877:, 10-cv-04809, U.S. District Court, Northern District of California (San Jose) that allowed a class action settlement that awarded $ 2 million to the plaintiff's attorneys, $ 5,000 to each of the handful of named plaintiffs, and no monetary award to an estimated 129 million class members, citing the cy-près doctrine to give a handful of privacy groups (including all three plaintiffs' attorneys' alma maters and several groups already supported by defendant Google) a share of $ 6 million rather than any monetary award to class members (who would receive approximately four cents each). The case,
51:
724:, nullifying the express purpose of the trust. Some of Jackson's family members attempted to dissolve the trust in order to collect its proceeds, but the court disagreed, invoking cy-près and finding that Jackson's intent would be best served by using the trust "to promote the education, support and interests of the
857:
endorsed cy-près mechanisms in class action settlements, and other
American courts followed. Cy-près mechanisms allow money to be used to promote the interests of class members, rather than reverting to a defendant, which could be seen as a windfall to a defendant charged with breaking the law. Judge
844:
thereupon declared "that the sole purpose for which the trust was created has become impossible of accomplishment" and remanded the case to the trial court, which held cy-près doctrine to be inapplicable, since the park's segregated character was an essential and inseparable part of Bacon's plan. The
754:
under which property disposed of otherwise than to a legal heir was subject to forfeiture in certain circumstances. Following abolition of mortmain, the modern application of the cy-près doctrine has predominantly occurred in relation to charities, as these are the most important trusts for a general
816:
The UTC also contains a cy-près rule for noncharitable trusts. It provides that "he court may modify the administrative or dispositive terms of a trust or terminate the trust if, because of circumstances not anticipated by the settlor, modification or termination will further the purposes of the
804:
where the original particular purpose of the trust has become impossible or impracticable, and the terms of the trust do not specify what is to happen in such a situation. The UTC provides that "if a particular charitable purpose becomes unlawful, impracticable, impossible to achieve, or
870:'s Draft of the Principles of the Law of Aggregate Litigation proposes limiting cy-près to "circumstances in which direct distribution to individual class members is not economically feasible, or where funds remain after class members are given a full opportunity to make a claim".
677:
which allows a court to amend a legal document to enforce it "as near as possible" to the original intent of the instrument, in situations where it becomes impossible, impracticable, or illegal to enforce it under its original terms. The doctrine first arose in the
English
808:
However, the UTC further provides that the court may not apply cy-près where " provision in the terms of a charitable trust ... would result in distribution of the trust property to a noncharitable beneficiary" and also that cy-près may not be used to violate the
762:
has the statutory power to apply the cy-près doctrine on behalf of a charity where, for example, no trustees remain in a charity or the necessary mandate cannot be agreed. These powers extend to a corporate charity or unincorporated association (which the
845:
trial court ruled that the trust failed, and that the property reverted to Bacon's heirs. The
Supreme Court of Georgia and the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed. The 50-acre (20 ha) park was lost and commercially developed.
832:, of Georgia, in his 1911 will, devised land in Macon in trust, to be used as a public park for the exclusive benefit of white people. The park, known as Baconsfield, was operated in that manner for many years. In
721:
587:
1024:
805:
wasteful ... the court may apply cy-près to modify or terminate the trust ... in a manner consistent with the settlor's charitable purposes".
1136:
759:
866:
in the class action context, because cy-près awards serve a punitive effect. Some commentators have criticized the use of cy-près settlements; the
1110:
841:
698:
580:
410:
888:
837:
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281:
1168:
1005:
986:
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884:
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214:
775:. The cy-près doctrine will not be applied where a charity has alternative powers to redirect its funds under its constitution.
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200:
713:
1111:"Judge: Google class action 'usual suspects' cash-fling 'smells', Proposed payout gives class members nothing – objectors"
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134:
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883:, alleges that the award was not "fair, reasonable, and adequate" as required by Rule 23(e)(2) of the
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67:
33:
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175:
1137:"Trends in Class Action Settlements: Developments in the Application of the Cy Pres Doctrine"
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held that the park could not continue to be operated on a racially discriminatory basis. The
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In 2018, the US Supreme Court decided to hear an appeal of the Ninth
Circuit decision in
716:, created a trust to be used to "create a public sentiment that will put an end to negro
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in March 2019. The
Supreme Court did not decide on the merits of the case, instead
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in this country". Four years after
Jackson's death, slavery was abolished by the
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728:, lately slaves, in those states in which slavery had been so abolished".
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539:
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rules may not cover). Similar powers apply to the equivalent bodies in
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445:
956:
Edmund
Jackson v. Wendell Phillips & others, (1867) 96 Mass. 539.
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the case to the Ninth
Circuit to review whether the plaintiffs had
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168:
544:
616:
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purpose (not private benefit) permitted under
English law.
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697:
An example of the doctrine's application is found in the
800:("UTC"). The UTC codifies that cy-près applies only to
637:
613:
610:
625:
622:
619:
690:, but it has since been applied in the context of
875:In re Google Referrer Header Privacy Litigation
974:Jackson v. Phillips, (1867) 96 Mass. 539, 597.
965:Jackson v. Phillips, (1867) 96 Mass. 539, 541.
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8:
646:
588:
574:
29:
1003:Section 413(b) of the Uniform Trust Code
984:Section 413(a) of the Uniform Trust Code
760:Charity Commission for England and Wales
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928:
926:
924:
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750:limited the strictness of the rules of
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1022:Section 412 of the Uniform Trust Code
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699:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
1072:"Baconsfield: Macon's Missing Park"
27:Court amendment of a legal document
1049:224 Ga. 826, 165 S.E.2d 160 (1968)
838:Supreme Court of the United States
694:settlements in the United States.
25:
1090:"Doling Out Other People's Money"
885:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
742:The cy-près doctrine applied in
606:
215:Acts of independent significance
49:
1109:Orlowski, Andrew (2014-09-05).
738:Cy-près doctrine in English law
505:Advance directive (Living will)
404:Hague Convention (conflict law)
862:has argued that the term is a
1:
686:, originating in the law of
282:Accumulation and maintenance
84:Joint wills and mutual wills
1185:
735:
135:Incorporation by reference
811:rule against perpetuities
1169:Law of the United States
918:, p. 349 (5th ed. 1979).
855:California Supreme Court
842:Supreme Court of Georgia
411:Application in civil law
208:Satisfaction of legacies
1140:Kroll Business Services
887:, and was heard by the
1061:, 396 U.S. 435 (1970).
916:Black's Law Dictionary
868:American Law Institute
484:Disclaimer of interest
289:Interest in possession
77:Legal history of wills
940:"Cy Pres Settlements"
427:Estate administration
345:Reversionary interest
150:Testamentary capacity
1040:382 U.S. 296 (1966),
722:Thirteenth Amendment
453:Power of appointment
418:Dishonest assistance
189:Lapse and anti-lapse
183:Property disposition
946:Class Action Watch.
384:Governing doctrines
1095:The New York Times
1027:2006-12-14 at the
1008:2006-12-14 at the
989:2006-12-14 at the
944:Federalist Society
798:Uniform Trust Code
784:Uniform Trust Code
460:Simultaneous death
375:Supplemental needs
121:Attestation clause
1135:Rapazzini, Mark,
936:Theodore H. Frank
802:charitable trusts
796:have enacted the
732:England and Wales
688:charitable trusts
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176:No-contest clause
16:(Redirected from
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1142:, May 7, 2021.
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1088:(2007-11-26).
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1059:Evans v. Abney
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938:(March 2008).
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510:Blind trust
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465:Slayer rule
324:Spendthrift
313:Other types
1153:Categories
1122:2018-08-10
903:References
765:common law
671:aussi près
643:Law French
530:common law
319:Protective
296:Charitable
60:common law
893:remanding
436:Intestacy
335:Remainder
306:Incentive
250:Resulting
201:Abatement
196:Ademption
108:Oral will
1025:Archived
1006:Archived
987:Archived
897:standing
864:misnomer
817:trust".
773:Scotland
752:mortmain
726:freedmen
710:testator
705:Phillips
675:doctrine
656:so close
638:see-PRAY
562:Evidence
550:Property
540:Contract
441:Testator
358:Honorary
115:Sections
788:In the
744:England
718:slavery
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446:Probate
301:Purpose
245:Express
143:Contest
96:Codicil
43:estates
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794:states
684:equity
680:courts
528:Other
236:Trusts
62:series
38:trusts
792:many
748:Wales
701:case
532:areas
169:Fraud
68:Wills
34:Wills
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758:The
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647:lit.
600:The
545:Tort
270:Bare
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