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weathering and glacial erosion. Ice segregation erodes the vertical rock face and causes it to disintegrate, which may result in an avalanche bringing down more snow and rock to add to the growing glacier. Eventually, this hollow may become large enough that glacial erosion intensifies. The enlarging
306:
forms when the movement of the glacier separates the moving ice from the stationary ice, forming a crevasse. The method of erosion of the headwall lying between the surface of the glacier and the cirque's floor has been attributed to freeze-thaw mechanisms. The temperature within the bergschrund
253:
Cirques form in conditions which are favorable; in the
Northern Hemisphere the conditions include the north-east slope, where they are protected from the majority of the Sun's energy and from the prevailing winds. These areas are sheltered from heat, encouraging the accumulation of snow; if the
136:
The concave shape of a glacial cirque is open on the downhill side, while the cupped section is generally steep. Cliff-like slopes, down which ice and glaciated debris combine and converge, form the three or more higher sides. The floor of the cirque ends up bowl-shaped, as it is the complex
307:
changes very little, however, studies have shown that ice segregation (frost shattering) may happen with only small changes in temperature. Water that flows into the bergschrund can be cooled to freezing temperatures by the surrounding ice, allowing freeze-thaw mechanisms to occur.
302:. The basin will become deeper as it continues to be eroded by ice segregation and abrasion. Should ice segregation, plucking and abrasion continue, the dimensions of the cirque will increase, but the proportion of the landform would remain roughly the same. A
1163:
Distinguishing signal from noise: Long-term studies of vegetation in
Makhtesh Ramon erosion cirque, Negev desert, Israel ; David Ward, David Saltz and Linda Olsvig-Whittaker; Plant Ecology, 2000, Volume 150, Numbers 1â2, pp.
389:
Although a less common usage, the term cirque is also used for amphitheatre-shaped, fluvial-erosion features. For example, an approximately 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) anticlinal erosion cirque is at
1116:
222:
Glacial cirques are found amongst mountain ranges throughout the world; 'classic' cirques are typically about one kilometer long and one kilometer wide. Situated high on a mountainside near the
250:
dammed by either till (debris) or a bedrock threshold. When enough snow accumulates, it can flow out the opening of the bowl and form valley glaciers which may be several kilometers long.
145:
below the level of the cirque's low-side outlet (stage) and its down-slope (backstage) valley. If the cirque is subject to seasonal melting, the floor of the cirque most often forms a
994:
Johnny W. Sanders; Kurt M. Cuffey; Jeffrey R. Moore; Kelly R. MacGregor; Jeffrey L. Kavanaugh (2012). "Periglacial weathering and headwall erosion in cirque glacier bergschrunds".
1899:
360:
As glaciers can only originate above the snowline, studying the location of present-day cirques provides information on past glaciation patterns and on climate change.
1173:
Early volcanic rocks of réunion and their tectonic significance; B. G. J. Upton and W. J. Wadsworth; Bulletin of
Volcanology, 1969, Volume 33, Number 4, pp. 1246â68
506:
A common feature for all fluvial-erosion cirques is a terrain which includes erosion resistant upper structures overlying materials which are more easily eroded.
141:
of combining ice flows from multiple directions and their accompanying rock burdens. Hence, it experiences somewhat greater erosion forces and is most often
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of this open ended concavity creates a larger leeward deposition zone, furthering the process of glaciation. Debris (or till) in the ice also may
176:
landscapes, is formed by intermittent river flow cutting through layers of limestone and chalk leaving sheer cliffs. A common feature for all
969:
940:
1231:
1037:
Rempel, A.W.; Wettlaufer, J.S.; Worster, M.G. (2001). "Interfacial
Premelting and the Thermomolecular Force: Thermodynamic Buoyancy".
744:
180:-erosion cirques is a terrain which includes erosion resistant upper structures overlying materials which are more easily eroded.
1836:
1184:
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149:(small lake) behind a dam, which marks the downstream limit of the glacial overdeepening. The dam itself can be composed of
1090:
1849:
957:
448:
cutting through layers of limestone and chalk, resulting in cirque walls with a sheer 200 metres (660 ft) drop. The
298:
shape in the side of the mountain, with the headwall being weathered by ice segregation, and as well as being eroded by
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Encyclopedia of Earth
Sciences Series: Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments
495:). Three cirques have eroded there in a sequence of agglomerated, fragmented rock and volcanic
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is created. In some cases, this peak will be made accessible by one or more arĂȘtes. The
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the bed surface; should ice move down a slope it would have a 'sandpaper effect' on the
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330:, or steep sided ridge, forms. When three or more cirques erode toward one another, a
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1117:"Glacial cirques as palaeoenvironmental indicators: Their potential and limitations"
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133:). A cirque may also be a similarly shaped landform arising from fluvial erosion.
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290:; if the glacier continues to retreat and melt away, a lake may form in the basin
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accumulation of snow increases, the snow turns into glacial ice. The process of
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322:â a cirque formed from a glacier is visible in the walls around Lake Seal
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909:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 196.
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Area. Institute of
British Geographers, 6: 150â53 regarding term usage.
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958:"8.11(i) The geomorphology and Morphometry of Glacial and Nival Areas"
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226:, they are typically partially surrounded on three sides by steep
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964:. University paperbacks. Vol. 407. Routledge. p. 218.
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Yet another type of fluvial erosion-formed cirque is found on
898:
870:
This concern is not new, see Evans, I.S. & N. Cox, 1974:
1209:
842: â Stepped succession of glacially eroded rock basins
872:
Geomorphometry and the operational definition of cirques,
258:
follows, whereby a hollow in a slope may be enlarged by
479:, which includes the tallest volcanic structure in the
1847:
1093:. Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania. Archived from
699:
326:
If two adjacent cirques erode toward one another, an
27:
An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion
1091:"Mt Field National Park: Landforms, Flora and Fauna"
436:
165:
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1689:
1566:
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1526:
1505:
1429:
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483:. The island consists of an active shield-volcano (
848: â Landform created by the action of glaciers
924:. Cirques. Vol. 1358. Springer Netherlands:
41:Two cirques with semi-permanent snowpatches near
1225:
1205:Photographs and case study of corrie glaciers
989:
987:
444:was formed by intermittent river flow in the
8:
484:
461:
63:
960:. In Chorley R.J. & Carson M.A. (ed.).
345:Where cirques form one behind the other, a
113:
79:
1900:Geographical terminology in mountaineering
1563:
1232:
1218:
1210:
294:Eventually, the hollow may become a large
96:. Alternative names for this landform are
491:) and an extinct, deeply eroded volcano (
503:overlain by more coherent, solid lavas.
1854:
886:
863:
230:. The highest cliff is often called a
1185:"Go Walk: Coumshingaun, Co Waterford"
128:
73:
7:
920:Knight, Peter G. (2009). "Cirques".
541:cirque, headwall and spring skiers,
452:is another such feature, created in
192:Formation of cirque and resulting
25:
1115:Barr, I.D.; Spagnolo, M. (2015).
962:Introduction to fluvial processes
1857:
1837:Template:Periglacial environment
430:on the southern boundary of the
364:Fluvial-erosion cirque formation
218:Glacial-erosion cirque formation
1143:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.004
421:Negev anticlinal erosion cirque
342:is an example of such a peak.
271:beneath, on which it scrapes.
53:Upper Thornton Lake Cirque in
1:
1061:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.088501
157:, or a lip of the underlying
933:10.1007/978-1-4020-4411-3_37
284:North Cascades National Park
234:. The fourth side forms the
55:North Cascades National Park
437:
434:. This erosional cirque or
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799:Great Basin and others on
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29:
1817:
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485:
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114:
64:
747:, Grands Causses, France
741:, Grands Causses, France
1040:Physical Review Letters
906:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
751:Cirque du Bout du Monde
745:Cirque du Bout du Monde
450:Cirque du Bout du Monde
384:Cirque du Bout du Monde
316:Mt. Field National Park
32:Cirque (disambiguation)
788:cirque, and others on
559:
545:
526:
386:
323:
291:
214:
196:
164:The fluvial cirque or
124:for 'valley';
105:
80:
78:; from the Latin word
58:
46:
1775:Giant current ripples
1122:Earth-Science Reviews
551:
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512:
487:Piton de la Fournaise
460:of the department of
381:
368:Further information:
313:
277:
202:
191:
52:
40:
956:Evans, I.S. (1971).
766:Cirque of the Towers
739:Cirque de Navacelles
286:is a well-developed
280:Lower Curtis Glacier
43:Abisko National Park
30:For other uses, see
1712:Moraine-dammed lake
1539:Subglacial eruption
1135:2015ESRv..151...48B
1053:2001PhRvL..87h8501R
1008:2012Geo....40..779S
927:. pp. 155â56.
726:Coumshingaun Lake,
702:Coire an t-Sneachda
405: /
349:results, as at the
108:, meaning a pot or
1544:Subglacial volcano
1527:Volcanic relations
712:Scottish Highlands
708:Grampian Mountains
696:Mountain, Bulgaria
690:Banderishki cirque
686:Mountain, Bulgaria
676:Mountain, Bulgaria
666:Mountain, Bulgaria
640:Cirque de Gavarnie
560:
553:Cirque de Gavarnie
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1890:Glacial landforms
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1331:Accumulation zone
971:978-0-416-68820-7
942:978-1-4020-4551-6
735:Europe (fluvial)
620:Europe (glacial)
525:in the background
410:30.583°N 34.750°E
16:(Redirected from
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728:County Waterford
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680:Seven Rila Lakes
650:Cirque d'Estaubé
634:Sierra de Gredos
586:Himachal Pradesh
567:Blue Lake Cirque
539:Tuckerman Ravine
499:associated with
493:Piton des Neiges
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1584:Cirque stairway
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840:Cirque stairway
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630:Circo de Gredos
591:Cirque Valley,
571:New South Wales
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530:Notable cirques
458:Burgundy region
432:Negev highlands
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1002:(9): 779â782.
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900:"Corrie"
897:, ed. (1911).
895:Chisholm, Hugh
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446:Makhtesh Ramon
415:30.583; 34.750
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332:pyramidal peak
288:cirque glacier
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18:Cwm (landform)
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1097:on 2011-06-09
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1047:(8): 088501.
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717:ĆnieĆŒne KotĆy
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543:New Hampshire
540:
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523:Mount Everest
520:
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130:[kÊm]
123:
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68:
56:
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44:
39:
33:
19:
1690:Depositional
1680:Zungenbecken
1678:
1609:Glacial lake
1604:Glacial horn
1578:
1518:Mass balance
1506:Measurements
1442:Accumulation
1366:Glacier head
1361:Glacier cave
1305:Rock glacier
1259:
1188:
1178:
1169:
1159:
1126:
1120:
1110:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:the original
1085:
1044:
1038:
1032:
999:
995:
975:. Retrieved
961:
951:
921:
915:
904:
889:
881:
880:
871:
866:
857:
856:
624:Cadair Idris
613:Khumbu Himal
603:Negev desert
582:Chandra Taal
505:
501:pillow lavas
481:Indian Ocean
474:
435:
388:
359:
355:Black Forest
351:Zastler Loch
344:
325:
293:
252:
243:
239:
235:
221:
163:
155:glacial till
143:overdeepened
135:
115:
97:
86:amphitheatre
62:
60:
1795:Outwash fan
1790:Kettle hole
1674:Valley step
1654:Trough lake
1634:Ribbon lake
1594:Finger lake
1336:Bergschrund
786:Summit Lake
609:Western Cwm
573:, Australia
515:Western Cwm
413: /
314:Lake Seal,
304:bergschrund
172:, found in
1885:Glaciology
1874:Categories
1822:Glaciology
1805:Urstromtal
1785:Kame delta
1737:Till plain
1534:Jökulhlaup
1492:Starvation
1371:Ice divide
1285:Ice stream
1101:2009-05-12
977:2010-01-24
853:References
811:Great Gulf
730:, Ireland
721:Karkonosze
670:Malyovitsa
595:, Pakistan
593:Hindu Kush
563:Australia
419: (
336:Matterhorn
210:Mountain,
206:cirque in
126:pronounced
92:formed by
1864:Mountains
1567:Erosional
1559:Landforms
1430:Processes
1411:Randkluft
1406:Penitente
1351:Dirt cone
1280:Ice shelf
1275:Ice sheet
1270:Ice field
1024:128580365
882:Citations
682:cirques,
555:, French
517:with the
464:CĂŽte-d'Or
240:threshold
224:firn line
184:Formation
1827:Category
1765:Diluvium
1760:Alpentor
1669:U-valley
1513:Ice core
1482:Plucking
1437:Ablation
1421:Terminus
1346:Crevasse
1341:Blue ice
1241:Glaciers
1151:54921081
1077:10308635
1069:11497990
834:See also
794:Colorado
757:, France
755:Burgundy
723:, Poland
672:cirque,
662:cirque,
656:, France
654:Pyrenees
646:, France
644:Pyrenees
605:, Israel
557:Pyrenees
521:face of
439:makhtesh
374:Makhtesh
320:Tasmania
300:plucking
256:nivation
232:headwall
212:Bulgaria
168:makhtesh
110:cauldron
84:) is an
45:, Sweden
1895:Oronyms
1880:Cirques
1707:Moraine
1697:Drumlin
1624:Nunatak
1487:Retreat
1452:Calving
1396:Moraine
1381:Icefall
1319:Anatomy
1290:Ledoyom
1265:Ice cap
1131:Bibcode
1049:Bibcode
1004:Bibcode
996:Geology
780:Montana
770:Wyoming
660:Maritsa
636:, Spain
626:, Wales
615:, Nepal
588:, India
497:breccia
400:34°45âČE
397:30°35âČN
353:in the
269:bedrock
204:Maritsa
178:fluvial
159:bedrock
151:moraine
71:French:
1850:Portal
1800:Sandur
1644:Suncup
1629:P-form
1579:Cirque
1462:Motion
1401:Moulin
1260:Cirque
1255:Aufeis
1149:
1129:: 48.
1075:
1067:
1022:
968:
939:
519:Lhotse
470:France
265:abrade
228:cliffs
112:) and
100:(from
98:corrie
90:valley
88:-like
81:circus
65:cirque
57:, U.S.
1770:Esker
1599:Fjord
1574:ArĂȘte
1497:Surge
1457:Creep
1416:SĂ©rac
1248:Types
1164:27â36
1147:S2CID
1073:S2CID
1020:S2CID
858:Notes
805:Maine
694:Pirin
578:Asia
454:karst
328:arĂȘte
248:tarns
174:karst
122:Welsh
106:coire
1832:List
1780:Kame
1649:Tarn
1549:Tuya
1356:Firn
1065:PMID
966:ISBN
937:ISBN
827:, US
817:, US
807:, US
796:, US
782:, US
684:Rila
674:Rila
664:Rila
513:The
382:The
372:and
340:Alps
296:bowl
278:The
244:sill
208:Rila
194:tarn
147:tarn
1139:doi
1127:151
1057:doi
1012:doi
929:doi
468:in
282:in
242:or
236:lip
116:cwm
1876::
1187:.
1145:.
1137:.
1125:.
1119:.
1071:.
1063:.
1055:.
1045:87
1043:.
1018:.
1010:.
1000:40
998:.
986:^
935:.
903:.
823:,
813:,
803:,
792:,
778:,
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710:,
706:,
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642:,
632:,
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569:,
472:.
357:.
318:,
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153:,
104::
61:A
1852::
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1141::
1133::
1104:.
1079:.
1059::
1051::
1026:.
1014::
1006::
980:.
945:.
931::
423:)
120:(
69:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
