283:, p27, and p57. These cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins emerge only in their specific cell cycle phase. Each Cyclin/CDK complex is specific to the part of the cell cycle phase. Each CDK and cyclin can be identified based on the location of the cell cycle. CKIs fall into two categories; those that inhibit CDK1, CDK2, and CDK5 and those that inhibit CDK4 and CDK6. These checkpoints' cell cycle blocks at both the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints are consistent with the inhibition profiles of the enzymes.
266:
47:
376:
is transcribed. It moves into the cytoplasm and eventually activates a specific cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). The active cyclin/CDK complex then phosphorylates proteins, activates them, and sends the cell into the next phase of the cell cycle. Since the cell with damaged DNA is not stopped, the cell
269:
The typical inactivation mechanism of the CDK/ Cyclin complex is based on binding a CDK inhibitor to the CDK cyclin complex and a partial conformational rotation. The cyclin is thus forced to release the T loop and detach from the CDK. The CDK attaches its loop to the CKI stopping the activation of
230:, and cytokines control one another. When a malfunction hinders the successful completion of DNA synthesis in the G1 phase, it triggers a signal that delays or halts the progression to the S phase. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins are essential in the regulation of the cell cycle. If cell
246:
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins work by inactivating the CDKs through degradation. The typical inactivation mechanism of the CDK/Cyclin complex is based on binding a CDK inhibitor to the CDK cyclin complex and a partial conformational rotation of the CDK. The cyclin is thus forced to
371:
Role in cancer: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) mutants are frequent in human cancers. The function of CKI is to stop cell growth when there are mistakes due to DNA damage. Once a cell is stopped at a checkpoint due to DNA damage, either the damage is repaired or the cell is induced to
357:
is determined by crystallography, demonstrating that the inhibitor of p27 stretches at the top of the Cyclin-CDK complex. The amino terminal of p27 has an RXL motif exhibiting a hydrophobic patch of cyclin A. The carboxyl-terminal end of the p27 fragment interacts with the
335:
proteins help stop the G1-CDK activity when they encounter anti-proliferative signals within the environment. CKIs help promote the specific inhibitory signals that contain the cell from entering the S phase. In budding yeast, SIC 1 and
Roughex, RUX, in
274:
Human cells contain many different cyclins that bind to different CDKs. CDKs and cyclins appear and activate at specific cell cycle phases. Seven cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins have been identified. They are p15,
1061:
2088:
247:
release the T loop and detach from the CDK. Then, the CDK inhibitor initiates a small helix into the cleft, blocking the cleft and blocking the active site of the CDK. Eventually, it releases the
1054:
292:
The discovery of Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins in 1990 opened the door in how we think about cell cycle control. It has steered to various other fields of study such as
1047:
583:
Russo AA, Jeffrey PD, Patten AK, Massagué J, Pavletich NP (July 1996). "Crystal structure of the p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor bound to the cyclin A-Cdk2 complex".
349:
In the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family, or CDK, Cyclin, and CKIs, serine/threonine kinases play an integral role in regulating the eukaryotic cell cycle. The structure of
340:
possess the same contributions that contribute to the stability of G1 cells. They are expressed in higher numbers in G1 cells to make sure that no S or M CDKs are in the cell.
1962:
146:
2120:
1070:
312:
in mammals has led to research on family of molecules. Further research has demonstrates that Cdks, cyclins and CKIs play essential roles in processes such as
1113:
2412:
2065:
1701:
1609:
1506:
259:
1220:
1176:
2023:
1103:
952:
780:
707:
94:
2352:
2002:
1925:
533:
2045:
2113:
1454:
852:"The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p15, p16, p21, and p27 during ovarian follicle growth initiation in the mouse"
748:
1584:
1957:
2013:
1215:
1191:
1171:
1820:
166:
1772:
1225:
362:
of CDKs, causing interference with the structure; p27 slides into the ATP-binding site of CDK2 and inhibits ATP binding.
2106:
1978:
1953:
1944:
1806:
1459:
2422:
1086:
1029:
1837:
2563:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
561:
547:
526:
518:
497:
476:
472:
455:
451:
434:
417:
413:
350:
226:
phase. CKIs are vital proteins within the control system that point out whether the processes of DNA synthesis,
2618:
2060:
1647:
1150:
1132:
1033:
987:"Constitutive activation of the 41-/43-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in human tumors"
378:
154:
2213:
1853:
1563:
1533:
1518:
1481:
729:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Morgan D, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2017-08-07). Wilson J, Hunt T (eds.).
313:
256:
211:
251:
out of the aperture of the CDK and deactivates it. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins use ATP as a
1141:
331:
In mammals, p27, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein, helps control CDK activity in G1. Also, the
2545:
2296:
1934:
1745:
1513:
293:
235:
219:
935:
Barnum KJ, O'Connell MJ (2014), Noguchi E, Gadaleta MC (eds.), "Cell Cycle
Regulation by Checkpoints",
150:
1337:
592:
107:
687:
1916:
1789:
2558:
2363:
1322:
1287:
939:, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1170, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 29–40,
905:
668:
616:
17:
1039:
2553:
1210:
1166:
1008:
968:
948:
883:
829:
776:
744:
703:
660:
608:
173:
141:
51:
Structure of the p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor bound to the cyclin A-Cdk2 complex.
1181:
1159:
1155:
998:
958:
940:
917:
873:
863:
819:
809:
736:
695:
650:
600:
265:
1878:
1419:
133:
1901:
1896:
1657:
1652:
1628:
1623:
1589:
1486:
1414:
1238:
325:
301:
985:
Hoshino R, Chatani Y, Yamori T, Tsuruo T, Oka H, Yoshida O, et al. (January 1999).
596:
377:
eventually moves out of the G1 checkpoint and prepares for DNA synthesis. When there is
222:. Cell cycle progression is stopped by Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein at the
1600:
963:
824:
797:
699:
921:
878:
851:
2612:
2492:
1679:
1618:
1491:
99:
31:
75:
2514:
1635:
1473:
620:
297:
248:
129:
672:
87:
2535:
2504:
1538:
1108:
944:
317:
305:
2456:
2340:
2129:
1728:
1523:
1200:
408:
403:
359:
321:
215:
2050:
2579:
2529:
2519:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2152:
1992:
1205:
1123:
543:
522:
514:
493:
252:
1003:
986:
972:
887:
868:
833:
730:
664:
30:
This article is about the cell cycle protein. For the medical therapy, see
1012:
740:
612:
103:
46:
2584:
2524:
2509:
2478:
2464:
2194:
2176:
2162:
2148:
373:
231:
223:
82:
238:
during cell cycle regulation, it can result in various types of cancer.
2593:
2500:
2473:
2132:
2070:
1794:
1640:
655:
638:
227:
2098:
2432:
2348:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2276:
2271:
2140:
2075:
1863:
1858:
1568:
604:
538:
509:
504:
488:
467:
462:
446:
441:
429:
424:
161:
372:
perform apoptosis. However, if CKI’s mutations don’t stop the cell,
185:
179:
814:
381:, it can lead to cancer cells due to the inactivation of the CKIs.
2407:
2402:
2291:
2286:
2281:
1873:
1868:
1830:
1815:
1782:
1777:
1738:
1733:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1694:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1384:
1379:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
556:
264:
2436:
2427:
2397:
2376:
2314:
2055:
2040:
1825:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1689:
1684:
1528:
1501:
1496:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1297:
1292:
1282:
332:
123:
70:
2102:
1043:
2417:
2381:
2371:
2344:
2322:
483:
354:
309:
280:
276:
2089:
deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
639:"Cdks, cyclins and CKIs: roles beyond cell cycle regulation"
218:
if there are unfavorable conditions, therefore, acting as
388:
2572:
2544:
2491:
2455:
2446:
2390:
2362:
2305:
2212:
2139:
2033:
2012:
1991:
1971:
1943:
1924:
1914:
1889:
1846:
1805:
1608:
1598:
1577:
1551:
1472:
1190:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1096:
1077:
172:
160:
140:
122:
117:
93:
81:
69:
61:
56:
39:
1963:Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase
324:, stem cell self-renewal, neuronal functions and
27:Protein which inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase
2114:
1071:Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
1055:
775:. London, UK: New Science Press. p. 40.
8:
304:. The discovery of the first CKIs in yeast (
773:The cell cycle : principles of control
2452:
2121:
2107:
2099:
1958:Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase
1921:
1605:
1137:
1128:
1062:
1048:
1040:
1030:Cyclin-Dependent+Kinase+Inhibitor+Proteins
214:(CDK) and Cyclin activity by stopping the
114:
45:
2413:Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
1559:Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein
1032:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1002:
962:
877:
867:
823:
813:
654:
201:cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein
2066:Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein
1702:Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase
1114:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
692:Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
575:
1821:Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase
1104:Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins
856:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
210:is a protein that inhibits the enzyme
36:
7:
899:
897:
845:
843:
766:
764:
762:
760:
632:
630:
2046:Signal transducing adaptor protein
1221:3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase
1177:3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase
700:10.1016/b978-0-12-809954-4.00008-6
206:also known as CKIs, CDIs, or CDKIs
25:
2041:Activating transcription factor 6
1455:G protein-coupled receptor kinase
40:Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
18:Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
1585:Phosphoinositide phospholipase C
637:Lim S, Kaldis P (August 2013).
2024:GTP-binding protein regulators
2014:GTP-binding protein regulators
850:Bayrak A, Oktay K (May 2003).
694:. Elsevier. pp. 197–219.
1:
1773:Rho-associated protein kinase
922:10.1016/S0962-8924(98)01496-2
732:Molecular Biology of the Cell
118:Available protein structures:
1979:Dual-specificity phosphatase
1954:protein tyrosine phosphatase
1460:AMP-activated protein kinase
2423:Maturation promoting factor
2003:apoptosis signaling pathway
945:10.1007/978-1-4939-0888-2_2
2635:
2564:Postreplication checkpoint
798:"Cyclin-dependent kinases"
385:Associated gene and target
29:
2084:
1847:Serine/threonine/tyrosine
1450:
1333:
1234:
562:Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
548:Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
527:Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
519:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
498:Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
477:Cyclin-dependent kinase 6
473:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
456:Cyclin-dependent kinase 6
452:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
435:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
418:Cyclin-dependent kinase 6
414:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
113:
44:
2061:Olfactory marker protein
1648:Glycogen synthase kinase
1151:Heterotrimeric G protein
1034:Medical Subject Headings
379:uncontrolled cell growth
242:CKI Inactivation Process
1854:Dual-specificity kinase
1564:Cyclin-dependent kinase
906:"Inhibitors in control"
904:Trumpp A (March 1999).
212:cyclin-dependent kinase
2546:Cell cycle checkpoints
1004:10.1038/sj.onc.1202367
910:Trends in Cell Biology
869:10.1186/1477-7827-1-41
271:
236:cell cycle checkpoints
2573:Other cellular phases
2297:CDK-activating kinase
1935:Protein phosphatase 2
1746:p21-activated kinases
741:10.1201/9781315735368
367:Clinical significance
318:epigenetic regulation
294:developmental biology
268:
1338:G beta-gamma complex
796:Malumbres M (2014).
270:CDK/ Cyclin complex.
260:serine and threonine
1917:protein phosphatase
1790:Ribosomal s6 kinase
597:1996Natur.382..325R
2559:Spindle checkpoint
2364:P53 p63 p73 family
1087:MAP kinase pathway
937:Cell Cycle Control
656:10.1242/dev.091744
272:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2554:Restriction point
2096:
2095:
2051:I-kappa B protein
1987:
1986:
1910:
1909:
1547:
1546:
1468:
1467:
1211:Guanylate cyclase
1167:Adenylate cyclase
954:978-1-4939-0887-5
782:978-0-9539181-2-6
771:Morgan D (2007).
709:978-0-12-809954-4
649:(15): 3079–3093.
591:(6589): 325–331.
567:
566:
262:residues.
220:tumor suppressors
197:
196:
193:
192:
167:structure summary
16:(Redirected from
2626:
2453:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2100:
1926:Serine/threonine
1922:
1610:Serine/threonine
1606:
1226:Protein kinase G
1182:Protein kinase A
1138:
1129:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1017:
1016:
1006:
982:
976:
975:
966:
932:
926:
925:
901:
892:
891:
881:
871:
847:
838:
837:
827:
817:
793:
787:
786:
768:
755:
754:
726:
720:
719:
717:
716:
688:"The Cell Cycle"
686:Yang VW (2018).
683:
677:
676:
658:
634:
625:
624:
605:10.1038/382325a0
580:
389:
188:
182:
115:
49:
37:
21:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2619:Protein domains
2609:
2608:
2607:
2598:
2588:
2568:
2540:
2487:
2482:
2468:
2448:
2442:
2386:
2358:
2301:
2208:
2135:
2127:
2097:
2092:
2080:
2029:
2008:
1983:
1967:
1939:
1906:
1897:Arginine kinase
1885:
1842:
1801:
1594:
1590:Phospholipase C
1573:
1543:
1464:
1446:
1376:
1343:
1329:
1244:
1239:G alpha subunit
1230:
1186:
1118:
1092:
1073:
1068:
1026:
1021:
1020:
984:
983:
979:
955:
934:
933:
929:
903:
902:
895:
849:
848:
841:
795:
794:
790:
783:
770:
769:
758:
751:
728:
727:
723:
714:
712:
710:
685:
684:
680:
636:
635:
628:
582:
581:
577:
572:
387:
369:
364:
347:
342:
326:spermatogenesis
302:cancer research
290:
285:
255:contributor to
244:
184:
178:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2338:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2192:
2174:
2160:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1601:protein kinase
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1133:Heterotrimeric
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1025:
1024:External links
1022:
1019:
1018:
997:(3): 813–822.
977:
953:
927:
893:
839:
815:10.1186/gb4184
802:Genome Biology
788:
781:
756:
749:
721:
708:
678:
626:
574:
573:
571:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
551:
550:
541:
536:
530:
529:
512:
507:
501:
500:
491:
486:
480:
479:
470:
465:
459:
458:
449:
444:
438:
437:
432:
427:
421:
420:
411:
406:
400:
399:
396:
393:
386:
383:
368:
365:
346:
343:
289:
286:
243:
240:
195:
194:
191:
190:
176:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
144:
138:
137:
127:
120:
119:
111:
110:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2631:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2307:CDK inhibitor
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:Casein kinase
1617:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
978:
974:
970:
965:
960:
956:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
898:
894:
889:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
789:
784:
778:
774:
767:
765:
763:
761:
757:
752:
750:9781315735368
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:
725:
722:
711:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
631:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
576:
569:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
552:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
499:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
419:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
394:
391:
390:
384:
382:
380:
375:
366:
363:
361:
356:
353:-CyclinA and
352:
344:
341:
339:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:transcription
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
287:
284:
282:
278:
267:
263:
261:
258:
257:phosphorylate
254:
250:
241:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
187:
181:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:CDK inhibitor
19:
2515:Prometaphase
2306:
2086:
2021:
2000:
1636:eIF-2 kinase
1558:
1084:
994:
990:
980:
936:
930:
913:
909:
859:
855:
805:
801:
791:
772:
731:
724:
713:. Retrieved
691:
681:
646:
642:
588:
584:
578:
370:
348:
337:
330:
298:cell biology
291:
279:, p18, p19,
273:
245:
234:surpass the
207:
203:
200:
198:
183:C:30-80
2536:Cytokinesis
2505:Preprophase
2449:checkpoints
1323:GNA15/GNA16
1109:Calcineurin
643:Development
57:Identifiers
2457:Interphase
2447:Phases and
2130:Cell cycle
1729:Lim kinase
1680:IκB kinase
1201:Transducin
916:(3): 122.
808:(6): 122.
715:2023-05-02
570:References
484:p21 / WAF1
360:beta sheet
338:Drosophila
322:metabolism
216:cell cycle
130:structures
2580:Apoptosis
2530:Telophase
2520:Metaphase
2315:INK4a/ARF
2087:see also
1993:Apoptosis
1474:Monomeric
1206:Gustducin
1124:G protein
862:(1): 41.
544:Cyclin E1
523:Cyclin E1
515:Cyclin D3
494:Cyclin E1
345:Structure
288:Discovery
253:phosphate
232:mutations
88:IPR003175
2613:Category
2525:Anaphase
2510:Prophase
2133:proteins
1945:Tyrosine
1890:Arginine
1807:Tyrosine
991:Oncogene
973:24906307
888:12777178
834:25180339
665:23861057
392:Protein
374:Cyclin D
147:RCSB PDB
83:InterPro
2594:Meiosis
2501:Mitosis
2493:M phase
2474:S phase
2341:cip/kip
2071:EDARADD
2056:Mucin-4
1795:RPS6KA1
1641:EIF2AK3
1097:Calcium
1013:9989833
964:4990352
825:4097832
621:4284942
613:8684460
593:Bibcode
398:Target
228:mitosis
189:E:30-35
76:PF02234
2433:Cullin
2319:p14arf
2141:Cyclin
2076:PRKCSH
1915:Other
1864:DYRK1B
1859:DYRK1A
1599:Other
1569:Cyclin
1552:Cyclin
1036:(MeSH)
1011:
971:
961:
951:
886:
879:156659
876:
832:
822:
779:
747:
706:
673:285340
671:
663:
619:
611:
585:Nature
539:CDKN1C
510:CDKN1B
489:CDKN1A
468:CDKN2D
447:CDKN2C
430:CDKN2B
409:CDKN2A
308:) and
162:PDBsum
136:
126:
108:SUPFAM
62:Symbol
2589:phase
2483:phase
2469:phase
2408:Cdc42
2403:Cdc25
2391:Other
2173:, B3)
2034:Other
1972:both:
1879:DYRK4
1874:DYRK3
1869:DYRK2
1831:PTK2B
1816:ZAP70
1783:ROCK2
1778:ROCK1
1739:LIMK2
1734:LIMK1
1722:IRAK4
1717:IRAK3
1712:IRAK2
1707:IRAK1
1695:IKBKG
1673:GSK3B
1668:GSK3A
1663:GSK-3
1578:Lipid
1529:Rhebs
1440:BSCL2
1435:GNG13
1430:GNG12
1425:GNG11
1420:GNG10
1385:GNGT2
1380:GNGT1
1318:GNA14
1313:GNA13
1308:GNA12
1303:GNA11
1278:GNAT3
1273:GNAT2
1268:GNAT1
1263:GNAI3
1258:GNAI2
1253:GNAI1
1248:GNAO1
669:S2CID
617:S2CID
557:CDKN3
395:Gene
104:SCOPe
95:SCOP2
2437:CUL7
2398:Cdc2
2022:see
2001:see
1902:McsB
1826:PTK2
1766:PAK4
1761:PAK3
1756:PAK2
1751:PAK1
1690:IKK2
1685:CHUK
1658:GSK2
1653:GSK1
1539:RGKs
1534:Raps
1519:Arfs
1514:Rhos
1507:NRAS
1502:KRAS
1497:HRAS
1487:Rabs
1482:ARFs
1415:GNG8
1410:GNG7
1405:GNG5
1400:GNG4
1395:GNG3
1390:GNG2
1367:GNB5
1362:GNB4
1357:GNB3
1352:GNB2
1347:GNB1
1298:GNAQ
1293:GNAL
1288:GNAS
1283:GNAZ
1216:cGMP
1192:cGMP
1172:cAMP
1142:cAMP
1085:see
1009:PMID
969:PMID
949:ISBN
884:PMID
830:PMID
777:ISBN
745:ISBN
704:ISBN
661:PMID
609:PMID
351:CDK2
333:INK4
306:Far1
300:and
186:1h27
180:1jsu
155:PDBj
151:PDBe
134:ECOD
124:Pfam
100:1jsu
71:Pfam
2428:Wee
2418:E2F
2382:p73
2377:p63
2372:p53
2353:p57
2349:p27
2345:p21
2335:p19
2331:p18
2327:p15
2323:p16
2277:11B
2272:11A
2214:CDK
1838:BTK
1524:Ran
1492:Ras
1078:MAP
999:doi
959:PMC
941:doi
918:doi
874:PMC
864:doi
820:PMC
810:doi
737:doi
696:doi
651:doi
647:140
601:doi
589:382
534:p57
505:p27
463:p19
442:p18
425:p15
404:p16
355:p27
310:P21
281:p21
277:p16
249:ATP
174:PDB
142:PDB
65:CDI
2615::
2351:,
2347:,
2333:,
2329:,
2325:,
2292:14
2287:13
2282:12
2267:10
2203:E2
2201:,
2199:E1
2189:D3
2187:,
2185:D2
2183:,
2181:D1
2171:B2
2169:,
2167:B1
2157:A2
2155:,
2153:A1
1956::
1160:Gi
1156:Gs
1007:.
995:18
993:.
989:.
967:,
957:,
947:,
912:.
908:.
896:^
882:.
872:.
858:.
854:.
842:^
828:.
818:.
806:15
804:.
800:.
759:^
743:.
735:.
702:.
690:.
667:.
659:.
645:.
641:.
629:^
615:.
607:.
599:.
587:.
521:,
475:,
454:,
416:,
328:.
320:,
316:,
296:,
224:G1
199:A
153:;
149:;
132:/
106:/
102:/
2587:0
2585:G
2532:)
2503:(
2481:2
2479:G
2467:1
2465:G
2439:)
2435:(
2355:)
2343:(
2337:)
2321:/
2317:(
2262:9
2257:8
2252:7
2247:6
2242:5
2237:4
2232:3
2227:2
2222:1
2205:)
2197:(
2195:E
2191:)
2179:(
2177:D
2165:(
2163:B
2159:)
2151:(
2149:A
2122:e
2115:t
2108:v
1947::
1928::
1809::
1629:2
1624:1
1612::
1375:γ
1373:G
1342:β
1340:G
1243:α
1241:G
1194::
1158:/
1144::
1063:e
1056:t
1049:v
1015:.
1001::
943::
924:.
920::
914:9
890:.
866::
860:1
836:.
812::
785:.
753:.
739::
718:.
698::
675:.
653::
623:.
603::
595::
546:/
525:/
517:/
496:/
208:)
204:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
