33:
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Butterfly in 2005 and the intensified damage caused by pre-existing arthropod pests are additional severe threats to the already weakened cycad population. Longhorn beetles, especially
Acalolepta marianarum, are responsible for many recent plant deaths due to stem damage. Moreover, the invasive snail Satsuma mercatoria has emerged as a new and significant threat by feeding on young leaflets. This change in herbivore behavior may be a result of the compromised ability of unhealthy cycad plants to synthesize chemicals that deter herbivores. These threats collectively imperil the survival of Cycas micronesica.
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for up to 20% of length, 35 β 45 cm long; median pinnae at 70-80 degrees to rachis, 240 β 280 mm long, 16 β17 mm wide, 0.35 - 0.45 mm thick, glabrous, dull green or slightly bluish-green when developing, becoming glossy mid-green at maturity, flat in section with slightly recurved
489:
The Cycad
Aulacaspis scale, an invasive species from Southeast Asia, poses a significant threat to Cycas micronesica, resulting in substantial plant mortality. However, it's crucial to emphasize that the current plant mortality is not solely due to this scale. The introduction of the Cycad Blue
456:, it was one of the most abundant plants in Guam's forests. Plant mortality was so rapid that the species was Red Listed as Endangered in 2006, only three years after the devastating invasions began. Population counts in northwest Guam have declined from 686 individuals in early 2004 (before
394:
27β33 cm long, grey- and orange-tomentose, with 2-6 ovules, lamina 45β55 mm wide, broadly ovate to elliptical, regularly dentate with 16-20 lateral spines, apical spine 8β15 mm long, lateral spines 2β6 mm long. Seeds flatten to ovoid, green becoming orange, not pruinose,
480:
decline. without effective action against the
Aulacaspis scale, it may become critically endangered. It used to have stable populations across Micronesia, with Guam having the largest. However, the Aulacaspis scale invasion caused an 87% decline in the Guam subpopulation over ten years.
334:
margins, strongly discolorous, decurrent for 7β10 mm, narrowed to 5.0-6.0 mm at base, 17 β 20 mm apart on rhachis apex attenuate; midrib not sharply raised, more or less equally prominent above and below, 1.2 -1.5 mm wide.
899:
Donnegan, J., & Pacific
Northwest Research Station. (2004). Guam's forest resources, 2002 (Resource bulletin PNW ; 243). Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
328:
Leaves are 140β180 cm long, flat in section (opposing pinnae inserted at 180 degrees on rhachis), with 130 -150 pinnae, terminated by a spine c. 4mm long; petiole usually glabrous, usually unarmed, rarely
389:
lamina are 35β45 mm long, 20β25 mm wide; fertile zone 25β35 mm long; sterile apex 7β10 mm long, not recurved, apical spine somewhat reduced, broad, sharply upturned, 2 mm long.
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is a medium-sized tree most commonly 2β5 meters tall but can reach heights up to 15 meters. The tree has a straight palm like trunk ringed with frond scars.
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as a biological pest control and has lessened the population decline. However, they were ineffective on protecting cycad seedlings from
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Willis, K., & McElwain, J. C. (2014). The evolution of plants (2nd ed.). Oxford, United
Kingdom; New York: Oxford University Press.
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56:
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Vogt, S., & Williams, L. (2004). Common flora & fauna of the
Mariana Islands. Saipan?: S.R. Vogt & L.L. Williams.
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The microsporangiate cones are pale fawn to pale orange-brown, narrowly ovoid, 30β50 cm long, 8β10 cm in diameter.
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785:
Esterhuizen M, Downing TG (2008). "Ξ²-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in novel South
African cyanobacterial isolates".
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Cox PA, Banack SA, Murch SJ, Rasmussen U, Tien G, Bidigare RR, Metcalf JS, Morrison LF, Codd GA, Bergman B (2005).
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which feeds on young leaflets, and habitat loss due to the growing human population. Prior to the invasion of
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Athens, J., & Ward, J. (2004). Holocene vegetation, savanna origins and human settlement of Guam.
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Terry, Irene; & Marler, Thomas. (2005). Paradise Lost? Tipping the scales against Guamβs
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728:"Diverse taxa of cyanobacteria produce b-N-methylamino-L-alanine, a neurotoxic amino acid"
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is threatened by a combination of introduced species throughout the islands of
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834:"The Cycas rumphii complex (Cycadaceae) in New Guinea and the western Pacific"
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predation, as lack of seed vigor is one of the major factors contributing to
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Marler, T.E. (2010). "Cycad mutualist offers more than pollen transport".
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Flickr: Plants of Guam by Lauren
Gutierrez - Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill
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Plants of Guam - University of Guam
College of Natural Arts and Sciences
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until the 1960s. The neurotoxin is present due to its symbiosis with
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reached this habitat) to 87 individuals in
January 2007. In 2004,
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362:. Male reproductive structures consist of modified leaves called
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in December 2003. Other threats include cycad blue butterfly (
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found in its seeds, which were a traditional food source on
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and recruitment in return for pollinating the species.
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on Guam following introduction of the armoured scale
446:) which causes stem damage, the alien invasive snail
910:
Marler, T.E.; Lawrence, J.H. (2012). "Demography of
1094:
579:Infestation by the armored scale on the male cone
395:50β60 mm long, 45β50 mm in diameter;
652:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T61316A68906033.en
567:Fertilized megasporangia with developing seeds
543:Female reproductive structures (megasporangia)
622:
620:
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603:List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands
8:
972:Marler, T.E.; Miller, R.; Moore, A. (2013).
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974:"Vertical Stratification of Predation on
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286:for about 9,000 years. It is linked with
1070:Guam Plant Extinction Prevention Program
1059:Guam Plant Extinction Prevention Program
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787:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
258:. The species, previously lumped with
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7:
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709:. Pan Macmillan Australia: Sydney.
638:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
358:situated on modified leaves called
282:has been present on the island of
14:
1417:Flora of the Northwestern Pacific
694:Records Of The Australian Museum,
1407:IUCN Red List endangered species
1345:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:980286-1
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418:. The most notable pest is the
374:, which depends on male cones (
707:The Island of the Colour-blind
354:. Females possess clusters of
1:
1017:"Redlist - Cycas micronesica"
292:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
278:studies have determined that
838:Australian Systematic Botany
799:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.04.010
678:Australian Systematic Botany
531:Stem and palm-like structure
920:Journal of Tropical Ecology
555:Male cones (microsporangia)
270:, was described in 1994 by
1438:
947:American Journal of Botany
246:. It is commonly known as
932:10.1017/S0266467412000119
290:, a condition similar to
193:
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72:Scientific classification
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1422:Plants described in 1994
999:10.21273/HORTSCI.48.1.60
627:BΓΆsenberg, J.D. (2022).
440:), the longhorn beetle (
753:10.1073/pnas.0501526102
705:Sacks, Oliver. (1996).
222:found on the island of
519:Pinnate leaf formation
976:Aulacaspis yasumatsui
916:Aulacaspis yasumatsui
645:: e.T61316A68906033.
507:Understory habitation
474:Aulacaspis yasumatsui
459:Aulacaspis yasumatsui
454:Aulacaspis yasumatsui
443:Acalolepta marianarum
427:Aulacaspis yasumatsui
244:The Republic of Palau
885:The Cycad Newsletter
465:Rhyzobius lophanthae
288:Lytico-Bodig disease
744:2005PNAS..102.5074C
672:Hill, K.D. (1994).
399:3β6 mm thick.
338:Reproductive organs
179:C. micronesica
42:Conservation status
1042:2014-06-23 at the
1034:The Cycad Pages β
449:Satsuma mercatoria
294:(ALS), due to the
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1314:Open Tree of Life
1153:cycas-micronesica
1126:Cycas micronesica
1096:Cycas micronesica
1088:Taxon identifiers
1036:Cycas micronesica
980:Cycas micronesica
912:Cycas micronesica
881:Cycas micronesica
850:10.1071/sb9940543
738:(14): 5074β5078.
674:Cycas micronesica
631:Cycas micronesica
437:Luthrodes pandava
408:Cycas micronesica
372:Anatrachyntis sp.
348:Cycas micronesica
318:Cycas micronesica
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267:Cycas circinalis
218:is a species of
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16:Species of cycad
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1073:. Retrieved
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992:(1): 60β62.
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115:Gymnospermae
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24:
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1332:kew-2749604
1223:iNaturalist
1120:Wikispecies
986:HortScience
380:oviposition
313:Description
234:islands of
135:Cycadopsida
125:Cycadophyta
1401:Categories
1327:Plant List
1075:2018-06-08
982:Seedlings"
978:Infesting
683:: 554-556.
609:References
397:sarcotesta
331:spinescent
296:neurotoxin
228:Micronesia
155:Cycadaceae
121:Division:
57:Endangered
858:1446-5701
658:22 August
420:diaspidid
352:dioecious
342:Like all
204:K.D. Hill
173:Species:
145:Cycadales
85:Kingdom:
1371:50247665
1366:Tropicos
1353:Species+
1254:10718151
1241:980286-1
1111:Q2711674
1105:Wikidata
1040:Archived
959:20700414
900:Station.
807:18538391
772:15809446
597:See also
272:Ken Hill
256:Chamorro
232:Marianas
151:Family:
62:IUCN 3.1
1202:2683207
740:Bibcode
494:Gallery
485:Threats
161:Genus:
141:Order:
131:Class:
89:Plantae
60: (
1319:834468
1306:179182
1280:899552
1267:109282
1228:136213
1215:444326
1189:630768
1173:ECOS:
1148:ARKive
1140:166705
1066:"Home"
957:
856:
805:
770:
763:555964
760:
713:
696:15-30.
378:) for
356:ovules
344:cycads
324:Leaves
252:fadang
242:, and
230:, the
206:, 1994
1412:Cycas
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