permanente privately owned plant, Kaiser managed a GOCO plant in

410:

bow. The planes also strafed the water near the ships. Later that day, sailors on

3838: 3150: 2844: 2808: 1360: 1252:"Cupertino cement quarry to pay $ 7.5 million to settle water pollution violations" 776: 738: 687: 592: 528: 493: 466: 415: 358: 335: 296: 88: 588:

oil fields. Raw ore was $ .50 per ton and the finished product was $ 450 per ton.

2969: 2280:"Local man and Stanford alumna are dead as result of terrific Permanente blast". 3978: 3688: 3618: 2604: 1026: 818: 814: 596: 577: 543: 520: 485: 411: 252: 3060: 1219: 1127:, and higher levels of ambient mercury generated by coal-fired power plants in 871:. In 1957 Kaiser added a revolutionary domed auditorium to the hotel property. 752:

On July 28–29, 1945 61 B-29s of the USAAF 58th Bombardment Wing, launched from

668:

the age of 58. It was suspected he died from years of ingestion of magnesium.

643:

In April 1942 Hansgirg was turned over to Army authorities and detained at the

1115: 150: 100: 4022: 4009: 3948: 3913: 3888: 3863: 3783: 3578: 3548: 896: 676: 632: 451: 192: 184: 80: 2879: 2871: 2637:"Cupertino: Sierra Club follows through with lawsuit against Lehigh Cement" 145:

In the 1890s, R. A Swayne purchased 160 acres of land at the headwaters of

1143:

Groundwater fills the current quarry and is pumped into Permanente Creek.

550:

and scrap iron were combined in an electric furnace to make ferrosilicon.

476:, to build a magnesium plant at the Chosen Nitrogen Fertilizer Complex in 3983: 3963: 3943: 3938: 3848: 3818: 3798: 3748: 3743: 3668: 3608: 2752: 1780: 1763: 911: 753: 749:

of the city were destroyed, including the home of half a million people.

707: 327: 126: 553:

The ferrosilicon process was also a carbothermic process which combined

3898: 3868: 3778: 3693: 3683: 3588: 3543: 1085: 915: 903:. Newspaper accounts noted the quality of the sound in the auditorium. 860: 672:

Henry J. Kaiser, his sons, Edgar and Henry Jr, and Dr. Fritz Hansgirg.

613: 569:. Heating pieces of this mix at high temperatures releases magnesium. 477: 125:

valley and on the summit of Black Mountain is relatively unique in the

2598:"Sierra Club Files Suit Against Lehigh for Permanente Creek Pollution" 1841:

A Report to Returned CPNAB Prisoner of War Heroes and Their Dependents

1682: 1680: 3993: 3988: 3973: 3873: 3858: 3828: 3823: 3803: 3773: 3768: 3728: 3698: 3638: 3563: 3051:

Committee for Green Foothills (group against expansion of the quarry)

2749:"Deputies kill the suspected Cupertino quarry shooter Shareef Allman" 1539: 1537: 1535: 1352: 1120: 985: 757: 711: 591:

Additional magnesium oxide was produced in Kaiser's seaside plant in

581: 573: 566: 497: 166: 1328: 867:

as a partner and eventually sold out to him. It is now known as the

365:

Henry Kaiser's first experience with ships prompted him to form the

295:

and a branch fault known as the Black Mountain Fault. 5-cubic yard

106:

Located in the foothills above Cupertino on the northeast slopes of

878:, the futurist and designer, to design a car. Kaiser used Fuller's 710:

and M69 bombs used in 1942 and 1943 used gelled gasoline, known as

3718: 3643: 3613: 3603: 3598: 3573: 3065: 1732:"Permanente To Build Facilities Here, Make This Shipping Center". 1168:

mostly parkland. These sediment loads could threaten the resident

834: 822: 489: 488:

using a water gas shift reduction process. Korea was a colony of

481: 47: 39: 31: 3260: 2712:"Lehigh cement settles Cupertino pollution suit for $ 10 million" 1843:. Boise, ID: The Pacific Islands Employees Foundation, Inc. 1945. 1391:

The Structural and Industrial Materials of California Bulletin 38

283:

consortium which was trying to stop Kaiser any way they could. A

3958: 3813: 3708: 3658: 3593: 3528: 2768:"Coroner's report: Cupertino cement plant worker killed himself" 562: 547: 450:

were examined, it was determined that German manufacturers used

3264: 3069: 2575:"The Quarry's Perspective: Reclamation status of Hanson Quarry" 2052:"Seizure of Dr. Hansgirg Ties Up Permanente Magnesium Plants". 357:

In June 1940 Permanente Cement signed a lease with the Port of

110:, the quarry runs east–west parallel to the upper watershed of 3893: 1559:"Huge Cement Contract Sought by Local Pacific Portland Firm". 919: 675:

In November 1942, Raymond E. Floyd, a 41-year-old worker from

628: 326:

In order to fulfill the overseas contracts, Kaiser bought the

895:

had its Hawaiian premier in the dome, complete with producer

2928:

CH2MHILL and Environmental Science Associates (April 2012).

2265:"Permanente plant launching big cement expansion program". 2207:

Inferno: The Fire Bombing of Japan, March 9-August 15, 1945

1665:

Logan, Clarence A. (July 1947). "Limestone in California".

922:

but at the time was working with Kaiser sponsorship of the

686:

On April 1, 1943, many newspapers carried a story from the

2295:"Permanente Magnesium Plant Being Completely Dismantled". 2235:"Early Permanente experiments lead to developing 'Goop'". 1747:"Firm to enlarge facilities for loading at R.C. harbor". 1475:"$ 4,413,320 Low Bid for Shasta Dam Sand, Gravel Plant". 538:, supplemented with quartz gravel from the Bear River in 153:) plant was the first sugar beet factory in the country. 2344:"Aluminum foil mill to open at Permanente next autumn". 2220:"Kaiser on hand for army-navy 'E' award at Permanente". 914:(projecting three images onto a curved screen) and then 27:

Limestone quarry in Santa Clara County, California, USA

941:

In 1957 Permanente Cement added a second plant in the

418:

built machine gun nests using Permanente Cement bags.

2419:"Kaiser Started Out Young, Built Industrial Empire". 2389:"Kaiser Boosts Production at Permanente Foil Plant". 1825:"Fantastic Cement Output Built Pacific Strongholds". 845:

was the largest fruit-producing region in the world.

805:

The magnesium plant was dismantled and sold in 1947.

279:

station on the Los Altos Branch of Southern Pacific.

99:

to supply the 5.5 million barrels of cement to build

91:

is owned by Lehigh Southwest Cement, a subsidiary of

1650:"Cement Plant Hearing Continued Until Next Monday". 3515: 3419: 3298: 3237: 3211: 3175: 3103: 3017:– Panel discusses future of Cupertino cement plant 2992:

Sediment Impact and Management Practice Assessments

1419:"Mines and Mineral Resources, Santa Clara County". 198:The operation continued intermittently until 1934. 1105:The cement plant at the quarry has been fueled by 918:70mm projection. Pat Weaver had been president of 2766:Fernandez, Lisa; Webby, Sean (October 11, 2011). 1886:Transactions: Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch 1281:. Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Books. p. 384. 472:In 1935 he was invited by Japanese entrepreneur, 334:, which had been used in the construction of the 1882:"1945 When Korea Faced Its Post-Colonial Future" 179:In 1908 Southern Pacific Railroad completed the 2534:"Altos councilmen hail ruling for expressway". 2127:"Man crushed to death in Permanente accident". 627:Ten days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 603:, ten miles from Moss Landing was Permanente's 480:(known as "Konan" by the Japanese) in northern 2142:"Permanente trackman dies in leaping flames". 2097:"Hansgirg Taken to Alien Camp at Sharp Park". 1101:Mercury emissions & impact on human health 3276: 3081: 2972:(Report). U. S. Geological Survey. p. 46 2736:Hanson Permanente Cement files for bankruptcy 2359:"Kaiser Seeks Market For His Aluminum Foil". 8: 3061:Information on the City of Cupertino Website 2519:"Fabulous Henry Kaiser, 85, Dies in Sleep". 2450:"Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation" 212:of nine companies including Kaiser-Bechtel. 4057:Geography of Santa Clara County, California 2953:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2930:Lehigh Permanente Quarry Selenium Treatment 2037:"Three men hurt in mishaps at Permanente". 251:, Kaiser's partners in the construction of 3283: 3269: 3261: 3088: 3074: 3066: 2022:"Investigators seek cause of fatal fire". 1131:and the Permanente Quarry cement plant in 1010:scar is visible from much of the southern 2434:"Permanente Name Change Official Today". 2374:"Television Demands Boom Kaiser's Foil". 2329:"Henry Kaiser Fights For More Aluminum". 2099:Half Moon Bay Review and Pescadero Pebble 2007:"Permanente boosts output to beat Axis". 1910:Kirkpatrick, Sidney D. (September 1941). 1779: 1764:"Search for the Source of the Permanente" 1687:"Permanente helps making of beet sugar". 1114:, 20 miles (32 km) away. Mercury, a 1056:Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District 523:. The $ 6 million facility, built by the 114:to the south and to Permanente Ridge and 2968:K. Michael Nolan; R. Barry Hill (1989). 1916:Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering 1599: 1597: 1234:United States Department of the Interior 367:Todd-California Shipbuilding Corporation 2312:California Journal of Mines and Geology 2082:"Austrian Inventor Barred From Plant". 1975:California Journal of Mines and Geology 1667:California Journal of Mines and Geology 1616:"Permanente Now A Station on SP Line". 1421:California Journal of Mines and Geology 1304:Geology of the San Francisco Bay Region 1211: 1123:in local school districts, such as the 874:Some years earlier Kaiser had enlisted 2946: 2504:"Former Waste Used For Highway Base". 2250:"First Kaiser Bus Off Assembly Line". 2067:"Alien Helps Direct Magnesium Plant". 1856:"Magnesium from the Seas to the Stars" 1574:"Permanente Firm Gets U.S. Contract". 1440:The Searchlight and Courier Free Press 1245: 1243: 1016:Rancho San Antonio Open Space Preserve 765:United States Strategic Bombing Survey 561:, with ferrosilicon, a combination of 275:California landmarks from the quarry. 116:Rancho San Antonio Open Space Preserve 2631: 2629: 2310:"Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp". 813:lack of sufficient electrical power. 446:When aircraft downed during the 1940 350:, respectively, were operated by the 220:to a gravel bank in the area east of 183:which ran from Mayfield (now part of 7: 3027:Martinez, Lauren (August 18, 2023). 2662:Gwendolyn Mitchell (June 26, 2012). 2489:"Milken's mark scarred California". 1154:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1049:California Environmental Quality Act 3111:California Shipbuilding Corporation 3056:News article about the cement plant 2596:Ferrier, Mike (December 19, 2011). 1912:"Magnesium by the Hansgirg Process" 1225:Geographic Names Information System 2157:"Hoo Hoo House Robbed of $ 4000". 1854:Shea, Patrick (November 3, 2022). 1546:Henry J. Kaiser: American Colossus 775:In October 1945 Major General Sir 506:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 465:(b. 1891 in Austria) invented the 342:in Seattle. These ships, renamed 65:Permanente Quarry and cement plant 25: 2561:– Hanson to Acquire Kaiser Cement 1805:"Report of Action USS Vega AK-17" 1492:Henry J. Kaiser: Western Colossus 1071:2.55 million in civil penalties. 542:, Alabama and local oil refinery 2685:Matt Wilson (December 4, 2012). 1066:Economic problems and bankruptcy 121:The limestone rock found in the 3156:Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation 2860:Reviews on Environmental Health 1250:Rogers, Paul (April 28, 2015). 1230:United States Geological Survey 1125:Cupertino Union School District 394:On the morning on Dec 7, 1941, 3919:Sony Interactive Entertainment 2845:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.033 2809:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.032 2577:. Committee on Green Foothills 1762:Gilford, Steve (Summer 1998). 1133:Santa Clara County, California 1037:Rancho San Antonio County Park 187:), along the west side of the 161:where it was then loaded onto 73:Santa Clara County, California 1: 4047:Quarries in the United States 2506:The San Bernardino County Sun 2474:"Kaiser closing foil plant". 2421:The San Bernardino County Sun 1717:"Another Kiln May be Added". 1505:"Cement Firm Buys Property". 384:Kaiser Permanente Health Plan 3507:University of Silicon Valley 645:Sharp Park Detention Station 3724:Internet Systems Consortium 3649:Computer Literacy Bookshops 3452:International Technological 3198:Kaiser Engineering Building 3183:Henry J. Kaiser High School 2573:Stewart Smith (July 2004). 1704:The Peninsula Times Tribune 1618:The Peninsula Times Tribune 1406:The Peninsula Times Tribune 1176:) population in the creek. 1005:Operations under opposition 892:Around the World in 80 Days 584:and the gas was piped from 546:, semi-anthracite Oklahoma 56:across the quarry and over 4078: 3245:Eagle Mountain, California 2112:"Harry Davis Rites Held". 1604:Frequently Asked Questions 1427:(1): 365. January 1, 1954. 1279:Peninsula Trails and Tales 1156:(USEPA) in 2000 and 2012. 1025:On December 19, 2011, the 976:, the king of junk bonds. 3497:Silicon Valley University 3046:Map images of the quarry. 1827:San Bernardino County Sun 1719:The Daily Palo Alto Times 1639:(3): 220. September 1943. 1591:– Encyclopædia Britannica 1528:(3): 222. September 1943. 1442:. No. 10 March 1940. 1277:Weintraub, David (2003). 899:accompanied by his wife, 716:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 525:Defense Plant Corporation 352:Matson Navigation Company 330:and her sister ship, the 163:Southern Pacific Railroad 18:Cupertino quarry shooting 4023:37.319627°N 122.113552°W 3764:Marvell Technology Group 3229:Henry Kaiser (musician) 3193:Kaiser Convention Center 3131:Kaiser Family Foundation 2114:Santa Cruz Sentinel-News 1994:Santa Cruz Sentinel-News 1454:"Shasta Dam, California" 954:(58,000 barrels) and SS 3534:Access Systems Americas 3520:(including subsidiaries 3116:Eagle Mountain Railroad 2825:Atmospheric Environment 2789:Atmospheric Environment 2536:Peninsula Times Tribune 1880:Streifer, Bill (2013). 1689:Peninsula Times Tribune 1631:"The Earth Movers II". 1376:The Santa Cruz Sentinel 869:Hilton Hawaiian Village 312:Spreckels Sugar Company 4028:37.319627; -122.113552 3794:National Semiconductor 3522:and defunct companies) 2901:Lemly, Dennis (1998). 2872:10.1515/reveh.2011.015 2491:San Francisco Examiner 2476:San Francisco Examiner 2391:Berkeley Daily Gazette 2361:San Francisco Examiner 2331:San Francisco Examiner 2054:San Francisco Examiner 1860:Distillations Magazine 1768:The Permanente Journal 1195:Guadalupe Valley Creek 661:Black Mountain College 60: 45: 37: 4052:Cupertino, California 3654:Cypress Semiconductor 2773:San Jose Mercury News 2691:San Jose Mercury News 2538:. September 26, 1963. 2393:. September 15, 1954. 2318:(1). January 1, 1954. 2237:Daily Palo Alto Times 2222:Daily Palo Alto Times 2129:Daily Palo Alto Times 1981:(1). January 1, 1954. 1302:Sloan, Doris (2006). 1258:. Bay Area News Group 1054:In December 2012 the 1044:County of Santa Clara 1042:On June 7, 2012, the 947:San Bernardino County 463:Fritz Johann Hansgirg 382:public, becoming the 379:Juan Bautista de Anza 285:Cottrell precipitator 264:Bureau of Reclamation 51: 43: 35: 3969:Veritas Technologies 3559:Agilent Technologies 2666:. Santa Clara County 2521:Redwood City Tribune 2493:. November 25, 1990. 2478:. February 24, 1990. 2131:. November 27, 1942. 2069:San Pedro News Pilot 2056:. December 19, 1941. 1751:. November 25, 1941. 1734:Redwood City Tribune 1721:. February 29, 1940. 1561:Redwood City Tribune 1507:Redwood City Tribune 1059:endangered species. 952:Permanente Silverbow 741:took command of the 456:Dow Chemical Company 442:Magnesium production 400:''USS Vega'' (AK-17) 371:Richmond, California 4019: / 3819:Nintendo of America 3789:Mozilla Corporation 3759:Magellan Navigation 3126:Kaiser Broadcasting 2837:2010AtmEn..44.1255R 2801:2010AtmEn..44.1263R 2716:www.bizjournals.com 2643:. December 23, 2011 2333:. November 7, 1948. 2299:. October 30, 1947. 2269:. October 25, 1946. 2239:. October 26, 1945. 2144:The Palo Alto Times 2071:. February 7, 1942. 2041:. November 8, 1941. 2011:. January 13, 1942. 1702:"Jobs At A Price". 1691:. December 1, 1941. 1652:The Palo Alto Times 1606:– City of Cupertino 1576:The Palo Alto Times 1520:"Earth Movers II". 1345:1985Natur.317..345T 1220:"Permanente Quarry" 1174:Oncorhynchus mykiss 1160:Sediment discharges 1129:Bexar County, Texas 1082:semiautomatic rifle 69:unincorporated area 4062:Limestone industry 3854:Palo Alto Networks 3844:Oracle Corporation 3250:Hawaii Kai, Hawaii 3203:Richmond Shipyards 2755:. October 6, 2011. 2523:. August 25, 1967. 2408:: 126. April 1957. 2404:"Patchwork Dome". 2224:. August 30, 1945. 2186:on October 3, 2011 2026:. August 29, 1941. 1954:on October 3, 2011 1781:10.7812/TPP/98.929 1706:. August 28, 1939. 1620:. October 3, 1939. 1404:"Opens April 15". 1145:Selenium pollution 1139:Selenium discharge 1084:and a .40-caliber 997:plant was closed. 958:(40,000 barrels.) 908:Frank Lloyd Wright 876:Buckminster Fuller 843:Santa Clara Valley 743:XXI Bomber Command 586:San Joaquin Valley 189:Santa Clara Valley 141:Initial operations 61: 46: 38: 4002: 4001: 3924:SRI International 3679:Fry's Electronics 3584:Applied Materials 3472:Northwestern Poly 3258: 3257: 3166:Permanente Quarry 3161:Permanente Metals 3141:Kaiser Permanente 2914:978-0-387-95346-5 2831:(10): 1255–1262. 2795:(10): 1263–1273. 2614:on March 21, 2012 2603:(Press release). 2508:. March 15, 1957. 2423:. March 15, 1957. 2406:Popular Mechanics 2378:. April 28, 1950. 2348:. March 16, 1948. 2146:. March 27, 1943. 2116:. March 28, 1942. 1945:Economics Rutgers 1563:. April 28, 1939. 1408:. March 18, 1908. 1339:(6035): 345–347. 1313:978-0-520-23629-5 1288:978-1-55868-850-6 956:Permanente Cement 786:Post-World War II 653:Eleanor Roosevelt 557:ore, a source of 448:Battle of Britain 293:San Andreas Fault 93:Heidelberg Cement 16:(Redirected from 4069: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4012: 3954:TiVo Corporation 3929:Sun Microsystems 3904:Silicon Graphics 3879:Redback Networks 3734:Juniper Networks 3674:Foundry Networks 3442:Evergreen Valley 3420:Higher education 3285: 3278: 3271: 3262: 3224:Edgar Kaiser Sr. 3219:Edgar Kaiser Jr. 3146:Kaiser Shipyards 3090: 3083: 3076: 3067: 3033: 3032: 3024: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2934: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2641:The Mercury News 2633: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2613: 2607:. Archived from 2602: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2570: 2564: 2563:– New York Times 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2454:Encyclopedia.com 2446: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2363:. June 16, 1949. 2356: 2350: 2349: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2284:. July 31, 1946. 2277: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2254:. July 20, 1946. 2247: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2185: 2179:. Archived from 2178: 2172:Wilson, Mark R. 2169: 2163: 2162: 2161:. April 1, 1943. 2154: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2101:. April 9, 1942. 2094: 2088: 2087: 2086:. March 3, 1942. 2079: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1953: 1947:. Archived from 1942: 1936:Wilson, Mark R. 1933: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1783: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1736:. June 15, 1940. 1729: 1723: 1722: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1684: 1675: 1674: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1654:. June 10, 1939. 1647: 1641: 1640: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1578:. July 14, 1939. 1571: 1565: 1564: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1544:Heiner, Albert. 1541: 1530: 1529: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1509:. July 14, 1939. 1502: 1496: 1495: 1490:Heiner, Albert. 1487: 1481: 1480: 1479:. June 10, 1939. 1472: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1378:. June 15, 1902. 1371: 1365: 1364: 1353:10.1038/317345a0 1324: 1318: 1317: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1256:The Mercury News 1247: 1238: 1237: 1216: 1112:Calero Reservoir 901:Elizabeth Taylor 732:European Theater 618:Grand Coulee Dam 595:, just south of 527:(DPC) used the " 474:Shitagau Noguchi 272:Permanente Creek 237: 236: 232: 229: 202:Early Kaiser Era 147:Permanente Creek 123:Permanente Creek 112:Permanente Creek 85:aggregate mining 21: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4037: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3754:LSI Corporation 3704:Hewlett-Packard 3664:Electronic Arts 3634:BusinessObjects 3521: 3519: 3511: 3432:Carnegie Mellon 3415: 3336:Los Altos Hills 3294: 3289: 3259: 3254: 3233: 3207: 3171: 3168:(Kaiser Cement) 3121:Kaiser Aluminum 3099: 3097:Henry J. Kaiser 3094: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2945: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2738:– Global Cement 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2438:. July 2, 1964. 2436:Oakland Tribune 2433: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2376:Stockton Record 2373: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2346:Palo Alto Times 2343: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2297:Palo Alto Times 2294: 2293: 2289: 2282:Palo Alto Times 2279: 2278: 2274: 2267:Palo Alto Times 2264: 2263: 2259: 2252:Merced Sun-Star 2249: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2205:Hoyt, Edwin P. 2204: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2159:San Mateo Times 2156: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2084:Oakland Tribune 2081: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2039:Palo Alto Times 2036: 2035: 2031: 2024:Palo Alto Times 2021: 2020: 2016: 2009:Palo Alto Times 2006: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1920: 1918: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1829:. May 15, 1957. 1824: 1823: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1803:Forster, K. L. 1802: 1801: 1797: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1749:Palo Alto Times 1746: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1595: 1587: 1583: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1542: 1533: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1477:The Searchlight 1474: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1314: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1200:Rockaway Quarry 1191: 1182: 1162: 1141: 1103: 1098: 1077: 1068: 1032:Clean Water Act 1007: 990:American Motors 966:Edgar F. Kaiser 788: 657:J. Edgar Hoover 559:magnesium oxide 536:Mariposa County 444: 408:SS Permanente's 392: 234: 230: 227: 225: 209: 204: 181:Mayfield Cutoff 174:Portland cement 143: 97:Henry J. Kaiser 75:, just west of 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4039: 4038: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3884:Reputation.com 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3834:Opera Software 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3487:San José State 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3321:East Palo Alto 3318: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3292:Silicon Valley 3290: 3288: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3040:External links 3038: 3035: 3034: 3019: 3008: 2983: 2960: 2920: 2913: 2893: 2866:(2): 111–118. 2850: 2814: 2779: 2758: 2740: 2728: 2703: 2677: 2654: 2625: 2588: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2526: 2511: 2496: 2481: 2466: 2441: 2426: 2411: 2396: 2381: 2366: 2351: 2336: 2321: 2302: 2287: 2272: 2257: 2242: 2227: 2212: 2197: 2164: 2149: 2134: 2119: 2104: 2089: 2074: 2059: 2044: 2029: 2014: 1999: 1984: 1965: 1928: 1902: 1872: 1846: 1832: 1817: 1795: 1754: 1739: 1724: 1709: 1694: 1676: 1657: 1642: 1623: 1608: 1593: 1581: 1566: 1551: 1531: 1512: 1497: 1482: 1467: 1456:. July 3, 2022 1445: 1430: 1411: 1396: 1381: 1366: 1319: 1312: 1294: 1287: 1269: 1239: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1165:Anthropization 1161: 1158: 1150:bioaccumulated 1140: 1137: 1107:petroleum coke 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1020:Silicon Valley 1006: 1003: 974:Michael Milken 943:Lucerne Valley 936:Virginia Beach 787: 784: 665:North Carolina 649:Francis Biddle 443: 440: 391: 388: 208: 205: 203: 200: 159:Mountain View, 142: 139: 118:to the north. 108:Black Mountain 87:operation and 58:Silicon Valley 54:Black Mountain 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4074: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4035: 4032: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3909:Silicon Image 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 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