551:
134:
870:
811:
484:
31:
1318:
1103:
In the middle of the 13th century, the
Curonian army included lightly armed soldiers who fought with spears, shields, fighting knives and axes, formed into an infantry platoon. Archers constituted a separate segment of an army. A heavily armed soldier could have a sword, a helmet, a shield and a wide
1067:... gold is very plentiful there, the horses are of the best. All the houses are full of pagan soothsayers, diviners, and necromancers, who are even arrayed in a monastic habit. Oracular responses are sought there from all parts of the world, especially by Spaniards and Greeks.
1001:
before besieging Apuolė. According to
Rimbert, 15,000 locals defended themselves for eight days but then agreed to surrender: the Curonians paid a silver ransom for each man in the fortress, pledged their loyalty to Sweden, and gave 30 hostages to guarantee future payments.
1230:, one of the biggest battles in Livonia in the 13th century. They were forced to fight on the crusader side. When the battle started, the Curonians abandoned the knights because the knights did not agree to free any Curonians captured from the Samogitian camp.
1170:
and besieged the city. However, after a day of fighting, the
Curonians were unable to break through the city walls. They crossed to the other bank of the Daugava to burn their dead and mourn for three days. Later they lifted the siege and returned to Courland.
669:
664:
659:
885:
The historical
Curonians were described in contemporary sources as warriors, sailors and pirates. They are on the record having been involved in several wars and alliances with Swedish, Danish and Icelandic
1302:
Curonia, as reported, had its own language, different from the
Latvian and Estonian, which is extirpated and prohibited, so that nobody has the right to talk it, and instead has to speak Latvian.
456:
1215:
The
Curonians did not lay down their arms at that time. They used the famine as a pretext for claiming economical weakness and actually did not permit the monks to enter the country. Later, the
993:
fortress was first attacked by the Danes, who were hoping to make the town pay tribute to
Denmark. The locals were victorious and gained much war loot. After learning of Danish failure, King
652:
1265:
Southern
Curonians from Megowa, Pilsaten and Ceclis lands gradually assimilated and ceased to be known as a distinct ethnos by the 16th century. An intense period of Samogitian-Curonian
857:
The ethnic origin of the
Curonians has been disputed in the past. Some researchers place the Curonians in the eastern Baltic group. Others hold that the Curonians were related to
747:
1288:
The
Russians protected themselves boldly, and they knocked out a Curonian peasant Fenrich (who, although only a peasant, is called by them the Curonian king) from his horse.
732:
639:
839:
737:
727:
512:
2184:
1055:
1559:
Matthews, W. K. "Nationality and Language in the East Baltic Area", American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (May, 1947), pp. 62–78
2108:
2194:
436:
926:
Sigurd Ring (Sigurðr) was not there, since he had to defend his land, Sweden (Svíþjóð), since Curonians (Kúrir) and Kvænir were raiding there.
2169:
2058:
624:
742:
426:
368:
2189:
421:
674:
2214:
1589:
832:
2209:
2150:
2047:
1731:
1695:
441:
406:
722:
330:
1815:
712:
505:
2116:
1253:
Curonian resistance was finally subdued in 1266 when the whole of Courland was partitioned between the Livonian Order and the
2199:
1954:
779:
244:
1642:
Matthews, W. K. "Medieval Baltic Tribes". American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Apr., 1949), pp. 126–136.
416:
1151:. In 1210, the Curonians, with eight ships, were attacked by a German crusader fleet on the Baltic Sea, near the coast of
825:
530:
461:
1246:. It was a heavy defeat for the Order and uprisings against the crusaders soon afterwards broke out in the Curonian and
881:. The Eastern Balts are shown in a brown hue while the Western Balts are shown in green. The boundaries are approximate.
1990:
1024:
788:
783:
707:
472:
411:
1028:
498:
113:
717:
1941:
1831:
1093:
774:
1533:
1178:
again attacked Riga. Although they were again unsuccessful in storming the city, they destroyed a monastery in
629:
312:
1717:
954:
901:
446:
431:
229:
224:
2066:
936:
353:
335:
1882:
Zemītis, G. Vendu jautājums un Arheoloģijas avotu iespējas tā risinājumā //Akadēmiskā Dzīve, Nr.46, 2009
2204:
1883:
1461:
1330:
1254:
1133:
who lived in northern Courland. They then formed a new ethnic group, the so-called Curonised Livonians.
752:
259:
254:
1476:
1107:
It is still not known what type of ships Curonians used: there are only guesses that it was similar to
1009:
and are considered to be eastern Baltic by some researchers, while others believe they were related to
1472:
1223:, but Curonians were reluctant in this forced cooperation and revolted as a result in several cases.
1147:
There are many sources that mention the Curonians in the 13th century when they were involved in the
799:
679:
634:
539:
358:
302:
1284:, although downgraded to peasant status, fought the Russians, as Johann Renner's chronicle reports:
580:
401:
363:
320:
158:
55:
1238:
and other local people soon followed the Curonians and abandoned the Knights and that allowed the
1845:
1525:
1270:
994:
451:
325:
292:
2059:"Settlements and piracy on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea: the Middle Ages to modern times"
1190:
1076:
It was common for the Curonians to carry out joint raids and campaigns together with Estonians (
1895:
1661:
2165:
2146:
2083:
2043:
1955:"Valdas Petrulis "The spatial structure of the region of Samogitian ethnic self-consciousnes""
1727:
1691:
1357:
1231:
1148:
770:
702:
684:
122:
102:
1421:
2075:
2039:
1486:
1439:
1220:
1204:, signed a peace treaty with the Germans, and the lands they inhabited thus became known as
1137:
1120:
1085:
1036:
997:
organized a large expedition into Curonian lands. Olof first attacked, captured, and burned
815:
606:
391:
297:
239:
47:
1597:
550:
2120:
1846:"Žemaičių ir kuršių ginkluotė bei kovos būdai XVII a. viduryje – Durbės mūšio laikotarpiu"
1819:
1517:
1227:
1006:
307:
176:
1618:
1155:. The Curonians were victorious and German sources claim that 30 crusaders were killed.
1281:
1243:
1216:
1092:, resulting in a joint attack against Riga in 1228. In the same time, according to the
1050:
269:
249:
133:
2178:
1375:
1247:
1167:
1040:
1010:
858:
575:
570:
565:
488:
264:
153:
148:
2126:
Nils Blomkvist. East Baltic Vikings - With Particular Consideration To The Curonians
1810:
1129:, the Curonians started to move from southern Courland to the north, assimilating a
918:, a legendary king of Denmark and Sweden, fought against the invading Curonians and
869:
2113:
1338:
1277:
1266:
1175:
1130:
1089:
1020:
989:. In 854, Curonians rebelled and refused to pay tribute to Sweden. The rebellious
981:
915:
287:
206:
172:
82:
2125:
2036:: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea
1965:
1758:
1873:Šturms, E. Zur Vorgeshichte der Liven, 1936, Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua, 10
1239:
1179:
1141:
1097:
373:
90:
1269:
is posited because a Curonian linguistic substratum is evident in the Northern
1806:
1429:
1407:
1393:
1080:). According to some opinions, they took part in attacking Sweden's main city
1032:
998:
950:
946:
878:
597:
191:
163:
70:
22:
2087:
1471:
was the smallest region of around 200 km, in the western part of modern
2001:
1497:
1379:
1235:
1185:
In 1230, the Curonians in the northern part of Courland, under their ruler (
1077:
874:
590:
201:
78:
1199:
990:
234:
2079:
1737:
1466:
1451:
1425:
1195:
1126:
1108:
970:
919:
396:
94:
86:
63:
1234:
alleged that the Curonians even attacked the Knights from the rear. The
30:
1447:
1403:
1389:
1371:
1326:
1163:
1152:
1081:
1017:
986:
976:
966:
887:
1317:
81:. They eventually merged with other Baltic tribes contributing to the
1491:
1334:
1212:. The southern Curonians, however, continued to resist the invaders.
962:
942:
74:
1360:
was the land in the northeast of Courland, today in the district of
1016:
Some of the most important written sources about the Curonians are
1721:
1716:
Butrimas, Adomas; Jovaiša, Eugenijus; Malonaitis, Arvydas (2002).
1361:
1316:
868:
601:
585:
186:
180:
167:
66:
29:
1159:
958:
904:
2164:). Klaipėda: Mažosios Lietuvos istorijos muziejus, 2018. 23 p.
1345:) and gave the names of the administrative districts or lands (
1496:– the largest land of 1500 km west of the river Venta in
1273:, an important part of Samogitian ethnic self-identification.
1104:
blade axe. Heavily armed troops would make a cavalry platoon.
957:
in Courland. Curonians established temporary settlements near
73:
in the 5th–16th centuries, in what are now western parts of
953:
describes one Viking expedition by the Vikings Thorolf and
1446:
in chronicles) 500 km, was in the environs of modern
1298:
The Curonian language became extinct by the 16th century.
1293:
Johann Renner, Lievländische Historien, 1556–1561, C. 124v
945:(Grobiņa) was the main centre of the Curonians during the
935:
Curonians are mentioned among other participants of the
1726:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
1690:(in Lithuanian). Mažosios Lietuvos istorijos muziejus.
1307:
Johann Renner, Lievländische Historien, 1556–1561, 207v
922:(Kvænir) in the southern part of what today is Sweden:
1651:
Norna-Gests þáttr, c. 1157, Níkulás Bergsson, Iceland.
1896:"Euratlas Periodis Web – Map of Livonia in Year 1500"
1406:, also south of Bandava, is today in the district of
873:
Curonians in the context of the other Baltic tribes,
1662:"Euratlas Periodis Web – Map of Grobina in Year 700"
1341:
described the territory inhabited by the Curonians (
1166:. A huge Curonian fleet arrived in the mouth of the
985:
described early conflicts between the Curonians and
1759:"Adamus: Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum"
1619:"Euratlas Periodis Web – Map of Europe in Year 800"
1144:who accepted Christianity with a light opposition.
1573:The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact,
1718:"Seniausios rašytinės žinios apie Rytų Pabaltijį"
1590:"Chapter 7: The Balts before the Dawn of History"
1392:) south of Vindava, is today in the district of
680:Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1300:
1286:
1065:
924:
93:. Curonians gave their name to the region of
2114:Rimbert: Life of Ansgar, Apostle of the North
833:
506:
8:
1226:In 1260, the Curonians were involved in the
1596:. London: Thames and Hudson. Archived from
1374:was the land around the mouth of the river
34:Curonian lands by the start of 13th century
1583:
1581:
1158:Also in July 1210, the Curonians attacked
1013:who belonged in the western Baltic group.
961:and in overseas regions including eastern
861:who belonged in the western Baltic group.
840:
826:
524:
513:
499:
107:
1174:In 1228, the Curonians together with the
1056:Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum
2145:). Vilnius: Versus Aureus, 2004. 254 p.
1930:Die Estlandliste des Liber Census Daniae
1088:, Curonians formed an alliance with the
1552:
1510:
538:
527:
121:
110:
1794:
1567:
1565:
1500:, up to the Lithuanian-Latvian border.
1136:The Curonians tightly resisted to the
1061:Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church
25:are also sometimes known as Curonians.
1723:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
1711:
1709:
1707:
1333:(lived before 888 AD) in his life of
1219:tried to use Curonian cavalry in the
7:
1782:
1282:descendants of the Curonian nobility
743:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
369:The First Latvian National Awakening
1162:, the main crusader stronghold in
1063:) as world-famous pagan diviners:
69:tribe living on the shores of the
14:
1140:for a long time, contrary to the
442:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
407:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
2185:Medieval ethnic groups of Europe
2143:Curonians in the Baltic sea area
1182:and killed all the monks there.
1100:were known as "bad neighbours".
809:
549:
482:
331:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
132:
1276:On the Latvian side during the
1053:described the Curonians in his
2139:Kuršiai Baltijos jūros erdvėje
1822:Haridus, 2007 (7–8), pp. 38–41
780:List of early Lithuanian dukes
675:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
245:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1:
2195:Medieval history of Lithuania
1919:Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
1424:was a land further south in
1044:
908:
894:
462:2008 Latvian financial crisis
2162:Castles of the Pilsotas land
1686:Nikitenka, Denisas (2018).
1428:, today in the district of
1378:, today in the district of
1025:Livonian Chronicle of Henry
1005:The Curonians had a strong
789:List of Lithuanian monarchs
784:List of rulers of Lithuania
457:Restoration of Independence
2231:
2190:Medieval history of Latvia
1884:Academic Life Nr.46 (2009)
1537:
1118:
2215:Historical Baltic peoples
1942:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
1932:. 1933. pp. 720, 724–725.
1832:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
1475:and northwestern part of
1242:to gain victory over the
1094:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
775:Coat of arms of Lithuania
738:1944 Soviet re-occupation
437:1944 Soviet re-occupation
2210:Social history of Latvia
1588:Marija Gimbutas (1963).
1029:Livländische Reimchronik
630:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
417:1934 Latvian coup d'état
2057:Žulkus, Vladas (2011).
1834:. 6794–6800, 9095–9100.
1571:Östen Dahl (ed.) 2001,
1529:
660:Early elective monarchy
447:Popular Front of Latvia
432:The Holocaust in Latvia
230:Principality of Koknese
225:Principality of Jersika
1844:Girininkas, Algirdas.
1521:
1322:
1310:
1296:
1074:
933:
882:
728:1940 Soviet occupation
422:1940 Soviet occupation
354:Governorate of Livonia
336:Couronian colonization
101:), and they spoke the
59:
51:
35:
2200:Prehistory of Prussia
2030:Mägi, Marika (2018).
1320:
872:
753:Republic of Lithuania
748:Independence restored
723:Independence declared
718:Lithuanian–Soviet War
260:Bishopric of Courland
255:Archbishopric of Riga
33:
16:Medieval Baltic tribe
2080:10.15181/ab.v16i0.34
2067:Archaeologia Baltica
1084:in 1187. During the
955:Egill Skallagrímsson
816:Lithuania portal
713:Wars of Independence
708:Kingdom of Lithuania
635:Kingdom of Lithuania
359:Courland Governorate
313:Polish–Swedish Wars
303:Inflanty Voivodeship
2158:Pilsoto žemės pilys
2007:on 22 December 2014
1688:Pilsoto žemės pilys
1442:(mentioned also as
965:and the islands of
937:Battle of Brávellir
640:Jagiellonian period
581:Corded Ware culture
412:War of Independence
402:United Baltic Duchy
364:Vitebsk Governorate
321:Second Northern War
282:Early modern period
159:Corded Ware culture
2119:2014-11-08 at the
2109:Die Kuren (German)
1818:2017-10-11 at the
1812:Sigtuna hukkumine.
1323:
1271:Samogitian dialect
1255:Archbishop of Riga
883:
665:Deluge and decline
625:Duchy of Lithuania
452:Singing Revolution
348:National Awakening
326:Great Northern War
293:Kingdom of Livonia
36:
2170:978-9986-31-505-6
1473:Klaipėda district
1232:Peter von Dusburg
1149:Northern Crusades
902:Norna-Gests þáttr
850:
849:
771:Name of Lithuania
685:Swedish Lithuania
523:
522:
489:Latvia portal
397:German occupation
316:
315:(1600–1629)
103:Curonian language
2222:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2063:
2053:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2000:. Archived from
1995:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1964:. Archived from
1959:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1892:
1886:
1880:
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1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1763:Hbar.phys.msu.ru
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1736:. Archived from
1713:
1702:
1701:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1658:
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1643:
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1557:
1540:
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1515:
1495:
1470:
1308:
1294:
1221:Prussian Crusade
1203:
1138:Livonian Crusade
1121:Livonian Crusade
1115:Livonian Crusade
1096:, Curonians and
1086:Livonian crusade
1072:
1049:
1046:
1037:Saxo Grammaticus
949:. Chapter 46 of
931:
913:
910:
899:
896:
842:
835:
828:
814:
813:
812:
670:Three partitions
653:Early Modern era
607:Lithuania proper
553:
543:
525:
515:
508:
501:
487:
486:
485:
392:Latvian Riflemen
314:
298:Duchy of Livonia
240:Livonian Crusade
136:
126:
108:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2175:
2174:
2134:
2132:Further reading
2121:Wayback Machine
2105:
2092:
2090:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1971:on 22 July 2011
1968:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:Paul Johansen.
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1881:
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1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1855:(in Lithuanian)
1848:
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1838:
1830:
1826:
1820:Wayback Machine
1805:
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1543:
1534:Old East Slavic
1516:
1512:
1507:
1489:
1477:Šilutė district
1464:
1321:Map of Courland
1315:
1309:
1306:
1295:
1292:
1263:
1228:Battle of Durbe
1193:
1123:
1117:
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1071:
1047:
1007:warrior culture
932:
930:
911:
900:, according to
897:
867:
855:
846:
810:
808:
794:
793:
782:
773:
766:
758:
757:
733:Nazi occupation
698:
690:
689:
655:
645:
644:
620:
612:
611:
561:
541:
534:
519:
483:
481:
467:
466:
427:Nazi occupation
387:
379:
378:
349:
341:
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308:Swedish Livonia
283:
275:
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220:
212:
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144:
124:
117:
85:of present-day
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2133:
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2104:
2103:External links
2101:
2100:
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2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
1982:
1946:
1934:
1921:
1912:
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1875:
1866:
1836:
1824:
1799:
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1785:, p. 362.
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1244:Livonian Order
1217:Teutonic Order
1210:Peace Courland
1119:Main article:
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594:
593:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
546:
545:
536:
535:
528:
521:
520:
518:
517:
510:
503:
495:
492:
491:
478:
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444:
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429:
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419:
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409:
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394:
388:
385:
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377:
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371:
366:
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333:
328:
323:
318:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
270:Baltic Germans
267:
262:
257:
252:
250:Livonian Order
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
170:
161:
156:
151:
145:
143:Ancient Latvia
142:
141:
138:
137:
129:
128:
119:
118:
111:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2227:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:Nikitenka D.
2155:
2152:
2151:9955-601-08-6
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2049:9789004363816
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2003:
1999:
1998:Uni-klu.ac.at
1992:
1986:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1797:, p. 62.
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1740:on 2008-03-03
1739:
1735:
1733:9986-9216-9-4
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:9789986315056
1693:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1600:on 2012-01-10
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1546:
1535:
1531:
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1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:and Šventoji.
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
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1387:
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1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:Vita Ansgarii
1336:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1261:Later history
1260:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1131:Finnic people
1128:
1127:late Iron Age
1122:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1042:
1041:Gesta Danorum
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Vita Ansgarii
1019:
1014:
1012:
1011:Old Prussians
1008:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
938:
927:
923:
921:
917:
906:
903:
891:
889:
880:
876:
871:
864:
862:
860:
859:Old Prussians
852:
843:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
823:
821:
820:
817:
807:
806:
803:
802:
798:
797:
790:
787:
785:
781:
778:
776:
772:
769:
768:
762:
761:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
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694:
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686:
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678:
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654:
649:
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641:
638:
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633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
616:
615:
608:
605:
603:
599:
596:
592:
589:
588:
587:
586:Baltic tribes
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:Neman culture
574:
572:
571:Narva culture
569:
567:
566:Kunda culture
564:
563:
557:
556:
552:
548:
547:
544:
537:
532:
526:
516:
511:
509:
504:
502:
497:
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493:
490:
480:
479:
476:
475:
471:
470:
463:
460:
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455:
453:
450:
448:
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443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
386:Modern Latvia
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
345:
344:
337:
334:
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322:
319:
317:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
279:
278:
271:
268:
266:
265:Terra Mariana
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
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226:
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216:
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208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
171:
169:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
154:Narva culture
152:
150:
149:Kunda culture
147:
146:
140:
139:
135:
131:
130:
127:
120:
115:
109:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
26:
24:
19:
18:
2205:Gulf of Riga
2161:
2157:
2142:
2138:
2091:. Retrieved
2071:
2065:
2035:
2031:
2009:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1997:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1966:the original
1961:
1949:
1944:. 5605–5660.
1937:
1929:
1924:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1900:Euratlas.net
1899:
1890:
1878:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1852:
1839:
1827:
1811:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1753:
1742:. Retrieved
1738:the original
1722:
1687:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1666:Euratlas.net
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1623:Euratlas.net
1622:
1613:
1602:. Retrieved
1598:the original
1593:
1572:
1555:
1513:
1482:
1457:
1443:
1435:
1417:
1413:
1399:
1385:
1367:
1354:Vredecuronia
1353:
1346:
1342:
1324:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1278:Livonian War
1275:
1267:bilingualism
1264:
1252:
1225:
1214:
1209:
1206:Vredecuronia
1205:
1186:
1184:
1176:Semigallians
1173:
1157:
1146:
1135:
1124:
1106:
1102:
1090:Semigallians
1075:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1015:
1004:
982:Vita Ansgari
980:
975:
941:
934:
925:
892:
884:
856:
800:
765:Other topics
703:Russian rule
473:
288:Livonian War
207:Semigallians
196:
173:Baltic Finns
98:
83:ethnogenesis
43:
39:
37:
20:
2011:24 November
1975:24 November
1905:24 November
1853:briai.ku.lt
1795:Žulkus 2011
1768:24 November
1671:24 November
1628:24 November
1490: [
1465: [
1240:Samogitians
1194: [
1180:Daugavgriva
1142:Latgallians
1125:During the
1098:Samogitians
1048: 1075
916:Sigurd Ring
912: 1157
619:Middle ages
540:History of
374:New Current
219:Middle Ages
123:History of
91:Lithuanians
2179:Categories
2137:Žulkus V.
1991:"Curonian"
1807:Enn Tarvel
1744:2010-07-18
1604:2012-01-17
1547:References
1400:Bihavelanc
1335:St. Ansgar
1191:Lammekinus
1033:Egils Saga
951:Egils Saga
947:Vendel Age
898: 750
801:Chronology
697:Modern era
598:Amber Road
560:Prehistory
474:Chronology
192:Latgalians
164:Amber Road
71:Baltic Sea
56:Lithuanian
23:Kursenieki
2088:1392-5520
2074:: 58–71.
2034:Austrvegr
1783:Mägi 2018
1594:The Balts
1526:Old Norse
1498:Samogitia
1380:Ventspils
1347:civitates
1313:Geography
1236:Estonians
1078:Oeselians
1018:Rimbert's
591:Yotvingia
542:Lithuania
202:Selonians
197:Curonians
177:Livonians
79:Lithuania
62:) were a
40:Curonians
2117:Archived
1816:Archived
1809:(2007).
1462:Pilsotas
1458:Pilsaten
1452:Kretinga
1426:Courland
1358:Vanemane
1305:—
1291:—
1248:Prussian
1070:—
971:Bornholm
929:—
531:a series
529:Part of
114:a series
112:Part of
95:Courland
87:Latvians
64:medieval
2093:19 July
2024:Sources
1859:23 June
1448:Palanga
1444:Negouwe
1430:Liepāja
1422:Duvzare
1418:Dovsare
1414:Powsare
1408:Liepāja
1404:Piemare
1394:Kuldīga
1390:Bandava
1386:Bandowe
1372:Ventava
1327:Rimbert
1325:Bishop
1250:lands.
1168:Daugava
1164:Livonia
1153:Gotland
1082:Sigtuna
999:Grobiņa
987:vikings
979:in his
977:Rimbert
967:Gotland
888:Vikings
865:History
99:Kurzeme
60:kuršiai
48:Latvian
2168:
2149:
2086:
2046:
1962:Geo.lt
1730:
1694:
1575:vol. 1
1518:German
1487:Ceklis
1483:Ceclis
1440:Megava
1436:Megowa
1331:Bremen
1280:, the
1109:drakar
1035:, and
1027:, the
1023:, the
991:Apuolė
963:Sweden
943:Grobin
853:Origin
533:on the
235:Tālava
125:Latvia
116:on the
75:Latvia
67:Baltic
2062:(PDF)
2040:BRILL
2005:(PDF)
1994:(PDF)
1969:(PDF)
1958:(PDF)
1849:(PDF)
1538:кърсь
1530:Kúrir
1522:Kuren
1505:Notes
1494:]
1469:]
1420:) or
1376:Venta
1368:Wynda
1362:Talsi
1202:]
1043:. In
920:Kvens
907:from
877:1200
875:circa
602:Aesti
187:Balts
181:Vends
168:Aesti
52:kurši
2166:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2095:2022
2084:ISSN
2044:ISBN
2013:2018
1977:2018
1907:2018
1861:2019
1770:2018
1728:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1673:2018
1630:2018
1343:Cori
1160:Riga
969:and
959:Riga
905:saga
89:and
77:and
44:Kurs
38:The
21:The
2076:doi
2032:In
1485:or
1460:or
1438:or
1402:or
1370:or
1356:or
1349:):
1329:of
1208:or
1187:rex
1039:'s
893:In
890:.
105:.
42:or
2181::
2082:.
2072:16
2070:.
2064:.
2042:.
2038:.
1996:.
1960:.
1898:.
1851:.
1761:.
1720:.
1706:^
1664:.
1621:.
1592:.
1580:^
1564:^
1536::
1532:;
1528::
1524:;
1520::
1492:lt
1467:lt
1450:,
1337:,
1257:.
1200:lt
1198:;
1196:lv
1189:)
1111:.
1045:c.
1031:,
973:.
939:.
914:,
909:c.
895:c.
879:CE
600:/
179:,
166:/
58::
54:;
50::
2160:(
2153:.
2141:(
2097:.
2078::
2052:.
2015:.
1979:.
1909:.
1863:.
1772:.
1747:.
1700:.
1675:.
1632:.
1607:.
1479:.
1432:.
1416:(
1410:.
1396:.
1388:(
1382:.
1364:.
1059:(
841:e
834:t
827:v
514:e
507:t
500:v
183:)
175:(
97:(
46:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
