902:
917:
866:
878:
729:
854:
890:
830:
464:
60:
329:
447:
842:
372:
nearly all the trees now seen have resulted from cuttings originating from those few plants. Over 40 forms of
Leyland cypress are known, and as well as 'Haggerston Grey' and 'Leighton Green', other well-known forms include 'Stapehill', which was discovered in 1940 in a garden in Ferndown, Dorset by M. Barthelemy and 'Castlewellan', which originated from a single mutant tree in the
42:
1799:
368:. He further developed the hybrid at his new home, and hence named the first clone variant 'Haggerston Grey'. His younger brother John (1856–1906) resultantly inherited Leighton Hall, and when in 1911 the reverse hybrid of the cones of the Monterey cypress were fertilised with pollen from the Nootka, that hybrid was baptised 'Leighton Green.'
300:, primarily for hedges and screens. Even on sites of relatively poor culture, plants have been known to grow to heights of 15 metres (49 ft) in 16 years. Their rapid, thick growth means they are sometimes used to achieve privacy, but such use can result in disputes with neighbours whose own property becomes overshadowed. The tree is a
815:) to ask their local authority to investigate complaints about the hedges, and gave the authorities in England and Wales power to have the hedges reduced in height. In May 2008, UK resident Christine Wright won a 24-year legal battle to have her neighbour's leylandii trees cut down for blocking sunlight to her garden.
754:
They continue to be popular for cultivation in parks and gardens. Leyland cypress trees are commonly planted to quickly form fence or protection hedges. However, their rapid growth (up to 1 m per year), their thick shade and their large potential size (often more than 20 m high in garden conditions,
675:
The tallest
Leyland cypress documented is about 40 m (130 ft) tall and still growing. However, because their roots are relatively shallow, a large leylandii tends to topple over. The shallow root structure also means that it is poorly adapted to areas with hot summers, such as the southern
359:
John Naylor's eldest son
Christopher John (1849–1926) inherited Leighton Hall from his father in 1889. Christopher was a sea captain by trade. In 1891, he inherited the Leyland Entailed Estates established under the will of his great-great-uncle, which passed to him following the death of his uncle
787:
The plant's rapid growth and great potential height can become a serious problem. In 2005 in the United
Kingdom, an estimated 17,000 households were involved in disputes over the height of garden hedges. Such disputes between neighbours have been known to deteriorate into violence and in at least
371:
The hybrid has since arisen on nearly 20 separate occasions, always by open pollination, showing the two species are readily compatible and closely related. As a hybrid, although fertility of certain
Leyland cypress forms were recently reported, most Leyland cypress were thought to be sterile, and
778:
Other cultivars include 'Douglas Gold', 'Leighton Green', 'Drabb', 'Haggerston Grey', 'Emerald Isle', 'Ferndown', 'Golconda', 'Golden Sun', 'Gold Rider', 'Grecar', 'Green Spire', 'Grelive', Haggerston 3, Haggerston 4, Haggerston 5, Haggerston 6, 'Harlequin', 'Herculea', 'Hyde Hall', 'Irish Mint',
740:
specialising in conifers were looking for a breed that was fast-growing, and could be deployed in barren, windy and salty areas such as
Cornwall. Eventually they found the six original trees developed by Leyland, and began propagating the species. In 1953, a freak tornado blew down one of the
356:. The two parent species would not likely cross in the wild, as their natural ranges are more than 400 miles (640 km) apart, but in 1888, the hybrid cross occurred when the female flowers or cones of Nootka cypress were fertilised by pollen from Monterey cypress.
672:, because of their rapid growth. Although widely used for screening, it has not been planted much for forestry purposes. In both forms of the hybrid, Leyland cypress combines the hardiness of the Nootka or Alaska cypress with the fast growth of the Monterey cypress.
667:
Leyland cypress is light-demanding, but is tolerant of high levels of pollution and salt spray. A hardy, fast-growing natural hybrid, it thrives on a variety of soils, and sites are commonly planted in gardens to provide a quick boundary or shelter
745:
started developing additional hybrids. Commercial nurseries spotted the plant's potential, and for many years, it was the biggest-selling item in every garden centre in Great
Britain, making up to 10% of their total sales.
408:
of many forms is broadly columnar with slightly overhanging branch tips. The branches are slightly flattened and densely populated with scaly needles. The tree bark is dark red or brown and has deep grooves.
399:
reaches a size between 20 and 25 m high, with its leaves giving it a compact, thick and regular habit. It grows very fast with yearly increases of 1 m. The leaves, about 1 mm long and close to the
1541:
916:
779:'Jubilee', 'Medownia', 'Michellii', 'Moncal', 'Naylor's Blue', 'New Ornament', 'Olive's Green', 'Robinson's Gold', 'Rostrevor', 'Silver Dust', 'Variegata', 'Ventose', and 'Winter Sun'.
496:). The taxonomic status of Nootka cypress has changed over time, and this has affected the taxonomic status of the hybrid. Nootka cypress was first regarded as belonging in the genus
901:
1998:
561:
species have been universally unsuccessful. The scientific name of
Leyland cypress depends on the taxonomic treatment of Nootka cypress. Where Nootka cypress is considered as
404:, are presented in flaky, slightly aromatic branches. They are dark green, somewhat paler on the underside, but can have different colors, depending on the cultivar. The
545:
In some of these classifications, this and other hybrids of Nootka cypress become very unusual in being intergeneric hybrids, the only ones ever reported among the
1143:
1040:
1857:
1174:
1770:
865:
589:. However where the parents are treated as being in different genera, Leyland cypress becomes an intergeneric hybrid: if Nootka cypress is within
2003:
1870:
709:
is much more successful. In northern areas where heavy snows occur, this plant is also susceptible to broken branches and uprooting in wet, heavy
340:
estate was purchased by the
Liverpool banker Christopher Leyland. In 1847, he gave it to his nephew John Naylor (1813–1889). Naylor commissioned
1120:
1221:
877:
2018:
1803:
1579:
1290:
1270:
996:
341:
2008:
1883:
421:
379:
in
Northern Ireland. This form, widely propagated from the 1970s, was selected by the park director, John Keown, and was named
1720:
1240:
986:
1116:
808:
1081:
811:, introduced in 2005, gave a way for people in England and Wales affected by high hedges (usually, but not necessarily, of
1666:
853:
768:
698:
889:
1919:
1616:
1317:
59:
741:
original trees at Haggerston (the other original five trees still survive), on which the research division of the
2013:
789:
1924:
841:
829:
1993:
1175:"Nuclear and Cytoplasmic DNA Sequence Data Further Illuminate the Genetic Composition of Leyland Cypresses"
1052:
1988:
1821:
1089:
737:
728:
471:
428:. Over time, the cones shrink dry and turn gray or chocolate brown and then have a diameter of 1 cm.
425:
312:
1983:
1875:
772:
174:
360:
Thomas Leyland. On receiving the inheritance, Christopher changed his surname to Leyland, and moved to
557:, but to include the Nootka cypress. It may be added that attempts to cross Nootka cypress with other
1898:
1545:
701:, they rarely live more than 10 years before succumbing, and not much longer in southern states like
642:
454:
337:
306:
194:
1724:
1641:
742:
689:
618:
1568:
Poisonous plants: a handbook for doctors, pharmacists, toxicologists, biologists and veterinarians
1955:
1517:
1432:
1377:
1173:
Yixuan, Kou; Huiying, Shang; Kangshan, Mao; Zhonghu, Li; Keith, Rushforth; Robert, Adams (2014).
345:
206:
54:
1542:"Mother of all trees that sets neighbours at war revealed to have its accidental roots in Wales"
956:(Cupressaceae), and a review of the complicated nomenclatural history of the Leyland cypress".
530:. Little (2006) proposed another alternative by transferring all the North American species of
1575:
1424:
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1336:
1286:
1266:
992:
463:
361:
198:
1947:
1595:
1507:
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1369:
1354:
Damon P. Little (2006). "Evolution and circumscription of the true cypresses (Cupressaceae:
1326:
1218:
1189:
967:
349:
301:
328:
1498:
1405:
1244:
1225:
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797:
706:
669:
608:
Two other similar hybrids have also been raised, both involving Nootka cypress with other
317:
1911:
1401:(Cupressaceae): variable diversification rates and multiple intercontinental dispersals"
818:
Legislation with similar effect followed in Northern Ireland, Isle of Man and Scotland.
446:
1906:
1285:
John Kelly, John Hillier (Hrsg.): Bäume & Sträucher. Thalacker, Braunschweig 1997,
1012:
681:
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1977:
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373:
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137:
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1093:
549:. In 2010, Mao et al. performed a more detailed molecular analysis and redefined
1395:
Kangshan Mao; Gang Hao; Jianquan Liu; Robert P. Adams; Richard I. Milne (2010).
1303:
Damon P. Little; Andrea E. Schwarzbach; Robert P. Adams; Chang-Fu Hsieh (2004).
714:
127:
1848:
1373:
420:
about 2 cm in length, with eight scales and five seeds with tiny resinous
17:
908:
694:
546:
348:
and two North American species of conifers in close proximity to each other –
97:
41:
1194:
1132:
This examines Charles Leyland's connections with the sea and Northumberland.
522:
517:
498:
376:
293:
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147:
1937:
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1331:
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775:(confirmed 2017), though the original hybrid has now lost its AGM status.
1798:
792:
officer Llandis Burdon, 57, was shot dead after an alleged dispute over a
1932:
1842:
1697:
1017:
764:
1746:"High hedges | Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs"
1521:
1381:
1862:
971:
702:
117:
107:
1512:
1481:
685:
1815:
693:. Canker causes extensive dieback and ultimately kills the tree. In
577:. If both Monterey and Nootka cypress are considered as species of
1888:
801:
727:
327:
71:
710:
417:
413:
401:
1819:
1048:
720:
The sap can cause skin irritation in susceptible individuals.
316:). It is almost always sterile, and is propagated mainly by
488:
is a hybrid of two other cypress species: Monterey cypress (
526:. In 2004, Little et al. transferred the Nootka cypress to
1182:
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science
755:
and they can reach at least 35 m) make them problematic.
713:. The tree has also been introduced in Kenya on parts of
1305:"The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of
1117:""Turbinia" at speed – but who's on the conning tower?"
250:(A. B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Garland & Gerry Moore
1647:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 22
948:, a new nothogenus for intergeneric crosses between
788:
one case, culminate in murder when in 2001, retired
508:. It has become clear, however, that when the genus
1828:
939:
937:
344:to lay out the gardens, which included redwoods,
1238:"x Cuppressocyparis leylandii 'Naylor's Blue'"
424:. With the tree being a hybrid, its seeds are
1566:Dietrich Frohne; Hans Jürgen Pfänder (2005).
985:John Hillier; Allen J. Coombes, eds. (2007).
8:
1999:Flora of the West Coast of the United States
1535:
1533:
1531:
1816:
1596:"TRACING GREEN GIANT BACK TO CASTLE ROOTS"
40:
31:
1771:"2: Applications for a high hedge notice"
1511:
1418:
1330:
1193:
1013:"Plymouth neighbours row over 35ft trees"
680:. In these areas, it is prone to develop
1721:"Leylandii dispute ends in light relief"
988:The Hillier Manual of Trees & Shrubs
241:(A. B. Jacks. & Dallim.) D.P. Little
944:Mark A. Garland; Gerry Moore (2012). "×
933:
825:
705:. In these areas, the canker-resistant
1121:Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums
1480:Robert R. Mill; Aljas Farjon (2006).
1397:"Diversification and biogeography of
1214:
1212:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
439:Parent species of the Leyland cypress
7:
1899:ef5bf002-03d0-4c25-ba09-4c921bb8f811
229:(A. B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Dallim.
220:(A. B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Farjon
1144:"The fertility of leyland cypress"
991:. David and Charles. p. 436.
807:Part VIII of the United Kingdom's
593:, the name of the hybrid becomes ×
534:, including the Monterey cypress (
25:
1540:Rhodri Clark (January 26, 2008).
922:'Castlewellan Gold' golden leaves
49:Leyland cypress foliage and cone
1925:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:676759-1
1797:
1420:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03351.x
1228:zipcodezoo Accessed 9 March 2009
1051:. March 25, 2008. Archived from
915:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
840:
828:
684:disease, which is caused by the
462:
445:
58:
1719:Richard Savill (May 17, 2008).
1691:Jonathan Duffy (May 31, 2005).
1482:"Proposal to conserve the name
1115:Ian Whitehead (June 13, 2013).
2004:Garden plants of North America
1309:and the newly described genus
809:Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003
736:In 1925, a firm of commercial
285:, often referred to simply as
1:
1259:Manual of Cultivated Conifers
1247:uah.edu Accessed 9 March 2009
597:, and where it is treated as
1450:Christopher J. Earle (ed.).
767:'Gold Rider' has gained the
1598:. Northern Echo. 2000-07-21
1219:"Cupressocyparis leylandii"
1041:"Leighton Hall - A History"
769:Royal Horticultural Society
732:Leylandii used as windbreak
565:, the hybrid is within the
2035:
1374:10.1600/036364406778388638
1318:American Journal of Botany
502:, but was later placed in
1642:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1084:Cupressocyparis leylandii
907:In a botanical garden in
595:Cupressocyparis leylandii
391:A large, evergreen tree,
282:Cupressocyparis leylandii
226:Cupressocyparis leylandii
212:
205:
180:
173:
55:Scientific classification
53:
48:
39:
34:
2019:Plants described in 1926
1617:"RHS Plant Selector - ×
1195:10.21273/JASHS.139.5.558
1142:Armitage, James (2011).
520:unless it also includes
247:Hesperotropsis leylandii
2009:Drought-tolerant plants
1460:The Gymnosperm Database
1456:Linnaeus 1753, p. 1002"
1257:Gerd Krüssmann (1995).
569:genus and is therefore
1669:Cuprocyparis leylandii
1667:"RHS Plant Selector -
1619:Cuprocyparis leylandii
1332:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1872
1090:Royal Forestry Society
733:
648:Cupressus nootkatensis
628:Cupressus nootkatensis
603:Cuprocyparis leylandii
601:, the hybrid becomes ×
563:Cupressus nootkatensis
512:is defined to include
494:Cupressus nootkatensis
492:) and Nootka cypress (
472:Cupressus nootkatensis
333:
313:Cupressus nootkatensis
310:) and Nootka cypress (
276:Cuprocyparis leylandii
217:Cuprocyparis leylandii
1082:"Leyland cypress – ×
773:Award of Garden Merit
731:
331:
304:of Monterey cypress (
1812:at Wikimedia Commons
1261:. Portland, Oregon:
1096:on February 15, 2011
643:Cupressus lusitanica
490:Cupressus macrocarpa
455:Cupressus macrocarpa
381:Cupressus macrocarpa
338:Leighton Hall, Powys
307:Cupressus macrocarpa
289:, is a fast-growing
1725:The Daily Telegraph
1021:. September 7, 2010
883:Cultivated leyland
743:Forestry Commission
690:Seiridium cardinale
619:Cupressus arizonica
374:Castlewellan estate
346:monkey puzzle trees
1693:"Fir extinguisher"
1243:2009-04-29 at the
1224:2012-06-04 at the
1055:on October 6, 2011
972:10.1002/tax.613015
790:Environment Agency
734:
452:Monterey cypress,
334:
27:Species of conifer
1971:
1970:
1822:Taxon identifiers
1802:Media related to
1361:Systematic Botany
1325:(11): 1872–1881.
1148:Plantsman (Lond.)
724:Commercialization
383:'Keownii', 1963.
362:Haggerston Castle
257:
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16:(Redirected from
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2014:Ornamental trees
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847:A 35-m-tall tree
844:
832:
581:, the hybrid is
469:Nootka cypress,
466:
449:
432:Taxonomic status
350:Monterey cypress
249:
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35:Leyland cypress
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1574:. p. 155.
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1406:New Phytologist
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1348:
1313:(Cupressaceae)"
1302:
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1293:, S. 256 – 257.
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950:Hesperocyparis
946:Hesperotropsis
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75:
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69:
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51:
50:
46:
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37:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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2:
2031:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Hybrid plants
1987:
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1981:
1979:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
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1894:
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1704:September 25,
1700:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1659:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1622:
1621:'Gold Rider'"
1620:
1612:
1609:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1581:9780881927504
1577:
1573:
1569:
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1523:
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1514:
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1495:
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1484:Xanthocyparis
1476:
1473:
1461:
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1426:
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1350:
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1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1311:Xanthocyparis
1308:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:3-87815-086-5
1288:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1272:9780881920079
1268:
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803:
799:
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783:Legal aspects
782:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
758:
756:
749:
747:
744:
739:
730:
723:
721:
718:
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708:
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692:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:United States
673:
671:
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657:
653:
649:
645:
644:
640:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
616:
615:
614:
611:
606:
604:
600:
599:Xanthocyparis
596:
592:
591:Chamaecyparis
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Chamaecyparis
556:
555:Chamaecyparis
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
536:C. macrocarpa
533:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
514:Chamaecyparis
511:
507:
506:
505:Chamaecyparis
501:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
474:
473:
465:
457:
456:
448:
431:
429:
427:
423:
419:
416:are found in
415:
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386:
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378:
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369:
367:
363:
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343:
339:
336:In 1845, the
330:
323:
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315:
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309:
308:
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299:
296:much used in
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278:
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248:
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227:
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214:
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211:
208:
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196:
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179:
176:
175:Binomial name
172:
168:
167:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
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109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
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85:Tracheophytes
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1984:Cupressaceae
1829:
1808:
1804:
1778:. Retrieved
1775:www.gov.scot
1774:
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1752:. 2015-08-19
1749:
1740:
1730:December 30,
1728:. Retrieved
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1696:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1668:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1618:
1611:
1600:. Retrieved
1590:
1572:Timber Press
1567:
1561:
1551:November 30,
1549:. Retrieved
1546:Western Mail
1503:
1497:
1492:Cupressaceae
1491:
1488:Callitropsis
1487:
1483:
1475:
1465:November 30,
1463:. Retrieved
1459:
1453:
1445:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1307:Callitropsis
1306:
1298:
1281:
1263:Timber Press
1258:
1252:
1233:
1199:. Retrieved
1185:
1181:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1151:
1147:
1137:
1124:. Retrieved
1110:
1100:November 30,
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1083:
1059:November 29,
1057:. Retrieved
1053:the original
1044:
1035:
1025:November 30,
1023:. Retrieved
1016:
1007:
987:
980:
963:
957:
954:Callitropsis
953:
949:
945:
895:A small tree
817:
812:
806:
793:
786:
777:
762:
753:
735:
719:
688:
676:half of the
674:
666:
655:
651:
647:
641:
635:
631:
627:
623:
617:
609:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:Callitropsis
582:
579:Callitropsis
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
544:
540:Callitropsis
539:
535:
531:
528:Callitropsis
527:
521:
518:paraphyletic
513:
509:
503:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
470:
453:
411:
396:
392:
390:
380:
370:
358:
335:
311:
305:
298:horticulture
286:
281:
280:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
260:
258:
246:
237:
234:Callitropsis
233:
225:
216:
195:A. B. Jacks.
183:
181:
161:
160:
148:
138:Cupressaceae
98:Gymnospermae
91:
78:
29:
1912:kew-2748710
715:Mount Kenya
553:to exclude
547:gymnosperms
387:Description
342:Edward Kemp
128:Cupressales
1978:Categories
1907:Plant List
1830:Cupressus
1780:2024-07-27
1756:2024-07-27
1651:24 January
1602:2008-11-30
928:References
738:nurserymen
695:California
663:Adaptation
291:coniferous
184:Cupressus
104:Division:
1834:leylandii
1809:leylandii
1805:Cupressus
1454:Cupressus
1399:Juniperus
1356:Cupressus
1154:: 254–256
1045:Mid Wales
813:leylandii
796:hedge in
794:leylandii
759:Cultivars
652:Cupressus
636:notabilis
632:Cupressus
610:Cupressus
587:leylandii
575:leylandii
571:Cupressus
567:Cupressus
551:Cupressus
532:Cupressus
523:Juniperus
510:Cupressus
499:Cupressus
486:leylandii
482:Cupressus
397:leylandii
393:Cupressus
377:arboretum
287:leylandii
270:leylandii
266:Cupressus
238:leylandii
156:Species:
149:Cupressus
118:Pinopsida
108:Pinophyta
68:Kingdom:
1938:50301450
1933:Tropicos
1889:676759-1
1849:Q1290970
1843:Wikidata
1698:BBC News
1626:15 April
1522:25065550
1490:Oerst. (
1486:against
1429:20561210
1382:25064176
1341:21652334
1241:Archived
1222:Archived
1126:June 19,
1018:BBC News
765:cultivar
612:species:
516:, it is
422:vesicles
318:cuttings
207:Synonyms
162:C.
134:Family:
1948:5882597
1863:3611465
1437:4230729
1201:Feb 11,
1158:Feb 11,
909:Wrocław
822:Gallery
703:Alabama
656:ovensii
426:sterile
324:History
199:Dallim.
144:Genus:
124:Order:
114:Class:
72:Plantae
1945:uBio:
1896:NZOR:
1876:404809
1676:9 June
1578:
1520:
1435:
1427:
1380:
1339:
1289:
1269:
995:
686:fungus
624:glabra
538:), to
332:Habit.
302:hybrid
197:&
1750:DAERA
1645:(PDF)
1518:JSTOR
1499:Taxon
1433:S2CID
1378:JSTOR
1178:(PDF)
959:Taxon
835:Trunk
802:Powys
670:hedge
622:var.
418:cones
414:seeds
406:crown
279:or ×
92:Clade
79:Clade
1920:POWO
1884:IPNI
1871:GRIN
1858:GBIF
1732:2009
1706:2006
1678:2013
1653:2018
1628:2020
1576:ISBN
1553:2008
1467:2013
1425:PMID
1358:)".
1337:PMID
1287:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1203:2015
1160:2015
1128:2013
1102:2008
1061:2008
1027:2013
993:ISBN
952:and
763:The
750:Uses
711:snow
412:The
402:twig
352:and
273:, ×
259:The
1956:WFO
1508:doi
1415:doi
1411:188
1370:doi
1327:doi
1190:doi
1186:139
1049:BBC
968:doi
771:'s
697:'s
1980::
1958::
1935::
1922::
1909::
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1873::
1860::
1845::
1807:×
1773:.
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1015:.
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804:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
