622:
to the hexagonal form after several weeks. This transformation is undergone upon spontaneous Cm alpha decay, which produces radiation damage effects within the cubic crystal lattice to distort it to that of hexagonal. Although not experimentally proven, there is speculation that monoclinic curium trioxide may be an intermediate form in between the transformation of the cubic form to that of the hexagonal. The body-centered cubic form of curium trioxide exists below temperatures of 800 °C, the monoclinic form between 800 °C and 1615 °C, and the hexagonal form above 1615 °C.
171:
769:
24:
717:
640:
475:
362:
885:(***: Various experiments have calculated different estimates of the standard molar entropy for curium trioxide: Moskin has reported a standard molar entropy of 144.3 J/molK (no given uncertainty). Westrum and Grønvold have reported a value of 160.7 J/molK (no given uncertainty), and Konings’ value is reported to be 167 +/- 5 J/molK.)
621:
The body-centered cubic and monoclinic forms are the most common polymorphic forms of curium trioxide, produced by the chemical reactions detailed above. Their crystalline structures are very similar. One of the polymorphs of curium trioxide - the body-centered cubic form - spontaneously transforms
943:
Curium sesquioxide will spontaneously react with gaseous oxygen at high temperatures. At lower temperatures, a spontaneous reaction will occur over a period of time. Curium trioxide reacted with water has been hypothesized to afford a hydration reaction, but little experimentation has been done to
590:
OH to the purified curium nitrate, ammonium hydroxide is utilized to adjust the pH value of the solution to 9. The increased basicity of the solution creates a curium hydroxide precipitate. This precipitate is then collected through filtration and resuspended in deionized water, and a nebulizer is
905:
upon radioactive decay. Although it has a half life of 34 ms, many curium oxides, including curium sesquioxide, have half lives nearing thousands of years. Curium, in the form of curium sesquioxide, can be inhaled into the body, causing many biological defects. The LD50 of curium is 3 micro-Ci
918:, the rats still suffered from many biological deformities, such as skin lesions, malignant tumors, and lung neoplasms. A small amount of the rat population was able to clear particulate curium sesquioxide from the lungs, suggesting that curium sesquioxide is partially soluble in lung fluid.
810:
Ever since the discovery (and isolation) of Cm, the most stable curium isotope, experimental work on the thermodynamic properties of curium sesquioxide (and other curium compounds) has become more prevalent. However, Cm can only be obtained in mg samples, so data collection for Cm-containing
811:
compounds takes longer than that for compounds which predominantly contain other curium isotopes. The data table below reflects a large variety of data collected specifically for curium sesquioxide, some of which is purely theoretical, but most of which have been obtained from Cm-compounds.
926:
Curium(III) oxide is heavily used in industrial grade-reactions and reagents. As recently as 2009, actinide oxides, such as curium sesquioxide, are being considered for storage uses (in the form of heavily durable ceramic glassware) for the transportation of the light-and-air sensitive
595:
Reduction by
Hydrogen Gas: A solution of curium trichloride is evaporated to dryness with pure nitric acid to produce curium nitrate. The curium nitrate is then ignited in air, producing curium oxide, believed to be an intermediate structure between
1071:
Petit, L., Svane, A., Szotek, Z., Temmerman, W.M., and G. M. Stocks (2009). “Electronic structure and ionicity of actinide oxides from first principles calculations.” Materials
Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. pp.
879:(*: Different syntheses of curium trioxide have been shown to produce compounds with different experimental melting points. The melting point given in this data table is merely an average of those collected from the references.)
436:
forms. Two of the forms exist at extremely high temperatures, making it difficult for experimental studies to be done on the formation of their structures. The three other possible forms which curium sesquioxide can take are the
555:
The traditional aerosolization reaction utilizes curium metal as the starting material. While curium metal has been discovered to naturally exist as a mixture of 87.4% Cm, 8.4% Cm, 3.9% other curium isotopes, and ~0.3% of the
906:
through ingestion and inhalation and 1 micro-Ci through absorption through the skin. In one experiment, rats were introduced to aerosolized particulates of curium(III) oxide. Although the experiment proved that inhaled Cm
375:
1103:
Helfinstine, Suzanne Y., Guilmette, Raymond A., and Gerald A. Schlapper (1992). “In Vitro
Dissolution of Curium Oxide Using a Phagolysosomal Simulant Solvent System.”
1179:
Lundgren, D. L. , Hahn, F. F., Carlton, W. W., Griffith, W. C., Guilmette, R. A., and N. A. Gillett (1997). “Dose
Responses from Inhaled Monodisperse Aerosols of Cm
523:: Curium(III) oxalate is precipitated through a capillary tube. The precipitate is ignited by gaseous oxygen at 400 °C, and the resulting product is thermally
424:
that contains two curium atoms and three oxygen atoms. The simplest synthesis equation involves the reaction of curium(III) metal with O: 2 Cm + 3 O ---> Cm
210:
1351:
608:. The intermediate is scraped into capillary tubes attached to a vacuum system and reduced with gaseous hydrogen - the result of the combustion of UH
568:
OH is then added to the purified curium nitrate, and the resulting precipitate is collected and rinsed with deionized water. The precipitate (Cm
560:, plutonium, in most aerosolized syntheses of curium(III) oxide, curium metal is purified through solvent extraction of curium nitrate and
485:
112:
23:
1121:
Morss, L. R., Fuger, J., Goffart, J. and R.G. Haire (1983). “Enthalpy of
Formation and Magnetic Susceptibility of Curium Sesquioxide, Cm
1229:
Rimshaw, S. J., and E. E. Ketchen (1967). “Curium Data Sheets.” Oak Ridge
National Laboratory - Union Carbide Corporation. pp. 42-102.
185:
768:
1012:
433:
1344:
944:
prove the hypothesis. Curium sesquioxide has been shown to not react with nitrogen gas, spontaneously or non-spontaneously.
548:
is aerosolized for experimental procedures which set out to discover the effects of curium metal within a biological system.
382:
1325:
149:
1527:
1337:
442:
1055:
Milman, V., Winkler, B., and C.J. Pickard (2003). “Crystal
Structures of Curium Compounds: An Ab Initio Study
576:) is resuspended in solvent and aerosolized with some sort of high output aerosol generator (ex: Lovelace
1443:
1532:
932:
524:
324:
46:
36:
630:
The lattice parameters for three of the polymorphic structures of curium sesquioxide are given below.
1402:
1394:
1320:
1243:
Konings, R.J.M (2001). “Estimation of the
Standard Entropies of some Am(III) and Cm(III) Compounds.”
1021:
340:
166:
1501:
1482:
1426:
1410:
968:
438:
336:
78:
996:
8. N.A. (2010). "Study of oxychloride compound formation in chloride melt by spectroscopic methods
1418:
716:
344:
332:
707:(*: No specific temperature has been stated to produce the lengths listed in the second row.)
446:
398:
284:
1474:
1374:
1360:
1029:
953:
557:
328:
233:
88:
1287:
Smith, Paul Kent (1970). “High-Temperature
Evaporation and Thermodynamic Properties of Cm
1033:
1025:
639:
170:
1438:
901:
353:
291:
1213:
Lumetta, Gregg J., Thompson, Major C., Penneman, Robert A., and P. Gary Eller (2006).
1521:
928:
268:
137:
973:
895:
458:
300:
1308:“Radionuclide Data Sheet: Curium.” University of California, San Diego. n.d.1.
255:
1159:
Wallmann, J.C. (1964). “A Structural
Transformation of Curium Sesquioxide.”
978:
577:
450:
421:
449:
form. Curium(III) oxide is either white or light tan in color and, while
1000:
Radiochemical Division/Research Institute of Atomic Reactors. pp. 1-17.
124:
958:
564:(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in toluene to remove the plutonium. NH
517:
406:
402:
1187:
in the Lung, Liver and Skeleton of F344 Rats and Comparison with Pu0
352:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1329:
1082:
Norman M. Edelstein; James D. Navratil; Wallace W. Schulz (1984).
963:
540:
can be done through multiple experimental processes. Typically, Cm
454:
111:
101:
1010:
Cunningham, B. B. (1964). "Chemistry of the Actinide Elements".
532:
Aerosolized Curium Sesquioxide: The aerosolization process of Cm
1333:
1217:“Curium: Chapter Nine.” Springer Pub. Co. Vol.3. pp. 1397-1443.
1263:
Smith, Paul Kent (1969). “Melting Point of Curium Trioxide (Cm
468:
318:
154:
759:(**: None of these lengths contained given uncertainties.)
1215:
The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements.
512:
Curium sesquioxide can be prepared in a variety of ways.
586:
In other aerosolizations, instead of the addition of NH
492:
370:
1494:
1467:
1367:
914:is half as carcinogenic as compared to inhaled PuO
136:
87:
461:. Its synthesis was first recognized in 1955.
1345:
1084:Americium and curium chemistry and technology
882:(**: Characteristic of the monoclinic form.)
8:
273:2,265 °C (4,109 °F; 2,538 K)
1352:
1338:
1330:
1273:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry
1161:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry
169:
15:
1504:
813:
773:
721:
644:
416:
412:
989:
817:Ground State F-Configuration for Metal
215:
190:
165:
1283:
1281:
1259:
1257:
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1253:
1086:. D. Reidel Pub. Co. pp. 167–168.
527:via 600 °C and 10 mm of pressure.
1239:
1237:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
591:then used to aerosolize the product.
197:Key: TYZFTGHDCPRRBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
7:
1175:
1173:
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1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1067:
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1051:
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1047:
1045:
1043:
432:. Curium trioxide can exist as five
1034:10.1146/annurev.ns.14.120164.001543
420:. It is a crystalline solid with a
127:
294:, Body-Centered Cubic, Monoclinic
14:
1105:Environmental Health Perspectives
495:and remove advice or instruction.
1013:Annual Review of Nuclear Science
767:
715:
638:
473:
360:
22:
1297:The Journal of Chemical Physics
1057:.” Journal of Nuclear Materials
820:Approximate Melting Point (°C)
356:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
842:Average Standard Molar Entropy
457:, is soluble in inorganic and
245:
239:
1:
1245:Journal of Nuclear Materials
1549:
409:with the chemical formula
194:InChI=1S/2Cm.3O/q2*+3;3*-2
350:
310:
277:
226:
206:
181:
71:
57:
45:
35:
30:
21:
824:Magnetic Susceptibility
600:and the formation of Cm
847:Uncertainty (J/molK)
838:Uncertainty (kJ/mol)
833:Enthalpy of Formation
325:Gadolinium(III) oxide
47:Systematic IUPAC name
493:rewrite this section
337:Curium Tetrafluoride
1321:www.webelements.com
1131:Inorganic Chemistry
1026:1964ARNPS..14..323C
969:Inorganic chemistry
935:target substances.
439:body-centered cubic
263: g·mol
18:
1193:Radiation Research
893:Curium metal is a
383:Infobox references
341:Curium Trichloride
333:Curium trifluoride
311:Related compounds
63:Curium sesquioxide
17:Curium(III) oxide
16:
1515:
1514:
877:
876:
829:Uncertainty (μb)
803:
802:
783:Lengths of a (Å)
780:Temperature (°C)
757:
756:
737:Lengths of c (Å)
734:Lengths of b (Å)
731:Lengths of a (Å)
728:Temperature (°C)
705:
704:
660:Lengths of c (Å)
654:Lengths of a (Å)
651:Temperature (°C)
510:
509:
486:a manual or guide
395:Curium(III) oxide
391:Chemical compound
389:
388:
285:Crystal structure
150:CompTox Dashboard
113:Interactive image
40:Curium(III) oxide
1540:
1528:Curium compounds
1507:
1361:Curium compounds
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1299:(52): 4964-4972.
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1241:
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1163:(26): 2053-2057.
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1073:
1069:
1060:
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1038:
1037:
1007:
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954:Curium hydroxide
814:
786:Uncertainty (Å)
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663:Uncertainty (Å)
657:Uncertainty (Å)
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558:daughter nuclide
505:
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484:is written like
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469:
419:
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345:Curium Triiodide
329:Curium hydroxide
262:
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234:Chemical formula
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51:Curium(3+) oxide
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1059:(322): 165-179.
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939:Other reactions
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1533:Sesquioxides
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974:Radionuclide
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922:Applications
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896:radionuclide
894:
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491:Please help
483:
401:composed of
394:
393:
72:Identifiers
62:
58:Other names
1368:Curium(III)
1020:: 323–346.
777:Data Table
725:Data Table
711:Monoclinic:
648:Data Table
434:polymorphic
301:Space group
290:Hexagonal,
227:Properties
60:Curic oxide
1522:Categories
1495:Curium(VI)
1468:Curium(IV)
1137:1993-1996.
985:References
899:and emits
889:Toxicology
634:Hexagonal:
525:decomposed
443:monoclinic
441:form, the
278:Structure
256:Molar mass
100:3D model (
89:12371-27-6
79:CAS Number
37:IUPAC name
979:Radiation
844:(J/molK)
835:(kJ/mol)
747:14.257**
617:Structure
578:nebulizer
465:Synthesis
451:insoluble
447:hexagonal
422:unit cell
948:See also
584:Route 2:
553:Route 1:
399:compound
138:18415183
1022:Bibcode
929:fission
870:157***
864:-400**
861:0.04**
858:7.89**
852:f (Cm)
753:3.65**
750:8.92**
698:11.331
376:what is
374: (
319:cations
125:PubChem
1375:Cm(OH)
959:Curium
855:2265*
796:10.97
763:Cubic:
701:0.005
695:0.003
692:3.496
682:0.005
679:6.092
676:0.005
673:3.845
407:oxygen
403:curium
371:verify
368:
317:Other
211:SMILES
31:Names
1427:Cm(NO
1072:1-12.
964:Oxide
873:5***
826:(μb)
799:0.01
670:1615
455:water
397:is a
186:InChI
102:JSmol
1411:CmBr
1403:CmCl
1271:).”
1133:(22)
931:and
867:5**
806:Data
689:--*
405:and
218:....
1503:CmF
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1475:CmO
1439:CmN
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1191:.”
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562:bis
453:in
292:hP5
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155:EPA
128:CID
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