241:. Cupstones may exhibit a mixture of large and small indentations, perhaps indicating multiple uses over a considerable span of time. Indentations range from barely visible 1/16" to 6". Examination under magnification suggests the impressions were at least in some cases formed by rotary grinding, particularly in softer rocks. In most cases, archeological evidence of cupstones on hard rock surfaces and monoliths indicates that they were created by direct percussion with rock hammers. Typical impressions are of the simple pit type, though some cavities have been excavated to produce an opened-sphere type of pocket, by means and for reasons unknown. Very large specimens weighing several tons and with dozens of impressions several inches across are thought to be cult objects; they have been found throughout the
29:
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and for various purposes. Indeed, the apparent randomness of their distribution may indicate that they were left lying as modified natural resources, whether with benevolent intent or because they did not represent a sufficient investment of time and labor to justify transporting them ("opportunistic" tools). More simply, perhaps the users intended to return to the same area during the next year's mast-gathering period.
198:). Some scholars insist the items are "false" artifacts, that is, their form results from natural processes rather than human activity. However, no one has yet described processes that might both produce such effects and also explain the distribution of the effects and the objects. Certainly air-bubbles in stone, broken open and eroded, could produce some of these phenomena. The objects are familiar in
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Another interpretation of these structures is fossilization. Anatomical structures of the orbit, skull, joints, organs, antler and dental cavities are similar. Fragmentation may have occurred before or after fossilization, natural human smoothing and polishing. The structure becomes a ubiquitous,
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The most likely interpretation seems that these artifacts represent a single technique of shaping or adapting stone for multiple purposes, some unguessed (for instance, the function of the smallest pits) and that the objects could be used by single or multiple individuals over long periods of time,
339:
using stones, and one later recreation achieved similar results: nuts were placed, one at a time, on stone (an "anvil" stone) and then struck with a smaller "hammer" stone: "As nuts were cracked in this manner a pit developed in the lower stone; the pit deepened as additional nuts were cracked, and
347:
The now traditional term "nutting stone" may be justified, as may "straightening stone" or "shaft-anchor" (for straightening arrow-shafts) within a larger class we might call "poculoliths" (<L. poculus, "small pocket", "cup"). While an equivalent to "pitted stone", the proposed term has the
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There are several ethnographic accounts of the Native use of nutting stones in the historic times. One account says "the
Virginia Indians in 1587 tells us that each household had stones for cracking nuts and for grinding shell and other materials." It goes on to say that "This statement would
116:
One encyclopedia of archaeology treats "pitted stone", "cupstones", and "nutting stones" as synonyms and says that they "may have been formed by cracking nutshells, though this activity lacks adequate confirmation through ethnographic examples or published experimentation."
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technology. There is no agreement upon their purpose or purposes, which may have included the processing of food, medicine or pigments, storage, arrow-production or fire-drilling. As such, they could represent a primitive form of
550:
Talalay, Laurie
Talalay, Donald R. Keller, and Patrick J. Munson, "Hickory Nuts, Walnuts, Butternuts, And Hazelnuts: Observation and Experiments Relevant to Their Aboriginal Exploitation in Eastern North America," in
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These objects have received little study, perhaps because edged tools and weapons have more intrinsic interest to private collectors, but closer study of them might reveal something of domestic practices and
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367:, show a row of cups with possibly astronomical orientation. However, cupstones are usually not associated with calendar functions as this is sometimes the case with
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are also common in the
Fertile Crescent and India, and later in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Alpine regions of Europe, sometimes associated with complex
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advantage of wider comprehensibility among international scholars as the worldwide distribution of the form becomes increasingly evident.
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135:. The age of these man-made structures is difficult to ascertain, but generally they are believed to have been produced in the
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Cupstone sites in
Northern Italy, Switzerland and the Atlantic regions, also known as "druid altars" or "Opferkessel" (
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doubtless be equally true if applied at that time to almost any tribe inhabiting the section east of the
Mississippi."
1985:
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cave site in India, dating to 290,000-700,000 BCE, but in Europe they do not pre-date the most recent cold phase (the
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261:, cup and ring marks are associated with petroglyphs, and those occurring in the boundary regions of Apuki and
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The pattern, size and number of concavities is not predictable, nor is material—impressions are found in soft
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Experiments and
Observations on Aboriginal Wild Plant Food Utilization in Eastern North America
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lands have been used as depositories for a child's navel cord, a custom also observed in other
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this facilitated the cracking process since nuts were held rather stationary in this 'seat.'"
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452:, ed. Guy E. Gibbon and Kenneth M. Ames. (Privately printed in the United States, 1998), 652.
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Similar objects can be found on all continents except
Antarctica. They are associated with
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although some, for example in North
America and Europe, were generated at a later date.
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Papers of the
Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University
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557:, ed. Patrick J. Munson, (Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society, 1984), 351.
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150:, a naturally occurring feature of sedimentary rock occurring exclusively in the
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Earnest Hooton, "Indian
Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville Ohio" in
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395:. Omars are naturally formed stones that have hemispherical voids in them.
92:
contexts. The hemispherical indentation itself is an important element of
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307: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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359:), are associated with places of worship due their locality close to
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1975:
1941:
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505:(Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 10.
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Weaving new worlds: Southeastern Cherokee women and their basketry
490:(College Station : Texas A&M University Press, 2005), 23.
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Texas roots: agriculture and rural life before the Civil War
449:
Archaeology of prehistoric native America: an encyclopedia
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Verlag Dr. C. Müller-Straten, München (1999). p. 18ff.
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Nutting stones can be very similar in appearance to
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186:. Some of the earliest cupules can be found at the
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21:
22:Cupstone, Poculolith, Pitted Cobble, Nutting stone
158:, whence they are thought to have been spread by
520:, (Cambridge, MA: The Peabody Museum, 1922), 56.
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464:Leaverites - Features in Sedimentary Rocks
27:
1094:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
352:multipurpose tool for humans to exploit.
323:Learn how and when to remove this message
154:, an archipelago accounting for 0.25% of
416:
533:. University of Hawai'i Press (1970).
335:Early observers saw the processing of
18:
7:
446:George H. Odell, "Pitted Stones" in
305:adding citations to reliable sources
1565:Norse colonization of North America
426:Cupstones, Prehistoric Cult Objects
14:
2793:Megalithic architectural elements
68:, among other names, are roughly
281:
3524:Archaic period in North America
3412:Evolutionary origin of religion
1585:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
292:needs additional citations for
230:, and occur elsewhere as well.
382:Omar with hemispherical bubble
1:
3529:Archaeological artefact types
3025:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2555:British megalith architecture
3020:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2560:Nordic megalith architecture
1550:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
1500:Eastern Agricultural Complex
146:Visually, they may resemble
934:Bandelier National Monument
808:List of Mississippian sites
595:Pre-Columbian North America
475:Downloaded October 28, 2009
84:culture, especially in the
3560:
3168:British Isles and Brittany
3089:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1354:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
959:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
668:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2853:
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2488:
2475:
1937:
1754:
1741:
1684:
1623:
1595:Three Sisters agriculture
601:
72:or amorphous groundstone
26:
1134:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
693:Buttermilk Creek complex
541:. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
529:Martha Warren Beckwith.
96:, known as a "cupule".
86:Midwestern United States
3400:Evolutionary musicology
2803:Oldest extant buildings
2730:Archaeological features
2249:Prepared-core technique
1334:Town Creek Indian Mound
1304:Sierra de San Francisco
1159:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
47:Archaeological Artifact
3362:Unchambered long cairn
3210:Mound Builders culture
2543:Neolithic architecture
1678:Prehistoric technology
989:Coso Rock Art District
876:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
779:List of Hopewell sites
383:
196:Weichselian glaciation
76:among the most common
3534:Native American tools
3037:List of Stone Age art
2239:Microblade technology
2187:Langdale axe industry
1785:Ard / plough
1397:Arlington Springs Man
1239:Portsmouth Earthworks
381:
3544:Primitive technology
3444:Prehistoric medicine
3439:Prehistoric counting
3422:Prehistoric religion
3417:Paleolithic religion
3395:Behavioral modernity
2752:Causewayed enclosure
2644:Abri de la Madeleine
1768:Neolithic Revolution
1605:Transoceanic contact
1495:Container Revolution
1069:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1034:Etowah Indian Mounds
301:improve this article
174:Europe, prehistoric
106:megalithic monuments
3483:Prehistoric warfare
2229:Magdalenian culture
2192:Levallois technique
2123:Earliest toolmaking
1525:Green Corn Ceremony
1339:Turkey River Mounds
1129:Lake Jackson Mounds
949:Blue Spring Shelter
3434:Origin of language
3427:Spiritual drug use
3337:Rectangular dolmen
3239:Dartmoor kistvaens
3052:Carved stone balls
2764:Circular enclosure
2723:Other architecture
2666:Alp pile dwellings
2254:Solutrean industry
2165:Gravettian culture
1815:Secondary products
1610:Underwater panther
1284:Rosenstock Village
1154:Marmes Rockshelter
1139:L'Anse aux Meadows
531:Hawaiian Mythology
469:2009-03-27 at the
384:
267:Polynesian peoples
243:Mississippi Valley
98:Cup and ring marks
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3503:
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3456:Prehistoric music
3405:music archaeology
3062:Cup and ring mark
2887:Clothing/textiles
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2831:
2828:
2827:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2274:Yubetsu technique
2259:Striking platform
2224:Lithic technology
2109:
2108:
2094:Game drive system
2013:Projectile points
1905:Mortar and pestle
1644:
1643:
1636:Pre-Columbian era
1437:Spirit Cave mummy
1234:Plum Bayou Mounds
1144:Lynch Quarry Site
663:Ancient Beringian
539:978-0-8248-0514-2
461:Dutch, S. (n.d.)
333:
332:
325:
249:Historic accounts
141:Upper Paleolithic
133:mortar and pestle
51:
50:
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3471:Divje Babe flute
3378:Archaeoastronomy
3121:Petrosomatoglyph
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2687:Water management
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2380:Denticulate tool
2202:Lithic reduction
1935:
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1580:Projectile point
1417:Leanderthal Lady
1344:Upward Sun River
1319:Stallings Island
1309:Shell ring sites
1259:Recapture Canyon
1174:Moorehead Circle
1019:El Fin del Mundo
1004:Cueva de la Olla
810:
797:Maritime Archaic
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357:sacrificial bowl
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3352:Stone box grave
3322:Megalithic tomb
3227:Cotswold-Severn
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3084:Guardian stones
3012:Prehistoric art
3006:
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2813:Timber trackway
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2678:Wattle and daub
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2510:Standing stones
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2007:
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1834:Food processing
1829:
1778:New World crops
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1631:Genetic history
1619:
1473:Ceremonial pipe
1446:
1427:Minnesota Woman
1384:
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1199:Ocmulgee Mounds
1179:Morrison Mounds
1124:Kolomoki Mounds
1114:Kimball Village
974:Candelaria Cave
916:
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891:Suwannee Valley
826:Old Cordilleran
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2790:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2577:
2575:Cliff dwelling
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:Fire hardening
2157:
2152:
2150:Clovis culture
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2073:Manis Mastodon
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1952:throwing stick
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1764:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1555:Mound Builders
1552:
1547:
1542:
1540:Medicine wheel
1537:
1532:
1530:Horned Serpent
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1269:Roberts Island
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1204:Old Stone Fort
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:Moaning Cavern
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1119:Kincaid Mounds
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:Cuarenta Casas
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
954:Bluefish Caves
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
920:
918:
915:Archaeological
912:
911:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
812:
811:
799:
794:
789:
784:
783:
782:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
713:Caloosahatchee
710:
705:
700:
698:Caborn-Welborn
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
649:
647:
644:Archaeological
641:
640:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
602:
599:
598:
593:
591:
590:
583:
576:
568:
560:
559:
543:
522:
507:
499:Sarah H. Hill
492:
477:
454:
439:
415:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
405:Knocking stone
400:
397:
388:
385:
331:
330:
289:
287:
280:
274:
273:Interpretation
271:
250:
247:
167:
164:
122:
119:
113:
110:
66:nutting stones
62:pitted cobbles
56:, also called
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3556:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Simple dolmen
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Passage grave
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:Gallery grave
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:Burial mounds
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Statue menhir
3151:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3141:Stone carving
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Sewing needle
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Timber circle
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:Tor enclosure
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2745:fulacht fiadh
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:spear-thrower
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:Bow and arrow
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Grinding slab
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:Domestication
1798:
1796:
1795:Digging stick
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Founder crops
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:New Stone Age
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Falcon dancer
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:Miscellaneous
1449:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Melbourne Man
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:La Brea Woman
1410:
1408:
1407:Kennewick Man
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Serpent Mound
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Pueblo Bonito
1247:
1245:
1244:Poverty Point
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Pinson Mounds
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Painted Bluff
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Horr's Island
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:Effigy Mounds
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:Crystal River
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
913:
907:
906:Weeden Island
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
871:Safety Harbor
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:Poverty Point
859:
857:
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849:
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841:Paleo-Indians
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802:Mississippian
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435:3-932704-66-5
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313:November 2021
306:
302:
296:
295:
290:This section
288:
284:
279:
278:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
255:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
231:
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37:
30:
25:
20:
3288:wedge-shaped
3273:Funeral pyre
3266:Great dolmen
3222:Chamber tomb
3203:Round barrow
3158:Stone circle
3030:Blombos Cave
2958:Grooved ware
2882:Chalcolithic
2786:Thornborough
2704:Flush toilet
2639:Blombos Cave
2634:Rock shelter
2590:Quiggly hole
2482:Architecture
2457:illustration
2154:
2099:Buffalo jump
1920:Storage pits
1883:Aşıklı Höyük
1873:Ground stone
1709:Subdivisions
1615:Water glyphs
1570:Oasisamerica
1560:N.A.G.P.R.A.
1520:Folsom point
1510:Effigy mound
1490:Clovis point
1458:Aridoamerica
1359:Wickiup Hill
1314:Spiro Mounds
1294:Salmon Ruins
1289:Russell Cave
1084:Helen Blazes
1079:Grimes Point
1059:Fort Juelson
1049:Fort Ancient
1024:El Vallecito
984:Chaco Canyon
924:Angel Mounds
886:Steed-Kisker
836:Paleo-Arctic
758:Glacial Kame
743:Fort Ancient
635:Post-Classic
606:
553:
546:
525:
516:
510:
501:
495:
486:
480:
462:
457:
448:
442:
425:
419:
390:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
319:
310:
299:Please help
294:verification
291:
256:
252:
232:
169:
166:Distribution
145:
124:
115:
65:
61:
58:anvil stones
57:
53:
52:
3310:unchambered
3305:Long barrow
3295:Grave goods
3251:Court cairn
3246:Clava cairn
3198:Bowl barrow
3136:Rock cupule
3079:Golden hats
3072:Hill figure
2973:Unstan ware
2953:Cord-marked
2818:Sweet Track
2740:Burnt mound
2661:Stilt house
2649:Sibudu Cave
2442:Tally stick
2410:Quern-stone
2395:Hammerstone
2385:Fire plough
2356:Pesse canoe
2314:Bannerstone
2284:Other tools
2197:Lithic core
2145:Aurignacian
2033:Bare Island
1915:Quern-stone
1600:Thunderbird
1468:Black drink
1432:Peñon woman
1369:Winterville
1349:Velda Mound
1329:Taos Pueblo
1224:Parkin Park
1209:Orwell site
1194:Nodena site
1089:Holly Bluff
1064:Four Mounds
1054:Fort Center
979:Casa Grande
929:Anzick site
821:Monongahela
748:Fort Walton
723:Coles Creek
688:Belle Glade
673:Anishinaabe
423:Gansser A.
228:Mississippi
184:Middle East
102:petroglyphs
88:, in Early
80:remains of
3518:Categories
3449:trepanning
3342:Ring cairn
3300:Jar burial
3283:transepted
3215:U.S. sites
3116:Petroglyph
3042:Bird stone
3000:wine press
2673:Stone roof
2656:Roundhouse
2548:long house
2525:Stonehenge
2493:Ceremonial
2437:Stone tool
2264:Tool stone
2234:Metallurgy
2138:Mousterian
2115:Toolmaking
2053:Cumberland
2026:Transverse
1996:Schöningen
1888:Qesem cave
1856:Earth oven
1810:Irrigation
1721:Technology
1689:Prehistory
1545:Metallurgy
1505:Eden point
1402:Buhl Woman
1274:Rock Eagle
1264:River Styx
1189:Mummy Cave
1184:Moundville
1164:Mesa Verde
1149:Marksville
896:Tchefuncte
856:Plaquemine
792:Las Palmas
708:Calf Creek
703:Cades Pond
411:References
156:Hudson Bay
148:omarolluks
137:Bronze Age
128:toolmaking
33:A cupstone
3493:symbolism
3357:Tor cairn
3315:Grønsalen
3256:Cremation
3148:Sculpture
3126:Pictogram
3111:Petroform
2931:amber use
2899:Cosmetics
2709:Reservoir
2694:Check dam
2624:Pueblitos
2619:Pit-house
2602:Longhouse
2536:Dwellings
2405:Microlith
2336:Bow drill
2331:Bone tool
2324:prismatic
2133:Acheulean
2048:Cresswell
2021:Arrowhead
1947:Boomerang
1863:Granaries
1825:Terracing
1704:Stone Age
1590:Stickball
1279:Rock Hawk
1109:Key Marco
901:Troyville
881:St. Johns
866:Red Ocher
625:Formative
373:megaliths
237:and hard
235:sandstone
220:Tennessee
188:Bhimbetka
176:Australia
112:Etymology
74:artifacts
70:discoidal
54:Cupstones
3131:Rock art
3094:painting
3067:Geoglyph
2892:timeline
2872:Beadwork
2612:Mehrgarh
2607:Mudbrick
2515:megalith
2390:Fire-saw
2212:debitage
2207:analysis
2175:Hand axe
2155:Cupstone
1733:Glossary
1694:Timeline
1478:Chanunpa
1463:Ballgame
1442:Vero man
1392:Anzick-1
1364:Windover
1324:SunWatch
1254:Rassawek
1074:Glenwood
964:Brewster
816:Mogollon
787:La Jolla
773:Hopewell
733:Deptford
646:cultures
467:Archived
399:See also
365:Grenchen
216:Kentucky
212:Arkansas
200:Illinois
182:and the
160:glaciers
94:paleoart
44:Category
3539:Lithics
3488:Symbols
3099:pigment
2985:Weaving
2948:Cardium
2943:Pottery
2938:Mirrors
2926:Jewelry
2867:Baskets
2847:culture
2699:Cistern
2505:Pyramid
2447:Weapons
2425:Scraper
2415:Racloir
2375:Cleaver
2363:Chopper
2269:Uniface
2180:Grooves
2170:Hafting
2128:Oldowan
2087:Systems
2038:Cascade
2001:woomera
1991:harpoon
1964:history
1930:Hunting
1910:Pottery
1851:Cooking
1760:Farming
1726:history
1699:Outline
1627:Related
1485:Chunkey
1385:remains
1374:Wupatki
1214:Paquime
1104:Huápoca
969:Cahokia
939:Bastian
846:Patayan
768:Hohokam
753:Fremont
728:Comondú
683:Baytown
678:Avonlea
658:Alachua
630:Classic
620:Archaic
608:Periods
369:menhirs
239:granite
224:Alabama
208:Indiana
121:Purpose
90:Archaic
39:General
3466:flutes
3261:Dolmen
3185:Burial
2995:winery
2968:Linear
2798:Midden
2776:Cursus
2769:Goseck
2629:Pueblo
2580:Dugout
2565:Burdei
2244:Mining
2068:Lamoka
2063:Folsom
2043:Clovis
1900:Metate
1878:Hearth
1846:Basket
1820:Sickle
1044:Folsom
1009:Cutler
944:Benson
831:Oneota
763:Glades
738:Folsom
718:Clovis
615:Lithic
537:
433:
259:Hawaii
180:Borneo
172:Celtic
78:lithic
3383:sites
3327:Mummy
3047:Cairn
2963:Jōmon
2914:shoes
2909:Hides
2781:Henge
2735:Broch
2597:Jacal
2452:Wheel
2400:Knife
2346:Canoe
2341:Burin
2319:Blade
2217:flake
2078:Plano
1986:baton
1976:Spear
1942:Arrow
1895:Manos
1748:Tools
1575:Piasa
1383:Human
1014:Eaker
917:sites
851:Plano
653:Adena
393:omars
387:Omars
3476:gudi
3234:Cist
3163:list
2990:Wine
2919:Ötzi
2904:Glue
2877:Beds
2845:and
2843:Arts
2714:Well
2570:Cave
2500:Kiva
2430:side
2420:Rope
2368:tool
2302:bone
2292:Adze
2058:Eden
1971:Nets
1841:Fire
1805:Goad
1790:Celt
1535:Kiva
535:ISBN
431:ISBN
371:and
337:mast
263:Puna
226:and
204:Ohio
192:Würm
139:and
64:and
2585:Hut
2520:row
2351:Oar
2309:Axe
2297:Awl
1039:Eva
303:by
257:In
194:or
104:or
3520::
375:.
269:.
245:.
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
202:,
178:,
162:.
108:.
60:,
1670:e
1663:t
1656:v
587:e
580:t
573:v
473:.
437:.
326:)
320:(
315:)
311:(
297:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
